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Byzantium's Balkan Frontier
This page intentionally left blank Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier is the first narrative history in English of the northern Balkans in the tenth to twelfth centuries. Where pre- vious histories have been concerned principally with the medieval history of distinct and autonomous Balkan nations, this study regards Byzantine political authority as a unifying factor in the various lands which formed the empire’s frontier in the north and west. It takes as its central concern Byzantine relations with all Slavic and non-Slavic peoples – including the Serbs, Croats, Bulgarians and Hungarians – in and beyond the Balkan Peninsula, and explores in detail imperial responses, first to the migrations of nomadic peoples, and subsequently to the expansion of Latin Christendom. It also examines the changing conception of the frontier in Byzantine thought and literature through the middle Byzantine period. is British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow, Keble College, Oxford BYZANTIUM’S BALKAN FRONTIER A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, – PAUL STEPHENSON British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow Keble College, Oxford The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Paul Stephenson 2004 First published in printed format 2000 ISBN 0-511-03402-4 eBook (Adobe Reader) ISBN 0-521-77017-3 hardback Contents List ofmaps and figurespagevi Prefacevii A note on citation and transliterationix List ofabbreviationsxi Introduction .Bulgaria and beyond:the Northern Balkans (c.–) .The Byzantine occupation ofBulgaria (–) .Northern nomads (–) .Southern Slavs (–) .The rise ofthe west,I:Normans and Crusaders (–) . -
The Communication of the Emperor's Virtues Author(S): Carlos F
The Communication of the Emperor's Virtues Author(s): Carlos F. Noreña Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 91 (2001), pp. 146-168 Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3184774 . Accessed: 01/09/2012 16:45 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Roman Studies. http://www.jstor.org THE COMMUNICATION OF THE EMPEROR'S VIRTUES* By CARLOS F. NORENA The Roman emperor served a number of functions within the Roman state. The emperor's public image reflected this diversity. Triumphal processions and imposing state monuments such as Trajan's Column or the Arch of Septimius Severus celebrated the military exploits and martial glory of the emperor. Distributions of grain and coin, public buildings, and spectacle entertainments in the city of Rome all advertised the emperor's patronage of the urban plebs, while imperial rescripts posted in every corner of the Empire stood as so many witnesses to the emperor's conscientious administration of law and justice. -
Greek Cities & Islands of Asia Minor
MASTER NEGATIVE NO. 93-81605- Y MICROFILMED 1 993 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK / as part of the "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project'' Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United photocopies or States Code - concerns the making of other reproductions of copyrighted material. and Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries or other archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy the reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that for any photocopy or other reproduction is not to be "used purpose other than private study, scholarship, or for, or later uses, a research." If a user makes a request photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of fair infringement. use," that user may be liable for copyright a This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept fulfillment of the order copy order if, in its judgement, would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: VAUX, WILLIAM SANDYS WRIGHT TITLE: GREEK CITIES ISLANDS OF ASIA MINOR PLACE: LONDON DA TE: 1877 ' Master Negative # COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC MTCROFORM TAR^FT Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record m^m i» 884.7 !! V46 Vaux, V7aiion Sandys Wright, 1818-1885. ' Ancient history from the monuments. Greek cities I i and islands of Asia Minor, by W. S. W. Vaux... ' ,' London, Society for promoting Christian knowledce." ! 1877. 188. p. plate illus. 17 cm. ^iH2n KJ Restrictions on Use: TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA i? FILM SIZE: 3 S'^y^/"^ REDUCTION IMAGE RATIO: J^/ PLACEMENT: lA UA) iB . -
