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On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet
- ON THE <)|{I<; IN <>F TIIK INDIAN BRAHMA ALPHABET GEORG BtfHLKi; SECOND REVISED EDITION OF INDIAN STUDIES, NO III. TOGETHER WITH TWO APPENDICES ON THE OKU; IN OF THE KHAROSTHI ALPHABET AND OF THK SO-CALLED LETTER-NUMERALS OF THE BRAHMI. WITH TIIKKK PLATES. STRASSBUKi-. K A K 1. I. 1 1M I: \ I I; 1898. I'lintccl liy Adolf Ilcil/.haiisi'ii, Vicniiii. Preface to the Second Edition. .As the few separate copies of the Indian Studies No. Ill, struck off in 1895, were sold very soon and rather numerous requests for additional ones were addressed both to me and to the bookseller of the Imperial Academy, Messrs. Carl Gerold's Sohn, I asked the Academy for permission to issue a second edition, which Mr. Karl J. Trlibner had consented to publish. My petition was readily granted. In addition Messrs, von Holder, the publishers of the Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, kindly allowed me to reprint my article on the origin of the Kharosthi, which had appeared in vol. IX of that Journal and is now given in Appendix I. To these two sections I have added, in Appendix II, a brief review of the arguments for Dr. Burnell's hypothesis, which derives the so-called letter- numerals or numerical symbols of the Brahma alphabet from the ancient Egyptian numeral signs, together with a third com- parative table, in order to include in this volume all those points, which require fuller discussion, and in order to make it a serviceable companion to the palaeography of the Grund- riss. -
International Standard Iso/Iec 10646
This is a preview - click here to buy the full publication INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC STANDARD 10646 Sixth edition 2020-12 Information technology — Universal coded character set (UCS) Technologies de l'information — Jeu universel de caractères codés (JUC) Reference number ISO/IEC 10646:2020(E) © ISO/IEC 2020 This is a preview - click here to buy the full publication ISO/IEC 10646:2020 (E) CONTENTS 1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................1 2 Normative references .........................................................................................................................1 3 Terms and definitions .........................................................................................................................2 4 Conformance ......................................................................................................................................8 4.1 General ....................................................................................................................................8 4.2 Conformance of information interchange .................................................................................8 4.3 Conformance of devices............................................................................................................8 5 Electronic data attachments ...............................................................................................................9 6 General structure -
8 December 2004 (Revised 10 January 2005) Topic: Unicode Technical Meeting #101, 15 -18 November 2004, Cupertino, California
To: LSA and UC Berkeley Communities From: Deborah Anderson, UCB representative and LSA liaison Date: 8 December 2004 (revised 10 January 2005) Topic: Unicode Technical Meeting #101, 15 -18 November 2004, Cupertino, California As the UC Berkeley representative and LSA liaison, I am most interested in the proposals for new characters and scripts that were discussed at the UTC, so these topics are the focus of this report. For the full minutes, readers should consult the "Unicode Technical Committee Minutes" web page (http://www.unicode.org/consortum/utc-minutes.html), where the minutes from this meeting will be posted several weeks hence. I. Proposals for New Scripts and Additional Characters A summary of the proposals and the UTC's decisions are listed below. As the proposals discussed below are made public, I will post the URLs on the SEI web page (www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/sei). A. Linguistics Characters Lorna Priest of SIL International submitted three proposals for additional linguistics characters. Most of the characters proposed are used in the orthographies of languages from Africa, Asia, Mexico, Central and South America. (For details on the proposed characters, with a description of their use and an image, see the appendix to this document.) Two characters from these proposals were not approved by the UTC because there are already characters encoded that are very similar. The evidence did not adequately demonstrate that the proposed characters are used distinctively. The two problematical proposed characters were: the modifier straight letter apostrophe (used for a glottal stop, similar to ' APOSTROPHE U+0027) and the Latin small "at" sign (used for Arabic loanwords in an orthography for the Koalib language from the Sudan, similar to @ COMMERCIAL AT U+0040). -
