Community Media: People, Places, and Communication Technologies Kevin Howley Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521796687 - Community Media: People, Places, and Communication Technologies Kevin Howley Index More information

Index

ABC 21, 28, 163, 170 Alpert, Jon 61, 133–4, 136, 143, 144–8, WRTV 98 153, 154–5, 156, 157–75, 183, 260 Aberdeen, Me FM 48 alternative media 26, 115 Aborigines, Australian 228, 229, 238 and community media 4–5 radio for 44–5 deﬁned 4–5 access, Alternative Media Center (AMC), New advocates of television 54–7 York City 54–5, 146, 149, 237 at the margins 160–75 AMARC see World Association of denial of community media to Community Radio Broadcasters international meetings 13–16 Amnesty International 79 and participation 114, 154–6 Amsterdam, local television 55–6 to electronic community 73, 244–9, Andersen, Liz 178 256–7 Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities to information production and 5–6 distribution 20–1, 25–6, 28 Ang, Ien 3, 35 see also public access model animations 52, 57 Access One 254 anti-war protests 10, 114, 145 “access radio” pilot program 48 AOL 21 accommodation 33, 45 apathy, political 19, 35 accountability 33, 83 Appadurai, A. 40 Accuracy in Media (AIM) 162 Aquino, Corrizon 172 ACM see Alliance for Community Media Argentina 46, 72, 81 activism 16, 64, 71, 135, 141–2, 152, articulation 6–7, 259–64 185 Ash, David 219 Adorno, Theodor 29 Asia 51 Adrian, Lynne 63 Asian Women’s Project Ltd 48 advertising 24, 231 Asians, in UK 48 advocacy, and neutrality 59 Aspell, Tom 174 advocacy journalism 66, 130, 160, 169–71, assimilation 45, 142 175–6, 222 Associated Press (AP) 126 Afghanistan 173, 174 Association of Independent Video and Africa 51 Filmmakers (AIVF) 182 community radio 46–7 Atton, Chris 4, 222–3 African American radio 108 audience studies 3, 31, 36, 117 Africans, in UK 48 audio cassette players 35–6 agency, role in rearticulating social Aufderheide, Patricia 62, 169 formations 6–7, 12, 268–9 AUSSAT 254 agit prop 52, 175–83 Australia, Agora Telematica, Rome 78–9 community television 60 alienation 35, 199 telecommunications policy 254–5 All India Radio (AIR) 49, 50 Victoria 7, 8, 10, 228–30 Alliance for Community Media (ACM) 9 see also Aborigines, Australian

295

296 Index

Australian Academic and Research Bio Devastation 2000 meeting 15 Network (AARNet) 236, 254 Neighborhood Network 34 authoritarian regimes 32 Spare Change 68, 71 authority 32 Boulder Weekly, The 13 Boyle, Deirdre 26, 136, 156, 170 Barlow, William 85, 107, 108, 114 Brazil 46, 81 Barnett, Julie 103 Breaking Away (ﬁlm) 91 Bates, Adrian 237, 240, 241, 246–7, 248, Bristol Channel 59 251, 261 British Empire 187–8 BBC 59 Brokaw, Tom 173, 174 commercial marketing 22 Browne, Donald 44–5, 174 community access TV 59 Bulletin Board System (BBS) 72, 236 Community Programme Unit 59 Burke, Michael 191–2, 193–4, 212–14, local radio 48 215, 261 World News Hour 129, 130 Burns, Red 54 BBS see Bulletin Board System Bush Administration, Beamish, Ann 76 invasion of Iraq 133 Beebe, Mark 97 and September 11th terrorism 20–1 Behl, Neena 31–2 Bush Radio, South Africa 46–7 Bekken, Jon 83 Bytes for Belfast 75 Bell, John 184 belongingness 6, 7, 16, 263, 266 cable radio 48 Benjamin, Burton “Bud” 164 cable television 36–7, 55, 58, 149, 175 Benton Foundation, Digital Divide list Cambodia 170, 172 serve 81 Cameron, Duncan 61 Berkeley, California 40–2 Canada 30, 68, 69, 184–225 Community Memory project 73–4 community radio 45–6 Bertelsmann 21 community television 51–5, 57–8 Better Business Bureau 65 Free-Net 77–8 Biederbecke, Leon “Bix” 90 social assistance programs 193–9, Big Issue, The (TBI), UK 69, 70, 71, 72 211–13 Bingham, Mark 93 Canada Fund 60 Bio Devastation, Boston 2000 meeting 15 Canada, Kathy 93 Bird, Jon 71 Canadian Assistance Program, abolition of Blacks 189, 195 193–4 Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV), Canadian Radio-Television and Virginia 80 Telecommunications Commission Blindspot 15 (CRTC) 57 Bloomington, Indiana 1–2, 7, 9, 59, Canales-Leyton, Juan Carlos 192–3, 210, 86–91, 259–60, 262 219 Area Arts Council (BAAC) 101–2 capital accumulation 24, 30 Bloomington Community Radio (BCR) capital investment 231–2 96–103, 114, 115–16 capitalism 5–6, 18–19 Community Radio Lawn Service 98, Caribbeans, in UK 48 99 Carli, Carlo 235 Community Radio Project (CRP) Inc. Carmichael, “Hoagy” (Howard Hoagland) 92–103 90 Waldron Arts Center 102–3, 105 Carrothers, Chad 128–9 WQAX 106–7, 109–10 Castro, Fidel 164, 170 see also WFHB CBS 21, 28, 163, 164, 176 Boden, Paul 67 Center for Civic Networking (CCN) 79–80 Body Shop Foundation 71 Central and Eastern Europe 18, 22, 70, Bolivia 44, 62 139 Booth, P. 4 Centre for Diverse Visible Cultures 193 Boston, Challenge for Change, Canada 51–5, 237

