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Opus ueritatem professum Narrative, purpose, and method in the Res gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus Eddie Björklöf Matrikelnummer: 38673 Avhandling pro gradu Allmän historia Handledare: Holger Weiss Fakulteten för humaniora, teologi och psykologi Åbo Akademi ÅBO AKADEMI – FACULTY OF ARTS, PSYCHOLOGY AND THEOLOGY Abstract for Master’s thesis Subject: History Author: Eddie Björklöf Title of thesis: Opus Ueritatem Professum – Narrative, purpose, and method in the Res gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus Supervisor: Holger Weiss The time today referred to as Late Antiquity was a time of turbulence and upheaval in the Roman Empire. At the end of the fourth century CE, Ammianus Marcellinus authored an extensive historical account covering the years from 96 CE to 378 CE, Res gestae, although only the books covering the years 353–378 CE are extant. As one of the few literary sources from this period not written by a Christian author, his account holds special significance. This thesis is a narratological analysis of the extant books of Res gestae, focusing on how Ammianus Marcellinus, despite his assurances that he has attempted to create a work without conscious bias and omission, used it as a vehicle for social and political criticism. The narratological framework created by Hayden White serves as a foundation for the analysis, although the toolkit is further expanded and adapted by relying on the Classic field as well. Using those tools, the thesis explores how Ammianus constructs allusive and specific critical narratives, weaving together different events, actions, and characters, Ammianus excoriates the ruling class of the Roman Empire, making the case for what he feels has contributed to a decline in the Empire. It is a far-reaching account, and the thesis covers a selection of subjects he builds his narratives on; the emperors that serve as the narrative focal point, their authority and use of power, religion, the portrayal of the city of Rome, and the use of groups such as eunuchs that Ammianus portray as a manifestation of the ills that plague the Empire. The conclusion is that Res gestae a highly biased and reactionary work, where the last pagan emperor, Julian, is portrayed in a manner that makes him serve as a didactic blueprint for everyone to emulate. The narratives of the other emperors makes clear that they are less than Julian, and are thus contributing to the turbulence in the empire. Ammianus reinforces this through different narrative techniques, weaving together the aforementioned subjects to strengthen his point. The bias Ammianus shows on occasion can be the result of his own natural bias, or it could be a result of him using different subjects to create a critical narrative, or both. Ammianus was affected by the sociopolitical context he was writing in, and thus had to be more discreet in his approach regarding subjects such as religion. The fraught and turbulent times clearly affected him, and Res gestae is a reactionary and didactic response that Ammianus was well suited to write due to his professional and social background. Keywords: Narratology, Res gestae, Ammianus Marcellinus, Late Antiquity, Julian, Caesar, Augustus, Hayden White Date: 19.5.2021 Number of pages: 101 The abstract passed as maturity examination: Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives, research question and demarcation ......................................................................... 2 1.2 Source material ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Method and theory ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Literature review ........................................................................................................................ 13 2 Historical background and context ................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Ammianus Marcellinus ............................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Social and political context......................................................................................................... 21 3 Prominent narratives in Res gestae .................................................................................................. 25 3.1 Portrayal of imperial character .................................................................................................. 28 3.1.1 Julian (Caesar 355-360 CE, Augustus 361-363 CE) .............................................................. 29 3.1.2 The “non-Julians”: ............................................................................................................... 46 Gallus (Caesar 351–354 CE) ........................................................................................................... 46 Constantius II (Augustus 337–361 CE) ........................................................................................... 51 Jovian (Augustus 363–364 CE) ....................................................................................................... 63 Valentinian (Western Augustus 364–375 CE) ............................................................................... 67 Valens (Eastern Augustus 364–378 CE) ......................................................................................... 72 3.2 Morals and values ....................................................................................................................... 79 3.2.1 Eunuchs ................................................................................................................................ 80 3.2.2 Authority and abuse ............................................................................................................ 84 3.3 Religion........................................................................................................................................ 92 3.4 The city of Rome and political centers ....................................................................................... 95 4 Summary and conclusion................................................................................................................. 100 Summary in Swedish - Svensk sammanfattning ................................................................................ 102 Sources and Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 106 1 Introduction Haec ut miles quondam et Graecus a principatu Caesaris Neruae exorsus ad usque Valentis interitum, pro uirium explicaui mensura : opus ueritatem professum numquam, ut arbitror, sciens silentio ausus corrumpere uel mendacio.1 These events, from the principate of the emperor Nerva to the death of Valens, I, a former soldier and a Greek, have set forth to the measure of my ability, without ever (I believe) consciously venturing to debase through silence of through falsehood a work whose aim was the truth.2 Ammianus Marcellinus, who lived circa 330–395 CE, was a Roman historian who authored an extensive historical account in Latin, Res gestae. The account consisted of thirty-one books covering the time from 96 to 378 CE. It linked to Tacitus’ Historiae and began where Historiae ended, namely during 96 CE with the ascension of Nerva to the throne. Today only eighteen books are extant, covering the years 353-378 CE. The remaining books of Res gestae are among the few literary works from this period that do not have a Christian author, which means they form a distinct historiographic category of sources from the period in question. Ammianus Marcellinus has for that reason, along with his own posturing, often been compared to historians from earlier periods, and his reliability and abilities as a historian have been diligently debated and viewed in that light.3 His predecessors were notably pagans4, which in the context of Late Antiquity, where Christian hegemony was being established, has been given significant attention in later research, occasionally to the exclusion of all else. The scholarly appreciation of Ammianus Marcellinus and his value as a source has varied during the last centuries, and the discussions broadly reflect the development of historical science. From the middle of the 19th century Ammianus was deemed a substandard historian.5 Not only was the value of Res gestae as a source questioned, which reflected the current developments in the discipline and new scientific criteria, but his language was especially criticized. He was compared to historians of earlier periods and was deemed to be lacking their 1Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum Libri Qui Supersunt, eds. Wolfgang Seyfarth, Liselotte Jacob-Karau, and Ilse Ulmann (Stuttgart and Leipzig: Tenner, 1999), 31.16.9. The number 31 refers to the book in question, 16 to the chapter, and 9 to the particular line or sentence. 2 John C. Rolfe, Ammianus Marcellinus III (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), 31.16.9. 3 Gavin Kelly, “Ammianus Marcellinus: Tacitus’ heir and Gibbon’s guide”, The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Historians, ed. Andrew Feldherr (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 349. 4 Alan Cameron in The Last Pagans of Rome defines pagan as the most simple and accurate term to use, especially
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