IEEE MEMBERS MAKE HISTORY.

IEEE

Milestone Showcase

IEEE members have shaped the course of technical evolution! On this 10th year celebrating IEEE Day, we want to recognize and honor all of the major technological achievements that revolutionized the world as we know it today. We need your help! Let’s celebrate past milestones and look forward to future milestones by letting the world know that IEEE members make history. The winning video from each Region will be featured on the IEEE Day Facebook page and the IEEE.org home page on IEEE Day!

Here’s your video challenge…

1) You can either: a) choose a milestone from the list below of established IEEE History Milestones OR b) futurecast a milestone that you think will happen in the next 10 years of technical innovation 2) Record a short video describing the milestone. It must be 60 seconds or less, in mov or mp4 format, no larger than 1 GB, and in the English language. For the IEEE History Milestones, you must use the script provided below to qualify. 3) Submit your video by 15 July! Submissions after this date may be disqualified. See full contest rules for details.

Get creative! You could:

 Film on location of where the milestone occurred in your Region.  Use image and video footage of the technology and/or members in action. (Use only images from the ETWH.org or other images/video approved for use.)  Illustrate the milestone you foresee in the next 10 years with approved video and imagery.

Milestone Year Region Section Script

In 1970, Corning scientists and IEEE members Dr. Robert Maurer, Dr. Peter Schultz, and Dr. Donald Keck developed a highly pure optical glass that effectively transmitted light signals over long distances. This astounding medium, which is World's First Low-Loss thinner than a human hair, revolutionized global communications. By 2011, the Optical Fiber for world depended upon the continuous transmission of voice, data, and video along

Telecommunications, 1970 1970 1 Rochester more than 1.6 billion kilometers of optical fiber installed around the globe.

The Whirlwind computer was developed between 1945-1959 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, under the direction of IEEE Fellow Jay Forrester. It was the first real-time high-speed digital computer using random- access magnetic-core memory. Whirlwind featured outputs displayed on a CRT, and a light pen to write data on the screen. Whirlwindʼs success led to the United Whirlwind Computer, 1944- States Air Forceʼs Semi Automatic Ground Environment - SAGE - system and to

59 1944 1 Boston many business computers and minicomputers.

Between 1888 and 1889, Edward Weston, the 4th president of AIEE, which was

Weston Meters, 1887-1893 1887 1 North Jersey the predecessor of IEEE, and the Weston Electrical Instrument Company

introduced the first portable and direct-reading current and voltage meters in 1888-1893. Weston's inventions enabling these meters included: the first truly permanent magnets; temperature-insensitive conductors; low-resistance and non- magnetic springs; metal coil frames where induced eddy currents provided pointer damping in1887; the electric shunt in 1893 for the measurement of large currents; and multiple current ranges in a single meter.

In 1933, the police department in Bayonne, New Jersey initiated regular two-way communications with its patrol cars, a major advance over previous one-way systems. The very high frequency system developed by radio engineer and IEEE member Frank A. Gunther and station operator Vincent J. Doyle placed transmitters in patrol cars to enable patrolmen to communicate with headquarters and other cars instead of just receiving calls. Two-way police radio Two-Way Police Radio became standard throughout the country following the success of the Bayonne

Communication, 1933 1933 1 North Jersey system.

TAT-8, the first fiber-optic cable to cross an ocean, entered service 14 December 1988. TAT-8 was the first transatlantic cable to use optical fibers, a revolution in telecommunications. It had a capacity equivalent to 40,000 telephone circuits which was ten times the capacity of the last copper cable. Several new technologies had to be developed which were beyond those for land applications. Trans-Atlantic Telephone AT&T, British Telecom, and France Telecom led the consortium that built TAT-8, Fiber-Optic Submarine Cable New Jersey which spanned a seabed distance of 5,846 km between North America and

(TAT-8), 1988 1988 1 Coast Europe.

In 1960, the National Aeronautical and Space Administration launched TIROS I, the TIROS-1 Television Infrared Princeton/Centr world's first meteorological satellite, to capture and transmit video images of the Observation Satellite, 1960 1960 1 al Jersey Earth's weather patterns. RCA staff at Defense Electronics Products, the David Sarnoff Research Center, and Astro-Electronics Division designed and constructed

the satellite and ground station systems. TIROS I pioneered meteorological and environmental satellite television for an expanding array of purposes.

Between 1876 and 1882 at Menlo Park, New Jersey, Thomas Edison, an IEEE member, developed the world’s first industrial research and development laboratory devoted to developing new technology. At this laboratory Edison and his staff developed the first system of incandescent electric lighting and electric Thomas Alva Edison Historic Princeton/ power generation, and invented recorded sound and a commercially successful Site at Menlo Park, 1876 1876 1 Central Jersey telephone transmitter.

Thomas Alva Edison, an IEEE member, established his final and most comprehensive laboratory and factory complex in 1887 in West Orange, NJ. Thomas A. Edison West Edison's vision to combine basic and applied research, development, and Orange Laboratories and manufacturing in one organization became the prototype for industrial enterprises

Factories, 1887 1887 1 North Jersey worldwide. Work here resulted in more than half of Edison's 1,093 patents.

Researchers at Stony Brook University produced the first two-dimensional image using nuclear magnetic resonance in 1973.The proton distribution of the object, a test tube of water, was distinctly encoded using magnetic field gradients. This The First Two-Dimensional achievement was a major advance for the MRI and paved the way for its Nuclear Magnetic Resonance worldwide usage as a noninvasive method to examine body tissue for disease

Image (MRI), 1973 1973 1 Long Island detection.

In 1951 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology undertook the development of Semi-Automatic Ground an air defense system for the United States. The centerpiece of this defense Environment (SAGE) 1951- system was a large digital computer originally developed at MIT. The MIT Lincoln

1958 1951 1 Boston Laboratory was formed to carry out the initial development of this system and the

first of some 23 SAGE control centers was completed in 1958. SAGE was the forerunner of today’s digital computer networks.

Boston was the first city to build electric traction for a large-scale rapid transit system. The engineering challenge to design and construct safe, economically viable, and reliable electric power for Boston's rapid transit was met by the West End Street Railway Company, beginning in 1889. The company's pioneering efforts Power System of Boston's provided an important impetus to the adoption of mass transit systems

Rapid Transit, 1889 1889 1 Boston nationwide.

Thomas Alva Edison, an IEEE Member, established the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York, now Consolidated Edison, to commercialize his 1879 incandescent lamp invention. On 4 September 1882, Edison’s direct current (dc) generating station at 257 Pearl Street, began supplying electricity to customers in the First District, a one-quarter square mile (0.65 square km) area. This installation

Pearl Street Station, 1882 1882 1 New York was the forerunner of all central electric generating stations.

Between 1946 and 1950 the research staff of RCA Laboratories, supported by IEEE member David Sarnoff, invented the world's first electronic, monochrome- Monochrome-Compatible compatible, color television system. They worked with other engineers in the Electronic Color Television, Princeton/ industry for three years to develop a national analog standard based on this

1946-1953 1946 1 Central Jersey system, which lasted until the transition to digital broadcasting.

The MIT Radiation Laboratory, operated between 1940 and 1945, advanced the allied war effort by making fundamental contributions to the design and deployment of microwave radar systems. Used on land, sea, and in the air, in many adaptations, radar was a decisive factor in the outcome of the conflict. The laboratory's 3900 employees made lasting contributions to microwave theory and MIT Radiation Laboratory, technology, operational radar, systems engineering, long-range navigation, and

1940-1945 1940 1 Boston control equipment.

The rapid development of Loran -- long range navigation -- under wartime conditions at MIT’s Radiation Lab was not only a significant engineering feat but also transformed navigation, providing the world’s first near-real-time positioning information. Beginning in June 1942, the United States Coast Guard helped

Loran, 1940 - 1946 1940 1 develop, install and operate Loran until 2010.

Between 1964 and 1968, at the RCA David Sarnoff Research Center in Princeton, New Jersey, a team of engineers and scientists led by IEEE member George H. Heilmeier with Louis A. Zanoni and Lucian A. Barton, devised a method for electronic control of light reflected from liquid crystals and demonstrated the first liquid crystal display. Their work launched a global industry that now produces Princeton/ millions of LCDs annually for watches, calculators, flat-panel displays in televisions, Liquid Crystal Display, 1968 1968 1 Central Jersey computers and instruments.

The Direct Current (dc) generating plant installed at the New Yorker Hotel in 1929, capable of supplying electric power sufficient for a city of 35,000 people, was the largest private generating plant in the U.S.A. Steam engines drove electric Largest Private (dc) generators, with exhaust steam used for heating and other facilities. The Generating Plant in the installation used more than two hundred dc motors, and was controlled from a

U.S.A., 1929 1929 1 New York seven-foot or two-meter high, by sixty-foot or eighteen-meter long switchboard.