Index 297

Channel 4, Independent Film and Video commercialization 23–4, 41 Department 59 “committed” media see advocacy Channel 6 problem 94–100 commodification, Chantal (pseud.) 198 of culture 34 Charas Inc. 141 of public communication 25, 26 charity 64, 221 communication, Chat the Planet 183 and community 5–6, 10, 227, 256–7, Chemeski, Chet 98 258–69 Chiapas, Mexico 180, 182 and democratic society 2–3 Chicago, Communication Act (UK) 48 StreetWise 66 communication and information WCFL 107 technology (CIT) 8, 10–11, 263 Chile 46 communication policy, China 18, 22 global 15–16, 28, 50–1 Chinese, in New York 139–40, 147–8 influence of broadcasting industry on Chinese Consolidated Benevolent 23–4 Association (CCBA) 139 communication studies 10, 33 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882–1943) 139 communication technologies, Cimon, Eric 69 and inequities of access 25–6 cinema verité51–2 role in nationalism 6 CIT see computer and information Communication White Paper (UK 2000) technologies 48 “citizen’s media” 5 communicative competence 20 citizenship 20, 78–80, 268 communicative democracy 2, 41, 46, 50, civic networks 78–80 62, 84, 151, 199, 222–5, 259 civic participation 10, 19, 268 communism 22, 27, 163, 170 civil disobedience 17 community, civil rights 38, 264 and communication 5–6, 10, 227, civil society, and the public sphere 19–20 256–7, 258–69 CIVNET, Russian and American civic defining 5 network 79 dynamic evolving social construction 82 Clark, Anthony 214 and identity 264–5 Clark, Ramsey 173, 174 ideological functions 115–16, 117 Clark, Robert 234–5 imagined 5–6, 226–57, 265 class differences 25 inclusive notion 115–16, 117, 124 Clear Creek Sounds 94, 95 “knowable” 125, 187, 264–9 Cleveland, Ohio, Free-Net 76 in real life (IRL) 72–82 CMA see Community Media Association symbolic construction of 5–6, 224–5, CMC see computer-mediated 259 communication virtual 72–3, 227 Co-op Radio 57–8 Community Action on Homelessness Coalition on Homelessness (COH) 66–7 (CAH) 221–2 Cohen, Anthony 6 Community Advocates Network (CAN) Cold War 41 211–13 Cole, Harry 101 community building 259, 262 collective action 32, 82, 145–6, 185 and community television 56–62 collective identity 2, 4, 11, 38, 141–2, 259, community computer centres 247–8, 253 262, 267 community computer network 7, 226, colonialism, legacy of 31, 188 261–2 Columbia Journalism Review 23 see also VICNET Columbia, Missouri, KOPN 114–15 community information networks 78–80 Columbia Studios 28 community media, commercial media 23–4 and alternative media 4–5 programming 112 articulating 259–64 and public service broadcasting 22 case studies 5, 7

298 Index

community media (cont.) creativity 31 defined 2 critical theory 8 global and local 39–82, 264–9 cross-cultural communication 9, 54–5, locating 13–38 117, 132, 134, 180, 183, 260, 263 relationship with mainstream media CRTC see Canadian Radio-Television and 36–7 Telecommunications Commission role in civic participation 10, 19, 268 Cuba 137, 143, 148, 161, 162–8, 170 significant features 15–16 cultural analysis, as site of cultural analysis 2–7, 10, of community media 2–7, 5, 10, 224–5, 224–5, 258–69 258–69 as socio-cultural mediation 33–8 methodology 7 Community Media Association (CMA) multiperspectival 267 48, 59 cultural capital 115, 246 Community Media Education Society cultural change, role of communication in (CMES) 57 33–4, 36–7 Community Memory project, Berkeley, cultural contact 31–2 California 73–4 cultural forms, community networks 73–5 in construction of national and cultural see also civic networks; community identities 34 computer networks homogenization 29, 33, 34, 267 community outreach see outreach, and technological development 28–30 community cultural globalization 26–33, 267 Community Technology Center Network cultural histories, preserving local 16 (CTC Net) 75 cultural identities, Community Tele Vision (CTV), Fiji 60–1 and American popular culture 30 computer and information technologies and cultural forms 34, 37 (CIT) 78, 263–4 and multiculturalism 45 computer literacy skills transfer 236–9, cultural imperialism 8, 30–3 247–8, 252–3 challenged 39–82 computer-mediated communication criticism of thesis 30–1 (CMC) 10, 72–82, 258, 264 defined 30 see also VICNET cultural politics 39–40, 132, 241–2 Congress of Black Women of Canada 194 and technological form 133–83 Conner, Russell 143 cultural production, consciousness raising 63–4, 265–8 centralization of 29 critical 187, 268 fora for local 35, 268–9 consumer culture 15, 24, 29, 36 immigrant 141–2 Cornwallis, Edward 188 instrumental rationalization in 29–30 corporate media, local 3, 7, 16, 150 gatekeeping function 10–11 market-oriented 29–30 news strategy 24–5 reception as a site of 33–4 profit motive in 23–4 cultural studies 3, 6, 8, 10, 269 and street newspapers 67–8 cultural theory 5, 8, 40 undermining of democratic processes culture, 17–18 anthropological approach 31 corporate sponsorship 22, 169–70, 231 commodification of 34 CorporateWatch website 13 communicative nature of 33–4 Corporation for Public Broadcasting deterritorialization of 30 (CPB) 169 as dynamic and embedded 32 Corporation for Public Cybercasting reterritorialization of 37–8 (CPC) 77 culture industries 29, 34, 36, 269 counterculture movements (1960s) 26, culture jamming 2 114, 260 Curtin, Michael 163 CPB see Corporation for Public cyberspace 72, 263 Broadcasting “Cyberstudio” (DCTV) 180, 181–2