The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1 This File Contains an Excerpt from the Character Code Tables and List of Character Names for the Unicode Standard, Version 6.1
Latin Extended-D Range: A720–A7FF The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1 This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1. Characters in this chart that are new for The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1 are shown in conjunction with any existing characters. For ease of reference, the new characters have been highlighted in the chart grid and in the names list. This file will not be updated with errata, or when additional characters are assigned to the Unicode Standard. See http://www.unicode.org/errata/ for an up-to-date list of errata. See http://www.unicode.org/charts/ for access to a complete list of the latest character code charts. See http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-6.1/ for charts showing only the characters added in Unicode 6.1. See http://www.unicode.org/Public/6.1.0/charts/ for a complete archived file of character code charts for Unicode 6.1. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the online reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 6.1 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1, online at http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.1.0/, as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24, #29, #31, #34, #38, #41, #42, and #44, the other Unicode Technical Reports and Standards, and the Unicode Character Database, which are available online. -
Inventing Your Own Number System
Inventing Your Own Number System Through the ages people have invented many different ways to name, write, and compute with numbers. Our current number system is based on place values corresponding to powers of ten. In principle, place values could correspond to any sequence of numbers. For example, the places could have values corre- sponding to the sequence of square numbers, triangular numbers, multiples of six, Fibonacci numbers, prime numbers, or factorials. The Roman numeral system does not use place values, but the position of numerals does matter when determining the number represented. Tally marks are a simple system, but representing large numbers requires many strokes. In our number system, symbols for digits and the positions they are located combine to represent the value of the number. It is possible to create a system where symbols stand for operations rather than values. For example, the system might always start at a default number and use symbols to stand for operations such as doubling, adding one, taking the reciprocal, dividing by ten, squaring, negating, or any other specific operations. Create your own number system. What symbols will you use for your numbers? How will your system work? Demonstrate how your system could be used to perform some of the following functions. • Count from 0 up to 100 • Compare the sizes of numbers • Add and subtract whole numbers • Multiply and divide whole numbers • Represent fractional values • Represent irrational numbers (such as π) What are some of the advantages of your system compared with other systems? What are some of the disadvantages? If you met aliens that had developed their own number system, how might their mathematics be similar to ours and how might it be different? Make a list of some math facts and procedures that you have learned. -
The Emoji Factor: Humanizing the Emerging Law of Digital Speech
The Emoji Factor: Humanizing the Emerging Law of Digital Speech 1 Elizabeth A. Kirley and Marilyn M. McMahon Emoji are widely perceived as a whimsical, humorous or affectionate adjunct to online communications. We are discovering, however, that they are much more: they hold a complex socio-cultural history and perform a role in social media analogous to non-verbal behaviour in offline speech. This paper suggests emoji are the seminal workings of a nuanced, rebus-type language, one serving to inject emotion, creativity, ambiguity – in other words ‘humanity’ - into computer mediated communications. That perspective challenges doctrinal and procedural requirements of our legal systems, particularly as they relate to such requisites for establishing guilt or fault as intent, foreseeability, consensus, and liability when things go awry. This paper asks: are we prepared as a society to expand constitutional protections to the casual, unmediated ‘low value’ speech of emoji? It identifies four interpretative challenges posed by emoji for the judiciary or other conflict resolution specialists, characterizing them as technical, contextual, graphic, and personal. Through a qualitative review of a sampling of cases from American and European jurisdictions, we examine emoji in criminal, tort and contract law contexts and find they are progressively recognized, not as joke or ornament, but as the first step in non-verbal digital literacy with potential evidentiary legitimacy to humanize and give contour to interpersonal communications. The paper proposes a separate space in which to shape law reform using low speech theory to identify how we envision their legal status and constitutional protection. 1 Dr. Kirley is Barrister & Solicitor in Canada and Seniour Lecturer and Chair of Technology Law at Deakin University, MelBourne Australia; Dr. -
