The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540-1770 - Second Edition R

Cambridge University Press 0521602416 - The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540-1770 - Second Edition R. Po-chia Hsia Index More information

Index

Acarie, Madame, 146 Apostolic Missions, 59 Achille de Harlay, Bishop, 118 Aquinas, Thomas, St., 183, 184 Acosta, Antonio de, 53 architecture see church buildings Acosta, Joséde, 192 Argenson, RenédeVoyerd’,218 Acquaviva, Claudio, 133, 193 aristocracy Acta sanctorum (Acts of the Saints), 137–38 and artistic patronage, 165 African colonies (Portuguese), 196–98 in the Company of the Holy Sacrement, Akbar, Mughal emperor, 202 218 Alba, Duke of, 175 Aristotle, 184 Albert, Archduke (governor of the Low Arnauld, Antoine, 223, 230 Countries), 65, 67, 156 art and artists, 9, 159–71 see also church Albert, Cardinal (Portuguese viceroy), 44 buildings Albornoz, Bartoloméde, 197 Counter-Reformation iconography, Albrecht V, duke of Bavaria, 77 169–71 Alcantarians, 127 devotional prints, 166–67 Aleni, Giuglio, 183 high and popular art, 165–66 Alexander VI, Pope, 98, 102, 132, 173 patronage, 162–64 Alexander VII, Pope (Fabio Chigi), 97, Augsburg, Peace of (1555), 1–2, 17, 77 108, 109, 137, 162, 169, 214, Augustine, St., 230 230 Augustinians, 28 Alexander VIII, Pope, 97 Augustinus (Jansen), 230 Alfonso I, king of Congo, 196, 198 Austria, 78, 165 see also Holy Roman Alfonso III, duke of Modena, 30 Empire Algardi, Alessandro, 171 Avila, Alonso de, 53 Allen, William, 83 Alsace, 76 Backer, Aloys de, 180 altar pieces, 165–66 Baglione, Giovanni, 169 Altoriti, Antonio, archbishop of Florence, Baldinucci, Filippo, 169 57 Balduino, Belisario, bishop of Larino, 57 Amadeo, Friar, 222 Báñex, Domingo, 145 Ammanati, Bartholomeo, 161 Barbara de Jesús,Madre, 152 Ana de San Bartolomé,Sister, 144, 147, Barberini, Cardinal Antonio, 163 149 Barberini, Maffeo see Urban VIII, Pope Anabaptists, 56, 62, 63 Barnabites, 28, 35–36, 40 Angelics, 27, 35–36, 40 Baronius, Cardinal Cesare, 108, 134, 136, Angola, 196, 197, 198 169 Anne of Austria, queen of France, 118, Barraigo, Gregorio, 129 147 Bascio, Fra Matteo da, 29 Anti-Trinitarians, 63 Bavaria, 76, 80, 122, 225, 226, 227 Antwerp, 66, 67, 68 artistocratic patrons of the arts, 165 artistic production, 165, 166, 167 rural missions, 224 Marian sodalities, 226, 229 beatas, 151–54

253

254 Index

beatiﬁcations, 127, 140 Bonaventura da Potenza, 138–40 Belen, Gaspar Aquino de, 204 Boncompagni, Cardinal, 108 Belgium, 8, 44, 66–67, 68, 226, Bonomi, Francesco, bishop of Vercelli, 227 115 Bellarmine, Cardinal Roberto, 89, 108, book publishing, 172–86 see also Index of 137 Forbidden Books Benavides, Alonso de, 151 the Bible, 13, 172, 173, 174, 178, 183 Benedict XIII, Pope, 97, 98, 141 censorship see Index of Forbidden Benedict XIV, Pope, 109, 132, 143, 178, Books 216 China, 182–86, 215 Benedictines, 27, 28–29, 74, 84, 165 England, 180 Bernini, Gianlorenzo, 135, 161, 162, 163, Europe, 51–52, 68, 114, 178–82 171 hagiography, 136–38 Bertius, Petrus, 88 Holy Roman Empire, 179 Bertrand, Louis, 130, 141 Iberian colonies, 182 B´erulle, Cardinal Pierre de, 74, 149 Italy, 180 Besaozzi, Fr., 35 Japan, 182, 205, 209 Betrand, Louis, 141 Jesuits (Society of Jesus), 180–82, the Bible 183–84 translations of, 183 marriages, 177 Vulgate, 13, 172, 173, 174, 178 mathematics, 183–84 Bimio, Giovanni Pietro, 115 Mexico, 182 Bishop, William, bishop of Chalcedon, overseas, 182–86 84 Portugal, 179, 182 bishops, 111–26 see also clergy Protestantism and, 172, 174, 175, Belgium, 68 179 censorship by, 172, 173 religious books, 51–52, 175–76, 178–81, divine right of, 20–21, 22 182, 183 France, 69, 75, 117–18 science, 176, 183–84 and German College, 79 secular books, 176, 181–84 Germany, 117 translations, 184–85 Holy Roman Empire, 117 women and, 145–46 Hungary, 93–95 Boonen, Jacques, bishop of Ghent, Ireland, 92 159 Italy, 57–58 Bordini, Gio-Francesco, 117 obligation of residence and Council of Borghese, Camillo see Paul V, Pope Trent, 14, 19–20, 22 Borghese, Francesco, 101, 163 Poland, 62–63 Borghese, Giovanni Battista, 101 Portugal, 46–47 Borghese, Marcantonio, 99–100 and reform of the clergy, 121–22 Borghese, Orazio, 100 saints, 128–29 Borghini, 161 Blackwell, George, 84 Borgia, Cesare, 102 Bobadilla, Alfonso, 223 Borgia, Francisco, duke of Gandia, 127, Bobadilla, Nicolas de, 27 141 Bohemia, 75, 78–79 Borromeo, Cardinal Carlo, 57, 71, 72, the Bible, vernacular, 178 102, 107, 111–16, 136 and Council of Trent, 20 as archbishop of Milan, 55, 112–16, Jesuit missionaries, 32 125 rural missions, 224 artistic representations of, 170 Bolland, Jean, 137–38 canonization of, 129, 132, 133, 140 Bologna, 11, 57, 107–08, 159, 161 and Capuchins, 30 Bologna “Interim”, 15–16 and Council of Trent, 21, 23, 24 and Council of Trent, 15–16 and female religious orders, 37, 42 Jesuit college, 227 seminaries established by, 115 and papacy, 107–08 Borromeo, Francesco, 112

