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Speaker The properties and various applications of scintillation detectors for neutrons of energy > 1 keV applications1 various and propertiesThe scintillation of detectors neutrons > for energy of Characteristics the reviewed. of organic scintillatorare detectors neutron are discussed in some resolution energy detail achieved the and in spectrometricneutron applications is reviewed. discussed. and detection are summarised in neutron needs and future trends Present * Copyright owned by the author(s)Copyright theownedthe by of Creative terms Commons under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence.

Department of Physics Town Cape of University Africa South 7700, Rondebosch E-mail: Detectors Neutron on Fast Workshop International Africa South Town, Cape of University 2006 3 – 6, April Horst Klein (PTB) Bundesanstalt Physikalisch-Technische Germany Braunschweig, 38116 100, Bundesallee E-mail: Frank D. Brooks Scintillation for fast neutrons detectors  View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk at papers similar and citation metadata, View PoS(FNDA2006)097 ”, ”, Horst Klein Detectors in Nuclear Science Nuclear in Detectors Fast Neutron Physics, Parts 1 and 2 1 Parts Physics, Neutron Fast ” contributed by Harvey and Hill [1] to the to [1] and Hill Harvey by ” contributed 2 ); pulse shape discrimination capability for effective for capability discrimination shape pulse ); t ∆ In this review we consider three topics. First, we provide a brief summary of the types of of the types summary brief a provide we First, topics. three consider we this review In For convenience we define three energy regions as follows, in order to make comparisons make to in order follows, as regions energy three define we convenience For The classic reference (and compulsory reading!) for this topic is the review article review the is topic this for reading!) compulsory (and reference classic The For the purposes of FNDA-2006 a neutron of kinetic energy that exceeds 1 keV is 1 keV exceeds that a neutron energy of kinetic FNDA-2006 of purposes the For Scintillation detectors for neutron physics research physics for neutron detectors Scintillation 2. Summary of scintillation detectors for fast neutrons fast for detectors of scintillation 2. Summary 1. Introduction discrimination against gamma-rays, indicated under the heading “PSD”; and references to “PSD”; and references the heading under indicated gamma-rays, against discrimination a “yes”, a either by indicated are capabilities PSD and PHS publications. recent and original a “?”. unknown) (if “no” or scintillation detector that we consider most useful in fast neutron work today. Second, we Second, today. work neutron fast in useful most we consider that detector scintillation we third, And of these detectors. characteristics relevant most the discuss and summarise scintillation of application and development in the trends future and present to identify attempt for fast neutrons. detectors edited by D.A. Bromley [2]. Other articles in this volume deal with the related topics of neutron topics related the with deal volume this in articles Other [2]. Bromley D.A. by edited of detection The basics neutron [4]. scintillators and [3] organic spectrometers time-of-flight “ the volumes in covered are counting and scintillation and [6,7] detection radiation on textbooks in and [5] J.L. Fowler and J.B. Marion by edited [9- articles review in other presented are developments recent Some [8]. counting scintillation 13]. region, “medium-energy” the keV; 1-300 region, “low-energy” the detectors: neutron between we detectors different To compare > 20 MeV. region, “high-energy” the and MeV; 0.1-20 mode nuclear the listed: are data following the in which region energy each for a table present leading (n,x) reaction or nuclear (n,n) scattering elastic example for based, is detection on which energy neutron determining for the detector of capability the particle(s); charged of emission to typical “PHS”; heading the under indicated measurements, spectra height pulse from spectra ( achieved resolution timing “ “ Methods, and Instruments Nuclear of (1979) issue special regarded as “fast”. In this review we shall relate to a wide range of applications of scintillation of applications of range to a wide relate shall we this review In “fast”. as regarded detection “straightforward” following: to the particularly and neutrons fast of detection or measurements coincidence for for example timing, with detection neutrons; fast of (counting) on based spectrometry neutron for detection measurements; time-of-flight neutron accurate the for detection spectra; height or pulse spectra time-of-flight either of measurements for detection and dosimetry; protection for radiation detection fluence; of neutron measurement radiography, neutron for example, in other fields, technology neutron of applications practical measurements. diagnostic plasma and detection contraband Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 Horst Klein Li-loaded glass Li-loaded 6 = 1-300 keV = 1-300 n E (ns) PSD References t ∆ Li. Proton recoils produced in this process in this produced recoils Proton Li. 6 B or 3 10 )) no no 400 400 yes no 5,20-27 14,28-31 )no10no19 )) no) no no 200 5 400 no 5,32 no yes 15-18 33–40 α α α α α α Table 1: Scintillation detectors for detectors 1: Scintillation Table B-CH liquidB-CH plasticB-CH (n, (n, B-plug+NaI (n, LiI(Eu) crystalLiI(Eu) Li-glass (n, liquidLi-CH (n, (n, 10 6 6 6 10 10 2 3 4 5 6 78 crystal CH(D) 9 liquid CH(D) plastic CH(D) (n,n) (n,n) (n,n) yes yes yes 2 2 1 yes yes 1,41 no 1,42,43 1 1 No. Type Mode PHS The characteristics of selected detectors for the low-energy range, range, 1-300 keV, are low-energy for the detectors of selected The characteristics Characteristics of detectors for the medium-energy range (0.1-20 MeV) are presented in MeV) are presented (0.1-20 range medium-energy the for of detectors Characteristics The timing resolutions quoted for boron-loaded and lithium-loaded organic scintillators organic lithium-loaded and boron-loaded for quoted resolutions timing The scintillator (detector 5) is well-suited for application over the whole of this energy range. The range. energy this of whole the over application for is well-suited 5) (detector scintillator range end of the high-energy the at use for best-suited are 7-9) (detectors scintillators organic (>0.1 MeV). presented in Table 1. Neutron research in this energy region was more active prior to 1979 than to 1979 prior active was more region energy this in research Neutron 1. Table in presented new Notable [1,5]. refs. in reviewed are to1979 prior developments detection is now. Neutron it in 3 (detector [14] scintillator plastic boron-loaded the are 1979, to subsequent developments, The ]. 6). (detector [15-18] scintillator liquid lithium-loaded the 1) and Table 2.1 Low-energy neutron detectors neutron 2.1 Low-energy Table 2. The main workhorses in this group are the organic crystals, liquids and plastics and liquids crystals, organic the are group this in workhorses main The 2. Table to promises 6), (detector scintillator gel organic [44,45] described recently The 3-5). (detectors to similar characteristics to have performance it is reported because firstly useful, be particularly (and and secondly BC501A and EJ305, NE213, scintillators, liquid the well-known of those (by low-energy neutrons) generate a signal that is usually below the detection threshold. In the In threshold. the detection below is that usually signal a generate neutrons) low-energy (by to, in addition be detected may signal proton recoil the neutrons incident energy of higher case be may resolution timing better a much so, then If pulse. capture neutron the of, and ahead double-pulse the this case characteristic In pulse. proton recoil initial the on based obtained, boron- of The applications main event. the neutron identifying for useful also is [20] signature use of the double-pulse make that those are today scintillators organic loaded lithium and loaded feature. signature detectors neutron 2.2 Medium-energy (detectors 2, 3 and 6 in Table 1) are those applying for the detection of low-energy neutrons of low-energy for the detection 2, 3 and 6 in Table 1) those applying are (detectors energy-moderation neutron to the due (large) poor relatively are values These keV). 