Index 299

Davies, Eryl-Price 5 Free Speech Television (FSTV) 128, DCTV see Downtown Community 182, 183 Television funding 147, 178, 179, 183, 232 De Leo, Maryann 171, 173, 174 Global Exchange Program 61 Deal, Judy 210, 222 Health Care: Your Money or Your Life decision-making, elite dominance of 18 168–9 deliberative democracy 20, 25, 38, 78–80 Home Box Ofﬁce (HBO) 154, 156, crisis of 194 175 democracy, mission 131–2, 135, 146, 151 and communication technologies 11 relationship with NBC 170–5 as a “God-word” 19 style 137, 146, 151–60 and media 16–26 training 137, 149, 167, 177–80 see also communicative democracy; youth media 177–80 deliberative democracy; liberal Drew, Robert 51 democracy; participatory democracy democratization 2, 16, 23, 43, 52 EACN see European Alliance for Depths, The, St Petersburg 70 Community Networking deregulation 3, 21, 46–9, 67–8, 229, 254–5 Eason, Ken 250 developing nations 14, 27–8, 50, 81–2, 258 Eastern Europe see Central and Eastern Devine, Bob 57 Europe Devine, Ken 101 economic determinism 30 Dewey, John 6 economic development 230–3, 256–7 dialogue 38, 53, 54–5, 117, 120, 226, 237 economic globalization 18, 26 diasporic cultures, media in 4 economic justice 8, 16, 70, 196–7 Dickens, Charles 139, 266 economies of scale 29 differences 6, 38, 259 Edwards, Cathy 57 digital divide 11, 25–6, 75 El Salvador 171 Digital Millennium Copyright Act electronic democracy 72–82, 241–4, (DMCA) (1998) 25–6 252 DiNovella, Elizabeth 13 Electronic News Gathering (ENG) 137 direct action 2, 66, 215 elites, dominant 18 “direct cinema” 155 Elizabeth Frey Society 215 disabilities 182, 214 empowerment 9, 131–2, 146, 227, 237–9, disjunctive moments 40 253 Disney Company 21, 28–9 End Legislative Poverty (ELP) 68 distance learning 75, 81 Engelman, Ralph 4, 53, 136 documentary, entertainment 27 “committed” 160, 262 entrepreneurialism 64, 230–1, 256–7 social issues 52 Envision Television initiative (eTV) dominant media institutions 15–18, 26–7, 179–80 34, 184–6, 193, 265 equipment manufacturers, synergies with inﬂuence of community video on 37 content providers 28–30 Doordarsah 23 ethnic nationalism 33, 265 Dowling, John 4, 84 ethnicity, differences within 38 Dowmunt, Tony 59, 176 ethnocentrism 38 Downtown Community Television 7, 9, eTV see Envision Television initiative 51, 59, 61, 133–83 Eurasia Foundation 79 access at the margins 160–75, 260–1 Europe, Chinatown Health Fair tapes 147–8 “open channels” of television 55–6 Cuba: The People 161, 162–8 street newspapers 69–70 cultural politics 133–83, 185, 241, 261 see also Central and Eastern Europe; Cybercar 183 Western Europe “Cyberstudio” 180, 181–2 European Alliance for Community Envision Television initiative (eTV) Networking (EACN) 9 179–80 exclusion 75, 186, 261

300 Index

FAIR see Fairness and Accuracy in Gartner, Michael 174 Reporting Gems of the Earth 81 Fairchild, Chris 45–6 gender, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting differences within 38 (FAIR) 13 inequity 38 Fanon, Franz 258 Germany 29, 86, 139 Fascism 29 community television 56 Fay, Jeanne 211–12 radio st. paula 43 Federal Communications Commission Giddens, Anthony 39 (FCC), Gilbert, Richard 88 Channel 6 problem 94–100 Gilfoy, Jack 93 regulations 93–4 Gitlin, Todd 177 Federazione dei Verdi 79 global, and local 32, 39–82, 263, 264–9 Felsenstein, Lee 73–4 “global village” 26–7, 30 feminism 43–4 globalization 33, 72, 267 Figueiredo, Marco 81 defined 39 Fiji, see also cultural globalization; economic Community Tele Vision (CTV) 60–1 globalization Fiji One 60 Godfrey, John 165–6 film making, Goldberg, Kim 5, 57 iterative 51–2 Golding, Peter 32–3 participatory 146 Gonzalez, Juan 128 Fish, Richard 94, 103 Goodman, Amy 128 Fogo Island, Newfoundland 52–3 Goodman, Steve 178 “Fogo Process” 52–3 government bureaucracy 64 food banks 202–3 graphical user interface (GUI) 77 Food Not Bombs 215 grassroots media see community media Ford Foundation 79, 165 Green, Norma Fay 5, 62–3 foreign policy, US 27, 161–7, 171–5 Grierson, John 51, 52 Forum Radio 43 Grundner, Tom 76, 233 Fox 21 Gulf War 173, 175 framing, by government and corporate elites 20–1 Habermas, Jürgen19–20, 187 of news 17–18 Hagen, Ingunn 19 France 30, 188 Halifax, Nova Scotia 7, 8, 9–10, 59, 63, alternative radio 47–8 184–91, 261–3 community television 58 Africville 191, 195 Fraser, Nancy 187 Creighton Gerrish Development Project free radio movement 43–4, 106–8 214 Free Speech Television (FSTV) 128, 182, Halifax Initiative 190 183 Hope Cottage 202, 213–14 “Free-Net” model 76–8, 230, 233, 236–7 Metro Homeless Network 202, 209, freedom, 213–14 of assembly 18 Phoenix Centre for Youth 194, 214 of expression 2, 14, 18 Spring Garden Road Business of information legislation 20 Association (SGRBA), Spare Change of speech 14, 38, 56 Program 208–10, 220 Freise Sender Kombinat (FSK) 43–4 see also Street Feat Friedman, Steve 159, 171, 173 Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) see Friends and Partners 79 Halifax, Nova Scotia Fuller, Buckminster 141 Hall, Stuart 6, 233, 240, 243, 251, 259, 261 Gaal, Chris 120–1, 122–3, 124 Hansell, Jeffery 58 Gandhi, Mahatma, Quit India Movement Hansen, Leonhard 56 42 Hardy, Gary 254, 261