From 17 November to 23 December 1947, Walter H. Brattain and John A. Bardeen -- under the direction of William B. Shockley, all Honorary IEEE Members-- discovered the transistor effect, and developed and demonstrated a point-contact Invention of the First germanium transistor. This led directly to developments in solid-state devices that Transistor at Bell Telephone revolutionized the electronics industry and changed the way people around the

Laboratories, Inc., 1947 1947 1 North Jersey world lived, learned, worked, and played. Interactive Video Games,

1966 1966 1 New Hampshire

The "Brown Box" console, developed at Sanders Associates - later BAE Systems - between 1966 and 1968, was the first interactive video game system to use an ordinary home television set. Ralph Baer, IEEE member known as "the father of video games", developed this groundbreaking device and the production- engineered version Magnavox Odyssey game system (1972) spawned the commercialization of interactive console video games, which became a multi- billion dollar industry.

In its first quarter century, the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center produced numerous seminal advances having sustained worldwide impact in electrical engineering and computing. Semiconductor device innovations include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), superlattice crystals, and field effect transistor IBM Thomas J. Watson (FET) scaling laws. Computing innovations include reduced instruction set Research Center, 1960 - computer (RISC) architecture, integer programming, amorphous magnetic films for

1984 1960 1 New York optical storage technology, and thin-film magnetic recording heads.

The Grumman Lunar Module, which was the first vehicle to land man on an extraterrestrial body, the Moon. Because it was designed to fly solely in space, its design, construction and testing continuously pushed the technology envelope for lightweight metals and unique electrical and electronic systems resulting in one of Grumman Lunar Module, the most important and successful engineering achievements of mankind. Many

1962-1972 1962 1 Long Island IEEE members were part of this effort.

Grand Central Terminal, in continuous use since 1913, was the first large-scale railroad electrification project, a development that enabled it to become a major railroad terminal. The design of the Terminal included several notable achievements in the field of electric traction such as innovative designs of electric Grand Central Terminal locomotives, multiple unit (MU) control of electric rolling stock and the pioneering

Electrification, 1906-1913 1906 1 New York use of underrunning third rail.

The submarine telegraph cable known as Le Direct provided communication between Europe and North America without intermediate relaying. In a remarkable feat of oceanic engineering, the cable was laid in the deepest waters of the Atlantic Ocean between Brest, France, and Orleans, Massachusetts. When completed in 1898 by La Compagnie Francaise des Cables Telegraphiques, it French Transatlantic spanned 3174 nautical miles (5878 km), making it the longest and heaviest cable

Telegraph Cable of 1898 1898 1 Providence in service.

A major advance in police radio occurred in 1940 when the Connecticut state police began operating a two-way, frequency modulated (FM) system in Hartford. The statewide system developed by Daniel E. Noble of the University of Connecticut, and IEEE Member after whom the IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award was named, along with engineers at the Fred M. Link Company greatly reduced static, the main problem of the amplitude modulated (AM) system. FM mobile radio FM Police Radio became standard throughout the country following the success of the Connecticut

Communication, 1940 1940 1 Connecticut system.

On 24 December 1906, the first radio broadcast for entertainment and music was transmitted from Brant Rock, Massachusetts to the general public. This pioneering broadcast was achieved after years of development work by Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (1866-1932), IEEE Medal of Honor recipient, who built a complete First Wireless Radio system of wireless transmission and reception using amplitude modulation (AM) Broadcast by Reginald A. of continuous electromagnetic waves. This technology was a revolutionary

Fessenden, 1906 1906 1 Boston departure from transmission of dots and dashes widespread at the time.

First Transatlantic On 11 July 1962 the Andover Earth Station transmitted the first transatlantic TV Transmission of a Television signal to a twin station in Pleumeur-Bodou, France via the TELSTAR satellite. The

Signal via Satellite, 1962 1962 1 Maine success of TELSTAR and the earth stations, the first built for active satellite

communications, illustrated the potential of a future world-wide satellite system to provide communications between continents.

In August 1974, the first real-time speech communication over a packet-switched network was demonstrated via ARPANET between MIT Lincoln Laboratory and USC Information Sciences Institute. By 1982, these technologies enabled Internet packet speech and conferencing linking terrestrial, packet radio, and satellite networks. This work in real-time network protocols and speech coding laid the First Real-Time Speech foundation for voice-over-internet-protocol (VoIP) communications and related Communication on Packet applications including Internet videoconferencing. Leonard Kleinrock, IEEE

Networks, 1974 - 1982 1974 1 Boston member, was an instrumental part of this effort.

In 1961, IEEE member Elias Snitzer and colleagues constructed and operated the world's first optical fiber laser in the former American Optical complex. Three years later this team demonstrated the first optical fiber amplifier. Fiber lasers that can cut and weld steel have since become powerful industrial tools and fiber First Optical Fiber Laser and Worcester amplifiers routinely boost signals in the global optical fiber network allowing

Amplifier, 1961-1964 1961 1 County messages to cross oceans and continents without interruption.

The first transmission of intelligible speech over electrical wires took place on 10 March 1876. Inventor and IEEE member Alexander Graham Bell called out to his First Intelligible Voice assistant Thomas Watson, “Mr. Watson, come here! I want to see you.” This Transmission over Electric transmission took place in their attic laboratory located in a near here at 5 Exeter

Wire, 1876 1876 1 Boston Place.

On 24 September 1929, the first blind takeoff, flight and landing occurred at Mitchel Field, Garden City, NY in a Consolidated NY-2 biplane piloted by Lt. James Doolittle. Equipped with specially designed radio and aeronautical First Blind Takeoff, Flight and instrumentation, it represented the cooperative efforts of many organizations,

Landing, 1929 1929 1 Long Island mainly the Guggenheim Fund’s Full Flight Laboratory, U.S. Army Air Corps, U.S.

Dept. of Commerce, Sperry Gyroscope Company, Kollsman Instrument Company and Radio Frequency Laboratories.

On 28 April 1852 the first municipal electric fire alarm system using call boxes with automatic signaling to indicate the location of a fire was placed into operation in Boston. Invented by William Channing and Moses Farmer, honorary IEEE member, Electric Fire Alarm System, this system was highly successful in reducing property loss and deaths due to fire

1852 1852 1 Boston and was subsequently adopted throughout the United States and in Canada.

The mathematical principles of Information Theory, laid down by Claude Elwood Shannon, IEEE member over the period 1939-1967, set in motion a revolution in communication system engineering. They quantified the concept of information, established fundamental limits in the representation and reliable transmission of information, and revealed the architecture of systems for approaching them. Development of Information Today, Information Theory continues to provide the foundation for advances in

Theory, 1939-1967 1939 1 Boston information collection, storage, distribution, and processing.

In this building in January 1838, Samuel F. B. Morse and Alfred Vail first demonstrated publicly crucial elements of their telegraph system, using instruments that Vail had constructed during the previous months. Electrical pulses, transmitted through two miles of wire, caused an electromagnet to ink Demonstration of Practical dots and dashes (grouped to represent letters and words) on a strip of paper.

Telegraphy, 1838 1838 1 North Jersey Commercialization began in 1844 when funding became available. Bell Labs, whose parent organization is the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) founded by IEEE member Alexander Graham Bell, transformed the way people communicate at work and home through the invention and development of many technical innovations that were necessary for the modern telecommunication systems and other advanced technologies. From its founding Bell Telephone Laboratories, in 1925, Bell Telephone Laboratories made numerous significant contributions to

Inc., 1925-1983 1925 1 North Jersey telecommunications and related fields that led to the information age and the

digital era. Some of these contributions include: information theory, systems engineering, digital signal processing, digital transmission and switching, data networking, cellular systems, (800) service, the transistor, solar cell, integrated circuit technology, communication satellites, high capacity undersea cable, touch- tone dialing, voice and video compression, and the Unix operating system.

The Apollo Guidance Computer provided spacecraft guidance, navigation, and control during all of NASA’s Apollo Moon missions. It was developed between 1962 and 1972 under the leadership of IEEE member Dr. Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Lab - now Draper Laboratory. This pioneering digital flight computer was the first real-time embedded computing system to collect data Apollo Guidance Computer, automatically and provide mission-critical calculations for the Apollo Command

1962-1972 1962 1 Boston Module and Lunar Module.

ASCII, a character-encoding scheme originally based on the Latin alphabet, became the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web through 2007. ASCII is the basis of most modern character-encoding schemes. In 1963, the American Standards Association X3.2 subcommittee published the first edition of American Standard Code for the ASCII standard in 1963. Its first widespread commercial implementation was in Information Interchange New Jersey the American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) Teletypewriter eXchange network

ASCII, 1963 1963 1 Coast and Teletype Model 33 teleprinters.

In 1907, the Alternating-Current Electrification of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad was a pioneering venture in mainline railroad electrification. It established single-phase alternating current as a technical and economical alternative to direct current. This concept exerted considerable influence over Alternating-Current subsequent systems both in the United States and abroad. The major components Electrification of the New of the system were developed by the engineering staffs of the New York, New York, New Haven & Hartford Haven & Hartford Railroad and the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing

Railroad, 1907 1907 1 Connecticut Company of East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

On 20 March 1886 William Stanley. AIEE Edison Medal Recipient, provided alternating current electrification to offices and stores on Main Street in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He thus demonstrated the first practical system for Alternating Current providing electrical illumination using alternating current with transformers to

Electrification, 1886 1886 1 Berkshire adjust voltage levels of the distribution system.