1 Eastern Europe. Mint in the Southern Carpathian Region
1 Eastern Europe. Mint in the southern Carpathian region. Maramureș in Transcarpathia circa 300-200 BC. W-Reiter type. "Tetradrachm" AR 26 mm, 12,79 g Celticised, laureate and bearded head of Zeus to right / Rider on horseback to left, right arm raised, holding reins with left hand, cloak billowing behind, W-form ornament above. very fine Dembski 1265; OTA 333; Kostial 671. Starting price: 50 EUR 2 Eastern Europe. Lower Danube. Uncertain tribe 200-100 BC. imitating Philip III of Macedon . Drachm AR 20 mm, 3,14 g Celticized head of Herakles to right, wearing lion skin headdress / Celticized Zeus seated left on low throne, holding long scepter in his left hand and eagle standing right with closed wings in his right; to left, monogram. very fine Dembski 1486. Flesche 746. Starting price: 50 EUR 3 Central Gaul. Bituriges Cubi circa 70-50 BC. Quinarius AR 15 mm, 1,93 g Celticized male head with thick locks to left / Celticized horse prancing to left, above, boar, below, X. very fine De la Tour 4108; Delestrée/Tache 3449; Depeyrot IV -. Starting price: 50 EUR 4 Central Gaul. Bituriges Cubi circa 70-50 BC. Quinarius AR 15 mm, 1,94 g Celticized male head with thick locks to left / Celticized horse prancing to left, above, sword, below, annulet (or wheel). nearly very fine Cf. Delestrée/Tache 3436. Starting price: 50 EUR 5 Central Gaul. Bituriges Cubi circa 70-50 BC. Quinarius AR 14 mm, 1,94 g Celticized male head with thick locks to left / Celticized horse prancing to left, above, sword, below, wheel. -
Eleventh Session, Commencing at 9.30 Am
Eleventh Session, Commencing at 9.30 am 2632* ANCIENT GOLD COINS Lesbos, Mytilene, electrum Hekte (2.56 g), c.450 B.C., obv. diademed head of a Satyr to right, with full beard and goat's ear, rev. Heads of two confronted rams, butting their heads together, above a palmette all within incuse square, (S.4244, GREEK BMC 40. Bodenstedt 37, SNG Fitz.4340). Fine/very good, scarce. $300 2630* 2633* Macedon, Kingdom of Philip II, (359-336 B.C.), gold stater, Ionia, Phokaia, (c.477-388 B.C.), electrum hekte or sixth (8.64 g), Pella mint, struck under Antipater, Polyperchon stater, (2.54 g), issued in 396 B.C. [Bodenstedt dating], or Kassander (for Philip III and Alexander IV), c.323-315 obv. female head to left, with hair in bun behind, wearing a B.C., obv. head of Apollo to right with laureate wreath, rev. diadem, rev. quadripartite incuse punch, (S.4530, Bodenstedt galloping biga to right, driven by charioteer holding kentron 90 (obv. h, rev. φ, SNG Fitz. 4563 [same dies], cf.SNG von in right hand, reins in left hand, bee above A below horses, in Aulock 2127). Very fi ne with off centred obverse, rare. exergue ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ, (cf.S.6663, cf.Le Rider 594-598, Group $400 III B (cf.Pl.72), cf.SNG ANS 255). Traces of mint bloom, of Ex Geoff St. Clair Collection. fi ne style, has been mounted and smoothed, otherwise good very fi ne and very scarce. The type is known from 7 obverse and 6 reverse dies and only 35 examples of type known to Bodenstedt. -
The Antigonids and the Ruler Cult. Global and Local Perspectives?
The Antigonids and the Ruler Cult Global and Local Perspectives? 1 Franca Landucci DOI – 10.7358/erga-2016-002-land AbsTRACT – Demetrius Poliorketes is considered by modern scholars the true founder of ruler cult. In particular the Athenians attributed him several divine honors between 307 and 290 BC. The ancient authors in general consider these honors in a negative perspec- tive, while offering words of appreciation about an ideal sovereignty intended as a glorious form of servitude and embodied in Antigonus Gonatas, Demetrius Poliorketes’ son and heir. An analysis of the epigraphic evidences referring to this king leads to the conclusion that Antigonus Gonatas did not officially encourage the worship towards himself. KEYWORDS – Antigonids, Antigonus Gonatas, Demetrius Poliorketes, Hellenism, ruler cult. Antigonidi, Antigono Gonata, culto del sovrano, Demetrio Poliorcete, ellenismo. Modern scholars consider Demetrius Poliorketes the true founder of ruler cult due to the impressively vast literary tradition on the divine honours bestowed upon this historical figure, especially by Athens, between the late fourth and the early third century BC 