Index 255

Borromeo, Frederico, archbishop of Milan, Carafa, Alfonso, archbishop of Naples, 21, 116, 159, 217 122 patronage of the arts, 163 Carafa, Carlo, 17 Borromini, Francesco, 161 Carafa, Gian Pietro see Paul IV, Pope Bosnia, 95 Caravaggio, A. da, 159, 163 Bosquet, Fran¸cois,bishop of Montpellier, cardinal-nephews and papacy, 102–03 75 Carlo Emanuele I, duke of Savoy, 56 Bossuet, Bishop Jacques Bénigne, 75, Carlowitz, Peace of (1699), 95 218 Carmelites, 27, 34, 37, 135, 138 see also Bossy, John, 6, 9 Discalced Carmelites Boulenoir, Fran¸coise, 155 Carranza, Bartolomé,archbishop of Bourbon, Henri de, bishop of Metz, 75 Toledo, 16, 48 Brancaccio, Leilo, archbishop of Taranto, Casale, Giacinto da, 30 57, 58 Castello, Castellino da, 115 Brazil, 130 Castiglione, Count, 103 Brianto, Giacomo, 161 Castiglione, Giuseppe, 161 Bri¸connet,Bishop, 11 Castilho, Pedro de, bishop of Leiria, 44 Brindisi, Lorenzo da, 30 Castro, Mattheus de, 197 Brizzi, Gian Paolo, 227 Casui Kibe, 209 Broët,Paschase, 27 casuistry, 177 Broggia, Carlo Antonio, 54 catacombs, 136 Brueghel, Jan, 161 Catalani, Bishop Giuseppe, 60 Bruno, Giordano, 177 Catalina de Jesús,Madre, 152 Buddhism and Christianity, 184 catechism schools, 67, 74, 228 in China, 207, 211, 212, 216 Caterina dei Ricci, St., 128, 131, 145, 147, and Japan, 199, 204, 206–7, 209, 148 210 Catherine nuns, 39 Catherine of Siena, St., 128, 148 Cabral, Francisco, 205 Catholic League, 49, 68, 69, 169 Caffarelli, Scipione, 101 Cecilia, St., 136 Calasanza, Joseph, 128 Cecilia del Nacimiento, 148 Calatayud, Pedro de, 54, 224 celibacy, 34, 41, 42, 122–23 Callao, Magdalena, 195 censorship see Index of Forbidden Books Calvinism, 4, 61 Cerda, Luisa de la, 148 and Council of Trent, 18 Cervini, Marcello (later Pope Marcellus in France, 69, 70–74 II), 11, 17, 97 in Netherlands, 82, 86–87, 88 Cesi, Cardinal, 108 in Poland, 62, 64, 65 Chagas, Antóniodas, 45 Camillius of Lellis, St., 130, 143 Chamberlain, Robert, 91 Campanella, Tommaso, 53 Chantal, Jeanne Fran¸coisede, 39, 41, 128, Campion, Edmund, 83, 84, 130, 135, 146, 147, 150 170 charities, 43, 53, 55–56 Cannes, Honoréde, 224 Charles I, cardinal of Lorraine, 71, Cano, Melchior, 47, 48 117 Cape Verde, 196 Charles I, king of England, 70 Capuchins, 27, 29–31, 44, 67 Charles III, duke of Lorraine, 71, in Bohemia, 79 117 in France, 70, 72, 73 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 12, 13, and Ireland, 31 14–15, 16, 18, 24, 175 and Jesuits, 29, 30 chastity and female religious orders, 41, and papacy, 30 42 rural missions, 223, 224 Châtellier,Louis, 218, 225 saints, 127, 129, 130, 143 Chemnitz, Martin, 25 Caracciolo, Cardinal Innico, archbishop of Chiesa, Bernadino della, 214 Naples, 60, 122 Chigi, Fabio see Alexander VII, Pope

256 Index

China, 43, 209–16 exiled Irish clerics, 89–91 book publishing, 182–86, 199, 215 Germanici, 79 and Buddhism, 207, 211, 212, 216 in Holy Roman Empire, 77–78 Chinese Rites Controversy, 109, 185, in Iberian colonies, 192–93, 195 214, 216 incomes, 123–24 and Confucianism, 210–11, 213, 214, Japanese, 205 215, 216 ordination, 120–21 Dominicans in, 214–15 of non-Europeans, 192–93, 197, 203, Donglin movement, 211 205 first British embassy to (1792), 233 pre-Tridentine secular clergy, 120 and France, 177, 214–15 rural priests, 123, 125 Jesuit missionaries, 1, 8, 31, 161, saints, 127 209–16 training, 121 and Paul V, Pope, 212 urbanization of, 125 Chinese priests, seminary in Naples for, 7, Clerks Regular of Somascha, 28 54, 233 Clerks Regular of St. Paul, 28 Choisy, Abbot de, 125–26 Coatl, Juan, 195 Christianity, medieval, 5–6, 130–31 Cock, Hieronimus, 166 Christina, queen of Sweden, 170 Codure, Jean, 27 church buildings, 163–65 Coelho, Gaspar, 206 Gesùchurch in Rome, 163–64, 167–69, Cohon, Anthime Denis, bishop of Nˆımes, 171 72–73, 118 high altar, 228 Colanna, Vittoria, 29 Cibo, Caterina, duchess of Camerino, Colgan, John, 90 29 colleges Cistercians, 74 diocesan seminaries, 121–22 clandestine marriages, 22–23, 74, 77 established by Borromeo, 114–15 class Irish colleges, 89, 122 and Company of the Holy Sacrement, Jesuit, 32–33, 122, 168 218 and Catholic elite, 227–28 and English Catholics, 83, 85 German College in Rome, 79–80, 94, and female religious orders, 34, 37, 40, 118–19, 121 41, 147 in Japan, 205 and Marian sodalities, 227–28 and Marian sodalities, 225–28 and new Catholic elite, 227–28 Roman College, 119, 225 and Protestantism in Poland, 62 San Pablo (Peru), 192, 193 and social background of popes, 99 seminary in São Tomé, 197 and Tridentine clergy, 124–25 Cologne, 76, 78, 79, 80, 117, 123, 228 Clement VII, Pope, 29, 96, 102 clerical reform, 122, 123, 125 Clement VIII, Pope, 84, 97, 99, 132, 134, confessional, 222 173–74 Marian sodalities, 225, 226 Clement IX, Pope, 97, 109 seminary, 122 Clement X, Pope, 97, 109 communion, 221–23, 224 Clement XI, Pope, 97, 109, 216 Company of the Holy Sacrament, 218–19, Clement XII, Pope, 97, 110, 143 221 Clement XIII, Pope, 97, 110, 143, 232 confession, 4, 221–23 Clement XIV, Pope, 232 and Borromeo, 114, 222 Clementi, Rutilio, 161 in Ireland, 92 clergy, 120–26, 217–18 see also bishops; in Philippines, 203 colleges and rural missions, 224 in Belgium, 66–67 confraternities, 67, 74, 224–27 beneficed, 120–21, 124 Confraternities of the Rosaries, 225 and celibacy, 122–23 Confucianism, China mission and, class, 124–25 210–11, 213, 214, 215, 216 clerical congregations, 122 Congo, 196, 198