The Alexanderson radio alternator was a high-power, radio-frequency source which provided reliable transoceanic radiotelegraph communication during and after World War I. Ernst F.W. Alexanderson, an IEEE member, IEEE Medal of Honor winner, and General Electric engineer, designed radio alternators with a frequency range to 100 kHz and a power capability from 2 kW to 200 kW. These machines, Alexanderson Radio developed during the period 1904 to 1918, were used in research on high-

Alternator, 1904 1904 1 Schenectady frequency properties of materials as well as for international communications.

When the Adams Plant went into operation on August 26, 1895, it represented a key victory for alternating-current systems over direct-current. The clear advantage of high voltage AC for long distance power transmission and the unprecedented size of the plant (it reached its full capacity of ten 5,000-HP Adams Hydroelectric generators in May 1900) influenced the future of the electrical industry

Generating Plant, 1895 1895 1 Buffalo worldwide.

Westinghouse Radio Station KDKA was a world pioneer of commercial radio broadcasting. Transmitting with a power of 100 watts on a wavelength of 360 meters, KDKA began scheduled programming with the Harding-Cox Presidential election returns on November 2, 1920. A shed, housing studio and transmitter, Westinghouse Radio Station was atop the K Building of the Westinghouse East Pittsburgh works. Conceived by KDKA, 1920 1920 2 Pittsburgh C.P. Davis, broadcasting as a public service evolved from IEEE member Frank

Conrad's weekly experimental broadcasts over his amateur radio station 8XK, attracting many regular listeners who had wireless receiving sets.

The five million volt van de Graaff generator represents the first large-scale program in nuclear physics established in industry. Constructed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1937, it made possible precise Westinghouse Atom measurements of nuclear reactions and provided valuable research experience for Smasher, 1937 1937 2 Pittsburgh the company's pioneering work in nuclear power.

In 1942, the United States Navy joined with the National Cash Register Company to design and manufacture a series of code-breaking machines. This project was US Naval Computing located at the U.S. Naval Computing Machine Laboratory in Building 26, in Dayton, Machine Laboratory, 1942- Ohio. The machines built here, including the American "Bombes", incorporated 1945 1942 2 Dayton advanced electronics and significantly influenced the course of World War II.

The commercial manufacture of transistors began in Lehigh Valley, PA, in October Manufacture of Transistors, 1951. Smaller, more efficient, and more reliable than the vacuum tubes they 1951 1951 2 Lehigh Valley replaced, transistors revolutionized the electronics industry.

On 27 June 1895, at the nearby Howard Street Tunnel in Baltimore, Maryland, the B&O demonstrated the first electrified main line railroad, and commercial operation began four days later. The electrification involved designing, engineering, and constructing electric locomotives far more powerful than any Mainline Electrification of then existing and creating innovative electric power generation and distribution the Baltimore and Ohio facilities. This pioneering achievement became a prototype for later main line Railroad, 1895 1895 2 Baltimore railroad electrification.

As part of the landmark International Electrical Exhibition organized by the Franklin Institute and held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1884, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, a predecessor of IEEE, held its first conference on First Technical Meeting of 7-8 October 1884. This meeting was the first formal technical conference on the American Institute of electrical engineering held in the United States. And it's why we are celebrating Electrical Engineers, 1884 1884 2 Philadelphia IEEE Day today!

The first atomic clock, developed near Washington, DC by Harold Lyons (IRE Fellow) at the National Bureau of Standards, revolutionized timekeeping by using transitions of the ammonia molecule as its source of frequency. Far more accurate than previous clocks, atomic clocks quickly replaced the Earth’s rotational rate as the reference for world time. Atomic clock accuracy made possible many new First Atomic Clock, 1948 1948 2 Washington technologies, including the Global Positioning System (GPS).

A major advance in the history of computing occurred at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946 when engineers put the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) into operation. Designed and constructed at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering under a U. S. Army contract during World War II, the Electronic Numerical ENIAC established the practicality of large scale, electronic digital computers and Integrator and Computer, strongly influenced the development of the modern, stored-program, general- 1946 1946 2 Philadelphia purpose computer.

In April 1751 the Royal Society published Benjamin Franklin's book, "Experiments and Observations on Electricity: Made in Philadelphia in America." A collection of Book “Experiments and letters to London's Peter Collinson, it described Franklin's ideas about the nature Observations on Electricity” of electricity and how electrical devices worked, and new experiments to by Benjamin Franklin, 1751 1751 2 Philadelphia investigate lightning. This book led to a better understanding of charges,

stimulated Franklin's work on lightning rods, and made him an internationally known figure.

In an attempt to automate the reading of product information in a local grocery store, IEEE member Bernard Silver and Norman Joseph Woodland at the Drexel Institute of Technology developed a solution that became the ubiquitous Barcode Birthplace of the Bar Code, Identification System. Patented in 1952, the Barcode has become a key technology 1948 1948 2 Philadelphia for product identification and inventory control in industry and daily life.

In February 1888, the electric street railway system designed by IEEE member Frank Julian Sprague for the Richmond Union Passenger Railway began operating in Richmond, Virginia. Sprague's Richmond system became the lasting prototype for electric street railways because of its large-scale practicality and operating Richmond Union Passenger superiority. This system, which combined Sprague's engineering innovations with Railway, 1888 1888 3 Richmond other proven technical features, helped shape urban growth worldwide.

The United States Electric Illuminating Company of Charleston started up South Carolina's first central station for incandescent lighting in October 1882 -- only one month after IEEE member Thomas Edison opened his famous Pearl Street plant in First Central Station in South Coastal South New York City. In the following years, the company's parent firm was a major force Carolina, 1882 1882 3 Carolina in the growing electrical industry.

The demonstrated success in space flight is the result of electronic technology developed at Cape Canaveral, the J. F. Kennedy Space Center, and other sites, and Electronic Technology for applied here. A wide variety of advances in radar tracking, data telemetry, Space Rocket Launches, instrumentation, space-to-ground communications, on-board guidance, and real- 1950-1969 1950 3 Canaveral time computation were employed to support the U.S. space program. These and

other electronic developments provided infrastructure necessary for the successful landing of men on the moon in July 1969 and their safe return to earth.

In 1909 Edmund O. Schweitzer, IEEE member, and Nicholas J. Conrad developed an extremely reliable high voltage power fuse which used an arc-extinguishing liquid to assure proper interruption of short circuits. These fuses, later manufactured at this location, played a major role in the adoption of outdoor World's First Reliable High distribution substations, and the technology remains a central component of Voltage Power Fuse, 1909 1909 4 Chicago electrical transmission and distribution systems today.

Near Appleton, Wisconsin, USA on September 30, 1882, the world's first hydroelectric central station began operation. The station was known as the Vulcan Street Plant and had a direct current generator capable of lighting 250 sixteen candle power lamps each equivalent to 50 watts. The generator operated Northeastern at 110 volts and was driven through gears and belts by a water wheel operating Vulcan Street Plant, 1882 1882 4 Wisconsin under a ten foot fall of water.

Between 1973 - 1985, in Batavia, Illinois, the first large-scale use of superconducting magnets enabled the construction of the Tevatron. By 1985, the Superconducting Magnet Tevatron achieved energy above 1 Tera electron-volt (TeV) in proton-antiproton System for the Fermilab collisions, making it the most powerful particle collider in the world until 2009. The Tevatron Tevatron construction established the superconducting wire manufacturing Accelerator/Collider, 1973- infrastructure that made applications such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1985 1973 4 Chicago viable.

Single-element In 1939, Shure Incorporated introduced the Unidyne microphone. Using the Unidirectional Microphone - Uniphase acoustical system, the patented Unidyne was the first microphone to Shure Unidyne, 1939 1939 4 Chicago provide directional characteristics using a single dynamic element. This

breakthrough offered lower cost, greater reliability and improved performance for communication and public address systems. Shure Unidyne microphones are still manufactured and used worldwide in numerous audio applications.

At this site on April 7, 1928 the Detroit Police Department commenced regular one-way radio communication with its patrol cars. Developed by personnel of the department's radio bureau, the system was the product of seven years of experimentation under the direction of police commissioner, William P. Rutledge. One-Way Police Radio Southeastern Their work proved the practicality of land-mobile radio for police work and led to Communication, 1928 1928 4 Michigan its adoption throughout the country.

Beginning 3 February 1934, Vice Admiral and IEEE member Richard E. Byrd's Antarctic Expedition transmitted news releases to New York via short-wave radio voice equipment. From New York, the US nationwide CBS network broadcast the Long-Range Shortwave Voice news releases to the public. Previous expeditions had been limited to dot-dash Transmissions from Byrd's telegraphy, but innovative equipment from the newly formed Collins Radio Antarctic Expedition, 1934 1934 4 Cedar Rapids Company made this long-range voice transmission feasible.

