Impacts of the Open Door Policy and Globalization on Income Inequality
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Preventing Deglobalization: an Economic and Security Argument for Free Trade and Investment in ICT Sponsors
Preventing Deglobalization: An Economic and Security Argument for Free Trade and Investment in ICT Sponsors U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE FOUNDATION U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CENTER FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION Contributing Authors The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is the world’s largest business federation representing the interests of more than 3 million businesses of all sizes, sectors, and regions, as well as state and local chambers and industry associations. Copyright © 2016 by the United States Chamber of Commerce. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form—print, electronic, or otherwise—without the express written permission of the publisher. Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. 6 Part I: Risks of Balkanizing the ICT Industry Through Law and Regulation ........................................................................................ 11 A. Introduction ................................................................................................. 11 B. China ........................................................................................................... 14 1. Chinese Industrial Policy and the ICT Sector .................................. 14 a) “Informatizing” China’s Economy and Society: Early Efforts ...... 15 b) Bolstering Domestic ICT Capabilities in the 12th Five-Year Period and Beyond ................................................. 16 (1) 12th Five-Year -
A History of Globalization 1750-2050
Department of History University of Warwick 3rd Year Advanced Option Course HI 31V A HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION 1750-2050 Module Booklet 2018-19 Course Tutor: Giorgio Riello Department of History Room H014, ext. 22163 Email: [email protected] 1 HI 31V ONE WORLD: A HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION, 1750-2050 Context We are perennially told that we live in a ‘global society’, that the world is fast becoming a ‘global village’ and that this is an age of ‘globalisation’. Yet globalisation, the increasing connectedness of the world, is not a new phenomenon. This course provides a historical understanding of globalisation over the period from the mid eighteenth century to the present. It aims to introduce students to key theoretical debates and multidisciplinary discussions about globalisation and to reflect on what a historical approach might add to our understanding of our present-day society and economy. The course considers a variety of topics including the environment, migration, the power of multinationals and financial institutions, trade, communication and the critique of globalisation. Principal Aims To introduce students through a thematic approach to modern global history (post 1750) and the history of globalization. To introduce students to key theories of globalization. To train students to consider contemporary debates in a historical perspective. To explore a range of topics related to globalization and understand how some key features of human history have changed over the period from 1750 to the present. To understand how globalization has shaped people’s lives since the industrial revolution. To provide students with perspectives on Globalization from the point of view of different world areas (ex: China, India, and Africa). -
Globalization: a Short History
CHAPTER 5 GLOBALIZATIONS )URGEN OSTERHAMMEL TI-IE revival of world history towards the end of the twentieth century was intimately connected with the rise of a new master concept in the social sciences: 'globalization.' Historians and social scientists responded to the same generational experience·---·the impression, shared by intellectuals and many other people round the world, that the interconnectedness of social life on the planet had arrived at a new level of intensity. The world seemed to be a 'smaller' place in the 1990s than it had been a quarter century before. The conclusions drawn from this insight in the various academic disciplines, however, diverged considerably. The early theorists of globalization in sociology, political science, and economics disdained a historical perspective. The new concept seemed ideally suited to grasp the characteristic features of contemporary society. It helped to pinpoint the very essence of present-day modernity. Historians, on their part, were less reluctant to envisage a new kind of conceptual partnership. An earlier meeting of world history and sociology had taken place under the auspices of 'world-system theory.' Since that theory came along with a good deal of formalisms and strong assumptions, few historians went so far as to embrace it wholeheartedly. The idiom of 'globalization,' by contrast, made fewer specific demands, left more room for individuality and innovation and seemed to avoid the dogmatic pitfalls that surrounded world-system theory. 'Globalization' looked like a godsend for world historians. It opened up a way towards the social science mainstream, provided elements of a fresh terminology to a field that had sutlcred for a long time from an excess of descriptive simplicity, and even spawned the emergence of a special and up""ttHlate variant of world history-'global history.' Yet this story sounds too good to be true. -