Index 257

Congregation for the Propagation of Faith, Crescenzio, Cardinal Marcello, 16 95 Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, 170 Congregation of Beatification, 132 Cromwell, Oliver, 93 Congregation of Jesus and Mary, 74 Congregation of Rites, 134, 139 da Cantalice, 132 Congregation of the Index, 173, 174 Dalmatia, 178 Conry, Florence, 89, 90 Davidson, Nicholas, 6 Contarini, Cardinal Gasparo, 11, 35, De Rebaldis, 132 96 death and Catholic renewal, 53–54, Contzen, Maximilian von, 78 227–28 convents see nuns dechristianization, 5 Cortès,Hernando, 187, 190 del Monte, Giovanni Maria (later Pope Cortese, Paolo, 103 Julius III), 10, 16, 17, 24, 97, 100, Cortona, Pietro da, 161, 163 163 Cosimo I, grand duke of Tuscany, 56 Del Pas, 132 Cossack Uprising (1648–1667), 64 della Rovere, Feltre, archbishop of Rimini, Coton, Marie, 41 57 Coton, Pierre, 41, 72 Delumeau, Jean, 4–6, 220 Council of Trent, 10–25, 217 demonic possession and religious women, and the arts, 159, 163 146, 154–58 and bishops’ obligation of residence, 14, Descartes, René, 33, 176, 178 19–20, 22 d’Etaples, Lefevre, 11 and Bohemia, 20 Deus Destroyed (Fucan), 199 Bologna “Interim”, 15–16 devotional prints, 67, 68, 166–67 and canonization of Ignatius, 135 Dias, Luis, 45 and clandestine marriages, 22–23 Dillon, Cecilia and Eleanor, 91 and clerical reform, 23–24 Discalced Carmelites, 34, 37, 42, 49, 63, and confraternities, 225 67, 127, 128, 147, 149, 152 and divine right of bishops, 20–21, 22 church of in Rome, 165 and Emperor Charles V, 12, 13, 14–15, Domenico da Mura, 138–40 16, 18, 24 Dominicans and France, 18–19, 21, 22, 24, 71 in China, 214–15 and Germany, 12–13, 15, 16–17, 18, 19, Confraternities of the Rosaries, 225 22, 24–25 in Iberian colonies, 191 and Holy Roman Empire, 12–13, Jesuits and, 133 18–19, 21–22 and papacy, 98 Index of Forbidden Books, 173, 174, reform movement, 28–29, 44 176 and religious women, 151, 154 and Lutheranism, 11, 12, 13–15, 16–17, saints, 128, 130 18, 25 Savanarola and, 131 and papacy, 12, 14–15, 17–18, 25, 96, and slave trade, 197 106 Dormer, Margaret, 86 papal legates, 10–11, 13, 16, 19–20 Douai College (seminary), 83, 85, 89, and Poland, 19, 62, 63 122 and Protestants, 13, 18–19, 20 Dyck, Anthony van, 169 and religious orders, 23, 28, 33–35 Dzierzgowski, Mikolai, archbishop of and sacraments, 15 Gniezno, 62 saints exemplifying reforms of, 128–29 and Spain, 18, 19, 21, 22, 26 Ecclesiastical Annals (Baronius), 136, 169 Counter-Reformation, concept of, 4, 5–6, education see also colleges 7 catechism schools, 67, 74, 228 Couplet, Joachim, 215 female religious orders, 37–38 Cousin, Bernard, 229 Elison, George, 206 Coutois, Guillaume, 161 Elizabeth I, queen of England, 22, 82–84 Crema, Battista da, 35 Emiliani, Girolamo, 28, 128, 143

258 Index

England Forgách,Ferenc, archbishop of Esztergom, book publishing, 180 94 and Council of Trent, 19, 22 founder-saints, 127–28 Elizabethan, 82–86, 130 Fournier, Catherine, 155 and Irish Catholicism, 88–89, 93 France, 68–75 and Jesuits, 83, 84, 86, 130 Avignon, 71, 116, 117, 120, 122 Popish plot, 85 bishops, 69, 72–74, 75, 117–18 Protestant Reformation, 11 Brittany, 74 women as Catholics in, 85–86 Calvinists (Hugenots), 68, 69, 70–74, English Civil War, 70, 84, 85 218 English Sisters, 27 catechism schools, 74 Enlightened Catholicism, 231 Catholic League, 49, 68, 169 Enlightenment, 5, 7 censorship, 175 Erasmus, 173 Chartres diocese, 73–74, 118 Esne, Michel d’, bishop of Tournai, 118 and China mission, 177, 214–15 Estampes de Valen¸cay, Honor d’, bishop, Company of the Holy Sacrament, 118 218–19, 221 Estampes de Valen¸cay, Léonord’, 73 and Council of Trent, 8, 18–19, 21, 22, Este, Ippolito, 23 24, 71 Esterházy, Miklós, 95 and Counter-Reformation, 61 Estius, Willem, 88 demonic possession cases, 155, 156–58 Eudes, Jean, 74 in eighteenth century, 229 Evennett, Henry Outram, 2, 8 Jesuits, 69, 72, 73 as missionaries, 31 Farnese, Cardinal Alessandro, 23, 102, suppression of, 177, 231 163–64 and the Low Countries, 65 Farnese, Cardinal Ranuccio, 23 monarchy, 69–70, 75, 118 Fathers of the Christian Doctrine, 37, 40 Nˆımes, 70, 71–74, 118 Fathers of the Company of Peace, 37, 40 and papacy, 69, 109 Favre, Pierre, 26 Paris, 74, 109, 122, 124 Fawkes, Guy, 91 Protestant Reformation, 12 Febronius, Justinus (Johann Niklas von requiem masses, 229 Hontheim), 231 rural missions, 224 Felix of Cantalice, 130, 143 saints from, 127 female religious orders see nuns Ursulines, 37–38 Ferdinand, archbishop of Cologne, 78, Francis I, king of France, 12 122 Francis of Assissi, St., 134 Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, 18, Francis Xavier see Xavier, St. Francis 21, 24 Franciscans Ferdinand II, Emperor, 33, 78 canonization of, 138–40 Ferreira, Christovão, 208 friars in Iberian colonies, 187, 188–89, Fiammeri, G.B., 161 190, 193 Fidelis of Sigmaringen (Mark Rey), 130, in Hungary, 94, 95 143 in Ireland, 92 Filomarino, Archbishop Ascanio, 40 in Japan, 207 Fischer von Erlach, Johann Bernhard, 165 papacy and, 98 Fisher, Bishop John, 130 in Poland, 64 Fleichier, Esprit, 73 reform movement, 28–29, 128 Florence Tertiaries, 27 censorship, 174 Francisco de la Cruz, 195–96 charities, 55–56 Fran¸coisde Sales, St., 39, 41, 129, 133, popes from, 97 135, 141, 146, 150 Flores, Gaspar, 153 Fran¸coisde Vendôme, 157 Flores, Rosa see Rosa of Lima, St. Frankfurt Book Fair, 176, 178 Forbes, William and Lord John, 30 French Revolution, 138, 231