During the winter of 1957-58, IEEE member Earl E. Bakken developed the first wearable transistorized pacemaker, the request of heart surgeon, Dr. C. Walton Lillehei. As earlier pacemakers were AC-powered, this battery-powered device First Wearable Cardiac liberated patients from their power-cord tethers. The wearable pacemaker was a Pacemaker, 1957-1958 1957 4 Twin Cities significant step in the evolution to fully-implantable units.

John Vincent Atanasoff conceived basic design principles for the first electronic- digital computer in the winter of 1937 and, assisted by his graduate student, IEEE Atanasoff-Berry Computer, member Clifford E. Berry, constructed a prototype here in October 1939. It used 1939 1939 4 Central Iowa binary numbers, direct logic for calculation, and a regenerative memory. It

embodied concepts that would be central to the future development of computers.

Built by Siemens, owned and operated by Western Area Power Administration (US DOE), the 200 MW HVDC Virginia Smith Converter Station near Sidney, Nebraska, connected the eastern and western U.S. grids. Its core technology is an all solid- Virginia Smith High-Voltage state converter with integrated steady-state, dynamic, and transient voltage Direct-Current Converter control up to its full rating. The station was an important advance in HVDC Station, 1988 1988 5 Denver technology and cost-effectiveness.

Between July 4 and October 24, 1861, a telegraph line was constructed by the Western Union Company between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California, thereby completing the first high-speed communications link between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. This service met the critical demand for fast communications between these two areas. The telegraph line operated until May Transcontinental Telegraph, 1869, when it was replaced by a multi-wire system constructed with the Union 1861 1861 5 Denver Pacific and Central Pacific railway lines.

The Taum Sauk Plant, when it came on-line in 1963, was the largest pure pumped- storage electric power plant in North America. Other pioneering features for this Taum Sauk Pumped-Storage pumped-storage plant were its high capacity turbine-generators and its ability to Electric Power Plant, 1963 1963 5 Saint Louis be operated remotely, 90 miles away, from St. Louis, Missouri.

Speak & Spell, the First Use In December 1976, IEEE member Richard Wiggins demonstrated the Speak & Spell of a Digital Signal Processing concept to IEEE members Paul Breedlove, Larry Brantingham, and Gene Frantz in IC for Speech Generation, Texas Instruments' Dallas research laboratory. This group led the team that 1978 1978 5 Dallas created Speak & Spell in April 1978. The key device was the industry's first digital

signal processing integrated processor, the TMS5100. This innovation in audio processing began the huge digital signal processing consumer market.

July 17, 1909, the Shoshone Transmission Line began service carrying power, generated by the Shoshone Hydroelectric Generating Station, to Denver. The Line operated at 90 kV, was 153.4 miles long, and crossed the Continental Divide three times reaching an altitude of 13,500 feet. Its design and construction represented an outstanding electrical engineering accomplishment due to its length, the Shoshone Transmission Line, mountainous country over which it was constructed, and the unusually severe 1909 1909 5 Denver weather conditions under which it operated.

In 1945, Marcellus Merrill first implemented an electronic dynamic wheel- balancing system. Previously, all mechanical methods were static in nature and required removing the wheels from the vehicle. Merrill's innovative balancing system came to be widely used internationally. Elements of the dynamic balancing Merrill Wheel-Balancing systems are still used today, primarily for industrial and automotive production System, 1945 1945 5 Denver applications.

Col. John Glenn, piloted the Mercury Friendship 7 spacecraft in the first United States human-orbital flight on 20 February 1962. Electrical and electronic systems invented by McDonnell Aircraft engineers, including IEEE members, made his and future spaceflights possible. Among the key contributions were navigation and Mercury Spacecraft MA-6, control instruments, autopilot, rate stabilization and control, and fly-by-wire 1962 1962 5 Saint Louis (FBW) systems.

Electric generating plants, through their high-voltage lines, provided critical power Georgetown Steam Hydro to the isolated mines in this region. Georgetown, completed in 1900, was unusual Generating Plant, 1900 1900 5 Denver in employing both steam and water power. Its owner, United Light and Power

Company, was a pioneer in using three-phase, 60-Hertz alternating current and in being interconnected with other utilities.

On 12 September 1958, IEEE member Jack S. Kilby demonstrated the first working integrated circuit to managers at Texas Instruments. This was the first time electronic components were integrated onto a single substrate. This seminal device consisted of a phase shift oscillator circuit on a tiny bar of germanium First Semiconductor measuring 7/16” by 1/16” (11.1 mm by 1.6 mm). Today, integrated circuits are the Integrated Circuit (IC), 1958 1958 5 Dallas fundamental building blocks of virtually all electronic equipment.

Electricity produced in Ames, CO, USA in the spring of 1891 was transmitted 2.6 miles over rugged and at times inaccessible terrain to provide power for operating the motor-driven mill at the Gold King Mine. This pioneering demonstration of the practical value of transmitting electrical power was a significant precedent in the United States for much larger plants at Niagara Falls (in 1895) and elsewhere. Ames Hydroelectric Electricity at Ames was generated at 3000 volts, 133 Hertz, single-phase AC, by a Generating Plant, 1891 1891 5 Pikes Peak 100-hp Westinghouse alternator.

In early 1982, Burr-Brown Research Corporation, later part of Texas Instruments, Inc., demonstrated a 16-bit monolithic digital-to-analog converter. Coupled with earlier compact disc development by Philips and Sony, it enabled affordable high- quality compact disc players, helped transform music distribution and playback from analog phonograph records to digital compact discs, and ushered in digital 16-bit Monolithic DAC, 1981 1981 5 Dallas media playback.

The transpacific undersea coaxial telephone cable system linking Japan, Hawaii, TPC-1 Transpacific Cable 6 and the U.S. mainland became operational in 1964. President Lyndon Johnson and System, 1964 1964 10 Hawaii Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda inaugurated this communications link on 19 June

1964. The joint project involving American Telephone and Telegraph, Hawaiian Telephone Company, and Kokusai Denshin Denwa improved global communication and contributed to deep-water submarine cable technologies.

From 1976-1978, at Hughes Microelectronics in Newport Beach, California, the practicality, reliability, manufacturability and endurance of the Floating Gate EEPROM -- an electrically erasable device using a thin gate oxide and Fowler- Nordheim tunneling for writing and erasing -- was proven. As a significant foundation of data storage in flash memory, this fostered new classes of portable The Floating Gate EEPROM, Santa Clara computing and communication devices which allow ubiquitous personal access to 1976 - 1978 1976 6 Valley data.

IEEE member Dr. Gary A. Kildall demonstrated the first working prototype of Control Program for Microcomputers or CP/M in Pacific Grove in 1974. Together with his invention of the BIOS (Basic Input Output System), Kildall’s operating system allowed a microprocessor-based computer to communicate with a disk The CP/M Microcomputer Santa Clara drive storage unit and provided an important foundation for the personal Operating System, 1974 1974 6 Valley computer revolution.

The Stanford two-mile accelerator, the longest in the world, accelerates electrons to the very high energy needed in the study of subatomic particles and forces. Experiments performed here have shown that the proton, one of the building blocks of the atom, is in turn composed of smaller particles now called quarks. Other research here has uncovered new families of particles and demonstrated subtle effects of the weak nuclear force. This research requires the utmost precision in the large and unique electromechanical devices and systems that Stanford Linear Accelerator Santa Clara accelerate, define, deliver and store the beams of particles, and in the detectors Center, 1962 1962 6 Valley that analyze the results of the particle interactions.

Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis, known as SPICE, was created Santa Clara at UC Berkeley as a class project in 1969-1970. It evolved to become the Valley worldwide standard integrated circuit simulator. SPICE has been used to train SPICE Circuit Simulation Oakland-East many students in the intricacies of circuit simulation. SPICE and its descendants Program, 1970 1971 6 Bay have become essential tools employed by virtually all integrated circuit designers.

Sun Microsystems introduced Scalable Processor Architecture known as SPARC and Reduced Instruction-Set Computing, known as RISC, in 1987. Building upon UC Berkeley RISC and Sun compiler and operating system developments, SPARC architecture was highly adaptable to evolving semiconductor, software, and system technology and user needs. The architecture delivered the highest SPARC RISC Architecture, Santa Clara performance, scalable workstations and servers, for engineering, business, 1987 1987 6 Valley Internet, and cloud computing applications.

Stanford Research Institute's Artificial Intelligence Center developed the world’s first mobile intelligent robot, SHAKEY. It could perceive its surroundings, infer implicit facts from explicit ones, create plans, recover from errors in plan execution, and communicate using ordinary English. SHAKEY's software SHAKEY: The World’s First architecture, computer vision, and methods for navigation and planning proved Mobile Intelligent Robot, Santa Clara seminal in robotics and in the design of web servers, automobiles, factories, video 1972 1972 6 Valley games, and Mars rovers.

The 1959 invention of the Planar Process by Jean A. Hoerni and the Integrated Semiconductor Planar Circuit or (IC) based on planar technology by IEEE member Robert N. Noyce Process and Integrated Santa Clara catapulted the semiconductor industry into the silicon IC era. This pair of Circuit, 1959 1959 6 Valley pioneering inventions led to the present IC industry, which today supplies a wide

and growing variety of advanced semiconductor products used throughout the world.