Globalization in Historical Perspective - David Northrup
WORLD SYSTEM HISTORY – Globalization in Historical Perspective - David Northrup GLOBALIZATION IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE David Northrup Department of History, Boston College, USA Keywords: Age of Divergence, globalization, Great Convergence, Great Divergence Contents 1. What is Globalization? 2. When did Globalization Begin? 2.1. The Industrial Revolution 2.2. The rise of the West 2.3. The Riches of the East 3. Turning Points 3.1. The Great Divergence of East and West 3.2 The Rise of the East 4. Conclusion Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary It is generally recognized that a phenomenon known as “globalization” is rapidly altering lives in every corner of the planet. However, here is little scholarly agreement about how to define globalization and when it began. This essay argues that it is necessary to define globalization broadly, including the interactions of political, cultural, social, and biological aspects, as well as the more obvious economic ones, in order to trace its historical development. After reviewing various starting points that researchers in different disciplines have proposed, the essay distinguishes remote “beginnings” from critical “tipping points” and identifies three major tipping points that led to the present process of global convergence: the consolidation of Asian and Indian Ocean networks beginning about a millennium ago, the new sea routes opened by European expansion about five centuries ago, and the Industrial Revolution of two centuries ago. It suggests that the past millennium during which societies came closer togetherUNESCO may be distinguished from the –rest ofEOLSS human history which was dominated by divergent forces that divided human communities from each other. 1. -
1 Introduction: Concepts of Globalization There Have Been
Introduction to Luke Martell, The Sociology of Globalization, 2010, pre-publication version. Introduction: Concepts of Globalization There have been many trends in sociology in recent decades. These have varied from country to country. One was a concern with class and social mobility from the 1950s onwards, in part evident in debates between Marxists and Weberians. In the ‘60s and ‘70s feminists argued that such debates had marginalised another form of social division, gender inequalities. Feminism grew in influence, itself being criticised for failing to appreciate other divisions, for instance ethnic inequalities identified by those with postcolonial perspectives. In the 1980s this concern with differences was highlighted in postmodern ideas, and the power of knowledge was analysed by theorists like Michel Foucault. In the 1980s and ‘90s a more homogenising idea came to the fore, globalization. This also then went on to stress local difference and plurality. The themes of globalization were not new, but the word and the popularity of the idea really came to the fore in the 1980s (an early mention is in Modelski 1972). Why did globalization become a popular idea? One reason is the rise of global communications, especially the internet, which made people feel that connections across the world were flowing more strongly, speedily and becoming more democratic. With the end of the cold war it seemed that the bipolar world had become more unified, whether through cultural homogenisation or the spread of capitalism. People became more conscious of global problems, like climate change. Economic interdependency and instability were more visible. Money flowed more freely and national economies went into recession together in the 1970s and again 30 years later. -
Globalization and Its Impacts on the World Economic Development
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 23 [Special Issue – December 2011] Globalization and its Impacts on the World Economic Development Muhammad Akram Ch. (1), Muhammad Asim Faheem (2) , Muhammad Khyzer Bin Dost (2), (3) Iqra Abdullah (1)Additional secretary higher Education Department, Punjab, Lahore (2)Lecturer, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan (3)MS Scholar Department of Management Science COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore Abstract The question whether the Globalization is beneficial for the World or harmful, is still unsolved and very controversial. Besides all of its disadvantages, it is an accepted reality that globalization is expanding very rapidly throughout the world. This paper is an attempt to find out what is the true sense of Globalization? How it is affecting the International Trade, FDI, and Economic Developments of overall word? This paper is mainly focusing on measuring how the Globalization is affecting the fastest growing industries of World. Key Words: Globalization, Economic Development of World, Fastest Growing Industries of World. Introduction Have you ever noticed that how close the different nations of the world are, in this era? If you visit a Super Store of Dubai, you will find all the commodities, imported from other countries. Only some commodities are there that are actually manufactured in United Arab Emirates. You will find the Electronic items made in Malaysia. Mobile phones made in India. Food items as fruits, rice etc are imported from Pakistan. This situation is not only limited to UAE, but the whole world is facing the same scenario. -
Chapter 2 Globalization: Past, Present and Future Chapter 1 Analyzed The
