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I. ULUSLARARASI GE~Mi$TEN GONOMOZE "TRABZON'DA DiNi HAYAT SEMPOZYUMU BiLDiRiLER KiTABI II. CiLT TRABZON B~EHiR BELEDiYESi YaymNo: 112 I. ULUSLARARASI GE<;Mi~TEN GUNUMUZE TRABZON'DA DiNi HAYAT SEMPOZYUMU Editorler Yrd.Doy.DL$enolSAY1L~ Yrd. Do9. Dr. Betiil SAY1L~ Editor Yardimcllan Ar~. Gor. Ay~egill TOPALOGLU Ar~. Gor. Halil TEMiZTURK Ar~. Gor. Mabmut DiLBAZ Ar~. Gor. Semra <;iNEMRE Ar~. Gor. Zohre <;AKIL Tasanm thr::thim rih::tn Yaym Kodu- ISBN-- 978-605-4925-93-3 1. Uluslarası Geçmişten Günümüze Trabzon’da Dini Hayat Sempozyumu ARİSTOTELESÇİ FİLOZOF TRABZONLU GEORGİOS VE MANTIK TARİHİNDEKİ YERİ Ali TEKİN * I. Trabzonlu Georgios’un Adı, Hayatı ve Çalışmaları A. Adı Filozofun ismini Türkçede “Trabzonlu Georgios” şeklinde ifade edebiliriz. Filozofun Yunanca orijinal ismi “Georgios Trapezountios” şeklindedir. Filozofun ismi Latincede “Georgius Trapezuntius”, İngilizcede ise “George of Trebizond” şeklinde yazılmaktadır. Filozof bazen ismini İtalyanca “Georgius Trapesunda” şeklinde zikretmektedir. “Trapezountios” nisbesi onun Trabzonlu olduğunu ifade etmektedir. Bunun sebebi filozofun büyük büyük dedesinin Trabzonlu olmasıdır. Trabzon o dönem Karadeniz’deki bir Yunan kentidir. Ailesi Trabzonlu olmakla birlikte daha sonra Girit’e göç etmiş, filozof Georgios da Girit’te doğmuştur. Bundan dolayı Georgios eserlerinde adını “Giritli Trabzonlu Georgios” anlamında “Georgios Trapezuntius Cretensis” şeklinde de ifade etmektedir. 1 B. Hayatı İleride Fatih Sultan Mehmet (1432-1481) ile görüşmeye çalışacak olan Georgios2 doğum tarihini İstanbul’un fethiyle ilişkilendirmiştir. Filozof 3 Nisan 1395 Girit’te3 Candia’da doğmuştur. 4 Ölüm tarihi ise çok net değildir. Bundan dolayı 1472 ya da 1473 yılında ölmüş olabileceği söylenmektedir. Geleneksel yorumun aksine Girit’te doğmuş ve yetişmiş olmaktan utanıyor değildir. Georgios’un ailesi hakkında fazla bilgi yoktur. Babası Constantine, filozofu 1428 yılında İtalya’da ziyaret etmiştir. Constantine oğlunun İtalya’ya gitmesini istememiştir. Diğer oğlunun da İtalya’ya gitmesini istememiş, ancak buna da mani olamamıştır. Anlaşılacağı üzere Georgios sosyal açıdan orta sınıf bir ailenin çocuğudur.5 Georgios 1420’de Giritli Galitia ile evlenmiş ve bu evlilikten Andreas ve Iacopo adlı iki oğlu ve bir de kızı olmuştur.6 Girit’te dönemin şartları gereği eğitim-öğretim faaliyetleri zayıf olduğu için filozof eğitim alacağı bir yere göç etmeyi uygun bulmuş ve 20 yaşlarında İtalya’ya gitmiştir. Georgios Girit’te bir derece gramer ve retorik dersi almıştır. Burada aldığı felsefe eğitimi ise yüzeyseldir. * Yrd. Doç. Dr., Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi, Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Bölümü, Mantık Anabilim Dalı, [email protected]. 1 John Monfasani, George of Trebizond: A Biography and A Study of His Rhetoric and Logic, (Leiden: E. J. Brill ,1976), s. 4-5; Wayne A. Rebhorn, “George of Trebizond (Trapezuntius)” Renaissance Debates on Rhetoric, ed. ve çev. Wayne A. Rebhorn, (ABD - New York: Cornell University Press, 2000), s. 27. 2 Georgios’un kısa hayat hikayesi için bkz. Wayne A. Rebhorn, “George of Trebizond (Trapezuntius)”, s. 27. 3 John Monfasani, George of Trebizond: A Biography and A Study of His Rhetoric and Logic, s. 3. 