Developed by IBM in San Jose, California at 99 Notre Dame Street from 1952 until 1956, the Random Access Method of Accounting and Control (RAMAC) was the first computer system conceived around a radically new magnetic disk storage Santa Clara device. The extremely large capacity, rapid access, and low cost of magnetic disk RAMAC, 1956 1956 6 Valley storage revolutionized computer architecture, performance, and applications.

Commonly termed the "Mother of All Demos," IEEE member Douglas Engelbart and his team demonstrated their oNLine System known as NLS at Brooks Hall in San Francisco on 9 December 1968. Connected via microwave link to the host computer and other remote users at SRI in Menlo Park, the demonstration Public Demonstration of showcased many fundamental technologies that would become ubiquitous, Online Systems and Personal Santa Clara including collaborative online editing, hypertext, video conferencing, word Computing, 1968 1968 6 Valley processing, spell checking, revision control, and the mouse.

On December 7, 1941, an SCR-270b radar located at Kuhuku, Hawaii, U.S.A tracked incoming Japanese aircraft for over 30 minutes until they were obscured by the island ground clutter. This was the first wartime use of radar by the United States Opana Radar Site, 1941 1941 6 Hawaii military, and led to its successful application throughout the theater.

IEEE member Gordon E. Moore, co-founder of Fairchild and Intel, began his work in silicon microelectronics at Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in 1956. His 1965 prediction at Fairchild Semiconductor, subsequently known as "Moore’s Law,” that the number of components on an integrated circuit will increase Santa Clara exponentially with time while cost per function decreases, guided the industry's Moore's Law, 1965 1965 6 Valley contributions to advances in electronics and computing for more than fifty years.

Built by the Redlands Electric Light and Power Company, the Mill Creek hydroelectric generating plant began operating on 7 September 1893. This powerhouse was foremost in the use of three-phase alternating current power for Mill Creek No. 1 commercial application and was influential in the widespread adoption of three- Hydroelectric Plant, 1893 1893 6 Foothill phase power throughout the United States.

SRI was one of the first two nodes, with the University of California at Los Angeles, on the ARPANET, the first digital global network based on packet switching and demand access. The first documented ARPANET connection was from UCLA to SRI Inception of the ARPANET, Santa Clara on 29 October 1969 at 10:30 p.m. The ARPANET’s technology and deployment laid 1969 1969 6 Valley the foundation for the development of the Internet.

The Computer History Museum's mission is to preserve and present for posterity the artifacts and stories of the Information Age. The museum houses the world's IEEE Special Citation largest collection of computers and related software, documents, and visual Computer History Museum, Santa Clara media. Public exhibits celebrate the rich history of computing, aided by a speaker 1979 1979 6 Valley series, education activities, historical restorations, and research programs.

In Malibu, CA, U.S.A. in May 1960, IEEE member Theodore Maiman built and operated the first laser. A number of teams around the world were trying to construct this theoretically anticipated device from different materials. Maiman’s was based on a ruby rod optically pumped by a flash lamp. The laser was a Metropolitan transformative technology in the 20th century and continues to enjoy wide First Working Laser, 1960 1960 6 Los Angeles application in many fields of human endeavor. First RISC (Reduced Instruction-Set Computing) Oakland-East UC Berkeley students designed and built the first VLSI reduced instruction-set Microprocessor 1980-1982 1980 6 Bay computer in 1981. The simplified instructions of RISC-I reduced the hardware for

instruction decode and control, which enabled a flat 32-bit address space, a large set of registers, and pipelined execution. A good match to C programs and the Unix operating system, RISC-I influenced instruction sets widely used today, including those for game consoles, smartphones and tablets.

In Idaho Falls, Idaho, U.S.A., on 20 December 1951, electricity was first generated from the heat produced by a sustained nuclear reaction providing steam to a turbine generator. This event inaugurated the nuclear power industry in the United States. On 4 June 1953 EBR-I provided the first proof of "breeding" Experimental Breeder capability, producing one atom of nuclear fuel for each atom burned, and later Reactor I, 1951 1951 6 Eastern Idaho produced electricity using a plutonium core reactor.

In November 1886, electric lights illuminated Iolani Palace's grounds for King Kalakaua's 50th birthday celebrations. By March 1887, the Palace had 325 Electric Lighting Of The incandescent lights installed within its 104 rooms. The king's action promoted Kingdom of Hawaii 1886- economic development and accelerated implementation of electric lighting of the 1888 1886 6 Hawaii town of Honolulu on 23 March 1888.

The HP-35 was the first handheld calculator to perform transcendental functions (such as trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions). Most contemporary calculators could only perform the four basic operations – addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The HP-35 and subsequent models have Development of the HP-35, replaced the slide rule, used by generations of engineers and scientists. The HP-35 the First Handheld Scientific Santa Clara performed all the functions of the slide rule to ten-digit precision over a full two- Calculator, 1972 1972 6 Valley hundred-decade range. Development of CDMA for Cellular Communications, On 7 November 1989, Qualcomm publicly demonstrated a digital cellular radio 1989 1989 6 San Diego system based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) spread spectrum

technology, which increased capacity, improved service quality, and extended battery life. This formed the basis for IS-95 second-generation standards and third- generation broadband standards that were applied to cellular mobile devices worldwide.

At 10:30 p.m., 29 October 1969, the first ARPANET message was sent from this UCLA site to the Stanford Research Institute. Based on packet switching and Birthplace of the Internet, Coastal Los dynamic resource allocation, the sharing of information digitally from this first 1969 1969 6 Angeles node of ARPANET launched the Internet revolution.

In Mountain View, CA, UA, at 391 San Antonio Road, the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory manufactured the first silicon devices in what became known as Silicon Valley. Some of the talented scientists and engineers initially employed there left to found their own companies, leading to the birth of the silicon electronics Birthplace of Silicon Valley, Santa Clara industry in the region. Hundreds of firms in electronics and computing can trace 1956 1956 6 Valley their origins back to Shockley Semiconductor.

In 1956, Ampex Corporation of Redwood City, California, introduced the first practical videotape recorder for television stations and networks to produce and time-shift broadcasts, replacing impractical "kinescope" movie film previously Ampex Videotape Recorder, Santa Clara used to record TV. The Emmy-award-winning Ampex "VTR" analog-video standard 1956 1956 6 Valley ruled broadcasting and video production worldwide for twenty years. Newfoundland- Labrador, Global telephone communications using submarine cables began here on 25 Canadian September 1956, when the first transatlantic undersea telephone system, TAT-1, The First Submarine Atlantic, went into service. This site is the eastern terminal of the transatlantic cable that Transatlantic Telephone United Kingdom stretched west to Clarenville, Newfoundland. TAT-1 was a great technological Cable System (TAT-1), 1956 1956 7, 8 and Ireland achievement providing unparalleled reliability with fragile components in hostile

environments. It was made possible through the efforts of engineers at AT&T Bell Laboratories and BPO. The system operated until 1978.

At Signal Hill on December 12, 1901, IEEE member Guglielmo Marconi, and his assistant, George Kemp, confirmed the reception of the first transatlantic radio signals. With a telephone receiver and a wire antenna kept aloft by a kite, they heard Morse code for the letter "S" transmitted from Poldhu, Cornwall. Their Reception of Transatlantic Newfoundland- experiments showed that radio signals extended far beyond the horizon, giving Radio Signals, 1901 1901 7 Labrador radio a new global dimension for communication in the twentieth century.

On 9 June 1906 the Winnipeg Electric Railway Co. transmitted electric power from the Pinawa generating station on the Winnipeg River to the city of Winnipeg at Pinawa Hydroelectric Power 60,000 volts. It was the first year-round hydroelectric plant in Manitoba and one Project, 1906 1906 7 Winnipeg of the first to be developed in such a cold climate anywhere in the world.

On 17 June 1972, the Nelson River High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission system began delivery of electric power. It used the highest operating voltage to deliver the largest amount of power from a remote site to a city. The bipolar scheme gave superior line reliability and the innovative use of the Nelson River HVDC controls added significantly to the overall system capabilities. Finally, the scheme Transmission System, 1972 1972 7 Winnipeg used the largest mercury arc valves ever developed for such an application.

A permanent electrical communications link between the old world and the new was initiated at this site with the landing of a transatlantic cable on July 27, 1866. This achievement altered for all time personal, commercial, and political relations between peoples on the two sides of the ocean. Five more cables between Heart's Landing of the Transatlantic Newfoundland- Content and Valentia, Ireland were completed between 1866 and 1894. This Cable, 1866 1866 7 Labrador station continued in operation until 1965.

On 16 December 1953, the first television broadcast in Western Canada was transmitted from North Vancouver, BC, Canada, by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's CBUT Channel 2. The engineering experience gained here was First Television Broadcast in instrumental in the subsequent establishment of the more than one thousand Western Canada, 1953 1953 7 Vancouver public and private television broadcasting sites that serve Western Canada today.