2. As evidenced also in modern bib- liography, these honours seem to climax in the celebration of Poliorketes as deus praesens in the well-known ithyphallus dedicated to him by the Athenians around 290 3. Documentation is however pervaded by a tone that is strongly hostile to the granting of such honours. Furthermore, despite the fact that it has been handed down to us through Roman Imperial writers like Diodorus, Plutarch and Athenaeus, the tradition reflects a tendency contemporary to the age of the Diadochi, since these same authors refer, often explicitly, to a 1 All dates are BC, unless otherwise stated. -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
Eleventh Session, Commencing at 9.30Am ANCIENT GOLD COINS
Eleventh Session, Commencing at 9.30am 3389* ANCIENT GOLD COINS Thrace, Kingdom of, Lysimachos, (323-281 B.C.), gold stater, (8.36 g), Callatis mint, posthumous issue c.88-86 B.C., obv. diademed head of Alexander the Great to right, wearing GREEK horn of Ammon, rev. Athena enthroned to left, holding Nike and resting left arm on shield, transverse spear resting against right side, to right ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩ[Σ], to left ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ, HP monogram below arm, ΚΑΛ on throne, trident below in exergue, (cf.S.6813, M.266, SNG Cop.1089). Extremely fi ne and virtually as struck. $4,500 3390* Thrace, Kingdom of, Lysimachos, (323-281 B.C.), gold stater, (8.26 g), Callatis mint, posthumous issue c.88-86 B.C., obv. diademed head of Alexander the Great to right, wearing horn of Ammon, rev. Athena enthroned to left, holding 3387* Nike and resting left arm on shield, transverse spear resting Sicily, Syracuse, Hieron II, (275-215 B.C.), gold drachm or against right side, to right ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ, to left ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ, hundred litrai (4.25 g), struck circa 275-263 B.C., obv. head ΦΜ under arm, ΚΑΛ on throne, trident below in exergue, of Persephone left with long fl owing hair, wearing wreath (cf.S.6813, M.-, cf.SNG Cop. 1089). Good very fi ne and a of grain ears, single-pendant earring, and necklace, wing rare variety. behind, rev. charioteer, holding kentron in right hand, reins $1,300 in left, driving fast biga left, A below horses, ΙΕΡΩΝΟΣ in Ex Noble Numismatics Sale 79 (lot 3208). -
Eleventh Session, Commencing at 9.30 Am ANCIENT GOLD COINS
Eleventh Session, Commencing at 9.30 am 3178* Ionia, Phokaia, (c.477-388 B.C.), electrum hekte or sixth stater, (2.552 grams), issued in 366 B.C. [Bodenstedt dating], ANCIENT GOLD COINS obv. Artemis head to left, with hair in bun behind, wearing a diadem, rev. quadripartite incuse punch, (cf.S.4530 [£550], GREEK GOLD Bodenstedt 99, SNG Berry 1084, SNG Lockett 2846, BMC 51 [Pl.5, 7], SNG von Post 244). Very fine and very rare. $500 The type is known from 8 obverse and 9 reverse dies and only 19 examples of type known to Bodenstedt. 3175* ROMAN GOLD Sicily, Syracuse, Time of Agathokles, (317-289 B.C.), electrum twenty five (25) litrai, (3.786 grams), obv. laureate head of Apollo head with long flowing hair, star behind, dotted border, rev. ΣΥΡΑΚ ΣΙΟΝ around, tripod lebes with legs ending in lion’s feet, dotted border, (S.957, Jenkins “Electrum Coinage of Syracuse” Essays Robinson, p.157 (Pl.14, obv. die 7, probably rev. die 10, same dies), BMC 258 (same obverse die), Pozzi 632 (same obverse die), Naville Sale X, 316 (same obverse die). Full flan, extremely fine and rare. 3179* $2,700 Vespasian, (A.D. 69-79), gold aureus, Rome mint, issued A.D. 70-73, (7.33 grams), obv. laureate head of Vespasian An important issue struck during the Carthaginian War c. 310-306 B.C. Jenkins notes that only one obverse die was used for this symbol and at least to right, around IMP CAES VESP AVG P M COS IIII, rev. five reverse dies these with some muling with other obverse dies utilising Neptune standing to left, holding acrostolium and sceptre, other symbols. -
Thirteenth Session, Commencing at 9.30 Am C.Renius, (138 B.C.), Silver Denarius, Rome Mint, (3.36 G), Obv