Index 259

Fresneda, Bernardo de, bishop of Cuenca, Gordeau, Antoine, 219 116 Granada, Luis de, 44, 183, 206 Fucan, Fabian, 199, 206, 209 Grandier, Urbain, 156–58 Fürstenberg, Franz Egon von, 117 Grassi, Orazio, 161 Gregory XIII, Pope, 25, 29, 83, 97, 113, Gaetano see Thiene, Gaetano 133, 159 Galen, Christoph Bernhard von, bishop of Gregory XIV, Pope, 25, 97, 100 Münster, 80, 81 Gregory XV, Pope, 38, 97, 102, 133 Galicia, 50, 51 Gropper, Johannes, 11, 76 Galilei, Galileo, 176, 178, 183 Guanzelli de Brisghella, Giovanni Maria, Gallican Church see France 174 Gama, Vasco da, 200 Guercino, St. Gregory and the Souls of Garc´ıaof Arahuay, Domingo, 195 Purgatory, 170 Gaston, duke of Orléans, 157 Guerroro, archbishop of Granada, 20 Gaufridy, Louis, 155 Guise, Cardinal, 21, 22, 23, 24 Gault, Jean-Baptiste, 221 Gunpowder Plot (1605), 91 Gerbi, Evangelista, 132 Guyart, Marie see Marie de L’Incarnation German College in Rome, 79–80, 94, 118–19, 121 Haliczer, Stephen, 222 Germany see also Holy Roman Empire; Hals, Frans, 88 Lutheranism Harrach, Cardinal, archbishop of Prague, the Bible, vernacular, 178 118 bishops, 117 Hausen, Wilhelm, 217 Catholic historical scholarship, 2, 4 Henrique, Dom, 196 and Council of Trent, 12–13, 15, 16–17, Henriques, Henrique, 182, 199 18, 19, 22, 24–25 Henry IV, king of France (Henry of in eighteenth century, 227, 229 Navarre), 68–69, 71, 75 Jesuit missionaries, 32 Henry VIII, king of England, 130 Protestant Reformation, 75 Henskens, Godefroid, 137–38 saints from, 127 Herennius, Johannes, 39 Gerolamo de Corrigio, archbishop of heresy, 172, 174 Taranto, 58 hermits, beatas as, 152 Gesù (Roman church of the Jesuits), Hidetada, 208 163–64, 167–69, 171 Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 199, 205, Gesualdo, Scipione, archbishop of Conza, 206–07 57 Hinduism, 198, 201, 202 Gherio, Filippo, bishop of Ischia, 18 Hohenems, Cardinal Mark Sittich von, Ghislieri, Michele see Pius V, Pope 19 Gilberti, bishop of Verona, 29, 113, 114 Holy Roman Empire, 75–81 Gilio, Giovanni Andrea, 159 aristocratic patrons of the arts, 165 Giovanni of Prado, 130 bishops, 117 Gisberti, Michele, 161 book publishing, 179 Giuseppe of Cupertino, St., 128, 143 and Council of Trent, 12–13, 18–19, Giuseppe of Leonessa, St., 129 21–22 Giustiniani, Vincenzo, 163 and Counter-Reformation, 1–2, 61 Goa (Portuguese colony), 196, 197, 198, League of Catholic Princes, 76 200 and the Low Countries, 66 Gon¸calves, Sebastião, 200 and Lutheranism, 75–76 Gondi, Jean-Fran¸coisde, archbishop of Homem, Antonio, 46 Paris, 74, 122 Hosius, Cardinal Stanislas, 19, 39, 62–63, Gonzaga, Cardinal Ercole, 11, 19, 119 20, 21 Huguenots see Calvinism Gonzaga, Luigi, 143 humanism, 184 Gonzago, Cardinal Federigo, 21 Hungary, 82, 93–95 Gonzago, Cardinal Francesco, 29 Huyssens, Pieter, 165

260 Index

Iberian colonies, 8, 187–98 Roman, 17, 18, 35, 36, 43, 57 book publishing, 182 Spanish, 3, 43, 48, 49–51, 151, 152, clergy, 192–93, 195 153–54, 174–75, 229 Guaran´ıIndians, 193–94 and Teresa of Avila, 145 idolatory inspections, 191–92, 195 and Teresa of Avila, St., 152 and Jesuits, 31, 192, 193–94, 197, 200, Ireland, 82, 88–93 201–02 bishops, 92 “man-gods”, 195 and Capuchins, 31 mestizos, 190, 191, 192–93 exiled Irish clerics, 89–91 Mexico, 182, 187, 188–89, 195 Jesuit missionaries, 32 Peru, 153–54, 189–96 Old English in, 88–89, 91–93 Philippines, 8, 198, 199, 202–04 Irish colleges, 89, 122 Portuguese, 196–98, 200–02 Isabel de Jesús, 147, 148, 149, 150 and syncretism, 194–96 Isabel de Jesús(Indian from Peru), 153, and traditional Andean religion, 190, 154 191–92 Isabel de San Jerónimo, 152 Yucatan, 189 Isabella, Archduchess (co-regent of the Ignatius of Loyola (Iñigoof Loyola), 3, Low Countries), 65, 67 26–27, 31, 32, 38, 127, 129, 132, Iserloh, Erwin, 2 165, 217 Islam, Christianity and, 94, 95, 200, 202 artistic representations of, 166, 168, 171 Italy, 8, 43, 54–60 see also individual city canonization of, 132–35, 140 states cult of, 221 artistic patronage, 162–63 illness, benedictions for protecting against, bishops, 57–58 219–20 book publishing, 180 Illyricus, Flaccius, 169 Italian influence in Poland, 63 Imbert, Péronne, 155 Jesuit missionaries, 31 Imitatio Christi (Kempis), 183 Mezzogiorno, 55, 57–59, 60 Incas, 190–91 missions, 59–60 incomes, clergy, 123–24 and new religious orders, 27–28, 29–30 Index of Forbidden Books, 172, 176 and papacy, 96 authors prohibited, 176, 178 rural missions, 224 and Council of Trent, 173, 174, 176 saints from, 127, 133 and Dominicans, 28 sixteenth-century cities, 3 morality in, 176 Ursulines, 37 and papacy, 17, 18, 129 subjects prohibited, 176–78 James I, king of England, 84, 91 India, 31, 182, 196, 197, 198, 200–02, 215 Jan II Kazimierz, king of Poland, 63 Inésde Ubitarte, 153 Jansen, Cornelius, bishop of Ypres, 230 Inésdel Sant´ısimo, 148 Jansenism, 68, 74, 75, 109, 177, 219, 230 Innocent VIII, Pope, 173 and communion, 223 Innocent IX, Pope, 25, 97, 106 Japan, 8, 199, 204–09 Innocent X, Pope, 97, 230 anti-Christian chapbooks, 209 Innocent XI, Pope, 97 book publishing, 182, 205, 209 Innocent XII, Pope, 103, 106, 109, 138 and Buddhism, 199, 204, 206–07, 209, Innocent XIII, Pope, 97 210 Inquisition, 43–44, 133 conflict with Spain, 206–07 and Acta sanctorum, 138 martyrdom of missionaries, 130, 207–09 and Angelics, 35 Jay, Claude, 27 and confessional, 222 Jeanne des Anges, 156–58 in Iberian colonies, 192, 195 Jedin, Hubert, 2, 4 Naples, 58 Jesuits (Society of Jesus), 2, 31–32, 218 Portugal, 43, 45–47, 174–75 and the arts, 161, 165, 166, 170 and religious women, 145, 151, 152, authors prohibited, 177 153–54 book publishing, 180–82, 183–84