On the morning of 17 April 1967, radio astronomers used this radiotelescope at DRAO and a second one at the Algonquin Radio Observatory located 3074 km First Radio Astronomical away to make the first successful radio astronomical observations using Very Long Observations Using Very Baseline Interferometry. Today, VLBI networks span the globe, extend into space Long Baseline and continue to make significant contributions to both radio astronomy and Interferometry, 1967 1967 7 Vancouver geodesy.

In 1950, in Room 64 of the Bantling Institute of the University of Toronto, Drs. Wilfred Bigelow and John Callaghan successfully paced the heart of a dog using an external electronic pacemaker-defibrillator having implanted electrodes. The device was developed by Dr. John Hopps at the National Research Council of First External Cardiac Canada. This pioneering work led to the use of cardiac pacemakers in humans and Pacemaker, 1950 1950 7 Toronto helped establish the importance of electronic devices in medicine.

On 10 August 1876, IEEE member Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated on this site that the human voice could be transmitted electrically over distance. While family members spoke into a transmitter in Brantford, 13 km away, Bell was able First Distant Speech to hear them at a receiver located here. This test convinced Bell that his invention Transmission in Canada, could be used for communication between towns and could compete successfully 1876 1876 7 Hamilton with the telegraph. First Digitally Processed Image from a Spaceborne 1978 7 Vancouver In November 1978, a team from MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. (MDA)

Synthetic Aperture Radar, became the first to use a digital processor to reconstruct an image from Seasat-A, 1978 the first civilian spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR). MDA engineers subsequently developed three of the four most important SAR digital processing algorithms that replaced the optical processing methods used previously.

Hydro-Quebec's 735,000 volt electric power transmission system was the first in the world to be designed, built and operated at an alternating-current voltage above 700 kV. This development extended the limits of long-distance transmission of electrical energy. On 29 November 1965 the first 735 kV line was inaugurated. First 735 kV AC Transmission Power was transmitted from the Manicouagan-Outardes hydro-electric generating System, 1965 1965 7 Quebec complex to Montreal, a distance of 600 km.

At 3:30 pm on 15 December 1974, the first 500 MeV proton beam was extracted from the TRIUMF cyclotron. Since then, TRIUMF has used proton beams from its cyclotron (and secondary beams of pions, muons, neutrons and radioactive ions First 500 MeV Proton Beam produced in its experimental halls) to conduct pioneering studies that have from the TRIUMF Cyclotron, advanced nuclear physics, particle physics, molecular and materials science, and 1974 1974 7 Vancouver nuclear medicine.

Operating since 1972, Eel River, New Brunswick is home to the world's first commercial solid state High Voltage Direct Current converter station. This 320 MW interconnection facility, built by Canadian General Electric and NB Power, incorporates high current silicon solid state thyristors to convert alternating Eel River High Voltage Direct current from Hydro Quebec to direct current and back to alternating, allowing Current Converter Station, asynchronous, stable power transfers to serve New Brunswick's Power's 1972 1972 7 New Brunswick customers. Decew Falls Hydro-Electric Plant, 1898 1898 7 Hamilton The Decew Falls Hydro-Electric Development was a pioneering project in the

generation and transmission of electrical energy at higher voltages and at greater distances in Canada. On 25 August 1898 this station transmitted power at 22,500 Volts, 66 2/3 Hz, two-phase, a distance of 56 km to Hamilton, Ontario. Using the higher voltage permitted efficient transmission over that distance.

Driven by the need to understand the characteristics of radio communication in Canada's North, Canadian researchers focused on the exploration of the earth's upper atmosphere, the ionosphere. Canada's satellite program commenced with the launch of Alouette-I on September 29, 1962. Alouette-II followed in 1965, ISIS- Alouette-ISIS Satellite I in 1969, ISIS-II in 1971. The Alouette/ISIS tracking antenna serves as a reminder Program, 1962 1962 7 Ottawa of Canada's contribution to this international effort in space science.

The 1938 Zenit radar test at the Laboratory of Electromagnetic Oscillations of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology was a major advance in the development of radar. Designed by Abram Slutskin, Alexander Usikov, and Semion Braude, who were microwave scientists and magnetron pioneers, Zenit Zenit Parabolic Reflector L- established the practicality of combining the pulsed method and a shorter wave band Pulsed Radar, 1938 1938 8 Ukraine band for determining precisely all three coordinates of airborne targets.

The Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, built the Weizmann Automatic Computer (WEIZAC) during 1954-1955 with the scientific vision of Chaim Pekeris and the engineering leadership of IEEE member Gerald Estrin. The WEIZAC was based on drawings from the IAS computer at Princeton University and built with much ingenuity. The machine was the first digital electronic computer constructed in the Middle East and it became an indispensable scientific WEIZAC Computer, 1955 1955 8 Israel computing resource for many scientists and engineers worldwide. Vucje Hydroelectric Plant, Serbia and 1903 1903 8 Montenegro The Vucje hydroelectric plant began operation in 1903. It was the first in southern

Serbia and the largest in the broader region. By transmitting alternating current of 50 Hz at 7000 volts--high for the period--over a distance of 16 km, it helped to transform the regional economy. It remained in continual use for over a century.

In 1799, Alessandro Volta developed the first electrical battery. This battery, known as the Voltaic Cell, consisted of two plates of different metals immersed in a chemical solution. Volta's development of the first continuous and reproducible Volta's Electrical Battery source of electrical current was an important step in the study of Invention, 1799 1799 8 Italy electromagnetism and in the development of electrical equipment.

On December 12, 1901, a radio transmission of the Morse code letter 'S' was broadcast from this site, using equipment built by John Ambrose Fleming. At Signal Hill in Newfoundland, IEEE member Guglielmo Marconi, using a wire antenna kept aloft by a kite, confirmed the reception of these first transatlantic radio signals. These experiments showed that radio signals could propagate far beyond the Transmission of Transatlantic United Kingdom horizon, giving radio a new global dimension for communications in the twentieth Radio Signals, 1901 1901 8 and Ireland century.

The Star of Laufenburg is the original location of the electric-power interconnection of three countries: Switzerland, Germany and France. The Union for Production and Transmission of Electricity (now UCTE) was formed to manage this interconnection. This installation pioneered international connections, and technical and political cooperation for European integration. UCTE coordinated Star of Laufenburg one of the largest synchronously connected power networks serving almost all of Interconnection, 1958 1958 8 Switzerland continental Europe. Shilling's Pioneering Contribution to Practical Russia In St. Petersburg, Russia, the original electromagnetic telegraph is exhibited. P. L. Telegraphy, 1828-1837 1828 8 (Northwest) Shilling, a Russian scientist, successfully transmitted messages over different

distances by means of an electric current’s effect on a magnetic needle, using two signs and a telegraph dictionary for transferring letters and digits. Shilling`s demonstrations in St. Petersburg and abroad provided an impetus to scientists in different countries and influenced the invention of more advanced electromagnetic telegraphs.

The Shannon Scheme was officially opened on 22 July 1929. One of the largest engineering projects of its day, it was successfully executed by Siemens to harness the Shannon River. It subsequently served as a model for large-scale electrification Shannon Scheme for the projects worldwide. Operated by the Electricity Supply Board, it had an immediate Electrification of the Irish United Kingdom impact on the social, economic and industrial development of Ireland and Free State, 1929 1929 8 and Ireland continued to supply significant power beyond the end of the 20th century.

The original Rheinfelden plant was an outstanding achievement in Europe's early large-scale generation of hydroelectric power. It was important for its 17,000 horsepower (12,500 kilowatt) output, for pioneering three-phase alternating current later adopted around the world, and using 50-Hertz frequency which afterwards became standard in most countries. Gradually, Rheinfelden entered Rheinfelden Hydroelectric into joint operation with other stations, from which the interconnected network of Power Plant, 1898 - 2010 1898 8 Germany continental Europe evolved.

IEEE member Valdemar Poulsen, a Danish engineer, invented an arc converter as a generator of continuous-wave radio signals in 1902. Beginning in 1904, Poulsen used the arc for experimental radio transmission from Lyngby to various receiving Poulsen-Arc Radio sites in Denmark and Great Britain. Poulsen-arc transmitters were used Transmitter, 1902 1902 8 Denmark internationally until they were superseded by vacuum-tube transmitters.

On 7 May 1895, Aleksandr S. Popov ( demonstrated the possibility of transmitting and receiving short, continuous signals over a distance up to 64 meters by means Popov's Contribution to the of electromagnetic waves with the help of a special portable device responding to Development of Wireless Russia electrical oscillation which was a significant contribution to the development of Communication, 1895 1895 8 (Northwest) wireless communication.

A key milestone in development of the quartz electronic wristwatch in Switzerland was the creation in 1962 of the Centre Electronique Horloger of Neuchâtel. The Centre produced the first prototypes incorporating dedicated integrated circuits that set new timekeeping performance records at the International Chronometric Pioneering Work on the Competition held at this observatory in 1967. Since then quartz watches, with Quartz Electronic hundreds of millions of units produced, became an extremely successful electronic Wristwatch, 1962-1967 1962 8 Switzerland system.

Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard, recipients of the IEEE John von Neumann Medal, created the Simula programming languages in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computer Center. They introduced a new way of modeling and simulating complex tasks. Object-oriented programming is now dominant in systems development. It is an integral part of computer science curricula, as are languages Object-Oriented built on object-oriented programming concepts, such as Smalltalk, C++, Java, and Programming, 1961-1967 1961 8 Norway Python.

Between 1860 and 1871, at his family home Glenlair and at King’s College London, where he was Professor of Natural Philosophy, James Clerk Maxwell conceived and developed his unified theory of electricity, magnetism and light. A cornerstone of classical physics, the Theory of Electromagnetism is summarized in four key Maxwell's Equations, 1860- United Kingdom equations that now bear his name. Maxwell’s equations today underpin all 1871 1860 8 and Ireland modern information and communication technologies. The IEEE/Royal Society of

Edinburgh (RSE) James Clerk Maxwell Medal, established in 2006, is named in honor of the 19th century Scottish mathematician and physicist who laid the foundations of electromagnetic wave theory, radio propagation, microwave techniques, and radio communications.

The data compression algorithm developed at this site in 1977 by IEEE members Lempel-Ziv Data Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv became a basis for enabling data transmission via Compression Algorithm, the internet in an efficient way. It contributed significantly in making the internet a 1977 1977 8 Israel global communications medium.

On 28 August 1895 electricity generated at Krka-Sibenik, Croatia was transmitted to the city of Šibenik, where six power transformers supplied a large number of street lamps. This early system of power generation, transmission and distribution Krka-Šibenik Electric Power was one of the first complete multiphase alternating current systems in the world System, 1895 1895 8 Croatia and it remained in operation until World War I.

Alan Dower Blumlein filed a patent for a two-channel audio system called “stereo” on 14 December 1931. It included a "shuffling" circuit to preserve directional sound, an orthogonal “Blumlein Pair” of velocity microphones, the recording of two orthogonal channels in a single groove, stereo disc-cutting head, and hybrid Invention of Stereo Sound United Kingdom transformer to mix directional signals. Blumlein brought his equipment to Abbey Reproduction, 1931 1931 8 and Ireland Road Studios in 1934 and recorded the London Philharmonic Orchestra.

At Great Britain's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), by 1975 James Ellis had proved that a symmetric secret-key system is unnecessary and Clifford Cocks with Malcolm Williamson showed how such 'public-key Invention of Public-key United Kingdom cryptography' could be achieved. Until then it was believed that secure Cryptography, 1969 - 1975 1969 8 and Ireland communication was impossible without exchange of a secret key, with key

distribution a major impediment. With these discoveries the essential principles were known but were kept secret until 1997.

In 1947 Dennis Gabor, IEEE Medal of Honor winner, conceived the idea of wavefront reconstruction for improving the performance of the electron microscope. This became the basis for the invention of optical holography for three-dimensional imaging but implementation required coherent light sources Invention of Holography, United Kingdom and had to await the emergence of the laser some years later. Gabor was awarded 1947 1947 8 and Ireland the Nobel Prize for his invention in 1971.

The Gotland HVDC Link was the world’s first commercial HVDC transmission link using the first submarine HVDC cable. It connected the Island of Gotland to mainland Sweden. The 96 km-long cable used mass-impregnated technology. The Swedish manufacturer ASEA produced the link for Vattenfall, the state-owned utility. The project used mercury-arc valves for the 20 MW/100 kV HVDC Gotland High Voltage Direct converters, developed by an ASEA-Vattenfall team led by IEEE member Dr. Uno Current Link, 1954 1954 8 Sweden Lamm.

In early 1920, in this building, technicians of the Königs Wusterhausen radio station together with employees from the Telegraphentechnisches Reichsamt, Germany’s First Broadcast began experiments broadcasting voice and music using an arc transmitter. By late Transmission from the Radio 1920, tests had become successful enough to transmit an instrumental concert on Station Königs 22 December -- the so-called Christmas concert. This transmission is regarded as Wusterhausen, 1920 1920 8 Germany the birth of statutorily regulated broadcasting in Germany.

Beginning in the 1880s Professor John Ambrose Fleming, IEEE Medal of Honor United Kingdom winner, (IRE member?) of University College London investigated the Edison Fleming Valve, 1904 1904 8 and Ireland effect, electrical conduction within a glass bulb from an incandescent filament to a

metal plate. In 1904 he constructed such a bulb and used it to rectify high frequency oscillations and thus detect wireless signals. The same year Fleming patented the device, later known as the 'Fleming valve.'

On 11 July 1962, in Goonhilly Downs, Cornwall, England, the first live television signal across the Atlantic from Europe to the USA, via TELSTAR. This Satellite Earth Station was designed and built by the British Post Office Engineering Department. First Transatlantic Television United Kingdom Known as 'Arthur' (of "Knights of the Round Table" fame), its open-dish design Signal via Satellite, 1962 1962 8 and Ireland became a model for satellite television earth stations throughout the world.

On 11 July 1962, Pleumeur-Bodou, France received the first transatlantic transmission of a TV signal from a twin station in Andover, Maine, USA via the First Transatlantic Reception TELSTAR satellite. The success of TELSTAR and the earth stations, the first built for of a Television Signal via active satellite communications, illustrated the potential of a future world-wide Satellite, 1962 1962 8 France satellite system to provide communications between continents.

From 1860-1863, a dynamo with a slotted ring armature, described and built at the University of Pisa by Antonio Pacinotti, was a significant step leading to First Studies on Ring practical electrical machines for direct current. Groups of turns of the closed Armature for Direct-Current winding were connected to the bars of a commutator. The machine also worked Dynamos, 1860-1863 1860 8 Italy as a motor.

Members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain witnessed the world's first public demonstration of live television on 26 January 1926 in this building at 22 Frith Street, London. Inventor and entrepreneur John Logie Baird, IEEE Member, used the first floor as a workshop during 1924-1926, for various experimental activities, First Public Demonstration of United Kingdom including the development of his television system. The BBC adopted Baird’s Television, 1926 1926 8 and Ireland system for its first television broadcast service in 1930.

The first use of wireless telegraphy in the field occurred during the Anglo-Boer War in 1899-1902. The British Army experimented with IEEE Member Guglielmo First Operational Use Of Marconi's system and the British Navy successfully used it for communication Wireless Telegraphy, 1899- among naval vessels in Delagoa Bay, prompting further development of Marconi's 1902 1899 8 South Africa wireless telegraph system for practical uses.

In Karlsruhe, Germany, Heinrich Hertz first verified Maxwell's equations and prediction of electromagnetic waves in 1886-1888. He observed the reflection, First Generation and refraction and polarization of the waves and, moreover, the equality of their Experimental Proof of velocity of propagation with the velocity of light. His 450 MHz transmitter and Electromagnetic Waves, receiver demonstrated the fundamentals of high-frequency technology. The IEEE 1886-1888 1886 8 Germany Heinrich Hertz Medal was created in his honor.

The first liquid crystal materials were characterized in 1889 by Otto Lehmann in Karlsruhe, Germany. Lehmann recognized the existence of a new state of matter, “flüssige Kristalle” or liquid crystals, which flows like a liquid but has the optical property of double refraction characteristic of crystals. Lehmann’s work on these First Exploration and Proof of compounds opened the door to further liquid crystal research and eventually Liquid Crystals, 1889 1889 8 Germany displays and other applications.

Polish Cipher Bureau mathematicians Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski broke the German Enigma cipher machine codes. Working with engineers from the AVA Radio Manufacturing Company, they built the ‘bomba’ – the first First Breaking of Enigma cryptanalytic machine to break Enigma codes. Their work was a foundation of Code by the Team of Polish British code breaking efforts which, with later American assistance, helped end Cipher Bureau, 1932-1939 1932 8 Poland World War II.

Enrico Fermi's Major From 1924-1926, Nobel laureate Enrico Fermi developed the quantum statistics Contribution to that would be named after him while teaching at the School of Engineering of the Semiconductor Statistics, University of Florence. The Fermi-Dirac statistics were a fundamental contribution 1924-1926 1924 8 Italy to semiconductor physics and to the development of electronics.

On 8 April 1911, in this building, Professor Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and his collaborators, Cornelis Dorsman, Gerrit Jan Flim, and Gilles Holst, discovered superconductivity. They observed that the resistance of mercury approached "practically zero" as its temperature was lowered to 3 kelvins. Today, Early Swiss Wireless superconductivity makes many electrical technologies possible, including Experiments, 1897 1897 8 Switzerland Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and high-energy particle accelerators.

In 1901, the Spanish engineer, Leonardo Torres-Quevedo, IEEE Member, began the development of a system, which he called Telekine, which was able to do "mechanical movements at a distance." The system was a way of testing dirigible balloons of his own creation without risking human lives. In 1902 and 1903 he Early Developments in requested some patents for the system. With the Telekine, Torres-Quevedo laid Remote-Control, 1901 1901 8 Spain down modern wireless remote-control operation principles.