3384 Thirteenth Session, Commencing at 9.30 am C.Renius, (138 B.C.), silver denarius, Rome mint, (3.36 g), obv. Roma helmeted head to right, X behind, rev. Juno Caprotina in a biga of goats, C.RENI below, ROMA in exergue, (S.108, Cr.231/1, Syd.432); Hadrian, (A.D. 117- 138), silver denarius, issued 123, Rome mint, (2.89 g), obv. ROMAN SILVER & BRONZE COINS laureate head to right of Hadrian, around IMP CASEAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG, rev. P M TR P COS III around, Victory fl ying to right holding trophy with both hands, (S.3527, RIC 101, BMC 212, RSC 1131); Caracalla, REPUBLIC (A.D. 198-217), silver denarius, issued 201-210, Rome mint, (2.36 g), obv. laureate head to right of Caracalla, around ANTONINVS PIVS AVG, rev. Securitas seated to right 3380 on curule chair, altar before, around SECVRIT IMPERII, Republic, Anonymous (semilibral) Series, (c.217-215 B.C.), (S.6884, RIC 168, RSC 570). Fair - fi ne. (3) Rome mint, AE uncia, (12.72 g), obv. helmeted head of Roma $150 to left, pellet behind, rev. prow to right, ROMA above, pellet below, (S.615, Cr.38/6, Syd. 86). Partial green patina, nearly fi ne/good fi ne and scarce. $80 3385* P. Maenius Antiaticus, M.f., (132 B.C.), silver denarius, Rome mint, (3.89 g), obv. Roma helmeted head right, * behind, rev. Victory in quadriga to right, with wreath, P.MAE 3381* ANT ligated below, ROMA in exergue, (S.126, Cr.249/1, Republic, Anonymous, (157-156 B.C.), silver denarius, Rome Syd.492). -
3927 25.90 Brass 6 Obols / Sestertius 3928 24.91
91 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS 3927 25.90 brass 6 obols / sestertius 3928 24.91 brass 6 obols / sestertius 3929 14.15 brass 3 obols / dupondius 3930 16.23 brass same (2 examples weighed) 3931 6.72 obol / 2/3 as (3 examples weighed) 3932 9.78 3/2 obol / as *Not struck at a Cypriot mint. 92 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS Cypriot Coinage under Tiberius and Later, After 14 AD To the people of Cyprus, far from the frontiers of the Empire, the centuries of the Pax Romana formed an uneventful although contented period. Mattingly notes, “Cyprus . lay just outside of the main currents of life.” A population unused to political independence or democratic institutions did not find Roman rule oppressive. Radiate Divus Augustus and laureate Tiberius on c. 15.6g Cypriot dupondius - triobol. In c. 15-16 AD the laureate head of Tiberius was paired with Livia seated right (RPC 3919, as) and paired with that of Divus Augustus (RPC 3917 and 3918 dupondii). Both types are copied from Roman Imperial types of the early reign of Tiberius. For his son Drusus, hemiobols were struck with the reverse designs begun by late in the reign of Cleopatra: Zeus Salaminios and the Temple of Aphrodite at Paphos. In addition, a reverse with both of these symbols was struck. Drusus obverse was paired with either Zeus Salaminios, or Temple of Aphrodite reverses, as well as this reverse that shows both. (4.19g) Conical black stone found in 1888 near the ruins of the temple of Aphrodite at Paphos, now in the Museum of Kouklia. -
1 WESTERN EUROPE. Southern Gaul. Sotiates (Circa 2Nd-St Century BC). AR Drachm. Obv: Stylized Head Left. Rev: Cross with Pellets
1 WESTERN EUROPE. Southern Gaul. Sotiates (Circa 2nd-st century BC). AR Drachm. Obv: Stylized head left. Rev: Cross with pellets in angles, crescents enclosing each quadrant. DLT 3015. Condition: Near extremely fine. Weight: 2.85 g. Diameter: 13 mm. Starting price: 100 EUR Estimate: 125 EUR 2 WESTERN EUROPE. Central Gaul. (End of 1st-early 2th century BC). GOLD Stater. Obv: Stylized head right. Rev: Stylized charioteer and biga right. D&T 2536 A-B. Condition: Good very fine. Weight: 7.10 g. Diameter: 21 mm. Starting price: 400 EUR Estimate: 500 EUR 3 EASTERN EUROPE. Imitations of Philip II of Macedon (2nd-1st centuries BC). Tetradrachm. "Audoleon/Vogelreiter" type. Obv: Stylized laureate head of Zeus right. Rev: Stylized rider, with eagle-tipped staff, on horse prancing right. Lanz 673; OTA 336/2. Condition: Very fine. Weight: 14.32 g. Diameter: 24 mm. Starting price: 400 EUR Estimate: 500 EUR 4 EASTERN EUROPE. Imitations of Philip III of Macedon (3rd-2nd centuries BC). Drachm. Obv: Head of Herakles right, wearing lion skin. Rev: ΛΛΙΠΙIII. Zeus seated left on throne, holding eagle and sceptre. Control: Monogram in left field. Cf. Lanz 934-39. Condition: Very fine. Weight: 3.61 g. Diameter: 18 mm. Starting price: 400 EUR Estimate: 500 EUR 5 EASTERN EUROPE. Imitations of Roman Republican. Denarius. Imitating C. Thalna. Obv: Stylized helmeted head of Roma right; X (mark of value) to left. Rev: C TAL / ROMA. Stylized Victory, holding reins and whip, driving biga right. Cf. Rauch 105, lot 26; cf. Crawford 202/1a (for prototype). Condition: Good very fine.