Partiti Micro-Personali. Organizzazioni Di Partito in Italia (1994-2013)

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Partiti Micro-Personali. Organizzazioni Di Partito in Italia (1994-2013) Partiti micro-personali. Organizzazioni di partito in Italia (1994-2013) Fortunato Musella, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II [email protected] 1 ABSTRACT Il fenomeno dei partiti personali è uno dei più rileventi e innovativi sviluppi degli ultimi decenni. In particolare negli anni novanta il nostro paese sembrava presentare la più puntuale interpretazione di partito del leader sullo scenario internazionale. Il modello di Forza Italia offriva allora un nuovo mix di personalizzazione, di centralizzazione organizzativa, e di professionalizzazione, tre chiavi di successo che saranno da lì a poco imitate, o almeno inseguite, su entrambi i lati dello spettro politico. A distanza di un ventennio dalla discesa in campo di Berlusconi, lo stesso processo di personalizzazione della politica ha mostrato però un’altra faccia. Non più limitata agli apici del partito, si è diffusa a tutti i suoi livelli e articolazioni, minacciandone la coesione, e talvolta anche la sopravvivenza. Ovunque affiorano micro-partiti personali, pronti ad emergere all’ombra dei, o negli spazi lasciati liberi da, i capi di partito. Se il correntismo vanta in Italia un’antica tradizione, si può sostenere che si sia registrato in questi anni un salto di scala, verso partiti più fragili e indisciplinati? Si può sostenere che i partiti italiani, da macro- personali, siano diventati sempre più micro-personali, pronti a dissolversi in una miriade di componenti? In questo articolo, dopo una messa a punto concettuale dell’evoluzione dei partiti italiani, si considererà il fenomeno della micro-personalizzazione e delle sue conseguenze sull’organizzazione di partito. A partire da alcuni classici indicatori del comportamenrto parlamentare: si presterà attenzione alla moltiplicazione dei gruppi in assemblea, al frequente cambio di casacca dei deputati e dei senatori, alla disciplina nell’ambito del processo legislativo, così da verificare “sul campo” il livello di divisione dei partiti italiani. Se Norberto Bobbio notava che il partito personale è di per sé una “contraddizione in termini”, oggi ancor più che in passato i partiti sperimentano grande difficoltà a tenere insieme individuo e collettivo in un progetto comune di lunga durata. 1 Articolo presentato al XXVII Convegno Sisp, Firenze 12-14 settembre 2013. Panel: Gianluca Passarelli ed Eugenio Pizzimenti, «Le organizzazioni di partito in Italia (1994-2013)». 2 Introduzione Negli anni novanta il nostro paese presentava la più puntuale interpretazione di partito personale sullo scenario internazionale. Il modello di Forza Italia offriva un nuovo mix di personalizzazione, di centralizzazione organizzativa, e di professionalizzazione, tre chiavi di successo che saranno da lì a poco imitate, o almeno inseguite, su entrambi i lati dello spettro politico2. A distanza di un ventennio dalla discesa in campo di Berlusconi, lo stesso processo di personalizzazione della politica ha mostrato però un’altra faccia. Non più limitata agli apici del partito, si è diffusa a tutti i suoi livelli e articolazioni, minacciandone la coesione, e talvolta anche la sopravvivenza. Ovunque affiorano micro-partiti personali, pronti ad emergere all’ombra dei, o negli spazi lasciati liberi da, i capi di partito. Sulla base di questo incisivo processo, i partiti italiani sembrano così pronti a dividersi – o a dissolversi – in una miriade di componenti. Il «party change», con le sue contraddizioni, è ritenuto uno dei più complicati puzzle per lo studioso di politica democratica (Carty 2004). In chiave storica si può constatare che mentre i partiti di notabili si caratterizzavano per la concentrazione del potere sulle elites, e nei partiti di massa l’autorità promanava dalla base che controllava e dirigeva la propria leadership, oggi si apre uno scenario dai tratti più interlocutori. Da una parte i leader guadagnano centralità, sviluppando un rapporto diretto con i cittadini anche grazie al ricorso ai pollster e alle moderne tecniche di marketing politico-elettorale3, dall’altra essi scoprono una nuova vulnerabilità nel condurre un partito molto meno compatto del passato. Sempre più spesso, infatti, quest’ultimo si divide in parti dotate di capacità organizzativa, risorse e reti del consenso autonome, e soprattutto un proprio subleader. A prima vista la divisione fazionale dei partiti italiani sembra ricordare il correntismo che ha reso l’Italia, e in particolare la Democrazia Cristiana, un importante caso studio anche fuori i confini nazionali (Sartori 1976; Belloni 2 Sono le tre dimensioni suggerite da Mauro Calise nel suo Il Partito Personale (2000), e utilizzate per un inquadramento empirico della ristrutturazione del partito laburista che conduce a fine anni novanta Tony Blair a riconquistare il governo inglese. Il fenomeno del partito personale, in questa prospettiva, non è solo mediatico e comunicazionale, ma in primo luogo un fatto organizzativo. 