On 8 April 1911, in this building, Professor Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and his collaborators, Cornelis Dorsman, Gerrit Jan Flim, and Gilles Holst discovered superconductivity. They observed that the resistance of mercury approached "practically zero" as its temperature was lowered to 3 kelvins. Today, Discovery of superconductivity makes many electrical technologies possible, including Superconductivity, 1911 1911 8 Benelux Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and high-energy particle accelerators.

In this building, Edouard Branly discovered radioconduction, now called the Branly Effect. On 24 November 1890, he observed that an electromagnetic wave changes Discovery of the ability of metal filings to conduct electricity. Branly used his discovery to make Radioconduction by Edouard a very sensitive detector called a coherer, improved versions of which became the Branly, 1890 1890 8 France first practical wireless signal receivers.

IEEE member Luigi Dadda published the first description of the optimized scheme, subsequently called a Dadda Tree, for a digital circuit to compute the multiplication of unsigned fixed-point numbers in binary arithmetic. This circuit allowed the arithmetic units of microprocessor-based computers to execute complex arithmetic operations with a performance/cost ratio unequaled at that Dadda's Multiplier, 1965 1965 8 Italy time. His research and teaching pioneered computer engineering in Italy.

On July 13, 1866 the Great Eastern, a huge steamship invented by Isambard Kingdom Brunel steamed westward from Valentia, laying telegraph cable behind her. The successful landing at Heart's Content, Newfoundland on 27 July established a permanent electrical communications link that altered for all time personal, commercial and political relations between people across the Atlantic Ocean. Later, additional cables were laid from Valentia and new stations opened County Kerry Transatlantic United Kingdom at Ballinskelligs (1874) and Waterville (1884), making County Kerry a major focal Cable Stations, 1866 1866 8 and Ireland point for global communications.

On 8 March 1979, in Eindhoven, Netherlands, N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken, which means "light emitter manufacturing" demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player. The demonstration showed that it is possible by using digital optical recording and playback to reproduce audio signals with Compact Disc Audio Player, superb stereo quality. This research at Philips established the technical standard 1979 1979 8 Benelux for digital optical recording systems. In honor of this work, the IEEE Frederik

Philips Award was established in 1971 through an agreement between N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken (now called Philips Electronics N.V.) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

In Bletchley Park, United Kingdom during the 1939-45 World War, 12,000 men and women broke the German Lorenz and Enigma ciphers, as well as Japanese and Italian codes and ciphers. They used innovative mathematical analysis and were assisted by two computing machines developed here by teams led by IEEE Code-breaking at Bletchley member Alan Turing: the electro-mechanical Bombe developed with Gordon Park during World War II, United Kingdom Welchman, and the electronic Colossus designed by Tommy Flowers. These 1939-1945 1939 8 and Ireland achievements greatly shortened the war, thereby saving countless lives.

In 1968, At CERN laboratories the invention of multiple-wire proportional chambers and drift chambers revolutionized the domain of electronic particle detectors, leading to new research on the constitution of matter. The CERN Experimental development of unique electrical and electronic devices made possible the major Instrumentation, 1968 1968 8 France high-energy physics experiments which have been recognized worldwide.

In 1836, Reverend Nicholas Callan, professor of Natural Philosophy at Saint Patrick's College Maynooth in Ireland, contributed significantly to the Callan's Pioneering understanding of electrical induction and the development of the induction coil. Contributions to Electrical He did this through a series of experiments that made the inductive transient Science and Technology, United Kingdom phenomena visibly clear. The apparatus used in these experiments was replicated 1836 1836 8 and Ireland in other laboratories.

Benjamin Franklin, American electrician, printer, and diplomat, spent many years Benjamin Franklin's work in United Kingdom on Craven Street in London. He lived at No. 7 between 1772 and 1775 and at No. London, 1757-1775 1757 8 and Ireland 36 from 1757-1762 and again from 1764-1772. During these years, Franklin

popularized the study of electricity, performed experiments, and served as an advisor on lightning conductors.

A research team in the Physics department of Dundee University, Scotland Amorphous Silicon Thin Film demonstrated in 1979 that amorphous silicon field-effect transistors were able to Field-Effect Transistor switch liquid crystal arrays. Other semiconductor thin film materials had been Switches for Liquid Crystal United Kingdom found to be unsuitable for deposition on large area substrates. The invention laid Displays, 1979 1979 8 and Ireland the foundation for the commercial development of flat panel television displays.

In December, 1945, much-needed hydroelectric power began flowing from Rincon del Bonete, Uruguay to other parts of Uruguay. World War II had interrupted the work begun by a German consortium, but Uruguayan engineers (members?) reformulated and completed the project using United States-supplied equipment. The large artificial lake spurred further Rio Negro electrification; availability of abundant, clean hydroelectricity was a turning point in Uruguay's development, Rincón del Bonete, 1945 1945 9 Uruguay quality of life, and engineering profession.

The Panama Canal project included one of the largest and most important electrical installations in the world early in the 20th century. The use of 1022 electric motors with an installed capacity of 28,290 horsepower largely replaced the steam and water powered equipment then in common use. Reliability and Panama Canal Electrical and safety were also engineered into the innovative electrical control system, enabling Control Installations, 1914 1914 9 Panama remote lock operation from a central location.

The Arecibo Observatory, the world's largest radiotelescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, was dedicated in 1963. Its design and implementation led to advances in the NAIC/Arecibo Puerto Rico & electrical engineering areas of antenna design, signal processing, and electronic Radiotelescope, 1963 1963 9 Caribbean instrumentation, and in the mechanical engineering areas of antenna suspension

and drive systems. The drive system positions all active parts of the antenna with millimeter precision, regardless of temperature changes, enabling the telescope to maintain an accurate focus. Its subsequent operation led to advances in the scientific fields of radioastronomy, planetary studies, and space and atmospheric sciences.

The 1897 430 kW Chivilingo Plant was the first hydroelectric plant in Lota, Chile and the second in South America. A 10 km line fed the Lota coal mines and the railway extracting minerals 12 km from shore under the sea. It represented a new key technology and a new source of electrical energy in the region as a tool for Chivilingo Hydroelectric economic development. Chivilingo demonstrated the advantages of industrial use Plant, 1897 1897 9 Chile of electricity and hastened its widespread adoption in Chile. In April 1929, the Yosami Station established the first wireless communications between Japan and Europe with a long wave operating at 17.442 kHz. An inductor- type high-frequency alternator provided output power at 500 kW. The antenna system used eight towers, each 250m high. The facilities were used for Yosami Radio Transmitting communicating with submarines by the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1941 to Station, 1929 1929 10 Nagoya 1945 and by the United States Navy from 1950 to 1993.

In 1977, IEEE member Dr. Tatsuo Izawa of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp. (NTT) invented the vapor-phase axial deposition (VAD) method suitable for the Vapor-phase Axial mass production of optical fiber. NTT, Furukawa Electric, Sumitomo Electric, and Deposition Method for Mass Fujikura collaboratively investigated the fabrication process. The technology Production of High-quality successfully shifted from research and development to commercialization. The Optical Fiber, 1977-1983 1977 10 Tokyo VAD method contributed greatly to the construction of optical-fiber networks.

Toshiba T1100, a Pioneering The Toshiba T1100, an IBM PC compatible laptop computer developed in Tokyo, Contribution to the 1985 10 Tokyo Japan, that shipped in 1985, made an invaluable contribution to the development

Development of Laptop PC, of the laptop PC and portable personal computers. With the T1100, Toshiba 1985 demonstrated and promoted the emergence and importance of true portability for PCs running packaged software, with the result that T1100 won acceptance not only among PC experts but by the business community.

Tokaido Shinkansen (Bullet Train) was designed with the world's most advanced electrical and mechanical train technologies to operate at speeds up to 210 km/hr, Tokaido Shinkansen (Bullet a world record when it began service in 1964. It has carried over 100 million Train), 1964 1964 10 Nagoya passengers per year for many years with an excellent safety record.

In 1984, Kyoto University built the Middle and Upper atmosphere, or MU, radar as the first large-scale MST (Mesosphere, Stratosphere, and Troposphere) radar with a two-dimensional active phased array antenna system, with the collaboration of Mitsubishi Electric Corporation. The MU radar enabled continuous and flexible The MU (Middle and Upper observation of the atmosphere, and has contributed to the progress of atmosphere) radar, 1984 1984 10 Kansai atmospheric science and radar engineering.

NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation, developed high-definition television (HDTV), a high-resolution and wide-screen television system designed to convey a strong sense of reality to viewers. Research began in 1964, ranging from The High Definition psychophysical experiments to system development. In 1989, the world's first Television System, 1964- HDTV broadcast via satellite opened a new era in broadcasting. Since 1989, HDTV 1989 1964 10 Tokyo has spread throughout the world.

In Tokyo, Japan, between 1971 and 1978, the first Japanese-language word The First Word Processor for processor was developed. Researchers headed by Ken-ichi Mori created a wholly the Japanese Language, new concept of Japanese word processing. Their first practical system, JW-10, was 1971-1978 1971 10 Tokyo publicly unveiled on 3 October 1978.[1] The JW-10, and improved versions, played

a major role in advancing the Information Age in Japan, and provided the basis for Japanese-language word-processing software in personal computers.