100 (< in capture neutron precedes which process Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 and Z Horst Klein >20 MeV n = 0.1-20 MeV = 0.1-20 E n E (ns) PSD References t (ns) PSD References ∆ t ∆ 4 )) yes no 200 5 no 5,32 no 33-40 α α are comparable with, or even higher than, those (n,x) for than, those higher even or with, comparable are 2 Table 3: Scintillation detectors for detectors 3: Scintillation Table Table 2: Scintillation detectors for detectors 2: Scintillation Table HeHe (n,x) (n,n), yes (n,n) 2 yes no 2 77,78 no 79 3 4 He (n,x) (n,n), yes 2 no 77,78 crystal (n,x) ? ? ? 13,100-103 3 4 crystal (n,x) yes 1 yes 13,82,95-98 2 LiI(Eu) crystalLiI(Eu) Li-glass (n, (n, 6 6 C at high energies.Thirdly, inorganic crystal materials aretypically higher- 12 1 2 34 crystal CH(D) 5 liquid CH(D) (n,x) (n,n), 6 plastic CH(D) 7 (n,x) (n,n), yes gel CH(D) (n,x) (n,n), 8 Liquid yes9 yes Liquid 2 (n,x) (n,n), Xe Liquid 2 yes 1 yes 1,46-49 yes 2 no (n,x) 43,50-67 66,68-76 yes yes 44,45 ? ? 80 10 crystal Cs(Tl) (n,x) yes ? yes 81,82 No. Type Mode PHS 5BaF 67 crystal BGO 8 crystal CsI(Tl) PbWO (n,x) (n,x) yes ? ? ? yes ? 13,81,82 13,98,99 12 liquid CH(D) 3 plastic CH(D) 4 (n,x) (n,n), gel CH(D) (n,x) (n,n), Liquid yes yes (n,x) (n,n), 2 yes 1 yes 2 no 67,83-91 76,92-94 yes 44,45 No. Type Mode PHS Characteristics of detectors for the high-energy range (>20 MeV) are presented in Table 3. in Table presented are (>20 MeV) range high-energy the for detectors of Characteristics The organic scintillators (detectors 1-3) are also the leading members of this group, together of group, this members leading the also are 1-3) (detectors scintillators organic The at important more that become factors Three 5). (detector crystal fluoride the barium with of role the scintillators, organic in the even Firstly, noted. be should energies neutron higher on that reactions (n,x) of the than important less becomes hydrogen on (n,n) scattering elastic two processes these for sections the cross in changes the to due process, detection the in carbon nuclides on the reactions (n,x) for sections cross the Secondly, energy. neutron increasing with 2.3 High-energy neutron detectors neutron 2.3 High-energy reactions on on reactions importantly) because it is not considered a fire hazard, as is the case for the liquid scintillators. the liquid for case is as the a fire hazard, considered not is it because importantly) for applications, specific for were developed (7-9) detectors and liquid-xenon liquid-helium The 8. of detector case in the analyser polarization a neutron in incorporation for example, denser than organic scintillator materials and therefore present more nuclei per unit volume to volume unit per nuclei more present therefore and materials scintillator organic than denser reaction nuclear the charged for power stopping higher as a as well beam neutron incident the factors of these three effects The combined process. detection neutron in the released products of inorganic scintillators like BaF like scintillators of inorganic Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 on L Horst Klein of differentscintillators to L ), i (E ,.. α p,d, L has been studied since the invention of invention the since studied has been more efficient neutron detectors than detectors neutron efficient more E 2 and ions and ) e L, 5 (E )/ e L L ( L In the case of the organic scintillation detectors the most important properties to be to properties important most the detectors scintillation organic the the case of In The properties of scintillation detectors are discussed in detail in textbooks [5,6,8] and [5,6,8] in textbooks in detail discussed are detectors scintillation of properties The Among all scintillation detectors employed for fast neutron measurements, organic neutron measurements, fast for employed detectors all scintillation Among The light output (or scintillation pulse height output response) response) output height pulse scintillation (or output light The Recent progress in determining these properties will be discussed. will properties these in determining progress Recent the light collection from the scintillator to the phototube, the to the scintillator from collection light the d function resolution height the pulse gamma and neutrons for efficiencies detection the and functions response height pulse the radiation, incident of the energy the of function as a rays, resolution, and response time the and capability discrimination shape the pulse methods. unfolding and in in tof-spectrometry resolution the energy the light output functions for electrons electrons for functions output light the is generally non-linear and differs for different types of particles. This feature is sometimes This feature particles. of types different for and differs non-linear is generally

• • • • • • 3. Characteristics of organic scintillation detectors scintillation of organic 3. Characteristics are, firstly, to make inorganic scintillators like BaF like scintillators inorganic make to firstly, are, considered are: considered • reviews [2]. Information on these properties is based on experimental investigations and investigations on experimental is based properties these on Information [2]. reviews turn, in which, simulations (MC) Carlo Monte on based now are Calculations calculations. cross and reliable system, detector particular the to specific parameters, of basis a sound require assembly. detector the of constituents the with neutrons the of interaction the for sections scintillation detectors are preferentially used for counting and also for spectrometry, either by either spectrometry, for and also counting for used preferentially are detectors scintillation by or available, are sources neutron tagged or pulsed appropriate if method, time-of-flight the in systems, detector characterised well require techniques All spectra. height pulse of unfolding the for and particles charged secondary all for output light non-linear the concerning particular shape. pulse scintillation organic scintillators at high energy, when compared at the same physical size [95], and secondly and [95], size physical same the at compared when energy, high at scintillators organic these With the scintillator. from effect) (wall escape particle charged of effects the to reduce in 6-8 detectors as such scintillators inorganic other that likely seems it mind in considerations future. in neutron detection high-energy for popular also become 3 may Table 3.1 Light output of organic scintillators organic of output 3.1 Light ionizing particles of different charge, mass and energy and energy mass charge, different of particles ionizing of dependence that the is well-known it scintillators the organic For detectors. scintillation regarded as a major disadvantage of organic scintillators, particularly in regard to their to in regard particularly scintillators, of organic disadvantage major a as regarded that showed [104] Birks ago years fifty than more Nonetheless, detectors. neutron as application relationship of a in terms simple be can modelled scintillators organic of response the non-linear E Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 Horst Klein 6 of the ion, which increases as the ion slows down. as the ion slows increases of the ion, which . [107-111] and found to give a better description (see a description give better to found and [107-111] . x /d E et al and the specific energy loss d energy specific the and Response data and response functions obtained by these methods should be carefully should methods these by obtained functions response and data Response The response of an organic scintillator to electrons may be determined from the pulse from be determined may to electrons scintillator an organic of response The x dependence of the organic scintillators used for neutron detection and were used, for detection neutron for used scintillators the organic of dependence Different recipes have been applied to determine the pulse height that corresponds to the corresponds that height pulse the determine to applied been have recipes Different [115]). 