Index 301

Harpell, Linda 200, 210–11 imagined communities 5–6, 226–57, 265 Harris, Phil 32–3 IMF see International Monetary Fund Harris, Timothy 71, 72 immigrant communities, hegemony, of media institutions 15–16, 34, radio for 48, 86 35, 117, 183 television for 135, 138–42 H´enaut, Dorothy 51, 53 immigrants, Hencho en Buenos Aires 72 cultural production 141–2 Hendrickson, Brian 127 human rights of 70 Henry Street Settlement 141 to Australia 228, 229 Higgs, Steve 130 to Canada 189 Hill, Lewis 41–2, 85–6, 112–14, 121 imperialism, as cultural contact 31 hip hop 175–83 Independent Community Televsion historical research 9 Cooperative (ICTV) 57–8 Hoberman, J. 160 Independent Local Radio (ILR) 48 Hobo News 63–4 independent media see community media Hochheimer, John 85, 111 Independent Media Center (IMC), Hokesteen Live, Amsterdam 56 New York 182 Hollywood 36 Seattle 13, 15 Home Box Ofﬁce (HBO) 154, 156, 175 independent media centers 10–11, 15–16, home movies 11 35, 182 homelessness 9, 63, 66–7, 180, 185, Independent Radio and Television 206–7, 221–2, 263 Commission (IRTC) 48 homogenization, of cultural forms 29, 33, India, 34, 267 community radio 49–50 Hood, Mark 92, 93, 94 liberalization of media 23 Hope Community Enterprises 184, 192 television impact on family relations see also Street Feat 31–2 Horkheimer, Max 29 Indiana University 88–91 housing 189, 197 Ethnomusicology Student Association How, James Eads 63 111 Howard, Dave 198–9 WFIU 89, 99, 107, 125 Hoyt, Michael 174 WIUS 106–7, 109 Human Resources Canada 216 Indigenous Media Arts Group 57 human rights 70, 79, 243 indigenous people, human-computer interaction (HCI) 250–3 culture 229 humanitarian organizations 64 radio 44–6 Hungary 70 rights 243 Hunt, Nick 58–9 television 136 Hymson, Craig 13 Indonesia 42–3 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Ibrahim, Zane 47 63, 140 IBWA see International Brotherhood indymedia movement 16 Welfare Association inequalities 25–6, 32–3 identity, structural 38 and community 264–5 information, and media 4, 33, 38, 143, 187 haves and have-nots 25–6, 73, 245–6, identity formation, and the culture 257 industries 30, 38, 187 quality of 24–5 identity politics, information age 20, 26, 235 and community radio 43–5 metaphors of 230–44 and community television 9, 141–2 information revolution 3, 11 and social movements 39–40 information service provider (ISP) 234, IFEX see International Freedom of 255 Expression Exchange INSP see International Network of Street illiteracy 44 Newspapers

302 Index

instrumental rationalization 29 community 130 intellectual property rights 23, 25–6 independent 9, 14, 16, 61, 162 INTELSAT see International investigative 135 Telecommunications Satellite market-based approach 24 Consortium participatory 199, 214 International Brotherhood Welfare television 137 Association (IBWA) 63 International Day for the Elimination of Karimia Institute 48 Racial Discrimination 263 Kearney, Brian 95–103, 114, 115, 117, International Food Day 196–7, 202 120, 121–2, 124–5, 260 International Freedom of Expression Kellner, Douglas 5 Exchange (IFEX) 14 Kelly, Peter J. 220 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Kelsey, Mike 126 Washington 2000 meeting 13–14, 180 Kennard, William 47 International Network of Street Kennedy, John F. 27 Newspapers (INSP) 69–70 Kennet, Jeff 232–3 International Research and Exchange Kidd, Dorothy 4–5 Board (IREX) 61 Kino Pravda (“ﬁlm truth”) 51–2 International Telecommunications Satellite Kinsey, Alfred 89 Consortium (INTELSAT) 27 Klein, Bonnie 51, 53 international trade meetings, protests 10, Knights of Labor 140 13–16 “knowable communities” 125, 187, 264–9 Internet 73, 226, 231 knowledge production, democratic 239–40 Internet Relay Channels (IRC) 72, 247 Koehler, Marie 216 Internews Network 61 Koori 228 interviews, KOPN, Columbia, Missouri 114–15 direct 154–5, 158 Korea, North 18 in-depth 9, 84 KPFA, Paciﬁca Radio, Berkeley, California Iraq 173–5 40–2, 85–6 invasion 133 KRAB Nebula 113–14, 121 Ireland, Krampe, Bill 203–5 community radio 48–9 Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan (KMVS) immigrants from 86, 139 49–50 Ireland, Northern 75, 78 IREX see International Research and Land, Jeffery 42, 85, 113 Exchange Board Latin America 33, 44, 46, 51, 62 IRTC see Independent Radio and Latin America Video Association (LAVA) Television Commission 182 Irvine, Reed 161–2 Leacock, Richard 51 Islam 193, 238 LeFort, Susan 203 Italy 79, 139 LEFT-LINK, Victoria 238 Itineraire, L’, Montreal 69 LePage, David 116 ITV 59 LeRue, Chris 194, 216 IWW see Industrial Workers of the World Lewis, Erica 199, 221 Lewis, Peter 4, 50 James, Shelia 51 liberal democracy 19, 23 Japan, micro-braodcasters 43 liberalization 23, 254 job opportunities, street newspapers and libraries, public see public libraries 185, 192, 224 licensing, Johnson, Lyndon 141 agreements 28–9 Jolly Roger Radio 100, 105–6 restricted service licenses (RSLs) 48 Jones, Kirby 164 Lilly, Eli 93 journalism, listener sponsorship 41–2, 112–14, 115, advocacy 66, 130, 160, 169–71, 175–6, 118, 121 222 literacy skills 32

