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Rural Sustainable Development Policies in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Their Impact on Migration

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Rural Sustainable Development Policies in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Their Impact on Migration Rural Sustainable Development Policies in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and their Impact on Migration The Case of Erbil Governorate BY HEMN A. MAWLOOD NANAKALI March 29, 2021 TU-DORTMUND FACULTY OF SPATIAL PLANNING P a g e | B Rural Sustainable Development Policies in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and their Impact on Migration The Case of Erbil By Nanakali, Hemn Abdulkareem Mawlood A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of a Doctor rerum politicarum awarded by the Faculty of Spatial Planning, TU- Dortmund Dissertation Committee: Chair of the dissertation committee Prof. Dr. phil. habil Karsten Zimmermann Univ.-Prof. Dr. Einhard Schmidt-Kallert Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dietwald Gruehn This dissertation was successfully defended on March 29, 2021, at the Faculty of Spatial Planning, Technical University of Dortmund, Germany March 29, 2021 Dortmund, Germany Declaration I hereby declare that this doctoral dissertation is the result of an independent investigation. Where it is indebted to the work of others, acknowledgements have duly been made. Hemn Nanakali Dortmund, March 2021 P a g e | 2 Dedication This piece of work is dedicated to all villagers in the rural areas in the Kurdistan Region P a g e | 3 Acknowledgement First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for his showers of blessings throughout my research and work conducted to successfully complete this research. I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my research supervisors, Professor Dr. Einhard Schmidt-Kallert, Professor Dr. Dietwald Gruehn and Prof. Dr. phil. habil Karsten Zimmermann for their guidance and patience along the process, and special thanks go to the Faculty of the Spatial Planning of the TU-Dortmund. I am extremely grateful to my parents for their love, prayers, caring and sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my future. I am very thankful to my wife Treefa and my children Dana, Twana and Rosana for their love, understanding, prayers and continuing support to complete this research work. Also I express my thanks to my sisters and brother for their support and valuable prayers. My special thanks go to my friends and colleagues for their keen interest shown to support the successful completion of this thesis. P a g e | 4 Abstract Rural migration in Kurdistan Region has occurred in two different patterns as a result of two different policies. The first pattern was a forced migration by a policy of the Iraqi government. This policy resulted in total demolition and evacuation of 4000 villages and lasted between five to 17 years, depending on the area. In contrast, the second migration was a consequence of push and pull factors. After the approval of the new investment law by the Kurdistan Region Government in 2006, this region was quickly developed and several sectors were significantly improved, such as the oil and construction sectors which pulled labour force everywhere to different sectors. However, the agricultural sector was not that much in the focus of the government and investors as compared like the other sectors. Hence, this development caused significant rural to urban migration and had severe adverse impacts, even ruin, for agricultural projects. This study describes the size of the demolition, and additionally investigates the most effective factor for migration after 1991. On the other hand, the study also explains how the government dealt with this phenomenon. The study employed a mixed-methods research design involving archival methods for the extent of the demolition. Furthermore, questionnaires were administered to 330 migrants and non-migrants (165 migrants in Mergasur and 165 non-migrants in Bahrka) to test the conceptual framework and the hypotheses. This was followed by an in-depth interview with 20 villagers and farmers to explore the push and pull factors in both origin and destination places. The last step in the research process were the expert interviews. These interviews were conducted with six persons at different levels from top management to low managerial level. The analysis revealed that the general effects of migrations in the rural areas were mixed. While migrations have had negative or positive impacts for some, they have also impacted on work culture, family size, lifestyle and education level. There were various factors such as physical security, income and other factors related to income that were the main factors impacting on migration after 1991. The factor of income was more deeply defined in this study as a “secured satisfied income”, which is addressed at a minimum by the Critical income level (CIL). The study concluded that the CIL is $137 and can be reached via proper policies in a proper conceptual framework. P a g e | 5 Table of Contents DECLARATION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 DEDICATION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 ABSTRACT 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 ABBREVIATIONS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 1.1 MOTIVATION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 1.4 PROPOSITION AND HYPOTHESIS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16 2.1 ENTRANCE TO MIGRATION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 2.1.1 TYPES OF MIGRATION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 2.1.2 THEORETICAL OVERVIEW OF MIGRATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 2.2 MIGRATION AND DECISION-MAKING --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 2.3 RURAL MIGRATION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 2.3.1 RURAL AND URBAN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 31 2.3.2 INTERCONNECTION OF RURAL AND URBAN AREAS --------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 2.3.3 HISTORY, TYPES, AND CHALLENGES OF RURAL MIGRATION ----------------------------------------------------------- 33 2.4 CONCLUSION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34 2.5 MIGRATIONS IN THE KR ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 2.5.1 THE OTTOMAN ERA 1532-1917 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 2.5.2 THE KINGDOM’S ERA OF IRAQ 1918-1957 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 2.5.3 REPUBLIC ERA (ABDULKAREEM QASIM’S ERA) 1958 – 1963 -------------------------------------------------------- 39 2.5.4 THE ERA OF THE BA'ATH PARTY 1963-1990 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 2.5.5 THE FIRST GENOCIDE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 2.5.6 THE KURDISTAN REGION AFTER THE SADDAM HUSSEIN’S ERA 1991-2014 ----------------------------------------- 46 2.6 CONCLUSION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 46 3.1 ENTRANCE TO PUBLIC POLICY AND POLICY-MAKING ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 3.2 POLICY-MAKING APPROACHES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 3.2.1 TOP-DOWN APPROACH -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 3.2.2 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 3.2.3 MESO-LEVEL APPROACH ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 P a g e | 6 3.3 RURAL GOVERNANCE AND RURAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT -------------------------------------------------------- 59 3.3.1 GOVERNANCE AND GOOD GOVERNANCE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 3.3.2 RURAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM AND CONCEPT ------------------------------------------------------ 60 3.4 AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS ---------------------------------------------------------- 62 3.5 TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS ---------------------------------------------------------- 64 3.6 MARKETPLACE AND ITS PERFECTION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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