10 of (see Fig. gamma-rays for distribution height pulse in the edge Compton scintillators liquid NE213 and for similar published functions output light proton Various they if even and shape scale in absolute differences remarkable exhibited 1979, to prior 1 of [116]). Fig. (see electrons for reference same the to were renormalised measuring height the pulse that confirm to tests include should measurements Experimental can that as those such non-linearity of sources other or effects saturation from is free system of the some from absent is confirmation this Unfortunately tubes. photomultiplier in occur in the literature. data reported /d L

examined, however, before being generally applied, for the following reasons: following the for applied, generally being before however, examined, • • • height spectrum of Compton electrons released in the scintillator by monoenergetic gamma by monoenergetic in the scintillator released of electrons Compton spectrum height to that corresponds height the pulse determining by is obtained measurement A response rays. The spectrum. height in pulse the observed edge of the Compton energy electron the known spectrum height pulse the of limit the upper from be obtained similarly may protons to response in the scintillator. neutrons of monoenergetic scattering n-p elastic by produced protons of recoil to and correspond are continuous such measurements from resulting spectra height pulse The of the respectively, and neutrons for gammas the scintillator of functions response the scintillator same the for are made measurements such sets of If energy. incident corresponding to the responses of the ratio then and energies neutron gamma incident different several using Response functions energy. incident of function a as directly, obtained is and protons electrons these from are also obtained energies and neutron gamma incident for different the detector for Carlo Monte from calculated functions response with compared can be and measurements by nineteen-sixties the in initiated were type this of investigations Careful simulations. an for organic matrix response complete first the established and [114] al. et Verbinski neutrons. mono-energetic for data on experimental based scintillator between the specific fluorescence (light emission per unit distance along the the along of path ion) distance unit per emission (light fluorescence specific the between d and Wright Chou [105] by proposed were variables these between relationships Alternative on data. Later a detailed more the experimental explaining in successful also and were [106] the primary of as linear) well as (lateral distribution the spatial of account takes that model scintillation delayed and prompt of emission the governing kinetics the of also and ionization Voltz by developed was components the ions. of However, types and energies of range a wider for data the experimental of Ref [4]) the characterizing for suitable to be appear nevertheless [104-106] formulae simpler and earlier L(E) comprehensive and systematic the describe to [112] Smith Craun and by example, crystal and liquid plastic, of some responses output light of the made they that investigations [113]. electrons and to protons scintillators Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 - p L Horst Klein -functions measured at PTB for more for PTB at measured -functions p L -particles from neutron-interactions with the with neutron-interactions from -particles α 7 -particle which are deduced from the contribution due to the the contribution from deduced are which -particle s. The value of the time constant used in the measurements in used constant time the of The value s. α µ )-reaction for neutron energies > 8 MeV, differ significantly. From these results it is it results these From significantly. differ MeV, 8 > energies neutron for )-reaction α When well-established light output functions are provided the MC-simulated response MC-simulated the are provided functions output light When well-established Since complete and satisfying cross section data cannot be expected to become available in available become to expected be cannot data section cross satisfying and complete Since In a similar way, the proton light output function is deduced from measured response measured from is deduced function output light the proton way, a similar In For these reasons the analysing procedure used for reference data must first be first must data reference for used procedure analysing the reasons these For should be given. should It is important that the photomultiplier output integration time constant used for the pulse the for used constant time integration output photomultiplier the that is important It of the slow fraction the that ensure to enough long be should measurement height the affect significantly not does the measurement from lost is that component scintillation integration this example, for scintillators, and liquid crystal the well-known For result. 1 least at be should constant C(n,

than 20 NE213-detectors of different volume exhibit significant differences [53] confirming [53] differences significant exhibit volume of different NE213-detectors 20 than ions. for possible not is therefore electrons for as parametrisation A general findings. earlier for functions output light Also the functions show almost perfect agreement with experiment, for example for neutron energies up energies neutron for example for experiment, with agreement perfect almost show functions to due contributions However, [120]. MeV 10 to concluded, that the light output functions for secondary ions must be determined for each for be determined must ions secondary for functions output light the that concluded, and the data electronics the account into also taking individually, system detector organic as well. procedure analysing applied and the system acquisition the near future for these reactions and the neutron energy range of interest is increasing to some is increasing of interest range energy neutron the and reactions these for future the near to be determined has Thematrix response be: can only conclusion the MeV, of hundreds metrology neutron to other reference with either properly, and normalised experimentally MC simulations to normalised spectra these fitting by or telescopes, proton recoil e.g. systems, This response. the dominates scattering n-p where spectra height pulse the of region the in others by applied on successfully later and [114] al. et Verbinski by used already was technique carbon content of the scintillators which were clearly observed in an experimental calibration experimental an in observed clearly were which scintillators the of content carbon cross of the relevant knowledge due to imperfect chiefly simulated, correctly not are [121] energies neutron increasing with increase discrepancies These dynamics. reaction and sections also reactions, or (n,xn) (n,p) (n,d), e.g. channels, reaction poorly-known other because [83] process. to the detection contribute function then results from an iterative procedure. The The procedure. iterative an from results then function 12 • functions for mono-energetic neutrons by comparison with simulated responses. Also the responses. simulated with comparison by neutrons mono-energetic for functions standardised. Measured Compton spectra are compared with MC-simulated responses which which are responses MC-simulated with compared are spectra Compton Measured standardised. in a results then non-linear analysis iterative An function. resolution the with folded properly basis, On this [115,117-119]. MeV 1.6 beyond and keV 40 below electrons for output light in both shape can achieved, be spectra Compton simulated and measured of agreement perfect output light a unique this way, In MeV. to 20 up for gamma-energies scale, absolute and [118,119]. volume and in shape varying scintillators liquid for established been has function the calibration from are obtained parameters resolution the function, output light the Besides reference. for applied now generally is recipe proposed The with gamma-sources. Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 Horst Klein ) which sum up to sum which ) 2 A ), the statistics of the number of the number of photoelectrons ), the statistics 2 C 8 assuming that the contributions are independent and normally and are independent contributions the that assuming 1/2 } 2 /L 2 C + /L 2 B -parameters guarantee reasonable pulse height resolution at high pulse heights pulse high at resolution height pulse reasonable guarantee -parameters A + 2 A Provided the chemical composition, chiefly the H/C-ratio, the physical parameters, i.e. parameters, physical the the H/C-ratio, chiefly composition, chemical the Provided In case that a position-independent light collection cannot be realised, the photon transport the photon be realised, cannot collection light a position-independent case that In The pulse height resolution is determined as a side product when simulated responses are responses when simulated product side a as determined is resolution height pulse The = { L ) and the variation of the light collection over the detector volume ( volume detector the over collection light the of variation the ) and / 2 L B size, attenuation length and reflectivity at the surfaces, and the characteristic functions, i.e. light functions, characteristic the and surfaces, at the reflectivity and length attenuation size, simulated be reliably can functions response the known, are functions, resolution and output the reproduced, is perfectly function when the response the of even shape However, [128,129]. of up to shape on correction 5% dependent energy-independent an require may value absolute i.e. with be reliably, then can efficiency relative The [53]. scintillator of the and volume about to up energies neutron for and threshold actual any for predicted 2%, than less uncertainty well not are content carbon the with reactions to due contributions the Since 10 MeV. must be included in the MC-simulation of the response, taking into account the differential light the differential account into taking the response, of MC-simulation the in be included must for this allow MC-codes Modern particle. charged the secondary of track the along production [125-127]. option efficiency and detection matrix 3.3 Response distributed [115]. At least for the position-dependent effect the last assumption is questionable. is assumption last the effect the position-dependent for At least [115]. distributed of photons distribution density the probability that show [123,124] calculations transport Photon the of the scintillator, size on the depends strongly the photomultiplier of cathode the reaching to the tube, e.g. a through light of the scintillator and the coupling at the surface reflectivity in diameter cm 5.08 scintillator, liquid cylindrical sized” the “standard of case in Even guide. is the if scintillator [124] 5 of Fig. in as shown obtained are distributions asymmetric and length, or an tail) upper to the tube (showing guide light coated a fully or through directly coupled in be achieved easily can an optimisation Obviously, tail). (lower guide light polished a through symmetrical in an almost resulting guide, coated light a partially of means by case this of the quantum if inhomogeneities fails recipe simple this that noted be should It distribution. a with detectors for and response position-dependent the influence phototube the of efficiency by be achieved may optimisation an case, the latter In diameter. the than larger length that be noted however, should, It [125]. itself the detector of surface of the coating differential small only resulting in betterenergy resolution athigh energies. fitted at the Compton or recoil proton edge of pulse height spectra taken in mono-energetic taken spectra height of pulse edge proton recoil or Compton the at fitted components, three of consists resolution pulse the height general, In or neutron-fields. gamma- (variance electronics the of the noise namely [120,122]. Although not reported in such detail for other organic scintillators like stilbene and stilbene like scintillators organic other for detail such in reported not Although [120,122]. these for also be expected to are problems similar scintillators, plastic or crystals anthracene organic scintillators. dL(L)/L function resolution height and pulse collection 3.2 Light d ( Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 of an of D ε Horst Klein > 0.46 MeV) > 0.46 simulation corrected for compliance compliance the corrected for with simulation in the low-amplitude response experimental (red). region simulated (blue) with version 7 of the NEFF-7 the version of with (blue) simulated code [128]

eee NE213 scintillator, 255 mm in diameter and 51 mm 51 diameter and in 255 mm scintillator, NE213 in length, for neutron energies up to 20 MeV and a 2 MeV about of threshold (E Figure 2: Neutron detection efficiency efficiency detection Neutron 2: Figure (b) (a) 9 Figure 1: Comparison of response functions of an NE213-scintillator, 255 mm an NE213-scintillator, of functions response of Comparison 1: Figure 14.26 and MeV (right) (left) MeV 9.9 for length, in 51 mm and diameter in neutrons, as measured (blue) and simulated (red) with version 7 of the are regions shown low-amplitude the of plots Expanded [128]. NRESP-code lower panels. the in reproduced (see Fig. 1), the calculated efficiencies may exhibit deviations of 10% and more, and 10% of deviations exhibit may efficiencies calculated 1), the Fig. (see reproduced from result 2 then Fig. in shown corrections necessary The and threshold. on energy depending region. height pulse upper the in response calculated the to fitted responses the experimental Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 Horst Klein -coincidences (see Fig. 26 in [71]), even Fig. (see -coincidences γ - γ Co 60 10 Cf-sources [132,133]. Cf-sources 252 Organic scintillation detectors are well known for their excellent time resolution, time their for excellent known are well detectors scintillation Organic Since this drawback of the MC simulations may not be solved in the near future, due to the due future, near in the not be solved may MC simulations of the drawback this Since In case of neutron measurements, however, the time response is chiefly determined by the by determined chiefly is response time the however, measurements, case of neutron In Folding the calculated time response functions with the normal distribution approximating distribution normal the with functions response time calculated the Folding the multiple scattering of the neutrons on carbon, which extends the transit time before an before time transit the extends which on carbon, the neutrons of scattering the multiple then may tail The threshold. the exceeding a signal produces hydrogen with interaction the of effect the overcompensate and even detectors volume large for 15 ns to up extend detector. the of rear the to shifted is centre effective the that such attenuation flux the neutron flux attenuation, which shifts the effective centre towards the of the the front towards centre effective the shifts which attenuation, flux the neutron and detector

