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Crd Title P1.Ai ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS This chapter describes the potential environmental impacts of constructing and operating a railroad along the Caliente rail alignment or the Mina rail alignment. An impact would be any change, positive or negative, from the existing (baseline) conditions described in Chapter 3 for each environmental resource area. The No-Action Alternative represents a continuation of baseline conditions. Glossary terms are shown in bold italics. DOE/EIS-0369D 4-1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 4.1 Introduction This chapter begins with a description of impacts associated with the No-Action Alternative (Section 4.1.1). As Proposed Action: To determine a described in Section 2.3, under the No-Action Alternative, rail alignment within a rail corridor in which to construct and operate a the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE or the Department) railroad to transport spent nuclear would not select a rail alignment or build a railroad within fuel, high-level radioactive waste, the Caliente rail corridor or the Mina rail corridor and and other materials from an existing would relinquish public lands withdrawn or segregated from railroad in Nevada to a repository at surface and mineral entry. The description of impacts Yucca Mountain, Nye County, associated with the No-Action Alternative applies to both Nevada. The Proposed Action rail corridors and all rail line alternative segments and includes the construction of railroad common segments. Section 4.1.2 introduces descriptions of construction and operations support impacts associated with the Proposed Action. facilities. This Rail Alignment EIS analyzes two Sections 4.2 and 4.3 describe potential impacts associated alternatives that would implement the with construction and operation of the proposed railroad Proposed Action: the Caliente rail along the Caliente rail alignment and the Mina rail alignment alignment and the Mina rail under the Proposed Action, including a Shared-Use Option. alignment. This Rail Alignment EIS also 4.1.1 IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE analyzes a Shared-Use Option for NO-ACTION ALTERNATIVE each implementing alternative, under which DOE would allow commercial The No-Action Alternative establishes a baseline for shippers to use the rail line for comparison with the Proposed Action to determine potential transportation of general freight. impacts of constructing and operating the proposed railroad. No-Action Alternative: DOE would not implement the Proposed Action Under the No-Action Alternative, DOE would not within the Caliente rail corridor or the implement the Proposed Action within the Caliente rail Mina rail corridor. corridor or the Mina rail corridor and would relinquish public lands withdrawn from surface and mineral entry (see Section 1.5.1). Under the No-Action Alternative, there would be no impacts to natural, human-health, social, economic, or cultural resources from construction and operation of a railroad in Nevada for shipments of spent nuclear fuel, high-level radioactive waste, and other materials from an existing railroad to a geologic repository at Yucca Mountain. Under the No-Action Alternative, DOE would not cause changes in current public land uses such as grazing and recreation; uses of public land would remain subject to Bureau of Land Management (BLM) administration under applicable resource management plans. The BLM would continue to manage resources, such as biological and cultural resources and scenic values. Under the No-Action Alternative, DOE would not cause changes to existing conditions on the Walker River Paiute Reservation or at the Hawthorne Army Depot. The location and extent of new mining claims and the associated development of mineral commodities, although not known with any certainty, would no longer be limited by the Public Land Orders described in Section 1.5.1. DOE/EIS-0369D 4-2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 4.1.2 IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED ACTION Chapter 3 describes the affected environment for 16 environmental resource areas that could be affected if DOE were to construct and operate the proposed railroad along the Caliente rail alignment or the Mina rail alignment under the Proposed Action. The description of potential environmental impacts focuses on environmental resources within and adjacent to the Caliente rail alignment (Section 4.2) and the Mina rail alignment (Section 4.3), and the locations of railroad construction and operations support facilities outside the nominal width of the rail line construction right-of-way. Direct impact: An effect that This chapter describes potential impacts by environmental resource results solely from the area and identifies potential impacts as either direct or indirect, and construction or