Index 261

and Capuchins, 29, 30 Kangxi, Emperor of China, 183, 213, 216 in China, 182–86, 209–16 Karl II, Archduke of Styria, 78 colleges see under colleges Keating, Geoffrey, 90 confession and communion, 223 Kempis, Thomas á, 183 dissolution of, 138, 231–32, 233 Keyersberg, Geiler von, 11 and English Catholicism, 83, 84, 86, Keyser, Hendrick de, 88 130 Kimpa, Vita, 198 and female religious orders, 38–39, 40, Kimura, Sebastião, 205 41, 154 Kirishitan Monogatari, 209 founding of, 26–27 Kostka, Peter, bishop of Chetmno, 119 in France, 31, 69, 72, 73, 231 Kostka, Stanislas, 63, 119, 143, 170 Gesù church in Rome, 163–64, 167–69, 171 La Maza, Gonzalo de, 153 in Holy Roman Empire, 79–80 La Motte-Houdancourt, Bishop, 118 in Hungary, 94, 95 La Trémoille,Henri duc de, 70 in Iberian colonies, 31, 192, 193–94, Labrador, Isidor, 133 197, 200, 201–02 La´ınez,Diego, 26 in India, 200, 201–02 Lamormaini, William, 33 and Inquisition, 151 Landa, Diego de, bishop of Yucatan, in Ireland, 88 189 in Italy, 59–60 Landini, Sylvestre, 223 in Japan, 31, 182, 204–05, 208–09 Langer, William L., 3 in Lorraine, 71, 117 Las Casas, Bartoloméde, 195 in the Low Countries, 66, 67 Last Judgment (Michelangelo), 159, 160 martyrs, 130 Latin America see Iberian colonies missionaries, 6–7, 31–32, 47, 59–60, Lawson, Dorothy, 85–86 233 Lazarists, 27, 59, 127, 128, 223 and papacy, 108, 143, 231–32 Le Clerc, Alix, 38 in Poland, 61, 62–64, 119 Le Tellier, Michel, 177 in Portugal, 47 Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Bishop, 118 and Probabilism, 230 Leduc, Jean, 156 as royal confessors, 33 Leo XI, Pope (Alessandro de’Medici), 97, and rural missions, 223–24 99, 131 saints, 127, 130, 132–35, 143 Leopold-Wilhelm, Archduke, bishop of hagiography of, 136–38 Strasburg, 117 Spanish, 49 Lescot, Jacques, 73, 118 theater, 33 Lessius, Leonardus, 67 Jews Leunis, Father Jean of Liège, 225 and cults of Christian saints, 131 L’Hôpital,Michel de, 18 persecution of, 17 Li Zhizao, 211 in Portugal, 45–46 Lichtenstein, Prince Karl von, 78 in Spain, 49–50 Liguori, Alfonso de’, 59 John of Nepomuk, 131 Lipsius, Justus, 33 Jones, Martin D.W., 6 Lithuania, 62 Joseph, Father (confessor to Richlieu), 156 Little Simon of Trent, cult of, 131 Joseph I, emperor of Austria, 77 Long War (1683), 95 Joseph II, emperor of Austria, 231 Longobardo, Niccolò, 212 Joyeuse, Cardinal Fran¸coisde, 75 Lopez, Greggorio (Luo Wenzao), 214 Joyeuse, Henri de, count of Bouchage, 30 Lorraine, 71, 117, 122, 226, 227 Juan, Gregorio, 195 Loudon, demonic possession case in, Juan de la Cruz, St., 128 156–58, 177 Julius II, Pope, 106 Louis II, king of Hungary, 93 Julius III, Pope (Giovanni Maria del Louis XIII, duke of Orléans, 157 Monte), 10, 16, 17, 24, 97, 100, Louis XIII, king of France, 69, 71, 218, 163 229

262 Index

Louis XIV, king of France, 66, 69, 73, 75, Marie de L’Incarnation, 146, 148, 149, 109, 125–26, 165, 215, 229, 230 150–51, 157 and Jansenism, 230 Marie de Sanis, 155–56 Louis XV, king of France, 229 Marinoni, Giovanni, 127, 143 Low Countries see Belgium; Netherlands marriages Loyola, Ignatius see Ignatius of Loyola book publishing, 177 (Iñigoof Loyola) and Catholicism in Italy, 58 Luca, Giovanni Battista de, 107 and celibacy, 34 Ludovisi, Cardinal, 102, 134 clandestine, 22–23, 74, 77 Luña,Count de, 22 common-law and priests, 123 Luo Wenzao, bishop of Nanjing, 214 mixed marriages in France, 72, 73 Luther, Martin, 28, 75 and Protestantism, 34 Lutheranism, 4 and religious women, 149–50, 154 and Council of Trent, 11, 12, 13–15, and Tridentine Catholicism in Ireland, 16–17, 18, 25 92 and Holy Roman Empire, 75–76 Marseilles, demonic possession cases in, in Holy Roman Empire, 75–76 155 in Hungary, 93 Martin V, Pope, 12, 103 in Poland, 62, 64, 65 Martires, Bartolomeu dos, archbishop of Luxembourg, 227 Braga, 23, 44, 111 martyrs, 130–31, 143 Macartney, George, First Earl, 233 artistic representations of, 170 MacCaughwell, Hugh, 91 missionaries in Japan, 130, 207–09 Machiavelli, N., The Prince, 174, 176 Mary Tudor, queen of England, 22, 48, Maciejowski, Bernard, primate of Poland, 82 119 Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572), 69 MacMahon, Eugene, bishop of Dublin, 91 mathematics, 183–84 Madeleine Demandolx de la Palud, Sister, Maunoir, Julien, 224 155 Maximilian II, duke of Bavaria, 33 Maderna, Stefano, 136 Maximilian-Emmanuel II, duke of Bavaria, Madruzzo, Cardinal Cristofaro, 13, 121 224 Madruzzo, Cardinal Ludovico, 121 Maza, Gonzalo de la, 146, 153 Magni, Valeriano, 30 Mazarin, Cardinal, 73, 75, 109 Maigrot, Charles, 215, 216 Medici, Alessandro de’ see Leo XI, Pope Mainz, edicts of (1470), 172 (Alessandro de’Medici) Malagrida, Gabriel, 231 Medici, Gian Angelo see Pius IV, Pope Maluenda, Tomásde, 53 Medici, Marie de’, queen of France, 70 Manoel, king of Portugal, 200 Melgarejo, Luisa, 153 Marcela de San Félix, 148 Melo, Joãode, 46 Marcellus II, Pope (Marcello Cervini), 11, Melso, Fr., 35 17, 97 Mendieta, Gerónimode, 187, 188 Mar´ıa Agreda, 41, 42, 49, 146, 148, 149, Mendoza, Diego Ramirez, bishop of 150, 177 Sedeño, 116 Maria de San Alberto, 148 Mendoza, Francisco de, archbishop of Mar´ıa de San José, 152 Burgos, 116 Mar´ıa de Santo Domingo, 153 Mercado, Tomásde, 197 Mar´ıa de Uzátequi, 153 merchants and Catholic renewal in Spain, Maria Maddalena de Pazzi, 132 53–54 Mar´ıa Magdalena dei Pazzi, St., 128, 141, Merici, Angela, 37 146, 148 Mespelbrünn,Julius Echter von, bishop of Maria of Austria, 134 Würzburg, 117 Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 77 messianic movements, Portugal, 45 Marian sodalities, 67, 166–67, 218, Mexico, 182, 187, 188–89, 195 224–27, 229 Mezes, Alexio de, 201 Mariana, Juan, 69 Mezzabarba, Jean Ambrose, 216