especially when employed in coincidence experiments with gamma-sources, muons or high muons gamma-sources, with experiments coincidence in employed when especially resolution a time now available, scintillators plastic the fastest Using particles. charged energy for be achieved can FWHM 200 ps than of less lack of all necessary cross section data, the recommendation can only be, to establish the be, to establish only can data, the recommendation section cross necessary of all lack wide a with fields in neutron tof-spectrometry by e.g. experimentally, matrix response complete height and pulse shape- , pulse tof- of acquisition data multiparameter and distribution energy to the n-p reference with normalised properly matrix, response The experimental signals. efficiency detection neutron the to calculate firstly, then be used, may section, cross scattering to obtain spectra height of pulse deconvolution in the secondly, and threshold, applied for any detection neutron this way, In scale. and absolute in energy reliable fluences neutron the spectral quality experimental high with comparable are which be determined may efficiencies [130]. as those such of Drosg calibrations resolution time and response 3.4 Time • transit time of the neutrons within the detector (see Fig. 3 in [58]). Taking into account the into account Taking [58]). 3 in Fig. (see the detector within neutrons of the time transit show some functions response time calculated procedure, timing and the mechanism detection into and taking at 20% fraction, e.g. timing, fraction constant Assuming [131]. pecularities insufficient therefore and quenched is heavily recoil carbon by produced light the that account, to can be transferred energy the neutron of 23% to up though even CFT-threshold, the to exceed 3): Fig. (see by dominated is response time the carbon, recoil the • when thresholds are set as low as 10% of the Compton edges. Time walk and jitter may increase and jitter may walk Time edges. the of Compton as 10% low as set are thresholds when be can still resolution time the but increased, is guide light and/or detector of size the if slightly and producing energy the for depositing time the experiments these In FWHM. ns 1 than better scintillator. the of constants decay the with compared 1ns) (<< is short light the the effect of time jitter (due to noise) and time walk (according to the walk (according and time a range) to noise) (due jitter dynamic time of time the effect be applied may matrix This used. actually threshold the for established be can matrix response geometry detector the of effect The [131]. tof-experiments of simulation the or analysis the for for e.g. paths, flight small relatively at tof-measurements for account into be taken must with measurements calibration Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 Horst Klein 0.21 ns (blue), +0.00 ns +0.00 (blue), 0.21 ns - = 2 MeV (blue), 4 MeV (red) 4 MeV = 2 MeV (blue), = 4 MeV = 2 MeV (blue), 4 MeV (red) 4 MeV (blue), = 2 MeV n n n > 0.2 MeV > 0.5 MeV > 0.2 MeV eee eee eee and 10 MeV (green) 10 MeV and +0.06 ns (blue), ns -0.03 = dt value: mean of shift (green) ns 0.03 + (red) and shiftof mean value: dt = +0.04 ns (blue), +0.12 ns (green) ns 0.46 (red), + and 10 MeV (green) 10 MeV and = dt value: mean of shift (green) ns 0.02 + (red) and detector: NE213, 2“ in length, and length, in 2“ NE213, detector: diameter in (green) (red), 10“ 4“ (blue), 2“ E threshold: detector: NE213, 2“ in length, 2“ in diameter in 2“ length, in 2“ NE213, detector: E threshold: diameter in 2“ length, in 2“ NE213, detector: E threshold: neutron energy: E neutron energy: E neutron energy: E 11 Figure 3: Simulation of the time response with version 7 the of NRESP-code version with response time the of Simulation 3: Figure at 20% timing fraction a constant and detectors scintillation NE213 for [128] threshold. and electron energy neutron detector size, a of function as fraction the time zero axis the cylinder marks along scintillator the of centre The the effective correlate distributions time with these of The means reference. centre defining the flight path to the neutron point source. mm) (Note: 1” = 25.4 The capability of some organic scintillators to distinguish between gamma- and neutron- gamma- between to distinguish scintillators organic of some capability The induced events by means of different pulse shapes is well-known and has been utilized since the since utilized and has been is well-known shapes pulse of different means by events induced is based on the (PSD) technique discrimination shape pulse The [134,135]. nineteen-fifties late two main of consists scintillators organic well-known the of output light the that fact 2-30 range in the typically lifetime of component, decaying exponentially a fast, components: 3.5 Pulse shape discrimination capability discrimination shape 3.5 Pulse Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 - γ as L . and n Γ Horst Klein and and γ Γ which is defined as the ratio the as defined is which M 12 component that may extend the “tail” extend of the the “tail” may that component )). In this way, the properties of different PSD systems may be may systems PSD different of properties the this way, In )). non-exponential - and n-branches divided by the sum of their widths widths of their sum the by divided and n-branches - L ( γ n Γ -discrimination capability are employed for applications in mixed fields. in mixed applications for employed are capability -discrimination γ ) + of the L S ( γ Γ /( S(L) Organic scintillation detectors are frequently used for neutron spectrometry, in particular in spectrometry, neutron used for frequently are detectors scintillation Organic A topical field at present is the development of digital PSD systems based on the use of PSD systems of digital development the is present at field A topical Reviews of early work on PSD and PSD systems are available in Refs. [4,139]. Recent and Recent [4,139]. Refs. in available are systems and PSD on PSD work of early Reviews In time-of flight spectrometry, the properties of the pulsed or tagged neutron source, e.g. a e.g. source, neutron tagged or pulsed the of the properties spectrometry, flight time-of In = those detectors with n/ with detectors those flash ADCs and commercially available waveform analysers [16,25,140,148-151]. It is It expected [16,25,140,148-151]. analysers waveform available commercially ADCs and flash for and counting fast for MHz up to rates count processing of be capable will systems these that increased offer also They resolution. energy the of decrease considerable without spectrometry, other and PSD, pileup-rejection implement to it possible making by example for flexibility, [120,152]. software of use the through features methods and unfolding spectrometry in time-of-flight resolution 3.6 Energy compared and the influence of adjustable parameters of the PSD system investigated. For investigated. of the system PSD parameters of adjustable and the influence compared the reduces 500 ns to ns considerably 100 from time integration the of reduction the example, [144]. 