3 Secondo una tendenza già messa in evidenza da Angelo Panebianco (1982) per il quale i leader politici sono divenuti una sorta di imprenditori in cerca di potere e del suo mantenimento. Ovviamente il perseguimento di questo fine deriva da molti fattori «including the nature of the party's origins and subsequent history, the degree of its institutionalization, and also the party's external environment and the kinds of impulses and challenges that derive from it» (LaPalombara 1990, 347). 3 e Beller 1978; Hine 1982). Come si mostrerà nel corso di questo articolo, si possono però sottolineare almeno due elementi di differenziazione rispetto ai decenni addietro. Innanzitutto il numero di fazioni interne ai partiti è di gran lunga superiore ai livelli primorepubblicani. Se poi si guarda ai principali indicatori di in-disciplina partitica si scorge un individualismo che va ben al di là della logica correntizia. In una fase di crisi delle ideologie e di disaffezione politica, i partiti non hanno certo allentato la presa sulle istituzioni delle Stato e le loro risorse4 (Ignazi 2012). Tuttavia scoprono una nuova debolezza organizzativa, dal momento che i rappresentanti si sentono sempre più svincolati dal destino del partito, spesso alla ricerca di soluzioni di tipo individuale, che sfociano spesso in defezioni esplicite (Heller e Mershon 2008; 2009). Se Norberto Bobbio notava che il partito personale è di per sé una “contraddizione in termini”, oggi ancor più che in passato i partiti sperimentano grande difficoltà a tenere insieme individuo e collettivo in un progetto comune di lunga durata. In questo articolo, dopo un’analisi dell’evoluzione dei partiti personali nel contesto italiano, si consideranno alcuni indicatori di individualismo intrapartitico. Si presterà attenzione alla moltiplicazione dei gruppi in assemblea, al frequente cambio di casacca dei deputati e dei senatori, alla disciplina nell’ambito del processo legislativo, così da verificare “sul campo” il livello di divisione dei partiti italiani. Per utilizzare la formula di una ricca tradizione di ricerca5, all’analisi delle trasformazioni, sempre più in chiave leaderistica, dell’organizzazione di partito, il cosiddetto Party in Central Office, si unirà l’osservazione di cosa sta avvenendo nell’ambito delle istituzioni rappresentative, nel cosiddetto Party in Public Office. Solo mettendo insieme queste due fondamentali facce del partito politico, si può analizzare il processo di personalizzazione del partito politico nelle sue componenti. 4 Per una recente riflessione su questo contraddittorio movimento dei partiti politici si veda il recente testo di P. Ignazi, Forza senza legittimità. Il vicolo cieco dei partiti (2012), e il documento-programma redatto da Fabrizio Barca, «Un partito nuovo per un buon governo», aprile 2013. 5 Quella che si diffonde a partire dai primi sforzi, a fine anni ottanta, di raccolta dati sulle trasformazioni organizzative dei partiti politici in chiave comparata curate da Richard Katz e Peter Mair. Per un inquadramento cfr. Katz e Mair 1993; 1995, e la recente discussione degli stessi autori delle categorie utilizzate in vent’anni di ricerca Katz e Mair 2009. 4 Partiti personali Il partito di Silvio Berlusconi è stato il partito personale par excellence. Basandosi quasi senza eccezione sulle risorse organizzative e in particolare sul personale dell’azienda di proprietà del Cavaliere, fin dalle sue origini il partito acquisiva un’impronta marcatamente patrimonialistica che poi non lo abbandonerà in seguito: costituiva infatti «il primo esperimento europeo, riuscito, di un grande partito politico messo in piedi da un’impresa commerciale privata, quasi si trattasse di una mera diversificazione della Fininvest sul mercato politico» (Poli 2001, 42). E da tale passaggio il partito ereditava non solo concreti vantaggi dal punto di vista organizzativo e della costruzione del consenso, ma anche un’importantissima premessa alla leadership unitaria e indiscussa, assunta da un capo che aveva costruito in azienda un’immagine di mito-fondatore dalle spiccate capacità strategiche. Nella fase del consolidamento di Forza Italia i tratti originari del partito divennero ancor più netti. Il presidente del partito non è solo il suo timoniere, lo incarna pienamente. Nomina i dirigenti di partito sulla base di rapporti di fedeltà o di amicizia personale, allontana quanti cadono in disgrazia, approva le liste elettorali per tutti i livelli di governo, definisce la linea politica in tutti i settori di policy. Il partito è una creatura del leader stesso: difficile sarebbe immaginare, infatti, la sua sopravvivenza dopo la
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