5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Faltstrom, Ed. Request for Comments: 5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721 The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) Abstract This document specifies rules for deciding whether a code point, considered in isolation or in context, is a candidate for inclusion in an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). It is part of the specification of Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications 2008 (IDNA2008). Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5892. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. -
Emoticon Style: Interpreting Differences in Emoticons Across Cultures
Emoticon Style: Interpreting Differences in Emoticons Across Cultures Jaram Park Vladimir Barash Clay Fink Meeyoung Cha Graduate School of Morningside Analytics Johns Hopkins University Graduate School of Culture Technology, KAIST [email protected] Applied Physics Laboratory Culture Technology, KAIST [email protected] clayton.fi[email protected] [email protected] Abstract emotion not captured by language elements alone (Lo 2008; Gajadhar and Green 2005). With the advent of mobile com- Emoticons are a key aspect of text-based communi- cation, and are the equivalent of nonverbal cues to munications, the use of emoticons has become an everyday the medium of online chat, forums, and social media practice for people throughout the world. Interestingly, the like Twitter. As emoticons become more widespread emoticons used by people vary by geography and culture. in computer mediated communication, a vocabulary Easterners, for example employ a vertical style like ^_^, of different symbols with subtle emotional distinctions while westerners employ a horizontal style like :-). This dif- emerges especially across different cultures. In this pa- ference may be due to cultural reasons since easterners are per, we investigate the semantic, cultural, and social as- known to interpret facial expressions from the eyes, while pects of emoticon usage on Twitter and show that emoti- westerners favor the mouth (Yuki, Maddux, and Masuda cons are not limited to conveying a specific emotion 2007; Mai et al. 2011; Jack et al. 2012). or used as jokes, but rather are socio-cultural norms, In this paper, we study emoticon usage on Twitter based whose meaning can vary depending on the identity of the speaker. -
The Road to Literary Culture: Revisiting the Jurchen Language Examination System*
T’OUNG PAO 130 T’oung PaoXin 101-1-3 Wen (2015) 130-167 www.brill.com/tpao The Road to Literary Culture: Revisiting the Jurchen Language Examination System* Xin Wen (Harvard University) Abstract This essay contextualizes the unique institution of the Jurchen language examination system in the creation of a new literary culture in the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). Unlike the civil examinations in Chinese, which rested on a well-established classical canon, the Jurchen language examinations developed in close connection with the establishment of a Jurchen school system and the formation of a literary canon in the Jurchen language and scripts. In addition to being an official selection mechanism, the Jurchen examinations were more importantly part of a literary endeavor toward a cultural ideal. Through complementing transmitted Chinese sources with epigraphic sources in Jurchen, this essay questions the conventional view of this institution as a “Jurchenization” measure, and proposes that what the Jurchen emperors and officials envisioned was a road leading not to Jurchenization, but to a distinctively hybrid literary culture. Résumé Cet article replace l’institution unique des examens en langue Jurchen dans le contexte de la création d’une nouvelle culture littéraire sous la dynastie des Jin (1115–1234). Contrairement aux examens civils en chinois, qui s’appuyaient sur un canon classique bien établi, les examens en Jurchen se sont développés en rapport étroit avec la mise en place d’un système d’écoles Jurchen et avec la formation d’un canon littéraire en langue et en écriture Jurchen. En plus de servir à la sélection des fonctionnaires, et de façon plus importante, les examens en Jurchen s’inscrivaient * This article originated from Professor Peter Bol’s seminar at Harvard University. -
Supplemental Punctuation Range: 2E00–2E7F