5 of Fig. shown in as output, light a certain for figure-of-merit discrimination capability can be quantified by a figure-of-merit a figure-of-merit by quantified can be capability discrimination separation of the early work of special interest and importance is presented in Refs. [88,140-147]. The n/ in [88,140-147]. Refs. is presented and importance interest of special work early scintillation to 300-600 ns [110,136]. For certain crystal and liquid scintillators the fraction of fraction the scintillators liquid and crystal certain For [110,136]. ns 300-600 to scintillation these For particles. ionizing strongly for be 10-30% can component slow in the emission light of proportion the scintillator, the in rest to brought are that particles charged for and scintillators of the and energy and charge) (mass type on the depends component tail the in emission light identification particle for basis the provides dependence This scintillation. the producing particle to used and proposed been have techniques and methods different of PSD. Many means by discrimination, neutron-gamma for used now widely is PSD method PSD and the implement or and rays protons recoil gamma by released electrons Compton between discrimination is that For [137,138]. scintillators in organic interactions neutron by released particles charged heavier hence <3%, is typically component slow the in light of proportion the scintillators plastic most the of case In value. practical be of to insufficient usually and smaller is much effect the PSD are [110] the slow component for are responsible that excitations triplet the scintillators liquid be must To obtain PSD this liquid. good oxygen in the is present oxygen dissolved if quenched scintillator the through argon or nitrogen dry bubbling by example for displaced, or removed the atmosphere. from off it sealing and then ns, and a relatively slow slow a relatively ns, and deduced from two-parameter data of pulse shape vs total pulse height (see for example Fig. 4 of Fig. example for (see height pulse total vs shape pulse of data two-parameter from deduced output light total the of function as a determined be then can figure-of-merit The [144]). pulsed beam or a fission detector, may sometimes be deduced from the well separated peak separated the well from be deduced sometimes may detector, or a fission beam pulsed function resolution This intrinsic source. the produced in gamma-rays prompt from originating The achievable energy resolution depends to a large extent on the quality of the characterisation on the quality to a extent large depends resolution energy achievable The system. detector of the M(L) Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 - v Horst Klein Li in weight, are often used often are in weight, Li 6 Li-glass, is then used which to monitor Li-glass, )-cross section exhibits a smooth 1/ smooth a exhibits section )-cross 7 α Li(n, 6 13 Li-glass scintillators to gamma rays can sometimes be a can sometimes rays to gamma scintillators Li-glass 6 Li-glass in conjuction with an identical an identical with in conjuction Li-glass 6 For energies of about 20 keV to 5 MeV, any kind of organic scintillator can be used. of scintillator kind organic any MeV, to 5 20 keV of about For energies Below 200 keV, Li-glass scintillators, loaded with up to 7.7% to 7.7% up with loaded scintillators, Li-glass Below 200 keV, In conclusion it can be stated, that the energy resolution chiefly depends on the quality of depends on the quality chiefly resolution energy the that stated, be can it conclusion In Similarly, the unfolding of gamma- and neutron-induced pulse height spectra, well spectra, height pulse and neutron-induced gamma- of unfolding the Similarly, behaviour up to the resonance at 250 keV, the efficiency must carefully be calculated to account be calculated carefully must efficiency the keV, at 250 resonance the up to behaviour in of the detector constituents the major with interaction neutron the of structure resonant the for of silicon influence the reflect corrections energy-dependent strongly The region. energy this [34,38]. environment in a low-mass employed are scintillators thin if even and oxygen, for energies tof-measurements in employed successfully been have detectors these Nevertheless, of sensitivity The [38]. MeV up to 1(2) Renner et al. [158] have demonstrated that pulse height spectra taken for mono-energetic taken spectra height pulse that demonstrated have [158] al. et Renner and subtract the gamma component [35,37]. component gamma the and subtract for time-of-flight spectrometry. Although the the Although spectrometry. time-of-flight for 4.1 Present status and applications and status 4.1 Present 4. Present status and future trends the corresponding response matrices applied for the analysis of tof or pulse height spectra. height pulse or tof of the analysis for applied matrices response the corresponding separated by pulse shape analysis if taken in mixed fields, can result in an energy resolution that resolution energy in an result can fields, in mixed taken if analysis shape pulse by separated of the corresponding resolution height pulse the than (smaller) better times 4-5 of factor is a [60]. An energy or neutron gamma the define which proton-edges recoil or Compton- and width is, in energy well-defined spectra neutron obtaining for precondition indispensable with experimentally either determined, properly been has matrix response the that however, resolution height pulse adequate an with folded MC simulation by or normalisation correct limited chiefly is resolution energy the [153-155] procedures unfolding modern Using function. the [60], or by photon spectra for pure demonstrated as spectra, measured the of statistics the by recent to refer we details, For more [120]. matrix response the measured of statistics with [157] (2003) and RPD 107 [156] A476 (2002) NIM issues special the in e.g. publications, of discussion a detailed including spectrometry neutron of description comprehensive a algorithms. unfolding including the source properties as well as time jitter and time walk of the detector system detector of the walk time and jitter time as well as properties source the including are comparable) events and neutron-induced gamma- of distributions height pulse the (provided a time to establish in order neutrons for response time calculated the fold to used be can then be used unfolding for may turn in which applied, threshold actual the for matrix response achieved, be can resolution energy improved significantly a principle, In tof-spectra. measured in the matrix response time the of Inclusion deconvoluted. properly are tof-spectra if measured was neutrons scattered of spectra measured with comparison for tof-spectra the of simulation [131]. peaks overlapping to separate applied successfully problem, but this can be overcome by fitting the shape of the underlying background or background underlying the of shape the fitting by overcome can be but this problem, the operating Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 He or 3 Horst Klein 14 U to the total n-p-scattering cross reaction, which is regarded as regarded is which reaction, cross n-p-scattering total the to U 235 He for neutrons with energies of 2.5 MeV or 14 MeV respectively. MeV or 14 2.5 MeV of energies with neutrons for He 4 Essentially the same principle was applied for neutron spectrometry, both by means of means by tof- both spectrometry, neutron for applied was principle the same Essentially For the same reason, the neutron response can be reliably calculated for a “black” detector “black” a for calculated reliably be can response neutron the reason, same For the Another method for determining neutron fluence in the energy range up to range 15 MeV and by the energy in fluence neutron determining for method Another measurements as well as by unfolding of pulse height spectra, in the energy range from 50 MeV from range energy in the spectra, height of pulse unfolding by as as well measurements in each 7 cm scintillators, liquid three two or of signals Correlated [90,91]. MeV to 150 gamma- to reject discrimination pulse shape using were analysed stacked, closely and thickness n-p to and normalised experimentally was determined matrix response The events. fluences neutron Spectral distributions. proton recoil of the edge upper the at backscattering T(d,n) as designed by W.P. Pönitz [160]. Detection losses due to backscattering at the recessed at backscattering to due losses Detection [160]. Pönitz W.P. by as designed is beam neutron a well-collimated if negligible almost are