4 John Monfasani, George of Trebizond: A Biography and A Study of His Rhetoric and Logic, s. 7. 5 John Monfasani, George of Trebizond: A Biography and A Study of His Rhetoric and Logic, s. 5-7. 6 John Monfasani, George of Trebizond: A Biography and A Study of His Rhetoric and Logic, s. 16, 28-9. 1323 ▪ Ali Tekin Nitekim o, Platon’un (M.Ö. 427-347) Gorgias’ını ilk defa İtalya’da okumuştur.7 Gorgias’ı Vittorino’nun öğrencisi iken okuduğunu görüyoruz.8 Georgios İtalya’ya Venedikli hümanist Francesco Barbaro’nun daveti üzerine gelmiş ve Barbaro’nun kurduğu kütüphanede Yunanca yazan bir müstensih olarak çalışmıştır. Barbaro ile birlikteliği esnasında Guarino Guarini Veronese ile tanışmış ve ondan Latince öğrenmeye başlamıştır. Daha sonra doktor Niccolo Leonardi’nin, sonra Pietro Marcello’nun yanına geçmiştir. Marcello’ya Yunanca öğrenmesinde yardımcı olduğu tahmin edilebilir. Georgios 1416’da Latincesini iyice ilerletmiş ve bu anlamda yardımlarından dolayı Barbaro, Guarino, Leonardi, Marcello, Gasparino Barzizza ve Vittorino da Feltre’ye minnettar olmuştur.9 Farklı dönemlerde Venedik, Roma, Vicenza, Bologna Florence, Padua, İstanbul gibi şehirlerde bulunmuş, buralarda kendisini retorik, felsefe, Latince ve Yunanca alanlarında geliştirmiştir. Farklı zamanlarda dönemin farklı meşhur kentlerinde dersler vermiş ve öğrenciler yetiştirmiştir. Pietro Barbo, II. Paul, Francesco Contarini meşhur öğrencilerinden bazılarıdır.10 Vicenza’da 1426’da Latin kürsüsü ile ödüllendirilmiştir.11 C. Çalışmaları Trabzonlu Georgios gramer, mantık, felsefe, retorik, din ve astronomi gibi birçok alanda çalışma yapmıştır. Bu çalışmaların bazısı telif, bazısı şerh, bazısı ise tercümelerden oluşmaktadır. Onun Fatih Sultan Mehmet’e yazdığı mektupları da bu bağlamda zikretmek yerinde olacaktır. Burada filozofun bütün çalışmalarını saymak gibi bir amacımız yoktur. Biz zihin dünyasını anlamamıza yardımcı olması bakımından onun çalışmalarından bazılarını zikretmenin faydalı olacağını düşünüyoruz.12 Trabzonlu Georgios farklı alanlarda, farklı konulara dair telif eserler kaleme almıştır. Mantık bilimine dair telif çalışmalarına örnek olarak Rhetoricorum Libri Quinque (Retorik Üzerine Beş Kitap), Isagoge Dialectica (Diyalektiğe Giriş) verilebilir. Felsefeye ilişkin olarak Comparatio Philosophorum Aristotelis et Platonis (Aristoteles ve Platon Karşılaştırması), Felsefî Notlar (Notae Philosophicae), Batlamyus’un Almagest’ine Giriş (The Isagoge to Ptolemy’s Almagest) adlı eserleri zikredilebilir. Gramere ilişkin olarak De Partibus Orationis Ex Prisciano Compendium, ve Hermogenes’in stil öğretisine dayalı De Suavitate Dicendi adlı eseri de filozofun telif çalışmalarına örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Trabzonlu Georgios’un şerh tarzı eserler kaleme aldığınız görüyoruz. Filozofun Aristoteles’in (M. Ö. 384-322) eserleri üzerine şerhler yazdığını biliyoruz. Bu şerhlerden bazılarını şöyle sıralayabiliriz: Retorik Şerhi (Scholia to Aristotle’s Rhetorica), Fizik Şerhi (Scholia to Aristotle’s Physics), Oluş ve Bozuluş Üzerine Şerhi (Scholia to Aristotle’s De Generatione et Corruptine), Ruh Üzerine Şerhi (Scholia to Aristotle’s De Anima), Hayvanlar Üzerine Araştırma, Hayvanların Kısımları ve Hayvanların Oluşumu adlı eserler üzerine şerhler (Scholia to Aristotle’s Historia Animalium, De Partibus Animalium, De Generatione Animalium), Problemler Üzerine Şerhi (Scholia to the Aristotle’s Promlemata). Georgios, Cicero’nun (M.