Index 303

Lloyd, Carol 71–2 Me FM, Aberdeen 48 local, and global 32, 39–82, 263, 264–9 media, local cultural autonomy 2, 8, 10, 16, 30, and democracy 17–26 32, 33, 35, 79, 117, 256–7, 267 global 7, 26 local populations 3, 11 mode of production 29 Lofchie, Judd 66 producers vs. consumers 3 Long Haul, The, Vancouver 68 self-managed systems 84 Lopez, Margarita 178 state-run 22–3 Lotus Dickey, Quentin 116 use in politics and culture 29 Lotus World Music and Arts Festival 116 work reform 2, 136 Low, Colin 51, 52 see also commercial media; community “low power FM” (LPFM) broadcasting 47 media; mass media Loxton, David 143 Media Alliance 13 Lucas, Martin 61 media consolidation 3, 8, 16, 21, 57, 187 Luxton, David 164–5, 168 media education 9 media effects, McBride Report (1980 UNESCO) 28, causal model 31 50–1 magic bullet theory 30 McChesney, Robert 3 media industry, barriers of entry 21 McDonald, Country Joe 74 media institutions, hegemony in shaping MacDonald, Jack 200, 211 public opinion 15–16, 34, 35, 117, McGibbon, Elizabeth 224 183 McGuigan, Peter 200, 201–2, 216, 218, Media Libre 58 220, 221 media mergers 21, 23, 29–30 MacKinnon, Paul 220 media ownership 2, 21, 23, 114, 265 McLuhan, Marshall 26–7, 30, 268 media privatization 3, 8, 16, 21–3, 25, 57, Madison, Wisconsin 13, 96 68, 254–5 Mafﬁ, Mario 142 media studies 8 Making Change, Santa Monica 71 mediation 33–4 Manhattan Neighborhood Network Mellencamp, John 91 (MNN) 54, 180, 181–2 Menendez, Roberto 191–2, 193–4, Manhattan, New York City 7, 9, 51, 59, 215–16, 261 61, 138–42 Merkin, Patricia 72 see also Downtown Community Mi’kmaq people 188 Television (DCTV) Milam, Lorenzo 112, 113–14, 121 Manion, Jim 92, 93, 94, 103, 109, 110, militarization 41, 42 120, 121, 122, 124, 128–9, 260 military, and commercial interests 27 Mankiewicz, Frank 164 Miller, James 47–8 Mann, Frankie 182 Milton Keynes Channel 40 59 marginalization 7, 9, 16, 50, 64, 114, 115, Milwaukee Access Telecommunications 185–6, 223, 242, 246, 261 Authority (MATA) 57 and access to community television misinformation 25 160–75 Missouri 114–15 Markell Foundation 146 Mitchell, Caroline 44 market economy 19 Mitchell, Thomas 228 Marsh, Ken 146 Mitchell, Tyrone 178 Martin-Barbero, Jesus 33–4, 35 modernization 23 Maruyama, Yoko 143, 147, 156 Monon Route 87 Marvin, Carolyn 8, 226 Montreal, L’Itineraire 69 mass media 30, 34, 187, 268 Morley, David 39 responses to 30–1 Morris, Jeffrey 92–3, 94, 95, 98, 100–1, Massey, Doreen 268 103, 260 MATA see Milwaukee Access Mother of Community Radio see Bush Telecommunications Authority Radio, South Africa Mayoﬁs, Arkady 61 Moyers, Bill 176

