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Vital Subjects: Race and Biopolitics in Italy, 1860…1920

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Vital Subjects: Race and Biopolitics in Italy, 1860…1920 Vital Subjects Race and Biopolitics in Italy, 1860–1920 Transnational Italian Cultures 1 Transnational Italian Cultures Series editors: Dr Emma Bond, University of St Andrews Professor Derek Duncan, University of St Andrews Transnational Italian Cultures will publish the best research in the expanding ield of postcolonial, global and transnational Italian studies and aim to set a new agenda for academic research on what constitutes Italian culture today. As such, it will move beyond the physical borders of the peninsula as well as identifying existing or evolving transnational presences within the nation in order to relect the vibrant and complex make-up of today’s global Italy. Privileging a cultural studies perspective with an emphasis on the analysis of textual production, the series focuses primarily on the contemporary context but will also include work on earlier periods informed by current postcolonial/transnational methodology. Vital Subjects Race and Biopolitics in Italy, 1860–1920 Rhiannon Noel Welch Vital Subjects LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY PRESS First published 2016 by Liverpool University Press 4 Cambridge Street Liverpool L69 7ZU Copyright © 2016 Rhiannon Noel Welch he right of Rhiannon Noel Welch to be identiied as the author of this book has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmited, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior writen permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data A British Library CIP record is available print ISBN 978-1-78138-286-8 cased epdf ISBN 978-1-78138-455-8 Typeset by Carnegie Book Production, Lancaster Printed and bound in Poland by BooksFactory.co.uk List of illustrations Contents Fig. 1.1 Among the didactic materials from the Montesca and Rovigliano schools: a sketch illustrating “Physical Development of the Rural Italian Population, based on those born in 1893. Number of peasants it for military service” (Photo credit: Erica Moreti.) 64 Fig. 1.2 Schoolbook on “he Beneits of Hygiene” (Rovigliano School, 1909) (Photo credit: Erica Moreti.) 65 Fig. 1.3 Mussolini during the fascist occupation of Ethiopia (1935) on the cover of the journal L’agricoltura coloniale, founded by Francheti and Gioli in 1907 (Photo by author.) 73 Fig. 2.1 Entrance to the University of Florence’s Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology, founded by Mantegazza in 1869 (Photo by author.) 76 Fig. 2.2 From Mantegazza, Un viaggio in Lapponia coll’amico Stefano Sommier (1881) 85 Fig. 2.3 Fisiologia del piacere (1854) 95 Fig. 3.1 Souvenir “D’Annunzian tissues,” featuring an image of the Ansaldo SVA biplane D’Annunzio used in the Volo su Vienna (1918), on display at the Vitoriale (Photo by author.) 124 Fig. 4.1 Alberini’s La presa di Roma (1905). he intertitle reads: “Atack! he Breach of Porta Pia” 180 Fig. 4.2 Alberini’s Il piccolo garibaldino (1909) 181 Fig. 4.3 Maciste and Fulvio Axilla in Pastrone’s Cabiria (1914) 196 Fig. 4.4 Sophonisba in Cabiria 201 viii Vital Subjects Fig. 4.5 Fulvio Axilla and Maciste share a laugh at their adoring female server in Cabiria 202 Fig. 4.6 Khartalo examines Cabiria’s face before marking her forehead as “sold” in Cabiria 204 Figs. 4.7 and 4.8: Archimedes’ burning mirrors in Cabiria 207 Fig. 4.9 Maciste the surveying subject in Cabiria 208 Fig. 4.10 Elissa (Cabiria) and Maciste in Cabiria 209 Fig. 4.11 Maciste in the “projection room” 209 Fig. 4.12 Maciste alpino (Itala Film, 1916) 216 Fig. 4.13 Scipio (white horse) vs. Hannibal (black horse). Gallone, Scipione l’Aricano (1937) 217 Contents Contents List of illustrations vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction: Vital Subjects 1 Chapter One: Colonial (Re)productivity 34 Chapter Two: Immunitary Technologies 75 Chapter hree: Mutilated Limbs 123 Chapter Four: Biopolitics and Colonial Drive 179 Epilogue 219 Bibliography 234 Index 262 x Vital Subjects To Calvin and Michelle Welch, with ininite gratitude Acknowledgements xi Acknowledgements Acknowledgements his book has been many years in the making, and is the fruit of numerous conversations and exchanges undertaken with cherished interlocutors from San Francisco, Berkeley, and Santa Cruz to Ithaca, NY; Lancaster, PA; New Brunswick, NJ; New York City, Rome, and many places in between. My series editors at Liverpool University Press, Derek Duncan and Emma Bond, were a delight to work with. I thank them for their enthusiasm and for their roles in including this book in their brilliantly formulated and timely new series. LUP’s Anthony Cond and Patrick Condon Brereton were superbly atentive to all aspects of the book’s production. hanks also