Chapter 2 Globalization: Past, Present and Future Chapter 1 analyzed the structure of the global economy that has been revealed by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis from the viewpoints of the movement of people, goods, funds, and ideas (technological know-how and data) while taking into consideration the restrictions imposed on face-to-face communication due to the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 transmission through human-to-human interactions has largely spread due to the progress of globalization. However, until now, the world has achieved development thanks to globalization and the movement of people, goods and ideas (technological know-how and data). This chapter explains the conceptual framework of “unbundling” that was proposed by Baldwin (2016) to change the way of thinking about globalization, and discusses the past, present and future of globalization. In addition, the role of government, which has been changing amid globalization, is under the spotlight once again, raising expectations that government will play a role adapted to the ongoing globalization. Moreover, in the situation where the changing globalization and a network of economic partnership agreements (EPAs) showed combined effects, Japan has been transforming itself from a trading nation to an investment-oriented nation in recent years due to the development of supply chain networks, mainly in Asia, and an increase in outward foreign direct investment. On the other hand, the importance of dealing with the challenge of global sustainability has become clear. Looking toward the future of globalization, it is expected that the coming era will require more investments in digitalization and human resources. -
How Does Globalization Affect Educational Attainment? Evidence from China∗
How does globalization affect educational attainment? Evidence from China∗ Maggie Y. Liu† December 2017 Abstract This paper investigates how changes in trade policy, both by China and its trading partners, affect rates of high school completion in Chinese prefectures between 1990and 2004. I separate the effects of trade policy changes into: (1) reductions in tariffs and trade policy uncertainty abroad; and (2) reductions in Chinese tariffs on intermediate, final, and capital goods. Exploiting spatial variation across 324 Chinese prefectures and temporal variation across 15 age cohorts, I employ a difference-in-difference empirical specification and verify the results with semi-parametric methods. Robust empirical findings suggest that increases in high school completion were more pronounced inpre- fectures with larger reductions in Chinese tariffs on unskilled-labor-intensive inputs, Chinese tariffs on foreign capital goods, and tariffs abroad on skilled-labor-intensive goods. At the same time, increases in high school completion were attenuated in pre- fectures facing larger reductions in trade policy uncertainty abroad regarding unskilled- labor-intensive goods. JEL classification: F16, F61, J24, J61. Keywords: Human Capital; Globalization; Technology Adoption; Skill Premium; WTO. ∗I am grateful to Anna Maria Mayda for her continuous guidance and encouragement. I am also thankful for the insightful feedbacks from Giovanni Facchini, Rodney Ludema, and Caglar Ozden at various stages of this project. I also thank Jim Albrecht, Mary Ann Bronson, Caitlin Brown, Claire Brunel, Garance Genicot, Roger Lagunoff, Arik Levinson, Aaditya Mattoo, Ferdinando Monte, Martin Ravallion, Susan Vroman, and Mathis Wagner for their helpful discussions and comments. All errors are mine. †Department of Economics, Smith College. -
The Globalization Strategy of a Chinese Multinational: Huawei in Mexico*
The Globalization Strategy of a Chinese Multinational: Huawei in Mexico* Huawei: Trayectoria global y estrategia para México de una empresa multinacional china Jordy micheli** Jorge carrillo*** ABSTRACT Huawei, a multinational company from China, represents a form of globalization that dif fers from classical internationalization patterns. It began operations in Mexico only 14 years after its founding in China; this represented one more step in its initial strategy of expanding into emerging economies. This article, using information gathered from interviews and observa- tions that took place during 2014, outlines a general description of Huawei's international- ization strategy, and examines its assembly and logistical operations, as well as its processes of customization and innovation. Keywords: 1. internationalization, 2. telecommunications, 3. customization, 4. Huawei, 5. Mexico. RESUMEN La empresa multinacional de origen chino Huawei representa un caso de globalización que dif iere de los patrones clásicos de internacionalización. El inicio de operaciones de esta compa- ñía en México tuvo lugar sólo 14 años después de haber sido fundada en su país y representó un paso más en su estrategia inicial de crecer en economías emergentes. En este artículo, mediante información recabada por entrevistas y visitas que se llevaron a cabo durante 2014, se desarro lla una descripción sintetizada de la estrategia de internacionalización de Huawei y se explora la or- ganización del ensamblado y la logística, así como de la customización y la innovación. Palabras clave: 1. internacionalización, 2. telecomunicaciones, 3. customización, 4. Huawei, 5. México. Date of receipt: April 29, 2015. Date of acceptance: December 7, 2015. * Text and quotations originally written in spanish. -
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: from the MIDDLE KINGDOM to a GLOBAL POWER There Is an Old Chinese Saying That Three Men of Three Generat