304 Index

Mulkern, Pat 63–4 community video movement 136–7 Multi-User Dungeons (MUDs) 72 Independent Media Center (IMC) 182 multiculturalism 45, 56, 140, 228, 238 Playing2Win project, Harlem 74–5 Murray, William 13 Street News 65–6, 71 music 90, 95, 111, 127, 175–83, 259–60, New York State Council on the Arts 263 (NYSCA) 143, 147, 149, 167 mutual aid societies 141 Newfoundland, Fogo Island 52–3 news, NAFTA see North American Free Trade commodification of 25 Agreement corporatization of 24–5 Nanas Radioteuses, Les, Paris 43 electronic gathering 37 NARK see National Alternative Radio framing 17–18 Konference public relations industry and quality of NASNA see North American Street information 24–5 Newspaper Association watering down of US programming 22 nation-state, and print-capitalism 5–6 NewsCorp 21 National Alternative Radio Konference newspapers 6 (NARK) 9, 92, 121 for community communication 185 National Anti-Poverty Organization see also street newspapers (NAPO) 203 Newsweek magazine 17 National Capital Free-Net (NCF), Ottawa Next Next Entertainment 183 77–8 NFCB see National Federation of National Coalition on Homelessness (US) Community Broadcasters 68 NGOs, National Endowment of the Arts 183 and community communication 8–9, National Federation of Community 50–1 Broadcasters (NFCB) 13, 14, 98, 116 and community networks 80–1 National Film Board of Canada 51–2 and street newspapers 69–70 National Homeless Marathon 263 Nixon Administration 169 national identities, No Borders 70 and American popular culture 30 Non-Profit Foundation 70 and cultural forms 34 nongovernmental organizations see NGOs and telecommunications 256 Noronha, Fredrick 49 National Public Radio (NPR) 77, 89 North American Free Trade Agreement National Public Telecomputing Network (NAFTA) 88 (NPTN) 76–7, 233 North American Street Newspaper National Science Foundation 75 Association (NASNA) 9, 68–9, 71, nationalism 6, 23, 265 197 Nazi regime 29 Nottingham, Radio Fiza 48 NBC 21, 164 Nova Scotia 7, 8, 9–10, 184–91 relationship with DCTV 170–5 novels 264 Neher, Daryl 127 NPR see National Public Radio neo-liberalism 15, 28, 68, 88, 186, 194 NPTN see National Public Telecomputing Neptune, Natalie 180 Network Netherlands 55–6 NWICO see New World Information and neutrality 108, 116–17, 121–3, 125–6 Communication Order and advocacy 59 New World Information and O’Connor, Alan 5 Communication Order (NWICO) 28, O’Connor, John 177 50–1 Offenen Kanal 56 New York City 7, 9, 64, 65 “official sources” 17, 154 Alternative Media Center (AMC) 54–5, O’Hara, Paul 197 146, 149, 237 oligopoly 23 Chinatown and Lower East Side “online community” 72–3, 226–57 138–42, 147–8, 152–3 Open Channel 149, 181

Index 305

oppression, political 32–3 post-Communism 23 Optus Communications 254 post-Fordism 88 Orchard Brothers 87 post-industrial societies 8, 80, 229, 258 outreach, community 9, 56, 74, 118, poverty 184–225, 261, 263 124–5, 130, 135, 149, 182, 237, 248, children in 197–8 260 culture of denial 194 OXFAM/Canada 194, 215 power, differentials 27, 35, 75, 115 Pacifica Radio, Berkeley, California 40–2, relations 32, 185–6, 259 85–6, 112–13, 128, 182, 260 press releases 24 pacifism 41–2 Preston, Tom 106 Page, George 164 Prince, Samuel 189 panhandlers 201–2, 209–10 print-capitalism, and the nation-state 5–6 Paper Tiger Television 182 privatization 21–2, 254 Paraguay 81 of digital materials 25–6 participant observation 7, 9, 84–5, 131 see also media privatization virtual 227 Pro-TV 181 participation, process 53, 143 and access 114 professionalism 11, 14, 27, 36 policy and pragmatism 249–57 profit motive 23–4, 68 production techniques 154–6 programming, participatory democracy 2, 3, 8, 16, 51, and funding 169 221, 252, 268–9 nationally syndicated 127–8 participatory journalism 199, 214 news and public affairs 9, 112–26 paternalism 31 participatory 150 Pauly, Jane 172 thematic 56 PBS see Public Broadcasting Service watering down of US news 22 peace 41–2, 134, 196, 263 Project Censored 13 Pennebaker, D.A. 51, 155 protests 33, 141, 189, 190–1 People Fighting Hunger 66 international 10, 13–16, 17–18, 22 People’s Video Theater (PVT) 146 public access model 54–6, 75–6 personal computers 36 Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) 77, Persons, Hutchinson 65, 71 148, 163, 167, 169 Perton, Victor 232 public discourse 16, 19–20 Peru 46 and dominant elites 18 philanthropy 89, 96–8, 101–2 public interest 23 Philippines 172–3 public libraries, “pirate radio” stations 100, 105–6 and community networks 74 legalization of 46–8 as gatekeepers 239–40 place, sense of 3–4, 7, 11, 259 and online access 233–4, 236–7, Playing2Win project, Harlem, New York 239–40, 246 74–5 public opinion, pluralism 38 formation of 20 Poland 75 shaping by dominant media institutions policy debates, access to 25 15 political communication 21 Public Radio International (PRI) 129 political economy 7, 8, 10, 50 public relations industry, and quality of politics, information 24–5 and commercial television 23, 161–2 public service broadcasting 4, 22 and computer community networks 240 and commercial media 22 influence of broadcasting industry on state-run 22, 49 23–4 public sphere, Pool, Ithiel De Sola 36 alternative 8, 10, 222–3, 263 popular culture 30, 35 feminist 44 post-colonial societies 23, 31 Habermas’ concept 19–20