to Sue Barnes and the typeseters at Carnegie Book Production for their patience, skill, and atention to detail. Catherine Belloy at the Marian Goodman Gallery and Maria Murguia at the Artists Rights Society were key in securing permissions for the work by Giuseppe Penone reproduced on this cover. his book began during formative years as a doctoral student at UC Berkeley, where many of its core ideas took shape under the generous guidance of Barbara Spackman, Mia Fuller, Albert Ascoli, and Eugene Irschick. Additionally, Saidiya Hartman was an inluential and enthusiastic early reader. Donald Moore’s course irst introduced me to Michel Foucault’s lectures on governmentality and biopolitics and got me thinking about their relevance to Italian racial discourse. An American Council of Learned Societies Andrew W. Mellon Dissertation Fellowship enabled me to conduct much of the research that has gone into this book. I conducted the bulk of this research during an unforgetable fall and winter at the McGill University Library in Montreal, where I was generously hosted by family away from home: Cristiana Giordano, Kelly McKinney, and Bruce and Beatrice Mellet. A heartfelt thanks to my doctoral advisors Barbara Spackman and Mia Fuller for over iteen years of care and atention to my development as a reader, thinker, and writer. Barbara’s thoughtful readings of nearly every word of the manuscript were invaluable; as a mentor, she has been rigorous, xii Vital Subjects honest, and truly inspiring. In addition to sharing her expertise on critical theoretical approaches to literature and culture and patiently guiding me through Gabriele D’Annunzio’s challenging and immense oeuvre (Chapter hree), it was Barbara who irst called my atention to the works of Paolo Mantegazza (Chapter Two). Mia has been a precious interlocutor throughout, sharing her expertise on Italian colonialism and racial culture(s) with wit, nuance, and generosity. I’m also indebted to Mia for irst drawing my atention to Leopoldo Francheti’s writings on colonialism and the southern question, which are the topic of Chapter One. Both of these women have shaped the readings in this book in innumerable ways, and I am eternally grateful. Timothy Campbell, Suzanne Stewart-Steinberg, and Elena Past provided atentive and productive close readings of the manuscript at various stages. In addition to their respective works, their collective insights into thinking about modern Italian culture through political theory have been indispensible. I am grateful to Tim for sharing his expertise on biopolitics, but also for suggesting Giovanni Pastrone’s Cabiria (Chapter Four) as an interesting text to add to the manuscript. In addition, Tim’s encouragement throughout the years has been fundamental. Suzanne also kindly put me in touch with Erica Moreti, to whom I am indebted for sharing some of the images in Chapter One, along with precious archival material and guidance on Francheti and Hallgarten’s schools in Umbria. My years in the Cornell University Romance Studies Department and as a Society for the Humanities Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow were immensely productive, and friendships with colleagues played no small role in keeping my spirits high through many a dark Ithaca month. In addition to Tim, I thank Aloja Airewele, Kitrina Baxter, Tamar Carroll, Rebecca Givan, Cary Howie, Patricia Keller, Tracy McNulty, Alice Michtom, Steve Pond, and Lars Schumann for keeping me intellectually engaged and emotionally grounded. At Franklin & Marshall College, I beneited from the support, encour- agement, and camaraderie of Antonio Callari, Linda Hasanuma, Peter Jaros, Carrie Lanfried, Giovanna Faleschini-Lerner, Scot Lerner, Gayatri Menon, Gianluca Rizzo, and Brenna Stuart. Karen Bassi and Deanna Shemek, whose profound and playful course on Machiavelli I happily took as an undergraduate, were wonderfully supportive during my brief but memorable time in the Literature Department at UC Santa Cruz. I thank Roberto Esposito, Sandro Mezzadra, Cristina Lombardi-Diop and Caterina Romeo for their generous feedback on the book’s introduction. I am incredibly lucky to have found such a welcoming group of colleagues at Rutgers University. My colleagues in the Department of Italian have been unfailingly supportive. hank you to Andrea Baldi, Paola Gambarota, Ilona Hrenko, David Marsh, Laura Sanguineti-White, Carmela Scala, and Alessandro Vetori for making Rutgers such a pleasant and productive intellectual home. A special thanks to Paola for her atentive reading of the manuscript, her sage advice and razor sharp insights, and for inspiring my conidence in the project when it faltered. Warm thanks also to Sheri La Macchia, an irreplaceable administrator who has brought a wealth of knowledge, collegiality, and a true
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