Index 263

Michaelis, Father Sebastian, 155 Murner, Thomas, 175 Michelangelo, 162 Muslims, Christians and, 94, 95 The Last Judgment, 159, 160 mystical texts, 177 Milan mystic-saints, 128, 147–49, 170–71 artistic patronage, 163 Borromeo as archbishop of, 55, 112–16, Nadal, Jerónimo, 183 125, 129, 163, 222 Nantes, Edict of (1598), 68, 69, 73, 218, Tridentine Catholicism, 55, 115–17 219 missionaries see also Iberian colonies Revocation of (1685), 69, 73 from Belgium, 68 Naples, 54, 60 in Bohemia, 79 charities, 56 in China, 31, 161, 209–16 chiesa ricettizie, 57 in Dutch Republic, 87–88 clergy, 120, 122, 125 in England, 84–85, 86 Collegio dei Cinesi, 7, 54, 233 in France, 73 expulsion of Jesuits, 231 in Hungary, 94, 95 female monasteries, 40 in Italy, 59–60 Marian sodalities, 226, 227 in Japan, 8, 199, 204–09 religious persecution of minorities, 56 Jesuit, 6–7, 31–32, 47, 59–60, 84, 161, seminary, 122 209–16, 233 Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of France, in Ottoman Empire, 82 234 in Philippines, 8, 198, 202–04 Negri, Paola Antonia, 35, 36 and religious women, 150–51 Nepomuk, John, 170 rural missions, 223–24 nepotism, 99, 101–03 missionary-saints, 129–30 Neri, Filippo, 3, 74, 128, 130, 131, 132, Mohacs, Battle of (1526), 93 133, 135, 136, 140, 141, 146, 148 Molière, Tartuffe, 219 artistic representation of, 171 Molinos, Miguel de, 177 Neri, Tommaso, 146, 148 monarchy Netherlands Catholic Netherlands, 67–68 Dutch Republic, 86–88 French, 69–70, 75, 118 Jesuit missionaries, 32 Polish, 63 Spanish (Catholic), 65–68, 87 Spanish, 3, 187 and art, 159, 165 and St. Peter’s basilica, 169 Calvinism, 82, 86–87, 88 monasteries see religious orders censorship, 175 Montano, Benito Arias, 179 demonic possession cases, 155–56 Montmorency, duke of (Protestant English Catholic exiles, 83 rebellion leader), 70, 72 Irish exiles, 89, 90–91 Montmorency, Nicholas de, 155–56 monarchy, 67–68 Montufar, Archbishop Alonso de, 197 priests, 124, 125 moral theology, 177 religious orders, 67 morality, censorship and, 176 and royal patronage, 67–68, 118 More, Thomas, 130, 170 Neumann, Balthasar, 165 Morillas, Cecilia, 148 New Christians, 46, 50 Morone, Cardinal Giovanni, 13, 17, 18, New Mexico, Mar´ıaAgreda’s vision of, 21–22, 24, 36, 118 151 Moscoso, Bishop Alvaro de, 116 new religious orders see religious orders Mozambique, 198 Niabara, Luis, 205 Mullett, Michael, 6 Nˆımes, 70, 71–74, 118 Munich, 80, 227 Nine Year’s War (1594–1603), 89 Muñoz, Bishop Miguel, 116 Noailles, Gaston de, bishop of Muñoz, Juan, 154 Chalons-sur-Marne, 177, 220–21 Münster, 75, 78, 80, 81, 122, 226, 227 Nobili, Roberto de, 198, 202 Murartori, Antonio, 54, 231 Nobunaga, Oda, 204, 205, 206 Murillo, BartoloméEsteban, 169, 170 Nolleau, J.-B., 219

264 Index

nuns, 146–51 see also names of individual and Council of Trent, 12, 14–15, 17–18, religious orders; women 25, 96, 106 and demonic possession, 146, 154–58 critics of papal authority, 230–31 female religious orders, 27, 33–42 in eighteenth century, 110, 143 education, 37–38 and Elizabethan Catholicism, 83 enclosure, 33–35, 38, 40, 42 expenditure, 104, 105 and endangered sanctity, 42 and France, 69, 109 in France, 37–38, 74 and Inquisition, 48 in Netherlands, 67 and Jesuits, 108, 143, 231–32 and paired saintliness, 40–41 and nepotism, 99, 101–03, 106 upper-class women in, 34, 37, 40, 41, nuncios, 105 147 and patronage, 101–03 and the women’s question, 41 and sainthood, 131 mystics, 128, 147–49 and sale of offices, 105, 106–07 in seventeenth century, 108–09 Observants, 29, 64, 128, 129 social background of popes, 99 O’Connell, Marvin R., The and Spain, 47, 48, 133 Counter-Reformation, 3 and trade and industry, 105–06 O’Devany, Cornelius, bishop of Down, and Venice, 108 91 Papenbroek, Daniel van, 137–38 O’Hussey, Bonaventure, 89, 90 Paraguay, 47 Olin, John C., 3 Paris, 74, 109, 122, 124 Oliva, Giovanni Paolo, 161, 164, 170 Pascal, Blaise, 176, 230 Oliveira, Fernando, 197 patronage Olivier, Bernard, 223 and nun-mystics, 147–48 Omura Sumitada (Dom Bartolomeu), 204, and papacy, 101–03 205 and politics of sainthood, 133–36 O’Neill, Henry, 90, 93 religious art, 162–64 O’Neill, Hugh, 89 Paul III, Pope (Alessandro Farnese), 12, O’Neill, Owen Roe, 91 13, 24, 27, 28, 36, 97, 98, 100, 102 Oratorians, 74, 127, 135, 164 Paul IV, Pope (Gian Pietro Carafa), 17–18, Oratory of Divine Love, 128 63, 97, 119, 129, 173 Ormaneto, Niccolò, 112 and religious orders, 27, 29, 35, 98, Orsini, Vincenzo Maria, bishop of 129 Benvento, 60 Paul V, Pope (Camillo Borghese), 97, Orthodox Church, 64–65 99–101, 104, 108, 132 Otomo Sorin Yoshishige, 206 and canonization of Ignatius, 134 Ottoman Empire, 82, 93–94, 95 and Catholicism in China, 212 Ottonelli, Gian Domenico, 161 patronage of the arts, 162, 163, 169 Oviedo, Andrea de, 223 Roman ritual, 220 Pázmány, Peter, Archbishop of Esztergom, Pagani, Antonio, 36 94 Palafox y Mendoza, Juan, archbishop of Pedro IV, king of Congo, 198 Puebla de Los Angeles, 192 Pena, ˜ Alonso de la, archbishop of Quito, Palatinate, 76 192 Paleotti, Gabriele, archbishop of Bologna, Pérez, Ana Mar´ıa, 153, 154 11, 57, 107–08, 159, 161 Pérez, Antonio, 195 papacy, 7, 96–101 see also under individual Peru, 153–54, 189–96 popes religious women in, 153–54 administration, 104–06 Peter of Alcantara, 128, 140, 141 and the arts, 162–63, 169 Philip II, king of Spain, 18, 19, 44, 48, 65, and Avignon, 71 84, 89, 116, 118 and Bologna, 107–08 and Duchy of Milan, 113 canonization of saints, 131–32 and papacy, 100 and Capuchins, 30 and saints, 133, 134 and college of cardinals, 103–04 Philip III, king of Spain, 48, 49