306 Index

public sphere (cont.) Rheingold, Howard, The Virtual street newspapers as an alternative 185, Community 5, 72–3 222–5 Riley, Ferne 210 weak 23 risk avoidance 29 Puerto Ricans 141, 148 Ritter, Shana 127 RMIT see Royal Melbourne Institute of Quechua 44 Technology Quete, La, Quebec 68 Robins, Ken 3 Quinn, Bruce (aka Jolly Roger) 100, 105–6 Rockefeller Foundation 178 Quit India Movement 42 Roddick, Anita 71 Roddick, Gordon 71 race, differences within 38 Rodriguez, Clemencia 5 racism 263 Rogers Cable, Vancouver 57 institutionalized 38 Roncagliolo, Rafael 46 Raddall, Thomas 187 Rouch, Jean 51 radio, Rousseau, Dominique 200, 218–19 commercial 112 Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology early amateur 239 (RMIT) 227, 231, 233–4, 236, 247 free 43–4, 106–8 rural initiatives, community radio 49–50 indigenous people’s 44–6, 105 “pirate” 46–8, 100, 105–6 St Claire, Suzzette 207–10 see also cable radio St Petersburg, The Depths 70 radio, community 7, 83, 258, 259–60, 262 Salant, Dick 161 call-in programs 127 Salisbury, Harrison 166 change in “rules” 121–2 Salto 56 development of 40–51 Salvation Army, Wa r C r y 62–3 and identity politics 43–5 San Francisco, Street Sheet 66–7, 69 ideological orientation 85–6 Sanders, Scott Russell 88 use of CIT 263–4 satellite telecommunications 26–7 see also WFHB satellite television 182 Radio Donna, Rome 43 Satiri, M. 42 Radio Esperanza, Cochambamba 44 Scandinavia 75 Radio Fiza, Nottingham 48 Schneider, Karen G. 74 Radio Kenomadiwin 45–6 Schuler, Doug 73 radio libres, France 47–8 Scotland 48, 70 radio locales, France 47 Seattle, Radio Loretta 43 Independent Media Center (IMC) 13, radio privée, France 47 15 radio st. paula, Germany 43 Real Change 68, 71 Radio Suara Persaudaraan Matraman Selby-Wright, Sonja 170 (RSPM), East Jakarta 42–3 self-determination 30 Radio Ujjas, India 49–50 self-interest 19 Radio Voix Sans Frontières263 September 11th terrorism 20–1, 176 Raging Grannies 215 services, fee-based 25 Ranucci, Karen 171 Seven Years War 188–9 Real Change, Seattle 68, 71 Shales, Tom 155 “reality television” 37, 137, 177 Shaw Cable, Vancouver 57 reception, as a site of cultural production Sheffield TV Group 59 33–4 Showers Brothers 87, 88 recording industry 90 Siberia 61, 180 regulation 39–40 Sides, Patricia 165 religious fundamentalism 33, 265 Silverstone, Roger 262 resistance 3, 32, 33, 34–6, 140–2 Simon, Paul 1 restricted service licenses (RSLs) 48 Singapore 76 Reuters News servicee 69 Sisters of Charity 194

Index 307

Sklover, Theadora 149 and job opportunities 185, 192, 224 Slack, Jennifer Daryl 6–7 see also Street Feat slavery 86–7, 188, 189 Street Sheet, San Francisco 66–7, 69 Smethwick Sound 48 StreetWise, Chicago 66 Smith, K.M. 240 subjectivity 59, 266 Snaggs, Aaron 180 subversion 31 social assistance, Canada 193–9, Sultan, Masuda 176 211–13 “sunshine laws” 20 social change 6–7, 215 surveillance technologies 27, 73 social integration 7, 256 sustainable development 80 social justice 8, 16, 66, 134, 136, 193, 196, Sustaining Partnerships in the Next 263–4 Century (SPAN) 61 social movements 223, 268 Swanson, Jean 263 and identity politics 39–40, 265 sweat equity 98 Society of Professional Journalists 67 Swindon Viewpoint 59 socio-cultural factors, in responses to mass Swinemar, Dianne 202 media 30–1 symbolic space 5–6 socio-technical approaches 250–1 systems theory, socio-technical 250–1 Sokolov, Valeriy 70 solidarity 7, 16, 187, 243, 263 Tacchi, Jo 5 Sonami, Laetitia 182 taxi drivers union 145–6 Sony 28 TBC (Time Base Corrector) 165–6 Soros Foundation 179 TBI see Big Issue, The South Africa 75 technological determinism 30 Bush Radio 46–7 technological development, South Bristol Learning Network 80 convergence 21 Soviet Union (former) 18, 22 emancipatory potential 11 SPAN see Sustaining Partnerships in the and neoliberalism 28 Next Century technological form, and cultural politics Spare Change, Boston 68, 71 133–83 Sreberny-Mohammadi, Annabelle 31 technologies, local uses of 8–9 Stadtterilradio 43 Telebocal, Paris 58 standardization 29 “telecentres” 80–1 Statistics Canada 194 Telecommunications Act (US) (1996) 21 Stella, Jeffery 178 telecommunications industry, stereotyping 17, 184–5 Australia 254–7 Stewart, Robert 201–2 UK and US 27, 28 Stiles, Stephen 206–7 “telecottage movement” 75–6 Stone, Antonia 74–5 “telelocals” 58 Stoney, George 54, 57, 146, 149 television, Street Aid (New York City) 65 commercial and community 160–2, Street Feat 7, 8, 9–10, 59, 63, 184–225, 170–1 261–3 democratization of 52–3 funding 215–16, 261 funding of public 169 mission 192, 216–17, 242 “guerrilla” 136–7 protests 207–17 impact on Indian family relations sense-making function 186, 204 31–2 vendors 215, 217–22 journalism 137 street gangs 140, 180 “public access model” 54–6, 136, 149 Street News, New York City 65–6, 71 “reality” 37, 137, 177 street newspapers 7, 8, 62–72, 199–207 retribalizing inﬂuence 26 as an alternative public sphere 185, US industry 135–6 222–5, 263 violence on 23 deﬁned as alternative press 193 see also cable television; satellite emergence of 185 television