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: FROM THE MIDDLE KINGDOM TO A GLOBAL POWER There is an old Chinese saying that three men of three generations, son, father, and grandfather were walking on a path, and all saw a flag waving. The son remarked, “A flag waving.” The father said, “No, it is wind blowing.” But the grandfather declared, “It’s your heart moving.” The wisdom in the saying is that we tend to view a natural or social phenomenon either from a substantial or a relational perspective. When you look at things substantially, you tend to focus on static rather than dynamic conditions, as in how the son saw the flag waving (Emirbayer, 1997). When you take a relational perspective, you may not only detect the nature of a phenomenon, but also its external facets embedded in a broader relational context (Diani & McAdam, 2003 p.126). The dichotomous relationship between these two ways one may perceive the experience of life is ever more relevant today. “The key question confronting sociologists in the present day is not ‘material versus ideal,’ ‘structure versus agency,’ ‘individual versus society,’ or any of the other dualisms so often noted; rather, it is the choice between substantialism and relationalism” (Emirbayer, p. 282). Social scientists have devoted a great deal of attention to understanding China’s fundamental transformation over the past three decades. In terms of speed and scale, China’s transformation is 1 historically unprecedented. From the relational perspective which characterizes this book, the macro structure and pattern of China’s transformation can be explained as embedded in massive micro-situations and transactions between terms or units that are preeminently dynamic in nature, as unfolding and ongoing processes rather than as static ties among inert substances (Emirbayer, 1997 p.289). -
Final Chien and Wu Formatted
The Transformation of China’s Urban Entrepreneurialism: The Case Study of the City of Kunshan By Shiuh-Shen Chien, National Taiwan University Fulong Wu, University College London Abstract This article examines the formation and transformation of urban entrepreneurialism in the context of China’s market transition. Using the case study of Kunshan, which is ranked as one of the hundred “economically strongest county-level jurisdictions” in the country, the authors argue that two phases of urban entrepreneurialism—one from the 1990s until 2005, and another from 2005 onward—can be roughly distinguished. The first phase of urban entrepreneurialism was more market driven and locally initiated in the context of territorial competition. The second phase of urban entrepreneurialism involves greater intervention on the part of the state in the form of urban planning and top-down government coordination and regional collaboration. The evolution of Kunshan’s urban entrepreneurialism is not a result of deregulation or the retreat of the state. Rather, it is a consequence of reregulation by the municipal government with the goal of territorial consolidation. Introduction There is no doubt that local authorities the world over play a crucial role in promoting economic development in the context of globalization (Harvey 1989; Brenner 2003; Ward 2003; Jessop and Sum 2000). On the one hand, globalization may cause huge unexpected job loss when investors decide to shut down their companies and move out. Capital flight may also create opportunities in a different site. To deal with these challenges and opportunities, local authorities become entrepreneurial in improving their regions, in the hopes of accommodating more business investment and attracting more quality human capital. -
Globalization and the Human Condition Institute on Globalization and the Human Condition
INSTITUTE ON GLOBALIZATION AND THE HUMAN CONDITION INSTITUTE ON GLOBALIZATION AND THE HUMAN CONDITION INSTITUTE ON GLOBALIZATION AND THE HUMAN ATION 2004 From the Discourse of “Sino-West” to “Globalization”: Chinese Perspectives on Globalization GHC 04/1 March 2004 HUMAN ATION AND THE AND ATION GLOBALIZ ON INSTITUTE CONDITION HUMAN THE AND ATION CONDITION INSTITUTE ON GLOBALIZ GLOBALIZ ON INSTITUTE CONDITION WORKING PAPER SERIES Yu Keping China Center for Comparative Politics Institute on Globalization GLOBALIZATION AND AUTONOMY and the HUMAN CONDITION MONDIALISATION ET AUTONOMIE KTH 234, 1280 Main St W, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M4 (905) 525-9140 Ext. 27556 http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~global/ Preface Professor Yu Keping is the Director of the China Center for Comparative Politics and Economics (CCCPE) of Beijing University, a leading institution in the study of comparative political economy in the People’s Repub- lic of China. He graciously accepted my invitation to join the Globalization and Autonomy research project as an expert adviser shortly after the project began in 2002. In this working paper, Professor Yu Keping speaks about the emergence and growth of debates and discussions of globalization in China. He notes that these debates have grown in significance as the People’s Republic has moved to open its economy and to ‘reform’ its internal economic structures. He discusses some of the different views of globalization found in the Chinese academy and adds that some scholars wish to confine the concept to economic developments. Others speak of the political and cultural globalizing processes and of their potential threat to Chinese political autonomy and cultural distinctiveness.