Index 265

Philip IV, king of Spain, 41, 49, 148 Protestant historiography, 3–4 Philippines, 8, 198, 199, 202–04, 214 Protestant Reformation, 234 see also philosophy books, 176, 184 Calvinism; individual countries; Pianetti, Bishop of Carlo Maria, 60 Lutheranism Piarists, 127, 128 book publishing and, 172 Pii Operai, 59 and Counter-Reformation, 1, 5, 56, pilgrimages, 228, 229 218 in Germany, 81 Protestantism see also Calvinism; popular art at sites of, 166–67 Lutheranism Piñeda,Juan de, 53 book publishing, 175, 179 Pinpin, Tomás, 203 book publishing and, 172, 174 Pius IV, Pope (Gian Angelo Medici), 18, and Catholic bishops, 13 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 97, 102 and Council of Trent, 11–12, 13, 16–17, and Carlo Borromeo, 111 18–19, 20 Pius V, Pope (Michele Ghislieri), 33, 83, and Counter-Reformation iconography, 96, 97, 98, 106, 129, 173 169–70 Pizzaro, Francisco, 190 and Irish Catholics, 93 Plantin Polyglot Bible, 179 in Italy, 174 Plato, 184 and marriage, 34 Polanco, Juan Alfonso de, 133 and papal nuncios, 105 Poland, 8, 61–65 in Poland, 62, 65 the Bible, vernacular, 178 Protestants at Jesuit colleges, 32 bishops, 62–63 in Spain, 48, 49–51 Calvinism in, 62, 64, 65 and traditional religious orders, 28–29 and Council of Trent, 19, 62, 63 Protmann, Regina, 39 Franciscans in, 64 Prussia, 62 Italian influence in Poland, 63 Psaume, Bishop Nicolas, 117 and Jesuits, 61, 62–64, 119 Pueto, Cardinal Giacomo, 19 Lutheranism in, 62, 64, 65 “pure love”, 177 monarchy, 63 Pütter, Johann Stephan, 1 Protestant Reformation, 12 Protestantism in, 62, 65 Quietism, 177 saints from, 127 Pole, Cardinal Reginald, 11, 13, 17, 48 Radizwell, George, bishop of Cracow, Polish Brethren, 63 119 Poma de Ayala, Felipe Guaman, 192 Rafael, Vincente, 204 Pombal, marquis de, 47, 197, 231 Ram´ırez,Martin, 53 Poor Clares, 67, 91 Randell, Keith, 6 Portugal, 43, 44–47 Ranke, Leopold von, 2 bishops, 46–47 Recollects, 67 book publishing, 179, 182 Reformation see Protestant Reformation clandestine marriages, 23 Régis, Jean-Fran¸cois, 130, 143, 223 colonies, 196–98 Reinhard, Wolfgang, 4 dissolution of Jesuits, 231 religious orders, 7, 26–42 see also names of episcopal visitations, 46–47 individual religious orders Inquisition, 43, 45–47, 174–75 artistic patronage, 163–64 messianic movements, 45 and Council of Trent, 23, 28, 33–35 New Christians, 46 female see nuns religious orders, 44 in France, 74 Poussin, Nicolas, 136, 165 in Naples, 40, 56 Pozzo, Andrea, 161 in Netherlands, 67 Preston, Thomas, 91 and papacy, 98 pre-Tridentine Christianity see Portugal, 44 Christianity, medieval reformers of, 128 priests see clergy saints from, 127 probabilism, 177, 230 Theatines, 17

266 Index

Rembrandt van Rijn, 88 Sacrato, Jacomo, bishop of Carpentras, Reni, Guido, 171 116, 117 requiem mass, 228–29 Sadolet, Jacques, bishop of Carpentras, Retz, Cardinal de, archbishop of Paris, 75, 117 109 Sahagún,Bernadino de, 188 Revius, Jacobus, 132, 217 saints, 127–43, 160 see also names of Rey, Mark, 130, 143 individual saints Rhetius, Johann, 80 artistic representations of, 170–71 Ribadeneyra, Pedro de, 133, 134 bishops, 128–29 Ricci, Matteo, 184, 185, 186, 210–11, canonization of, 109, 129, 131–32, 142, 212, 213, 214, 216 138–43 Richelieu, Cardinal, 33, 69–70, 73, 118, catacombs, 136 156, 157 cults, 135 and Jansenism, 230 exemplifying reforms of Council of Rinuccini, Cardinal, 93 Trent, 128–29 Rodrigues, Simão, 27 female, 144–46 Rohan, duke of (Protestant rebellion founder-saints, 127–28 leader), 70, 72 hagiography of, 136–38 Roma sotterranea (Severano), 136 healing saints, 140, 219–20 Roman Indexes of prohibited books see heroes, 140–43 Index of Forbidden Books martyrs, 130–31 Roman Inquisition, 17, 18, 35, 36, 43, 57, in Middle Ages, 130–31 173 missionary-saints, 129–30 Roman Ritual, 220 mystics, 128, 170–71 Romania, 95 nationalities of, 142 Rome and politics of patronage, 133–36 artistic patronage, 159, 162–63 popular devotion to, 219–21 catacombs, 136 reformers of religious orders, 128 church buildings, 163–64 social workers, 130 Discalced Carmelites, 165 Sales, Fran¸coisde see Fran¸coisde German College, 79–80, 94, 118–19, Sales, St. 121 Salmerón,Alfonso, 20, 26, 27 Gesù church, 163–64, 167–69, 171 Sandoval, Alonso de, 197 Marian sodalities, 225, 226 São Tomé, 196, 197 Rosa of Lima, St., 128, 141, 146, 147, Sarpi, Paolo, 108, 177 148, 149, 150, 153–54, 191 Savonarola, Girolamo, 3, 131–32 Rosweyde, Heribert, 136–37 Savoy, 127 Rothe, David, bishop of Ossory, 92 Schall, Johann Adam von, 213–14 Rozdrazewski, Jerome, bishop of Cujavie, Schnabel, Ida, 39 119 science books, 176, 183–84 Rubens, Peter Paul, 134, 161, 166, 169, Scotland, 19, 32 170 Scribani, Carolus, 67 altar pieces, 165, 168 Sebastian, king of Portugal, 44, 45 copper engravings, 166 Seghers, Daniel, 161 Ruggieri, Michele, 210 Segneri, Paolo, 224 Ruiz, Simon, 53 Segneri, Paolo the Younger, 224 rural areas Séguier, Jacques, 73 eighteenth century religious revival, Semedo, Alonso de, 212 227–28 seminaries see colleges importance of saints and relics, 219–21 Seraphino, St., 128, 143 missions, 223–24 Seripando, Cardinal Girolamo, 19, 20, 21, priests, 122–23, 125 28 sexuality and female religious orders, 34 Sacchi, Andrea, 163 Sforza, Bona, 63 sacraments and Council of Trent, 15 Shen Que, 212