308 Index

television, community 7, 36–7, 51–62, urban village 138–42 136, 142–51 US, and commercial television 160–2, 170–1 civic networks 79–80 and community building 56–62, 262 commercialized media 23–4 recognition of 167 community television in 36–7, 54 see also Downtown Community control of satellite communication 27 Television; video democracy in 3 Telstar 27 foreign policy 27, 161–7, 171–5 Telstra 254–5 free radio movement 43 terrorism 20–1, 33, 176 media consolidation 21 Tesich, Steve 91 USAID (United States Agency for text-based analysis 9 International Development) 61 Third World see developing nations Utrecht, Treaty of (1713) 188 Thorne, Father 221 Tiananmen Square student protests Van Arsdale, Jr, Harry 145–6 (1989) 22 Vancouver 57–8 Time-Warner 21 The Long Haul 68 Tomsk Media Arts Center, Siberia 180 verité sensibility 37, 51–2, 260–1 Tomsk TV2 61 Vertov, Dziga 51–2, 146 Top Value Television (TVTV) 137, 146, Viacom 21 165 VICNET 7, 8, 10, 59, 74, 80, 226–57, Torres Strait Islanders 238 261–2 tourism, and local economy 195, 231 access issue 233, 236–7, 242, 244–9 training 55, 61, 135, 137, 149, 167, 236–7 advisory board 252 Trance Dance Benefits 95–6 Community Networking and Skills transmission 267 Development program 252–3 transnational capitalism 18 editorial board 240–2 transnational media flow 8, 31–3, 40, 50 funding 231–2, 234 transparency 14 hybridity 234–7, 263 Tsuno, Keiko 61, 136, 143–4, 147, 148, mission 227, 233 156, 157–8, 160, 165, 171, 183, 260 participation, policy and pragmatism TVTV see Top Value Television 249–57 Tynesound Radio 48 training 236–9, 247–8 user profile 244–5 UK, Victoria, Australia 7, 8, 10, 59, 74, 80, BBC and commercial marketing 22 228–30, 261–2 community and national television 58–9 Community Support Fund 232 community radio 48 LEFT-LINK 238 The Big Issue 69, 70, 71, 72 State Library of (SLV) 227, 231, 233–4 UK Citizens Online Democracy website 78 Victoria 21 initiative 253 underclass 190 see also VICNET unemployment 63, 65, 192 video, UNESCO 60, 89 cameras 10, 11, 36 “Free Community Telecentre Network” community 37, 53–4, 136–7, 143, 258 81 mobilizing potential 147 global communication policy 28, 50–1 participatory 51–2, 53–4, 62 unionism 2, 140, 238 portable equipment 151–8, 165–6, “conglomerate” 145 260 taxi drivers 145–6 verité 260–1 UniRadio/Academic Hardcore 43 see also television, community United Nations, commission on video news releases (VNRs) 24 international communication 28 “video poems” 144 United Native Nations 57 Video and Television Review (VTR) 142–3, Universal Declaration of Human Rights 144 (1948) 14, 70 “video underground” 26, 136–7

Index 309

Videofreex 136–7, 146 public affairs programming debate Vietnam 148, 161, 170, 172 112–26 Virginia 80 search for frequency 92–103 virtual community 72–3, 227 WGBH 164 voice 266 White, Izzy 217–18 of the poor 188, 191–9 White, Michael 86 Voice of America (VOA) 22 Whole Earth Electronic Link (WELL) 72 VOICES, Bangalore 49 Williams, Raymond 125, 187, 259, 264–6 vox pop 178–9 Wilson, Erin 199–200 WNET 143, 163, 164–5 WAAC see World Association of Christian TV Lab 165 Communication WNYC 182 Waggoner, Jennifer 71 Wobblies see Industrial Workers of the Waldron, Cecil 101–2 World warfare, modeling and simulation 27 Wolfe, James 189 Waugh, Thomas 151 women, rural groups in India 49–50 Wear FM 48 Women Make Movies 182 WEF see World Economic Forum women’s rights 43 welfare reform 193–9, 211–13 working class 63–4, 91, 140 WELL see Whole Earth Electronic Link World Association of Christian Wells, Herman B 89, 96–8, 101, 104 Communication (WAAC) 44, 60 Western Europe, World Association of Community Radio community radio in 47–8 Broadcasters (AMARC) 9, 14, 48–9, feminism 43–4 263 Western ideologies 27, 31–2 World Economic Forum (WEF), Sydney Westhues, John 1, 2 meeting 15 Weston, Jay 77–8 world information order 27–8 WFHB 1–2, 7, 9, 59, 83–132, 262 World Poverty Day 69 barriers of entry 185 World Trade Organization (WTO), Seattle Democracy Now! 128–9 demonstrations 15, 17–18, 33 Firehouse Broadcasting 83–132 World Trade Watch Radio 15 free form aspects 107–8 World Wide Web 238 launch 103–12 WORT–FM, Madison, Wisconsin 13, 96 listener-support model 112–14, 115, WQAX, Bloomington, Indiana 106–7, 118, 121 109–10 mission 84, 115–16, 120, 123–4 WTO see World Trade Organization neutrality 108, 116–17, 121–3, 125–6 Yates, John 61 News and Public Affairs Programming Yates, Regina 61 Committee (NPAC) 129–31 Young, Frank 102 philosophical orientation 85–6, 111–26, Young Lords Organization (YLO) 141 241 youth media 61–2, 177–81