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Cultural Mapping Series (Pilot) 2019 Training and Doctrine Command, ACE Operational Environment Integration Global Cultural Knowledge Network Cultural Mapping Series (Pilot) Nigeria 14 January 2019 Overall Classification: Unclassified Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Cultural Mapping Series (Pilot) Nigeria 14 January 2019 Global Cultural Knowledge Network (GCKN) Operational Environment Integration Directorate (OEI) Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) 801 Harrison Dr., Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027 Website: https://community.apan.org/wg/gckn/ Table of Contents Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... ii Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Nigeria: A Complex Operational Environment ............................................................................................ 2 Cultural Mapping Analysis: Layer Composites ............................................................................................ 5 Representing and Replicating Conditions in Realistic Training ................................................................. 16 Appendix A: Individual Layers................................................................................................................... 19 Appendix B: Interactive Layered Map........................................................................................................ 36 Appendix C: SCAF Framework .................................................................................................................. 38 Endnotes ...................................................................................................................................................... 39 i Foreword The Cultural Mapping Series (CMS), created by the US Army’s Training and Doctrine Command G2’s (TRADOC G2) Operational Environment Integration Directorate (OEI) and the Global Cultural Knowledge Network (GCKN), fuses geospatial analysis with socio-cultural considerations to facilitate understanding of the operational environment (OE) and enable the creation of more realistic conditions and depth in training environments. To facilitate training reflective of real-world OE conditions, CMS products include a discussion of how socio-cultural phenomena might be replicated in notional OEs, such as those developed for the Decisive Action Training Environment (DATE). Additionally, CMS products incorporate a number of social theories and principles to enable a better understanding of the phenomena occurring within the specific OE covered. A brief catalogue of these concepts is included in the section on training in order to provide more depth for future discussions on improving how socio-cultural factors can be realistically replicated within training environments. Achieving realistic training environments requires the initial environment be reflective of real world situations, and be capable of adapting and reacting in a realistic manner to the actions taken by those individuals conducting the training. The CMS has been designed using guidance presented within the US Army Learning Concept for Training and Education (ALC-TE)1 to ensure that realistic OE complexities are depicted within the training environment: (1) “Portray the complex environment to develop leaders, Soldiers, Army civilians, and teams that understand the situation, apply appropriate judgment, adapt to changing conditions, and transition effectively between operations.”2 (2) “Create situations allowing individuals and teams to master fundamentals and hone skills.” 3 (3) “Present complex dilemmas forcing leaders to think clearly about war to match tactical actions with operational and strategic objectives.”4 (4) “Create situations allowing individuals and teams to experience, become comfortable, and eventually thrive in ambiguity and chaos and then provide meaningful feedback on their performance.”5 CMS Nigeria represents the first iteration of an innovative new process that is still in development. Each subsequent CMS product will benefit from the lessons learned and feedback associated with this product. OEI and GCKN invite you to ask questions and provide constructive feedback concerning the process involved in the creation of CMS products, as well as the findings specific to the OE presented within this document. Penny Mellies Director Operational Environment Integration Directorate TRADOC G2 ii Executive Summary The Cultural Mapping Series (CMS) tells a story about an operational environment (OE) through the combination of multiple map layers and an examination of the spatial patterns that emerge in the resulting composite. Presented here is a narrative about Nigeria based on are four such composites, created from a bank of 16 map layers covering the Nigerian OE and with topics spanning five general categories: physical, socio-cultural, events, perceptions, and temporal. The purpose of the CMS is twofold; first, it serves to inform. The story told through the analysis of the composites can give a healthy snapshot of the socio-cultural issues and challenges of the OE. The composites can also be altered or new composites can be created altogether in order to help answer a specific question. Second, it serves to facilitate training by illuminating the geospatial component of the OE and utilizing social theories that may explain various socio-cultural phenomena. Composites and layers such as presented here can also be used to flesh out notional OEs in an exercise environment. In the case of Nigeria, each composite led to the development of a particular judgment about the socio- cultural issues and challenges in the OE: 1. Ethno-linguistic divisions within Nigeria are shaped by geographic features, and exacerbated by the availability of economic opportunity and the codification of ethnocentric/religiously based systems of law. 2. Areas in which a majority of the population are Muslim, and that have adopted Sharia Law at the state level, correspond with regions that are economically hindered by insufficient infrastructure and economic opportunity relative to the rest of the country. 3. The 2015 Election results are reflective of the increased politicization of identity, which is a result of uneven economic development and opportunity and is reflected in both perceptions of trust concerning leaders with different social-identities and voter participation. 4. Violence across Nigeria is occurring as a result of social and economic tensions aggravated by increased interactions between highly mobile populations. While the violence is linked to broader social and economic trends, it remains relatively localized. While the judgments above are specific to the Nigerian OE, the underlying thematic conditions (push/pull factors, resource scarcity, demographic shifts, etc.) can be applied in other OEs, both actual and notional, that have similar conditions. Understanding how these socio-cultural conditions exhibit themselves in one OE will aid in understanding their presentation elsewhere. iii Introduction CMS products are designed to address two distinct yet overlapping audiences by conducting OE analysis and providing the foundation for the accurate replication of complex real world socio-cultural phenomena in a training environment. CMS Nigeria is designed to not only tell the reader about Nigeria, but also to show them how socio-cultural information can be displayed geospatially in a way that allows correlations, patterns, and themes to be identified. This unique blend of geospatial information with a socio-cultural emphasis is intended to have utility for several audiences. The first intended audience for CMS Nigeria consists of those individuals and organizations who are specifically focused on Nigeria, and who are seeking an analytic product focused on the socio-cultural aspects of an OE. By conducting analysis on geospatial data, GCKN has identified correlations and developed the following four judgments concerning socio-cultural phenomena within Nigeria: 1. Ethno-linguistic divisions within Nigeria are shaped by geographic features, and exacerbated by the availability of economic opportunity and the codification of ethnocentric/religiously based systems of law. 2. Areas in which a majority of the population are Muslim, and that have adopted Sharia Law at the state level, correspond with regions that are economically hindered by insufficient infrastructure and economic opportunity relative to the rest of the country. 3. The 2015 Election results are reflective of the increased politicization of identity, which is a result of uneven economic development and opportunity and is reflected in both perceptions of trust concerning leaders with different social-identities and voter participation. 4. Violence across Nigeria is occurring as a result of social and economic tensions aggravated by increased interactions between highly mobile populations. While the violence is linked to broader social and economic trends, it remains relatively localized. The second intended audience for CMS Nigeria is training specific, particularly those individuals and organizations tasked with the development, implementation, and adaptation of training
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