Supplemental Punctuation Range: 2E00–2E7F This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 This file may be changed at any time without notice to reflect errata or other updates to the Unicode Standard. See https://www.unicode.org/errata/ for an up-to-date list of errata. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/ for access to a complete list of the latest character code charts. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-14.0/ for charts showing only the characters added in Unicode 14.0. See https://www.unicode.org/Public/14.0.0/charts/ for a complete archived file of character code charts for Unicode 14.0. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the online reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0, online at https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/, as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24, #29, #31, #34, #38, #41, #42, #44, #45, and #50, the other Unicode Technical Reports and Standards, and the Unicode Character Database, which are available online. See https://www.unicode.org/ucd/ and https://www.unicode.org/reports/ A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation. -
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N 4823 Date: 2017-05-24
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N 4823 Date: 2017-05-24 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 Coded Character Set Secretariat: Japan (JISC) Doc. Type: Disposition of comments Title: Disposition of comments on PDAM1.2 to ISO/IEC 10646 5th edition Source: Michel Suignard (project editor) Project: JTC1 02.10646.00.01.00.05 Status: For review by WG2 Date: 2017-05-24 Distribution: WG2 Reference: SC2 N4518 Medium: Paper, PDF file Comments were received from the following members: China, Ireland, Japan, Mongolia, UK, and USA. The following document is the disposition of those comments. The disposition is organized per country. Note – With some minor exceptions, the full content of the ballot comments has been included in this document to facilitate the reading. The dispositions are inserted in between these comments and are marked in Underlined Bold Serif text, with explanatory text in italicized serif. As a result of this disposition, a new PDAM1.3 ballot will be initiated. It is expected to be the last PDAM ballot for Amendment 1 before a DAM ballot is initiated. Page 1 Following these dispositions, the following changes were done to the Amendment repertoire: Xiangqi game symbols 30 characters removed (U+1F270..U+1F28D) from the Enclose Ideographic Supplement block (U+1F200..U+1F2FF) and replaced by 14 characters (U+1FA60..U+1FA6D) in a new block: Chess Symbols (U+1FA00..U+1FA6F) with names and code points as follows: 1FA60 RED XIANGQI GENERAL 1FA61 RED XIANGQI MANDARIN 1FA62 RED XIANGQI ELEPHANT 1FA63 RED XIANGQI HORSE 1FA64 RED XIANGQI CHARIOT 1FA65 RED XIANGQI CANNON 1FA66 RED XIANGQI SOLDIER 1FA67 BLACK XIANGQI GENERAL 1FA68 BLACK XIANGQI MANDARIN 1FA69 BLACK XIANGQI ELEPHANT 1FA6A BLACK XIANGQI HORSE 1FA6B BLACK XIANGQI CHARIOT 1FA6C BLACK XIANGQI CANNON 1FA6D BLACK XIANGQI SOLDIER Small Historic Kana The characters proposed at 1B127..1B12F are removed from this amendment. -
Unicode Alphabets for L ATEX
Unicode Alphabets for LATEX Specimen Mikkel Eide Eriksen March 11, 2020 2 Contents MUFI 5 SIL 21 TITUS 29 UNZ 117 3 4 CONTENTS MUFI Using the font PalemonasMUFI(0) from http://mufi.info/. Code MUFI Point Glyph Entity Name Unicode Name E262 � OEligogon LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE WITH OGONEK E268 � Pdblac LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH DOUBLE ACUTE E34E � Vvertline LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH VERTICAL LINE ABOVE E662 � oeligogon LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE WITH OGONEK E668 � pdblac LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH DOUBLE ACUTE E74F � vvertline LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH VERTICAL LINE ABOVE E8A1 � idblstrok LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TWO STROKES E8A2 � jdblstrok LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH TWO STROKES E8A3 � autem LATIN ABBREVIATION SIGN AUTEM E8BB � vslashura LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH SHORT SLASH ABOVE RIGHT E8BC � vslashuradbl LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH TWO SHORT SLASHES ABOVE RIGHT E8C1 � thornrarmlig LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C2 � Hrarmlig LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C3 � hrarmlig LATIN SMALL LETTER H LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C5 � krarmlig LATIN SMALL LETTER K LIGATED WITH ARM OF LATIN SMALL LETTER R E8C6 UU UUlig LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE UU E8C7 uu uulig LATIN SMALL LIGATURE UU E8C8 UE UElig LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE UE E8C9 ue uelig LATIN SMALL LIGATURE UE E8CE � xslashlradbl LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH TWO SHORT SLASHES BELOW RIGHT E8D1 æ̊ aeligring LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH RING ABOVE E8D3 ǽ̨ aeligogonacute LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH OGONEK AND ACUTE 5 6 CONTENTS