Index 267

shrines in South Germany, 81 Staunton, Sir George Thomas, 233 Sidotti, Battista, 209 Stefan Batory, king of Poland, 63, 64 Sigismund III, king of Poland, 63, 64, Suárez, Alfonso, 69 119 Suárez, Francisco, 44 Simonetta, Cardinal Ludovico, 19, 20, 21, Suleiman, Sultan, 93 22 Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 183 Sixtus IV, Pope, 103 Sunday schools, 67 Sixtus V, Pope, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 106, Surin, Jean-Joseph, 157, 177 131, 162 Switzerland, 129, 178 Skarga, Piotr, 64 syncretism in Iberian colonies, 194–96 slave trade and Portuguese colonies in Szszkowski, Martin, bishop of Cracow, 119 Africa, 197–98 Slovakia, 94, 95 Tanner, Mathias, 132 Smalkald League, 11, 13 Tartuffe (Molière), 219 Smith, Richard, bishop of Chalcedon, 84 Tarugi, Francesco Maria, 117 social-worker saints, 130 Teresa of Avila, St., 34–35, 37, 41, 42, 53, Society of Jesus see Jesuits 63, 128, 175, 217 Socinus, Lelio, 61 and Ana de San Bartolomé, 144, 147, Solano, Francisco, 129 148 Somaschi Order, 56, 127, 128 artistic representation of, 170 Sorbonne, 175 and beatas, 154 Soto, Dr. Juan de, 153 Bernini’s sculpture of, 135, 165, 171 Southwell, Robert, 84, 130 canonization of, 133, 135–36, 140, 148 Spain, 3, 43, 47–54 see also Iberian and Inquisition, 145, 152 colonies; Netherlands, Spanish and male clerics, 144–45, 149 (Catholic) missionary zeal, 150 book publishing, 179, 182 and mysticism, 147, 149 and the Catholic League, 69 protectors, 148 conflict with Japan, 206–07 treatment of her corpse, 135–36 and Council of Trent, 18, 19, 21, 22 Vida, 145 and English Catholicism, 83, 84, 85 Theatines, 17, 27–28, 56, 98, 133, 164 and France, 69, 70 saints, 127, 143 indoctrination, 52–53 Thiene, Gaetano, 127, 133, 141 Inquisition, 3, 43, 48, 49–51, 151, 152, Thirty Year’s War (1618–48), 30, 33, 76, 153–54, 174–75, 229 79, 108, 133, 165, 230 and Irish Catholicism, 93 Thomas of Villaneuva, archbishop of and Italy, 55 Valencia, 130, 141, 170 Jesuits, 49, 231 Tokugawa, Ieyasu, 207, 209 masses for the dead, 53–54, 229 Toledo, Cardinal Francisco, 134 Milanese model of episcopal reform, 116 Toledo, Francisco de, 16, 17, 134, 190 monarchy, 3, 48, 187 Torelli, Ludovica, 35, 36, 40 Moriscos, 49, 50, 130 Toribio of Mogrobejo, 129 and papacy, 47, 48, 133 Tournon, Charles Maillard de, Cardinal, religious books, 51–52, 177 19, 216 rural missions, 224 Transylvania, 93, 94, 95 saints from, 127, 133 Tremblay, Joseph du, 30, 70 Tridentine reforms, 8, 52–54 Trigault, Nicholas, 212 union with Portugal, 44 Trisanto, G., 161 Sri Lanka, 196 Truchsess, Otto von, bishop of Augsburg, St. Bartholomew, Massacre of (1572), 69 117 St. Gregory and the Souls of Purgatory Tschernembl, Georg Erasmus von, 78 (Guercino), 170 St. Thomas Christians, 201 Uchanski, Archbishop Jacob, 63, 119 Standaert, Nicolas, 185 Ukraine, 64 Staunton, Sir George Leonard, 233 Ulhoa, Bishop Martinho de, 197

268 Index

Union of Brest (1596), 64 Warszewicki, Stanislas, 64 Unitarians, 62 Weber, Max, 4 Urban VII, Pope, 25, 97 White Mountain, Battle of (1620), 169, Urban VIII, Pope (Maffeo Barberini), 97, 217 106, 132, 162, 163, 230 widows in religious orders, 41, 149–50 Ursulines, 27, 37–38, 39, 40–41, 42, 73, Wiler, Georg, 178 147 Wilhelm, Wolfgang, duke of demonic possession cases, 155, 156–58 Palatinate-Neuburg, 79 William, prince of Orange, 86 Vagoni, Alfonso, 212 Wimmenum, Lord van, bailiff of Rijnland, Valernod, Pierre de, 71, 72 87 Valignano, Alessandro, 205, 207, 210, 214 witchcraft, 154–55 Van Espen, Zega-Bernard, 231 Wittelsbach, Ernst von, archbishop of Vasconcelos e Sousa, Bishop Antóniode, Cologne, 117, 122 46 Wittelsbach, Ferdinand, archbishop of Vaudémont,Cardinal de, 117 Cologne, 117, 122 Velasco, Inés, 153, 154 Wladyslaw IV, king of Poland, 63 Vendeville, Jean, bishop of Tournai, 118 women, 144–58 see also nuns Vendôme,Elizabeth de, duchess of beatas, 151–54 Genevais-Nemours, 39 English Catholic, 85–86 Vendôme,Fran¸coisde, duke of Beaufort, and Inquisition in Portugal, 46 157 Kimpa Vita, 198 Venice male attitudes to female religiosity, book publishing, 52, 56, 177 144–46 charities, 55–56 saints, 144–46 and papacy, 108 Woonsel, Melchior van, 167 persecution of religious minorities, 56 Wotucki, Paul, bishop of Cujavie, 119 Verbiest, Ferdinand, 1, 213 Woyna, Benedict, bishop of Vilnius, 119 Vermeer, Johannes, 88 Wujek, Jacob, 63 Veronese, Paolo, 159 Württemberg, Carl Alexander, duke of, Viera, António, 45, 198 79 Villagómez,Pedro de, archbishop of Lima, 191 Xainctonge, Anne de, 38 Villapando, Juan de, 152 Xainctonge, Fran¸coise, 38 Villemontée,Bishop Fran¸coisde, 118 Xavier, Jéronimo, 202 Vincent de Paul, St., 27, 59, 74, 128, 218 Xavier, St. Francis, 26, 53, 129, 133, 135, and rural missions, 223 140, 141, 165, 167, 200, 201–02, Vincent Ferrer, St., 223 224 Virgin Mary, 217 death, 209 artistic representations of, 159, 169 in Japan, 31, 204 cults of, 49, 57, 109, 195 Xu Guangqi, 185, 211, 212, 215 Marian sodalities, 218, 224–27, 229 Visitadines (Visitation nuns), 27, 39–40, Yang Guangxian, 213 127, 128, 135, 147 Yang Tingyun, 185, 211 Vondel, Joost van den, 88 Yongzheng, Emperor, 216 Vosmeer, Sasbout, 87 Yucatan, 189

Wagereckh, Johann Sigmund, 80 Zaccaria, Antonio, 28, 40 Waldburg, Gebhard Truchsess von, Zeeden, Ernst Walter, 4 archbishop of Cologne, 117 Zerola, Tommaso, 223 War of Spanish Succession, 224 Zhang Xingyao, 215 Ward, Mary, 38–39, 86 Zurbano, Lupercio, 193