detector this of aperture entrance 0.5 between energies neutron for 90% exceeds efficiency detection neutron the Since used. gamma against discrimination shape pulse good permits that threshold typical (a MeV However, 1%. < uncertainties with calculated can be efficiency the MeV, 8 and background) neutron multiple from result spectra height pulse broad neutrons for mono-energetic even of response output light the non-linear by caused chiefly detector, voluminous the in scattering neutron- the against discriminated well can be background Nevertheless, scintillator. liquid the designed similarly a of response calculated The threshold. of a simple means by events induced 2.3 for scale MeV in absolute were confirmed NBS) (formerly NIST of detector “black” [161]. calibration for method (tcap) particle associated time-correlated the applying by neutrons for section cross the relate to applied successfully were systems detector black these of Both of fission neutron-induced neutrons in this range, using plastic scintillators of various thickness, are in excellent agreement in excellent are thickness, various of scintillators plastic using range, this in neutrons scale. absolute and shape in both [159], the O5S-code using made MC-simulations with as metrological can regarded be systems detector these used is encapsulation low-mass Provided the are among calculations response the for needed sections cross the because systems reference this in dependence energy smooth an almost have and available data reference known best for carbon. Spectral cross section scattering the in resonances a few for except region energy can background if the photon are possible 2% than less uncertainties with measurements fluence tof-measurements. in e.g. suppressed, be strongly reference to the total n-p cross section is based [162] on the use of coincidences a between pair on the use of [162] is coincidences based section cross n-p total the to reference separated optically together, close stacked and thick mm 2.57 each scintillators, plastic thin of and scattering to multiple due response the suppresses geometry This foil. aluminium thin a by for coincident spectrum pulse height summed the neutrons, MeV 14 for even that, ensures a hydrogen once on only scattered of neutrons distribution angular the reflects chiefly events than to better was confirmed also efficiency calculated The scintillator. upstream in the nucleus D(d,n) reactions the for tcap-method the using measurements calibration absolute by 1% the reference standard. For higher neutron energies the efficiency decreases because the the n-p because decreases the efficiency energies neutron higher For standard. reference the output, light a detectable in result not do which carbon, on reactions and decreases section cross of the in the prediction the uncertainty increase These effects flux. neutron a loss of cause efficiency. detection Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 Horst Klein Gd, which has a large capture cross capture a large has Gd, which -detector in recoil proton telescopes. Very telescopes. proton in recoil -detector 155,157 -crystal was calibrated for neutron energies for neutron calibrated was -crystal 2 E 15 B and/or B and/or 10 Li, 6 Sets of long plastic or liquid scintillators are often used for tof-spectrometry in rather tof-spectrometry for used often are scintillators liquid or plastic long of Sets Another method that uses response functions for full energy deposition by neutrons by within deposition energy full for functions response uses that method Another The drawback of increasing wall-effects in organic scintillators with increasing neutron increasing with scintillators organic in wall-effects increasing of drawback The A disadvantage of organic scintillators when proton recoils produced by high energy high by produced recoils when proton scintillators organic of disadvantage A complex arrangements. Even for 3m long scintillators, excellent time resolution is (< 1ns) resolution time excellent scintillators, long 3m for Even arrangements. complex from of two signals difference time the if particles charged or high-energy muons for achieved The of interaction. of the position or identification correction for is used ends both at PMTs up to 200 MeV. While the responses calculated with the FLUKA-code considerably the FLUKA-code with calculated responses the While MeV. up to 200 the for interpolated were efficiencies experimental the data, the experimental underestimated for the applied then was successfully system detector This tof-spectra. of normalisation [167]. reactions ion heavy with associated fluence neutron spectral the of determination the detector is the double-pulse [20] or capture-gated neutron spectrometer. This spectrometer is spectrometer This spectrometer. neutron capture-gated or [20] double-pulse the is detector the of the and capture scintillator in an organic moderation neutron of combination on the based scintillator separate an associated or scintillator same the either in neutrons thermalised a small incorporates place takes capture neutron in which scintillator The [14,28,163,164]. as such a nuclide of concentration were determined by means of tof-spectrometry and, independently, by unfolding the unfolding by independently, and, of tof-spectrometry means by were determined [91] between achieved was agreement Excellent spectra. height pulse measured simultaneously that pulse-height demonstrating thus methods, two different the by obtained results the MeV. to 150 up fluence neutron spectral for determining method a viable is unfolding energy can also be avoided by employing scintillators with higher density, i.e. inorganic i.e. density, higher with scintillators employing by avoided be can also energy as used often are CsI(Tl)-scintillators scintillators. BaF thick 17 cm a of response the [95,166], recently (> 100 MeV) neutrons are being detected is that large volumes are needed to limit the escape of the escape to limit are needed volumes large that is detected being are neutrons MeV) 100 (> range the example, for range; long their to due effect) (wall scintillator the from protons recoil linear with scintillator a therefore 9 cm, is about scintillator in liquid proton MeV 100 a of less For dimensions neutrons. MeV of 100 spectrometry for used should be cm > 20 dimensions no and pulse unique more are protons recoil for functions response the range, the maximal than methods Various proton recoils. energy the highest for lost is capability discrimination shape the example For effects. wall suffering signals and discard to identify been proposed have [165]. density higher much with scintillator inorganic thin a by encapsulated be may scintillator any crystal, outer and scintillator liquid inner of shapes pulse different the of advantage Taking phoswich- this in identified can be detector the outer from contributions with signals particles charged high-energy external from signals Since analysis. pulse shape by arrangement in aircraft, spectrometry for neutron e.g. possible, are applications versatile vetoed, be can also missions. space or satellites section for thermal neutrons. The integrated signal of the fully moderated neutrons can be can neutrons moderated of the fully signal integrated The neutrons. thermal for section with the tagging by gamma-background, the in particular events, other all from separated and/or correlation time the by be identified can either which signal capture delayed considerably but calculated, be reliably can the response detectors, black to Similar shape. pulse the different [164]. only energies neutron medium for also Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 Horst Klein -discrimination properties. First results are very are results First properties. -discrimination γ 16 He-counters for tof-spectrometry below and above 1 MeV respectively. Scintillating respectively. 