operation of a either short-term or long-term. proposed action without intermediate steps or processes. The chapter is organized as follows: Examples include habitat destruction, soil disturbance, air • Physical setting (Sections 4.2.1 and 4.3.1) emissions, and water use. • Land use and ownership (Sections 4.2.2 and 4.3.2) Indirect impact: An effect that • Aesthetic resources (Sections 4.2.3 and 4.3.3) is related to but removed from a • Air quality and climate (Sections 4.2.4 and 4.3.4) proposed action by an • Surface-water resources (Sections 4.2.5 and 4.3.5) intermediate step or process. • Groundwater resources (Sections 4.2.6 and 4.3.6) Examples include surface-water • quality changes resulting from Biological resources (Sections 4.2.7 and 4.3.7) soil erosion at construction sites, • Noise and vibration (Sections 4.2.8 and 4.3.8) and reductions in productivity • Socioeconomics (Sections 4.2.9 and 4.3.9) resulting from changes in soil • Occupational and public health and safety (Sections 4.2.10 and temperature. 4.3.10) Short-term impacts: In this Rail • Utilities, energy, and materials (Sections 4.2.11 and 4.3.11) Alignment EIS, impacts limited to • Hazardous materials and waste (Sections 4.2.12 and 4.3.12) the construction phase (4 to 10 • Cultural resources (Sections 4.2.13 and 4.3.13) years). • Paleontological resources (Sections 4.2.14 and 4.3.14) Long-term impacts: In this Rail • Environmental justice (Sections 4.2.15 and 4.3.15) Alignment EIS, impacts that could occur throughout and During the engineering and site evaluation and planning phase for beyond the life of the railroad the proposed railroad, DOE considered many factors to avoid or operations phase (up to 50 minimize potential environmental impacts (see Chapter 2), and years). would continue to consider these factors during the final design phase. As part of the Proposed Action, DOE would meet all applicable regulatory requirements during construction and operation of the proposed railroad (see Chapter 6), and would implement best management practices to ensure compliance with requirements (see Chapter 7). DOE could also implement measures to mitigate (see Chapter 7) any impacts remaining after final design and compliance with regulatory requirements and implementation of best management practices. The impacts analyses in this chapter considered the foregoing to arrive at predictions of potential impacts, as illustrated in the following graphic. Each phase shown in the graphic reduces impacts. Ultimately, there could be unavoidable impacts (see Chapter 8). DOE/EIS-0369D 4-3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Where possible, DOE has quantified potential impacts. For example, for the air quality analysis DOE used emissions inventories to determine existing air quality at the county level, and performed air quality simulations to determine potential changes in air-pollutant concentrations at specific receptor locations. Thus, the Department is able to provide a numerical assessment of potential impacts. In other cases (such as the analysis of impacts to aesthetic resources), it is not possible to quantify impacts and DOE provides a qualitative assessment of potential impacts. The Department has used the following descriptors to qualitatively characterize impacts where quantification of impacts was not practical: • Small - For the issue, environmental effects would not be detectable or would be so minor that they would neither destabilize nor noticeably alter any important attribute of the resource. • Moderate - For the issue, environmental effects would be sufficient to alter noticeably, but not to destabilize, important attributes of the resource. • Large - For the issue, environmental effects would be clearly noticeable and would be sufficient to destabilize important attributes of the resource. Unless otherwise noted, potential impacts described in this and other chapters would be adverse. Each environmental resource section in this chapter describes the methodology DOE used to assess potential impacts for that resource. Each section provides a quantitative or qualitative description of potential impacts, and, where appropriate, tables summarize and compare the identified impacts for alternative segments, common segments, and construction and operations support facilities for each rail alignment. Perceived risk and stigma: 4.1.3 PERCEIVED RISK AND STIGMA DOE uses the term risk perception to mean how an In the Final Environmental Impact Statement for a Geologic individual perceives the amount Repository for the Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level of risk from a certain activity. Radioactive Waste at Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada Studies show that perceived risk (Yucca Mountain FEIS; DIRS 155970-DOE 2002, Section 2.5.4), varies with certain factors, such DOE evaluated perceived risk and stigma
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