Ö. 107-43) Pro Q. Ligario’su ve Ptolemy’nin yani Batlamyus’un 7 John Monfasani, George of Trebizond: A Biography and A Study of His Rhetoric and Logic, s. 6. 8 John Monfasani, George of Trebizond: A Biography and A Study of His Rhetoric and Logic, s. 19. 9 John Monfasani, George of Trebizond: A Biography and A Study of His Rhetoric and Logic, s. 8-12. 10 John Monfasani, George of Trebizond: A Biography and A Study of His Rhetoric and Logic, s. 8-25. 11 Wayne A. Rebhorn, “George of Trebizond (Trapezuntius)”, s. 27; John Monfasani, George of Trebizond: A Biography and A Study of His Rhetoric and Logic, s. 19. 12 Georgius’un eserleri hakkında değerlendirmeler ve eserlerinden örnekler hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. John Monfasani, Collectanea Trapezuntiana: Texts, Documents, and Bibliographies of George of Trebizond, Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, (Binghamton – New York: 1984). Biz bu çalışmadan yararlandık. Metin içerisinde her bir eser için ayrı bir dipnot göstermeyeceğiz. ▪ 1324 1. Uluslarası Geçmişten Günümüze Trabzon’da Dini Hayat Sempozyumu (M.S. 90-168) Almagest’i (el-Macistî) üzerine de şerhler yazmıştır. Trabzonlu Georgios birçok çeviri esere de imza atmıştır. Özellikle Aristoteles’in doğa bilimlerine ilişkin eserlerinden yapılan çevirileri dikkat çekmektedir. Trabzonlu Georgios Aristoteles’in Rhetorica (Retorik), Physica (Fizik), De Caelo (Gökyüzü Üzerine), De Generatione (Oluş ve Bozuluş Üzerine), De Anima (Ruh Üzerine), De Animalibus, Historia Animalium (Hayvanlar Üzerine Araştırma), De Partibus Animalium (Hayvanların Kısımları Üzerine), De Generatione Animalium (Hayvanların Oluşumu Üzerine), Meteorologica (Meteoroloji) ve Problemata (Problemler?) adlı eserlerini Yunancadan Latinceye çevirmiştir.13 Georgios başlarda çok bilinçli olmasa da kendisini Platoncu olarak görüyordu. Bu ilgisinin de etkisiyle Platon’un eserlerinden Nomoi (Yasalar), Parmenides ve Epinomis’i Yunancadan Latinceye çevirmiştir. Trabzonlu Georgios Batlamyus’un Almagest’i, Eusebius’un (263-339) De Praeparatione Evangelica’sını da Latinceye çevirmiştir. Filozofumuz, Batlamyus’un Almagest’inin çevirisini Fatih Sultan Mehmet’e ithaf etmiş ve kendisine göndermiştir. Trabzonlu Georgios Fatih Sultan Mehmet’e hem mektuplar yazmış hem de onun ihtişamı ve mamur bütün dünyanın kralı olduğuna dair eserler de kaleme almıştır. On the Eternal Glory of Autocrat ve On the Divinity of Manuel bu çalışmalardandır. 2. Trabzonlu Georgios’un Aristotelesçiliği Felsefe tarihinde birçok filozof kendisini önceki bazı filozoflara ya da felsefî akımlara nisbet ederek felsefe yapmıştır. Belirli filozoflar belirli bir felsefe sistemi kurmuşlar ve bu sistemler sonraki dönemlerde okullar halini almıştır. Felsefe tarihindeki en büyük felsefe tarzı, felsefe okulu şüphesiz Aristotelesçi felsefe okuludur. Aristoteles’in felsefî sistemi yoğun bir şekilde özellikle iki bin yıllık bir süreçte bazı filozoflarca felsefe yapmanın temeli olarak görülmüştür. Gerek Yunan
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