1 MeV above below and tof-spectrometry for He-counters 3 Organic scintillation detectors with pulse shape discrimination capabilities are employed are capabilities discrimination shape pulse with detectors scintillation Organic The great variety of applications of scintillation detectors in neutron measurements neutron in detectors scintillation of applications of variety great The the gain instabilities of photomultiplier caused by varying magnetic fields, variable count variable fields, magnetic varying by caused photomultiplier of instabilities gain the laser or LED in stabilised feeding by corrections efficient Besides temperature. and rates instead low noise with detectors photon-sensitive use other is to the aim [173-176], signals environmental harsh to insensitive be should which [177] Si-diodes e.g. PMTs, of conditions. The recently xylene. e.g. material, basic their to due scintillators liquid of the hazard exhibits material the if solution, ideal an be should [44] scintillator gelled introduced n/ and resolution height pulse reasonable the limitation in processing high count rates chiefly due to the deadtime of conventional the deadtime to due chiefly rates count high processing in limitation the will be problem This analysis. shape and pulse spectrometry for needed electronics nuclear signals detector fast the Ideally, available. are analysers waveform appropriate when solved for event by event stored and resolution > 10 bit with MHz > 500 at sampled be should and processors faster Besides interpretation. online fast better, even or, analysis offline applications, particular for to be developed have algorithms appropriate memories, larger encouraging [45]. encouraging and low density their to due material in organic protons recoil high-energy of range long the can techniques different Although effects. wall considerable cause which constituents light inorganic scintillators), tagged or (phoswich events such to discriminate employed be detection neutron optimal for be selected should density higher much with scintillators These emission. to light leading reactions relevant the consideration into taking efficiency of means and by experimentally both characterised carefully then be must detectors to separate capability the have should the detector Ideally, codes. simulation advanced shape of means or by pulse amplitude their by either events and gamma-induced neutron-

- - when background due to gamma-rays has to be eliminated. Except for low (< 200 keV) and high keV) (< low 200 for Except eliminated. has to be to gamma-rays due when background choice the first be future in also will detector scintillation of type this energies MeV) 200 (> being presently are efforts Major applications. for new designed are detectors when neutron systems, detector scintillation of organic drawbacks known the well of some to overcome made namely: - fibres are increasingly employed, e.g. as position-sensitive neutron converters in optical converters neutron position-sensitive as e.g. employed, increasingly are fibres were detectors scintillation Liquid [169-171]. radiography neutron fast for readout-systems in counting fast for both discharges, plasma of diagnostics neutron in the employed successfully as well spectrometry high-resolution for and [172] cameras profile vertical and horizontal [63,65,120]. trends 4.2 Future - prevents a complete review. Very special systems were designed applying gaseous [168] and [168] gaseous applying designed were systems special Very review. complete a prevents [77] liquid correlated tof-spectrometry of neutrons and protons from the dissociation of deuterons by high by of deuterons the dissociation from protons and of neutrons tof-spectrometry correlated [94]. systems detector of such large for an application example photons is an exceptional energy Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 Nucl. Nucl. Proc. Horst Klein Nucl. Instr. Meth. Instr. Nucl. in Fast Neutron Fast in Nucl. Instr. Meth. 162 Meth. Instr. Nucl. The quest for ideal Nucl. Instr. Meth. A277 (1989) A277 Meth. Instr. Nucl. Pergamon Press, London, 1964 London, Press, Pergamon MacMillan, London, 1974. London, MacMillan, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A443 (2000) 400- (2000) A443 Meth. Instr. Nucl. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, 3rd 2000, York, New Sons, & Wiley John SPIE 2867 (1997) 538-549 (1997) SPIE 2867 Nucl. Instr. Meth. 162 (1979) 477-506 162 (1979) Meth. Instr. Nucl. Nucl. Instr. Meth. 162 (1979) 539-563 162 (1979) Meth. Instr. Nucl. -crystals [103] will be found to be well to be found be will [103] -crystals Nucl. Instr. Meth. 162 (1979) Meth. Instr. Nucl. 4 Thermal neutron detection and identificationa in Pulse shape discrimination with a 100 MHz flash a 100 MHz with discrimination shape Pulse The Bugey 3 neutrino detector, detector, Bugey 3 neutrino The Measurement of fast neutrons in the Gran Sasso Gran the in neutrons fast of Measurement 17 Fast Neutron Physics; Part 1: Techniques; Part 2: Experiments Part 1: Techniques; Part Physics; Neutron Fast lithium-6 loaded liquid scintillator, liquid scintillator, lithium-6 loaded

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The authors gratefully acknowledge the invitation by the scientific committee for committee the scientific by invitation the acknowledge gratefully authors The suited for fast neutron detection. for fast neutron suited [1] differences. Considerable progress has been achieved in developing new inorganic in developing achieved been has progress Considerable differences. the and decreasing output light the increasing in particular [12,13,100,178], scintillators PbWO Perhaps doping. optimised by times decay [2] [3] [4] [5] [7] [8] [9] [6] [11] [12] [10] [14] [15] [13] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] References Acknowledgement participation in the workshop and presentation of this contribution and the support and of the support contribution of this presentation and workshop the in participation and the data experimental unpublished us with provided at PTB who Schmidt Dankwart Dr. simulations. Carlo Monte corresponding Scintillation detectors for fast neutrons PoS(FNDA2006)097 A time-of- IEEE Rev. Sci. Horst Klein Nucl. Instr. Nucl. Nucl. Instr. Nucl. = 2.75 MeV, = Li-glass detectors, γ 6 -ray sensitivity, γ Nucl. Instr. Meth. Meth. A333 Instr. Nucl. ,n)H at E Slow neutron beam neutron Slow γ Annals of Nuclear Energy 4 Energy of Nuclear Annals Li-loaded glass scintillator for scintillator glass Li-loaded IEEE Transactions on Nuclear on Transactions IEEE 6 Nucl. Instr. Meth. A432 (1999) 111- (1999) A432 Meth. Instr. Nucl. Appl. Rad. Isotop. 63 (2005) 607-611 (2005) 63 Isotop. Rad. Appl. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A484 (2002) 342-350 (2002) A484 Meth. Instr. Nucl. Deuterated liquid scintillator (NE230) as a as (NE230) liquid scintillator Deuterated )T transmission flux monitor, monitor, flux transmission )T Canadian high-energy neutron spectrometry neutron high-energy Canadian , Nucl. Instr. Meth. A317 (1992) 559-566 (1992) Meth. A317 Instr. , Nucl. α Discrimination methods between neutrons and neutrons between methods Discrimination Nucl. Instr. Meth. A517 (2004) 202-210 (2004) Meth. A517 Instr. Nucl. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A366 (1995) 248-253 (1995) A366 Meth. Instr. Nucl. Neutron detection and applications using a using applications and detection Neutron pulse shape discrimination and capture-gated and discrimination shape pulse γ Scintillator fiber optic long counter response to response optic long counter fiber Scintillator Energy response of a full-energy-absorption a of response Energy Li(n, An improved An improved A feasibility study of boron-loaded liquid 6 Nucl. Instr. Meth. A401 (1997) 93-103 (1997) A401 Meth. Instr. Nucl. anti-neutrinos, anti-neutrinos,

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