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Loran C Cycle Matching Operational Evaluation in North Pacific Area

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Loran C Cycle Matching Operational Evaluation in North Pacific Area ~Opy 19 Report No. FAA ...RD-75-142 1-= FAA WJH Technical Center 1111\\\ 11\\1 11m 11111 11m 11111 1III1 11111 11111111 00090609 LORAN C CYCLE MATCHING OPERATIONAL EVALUATION IN NORTH PACIFIC AREA Jon R. Hamilton . .. NAFEC :~. LIBRARY DEC 2197~· # . October 1975 Final Report Document is avai lable to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. Preparell for u.s. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Systems Research &Development Service Washington, D.C. 20590 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of infor­ mation exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. 1 -=~,....e;.,...~_r~_~.,...~.,...' ~T 'I";~T,iW', 1--:-_' -..,..7_5..,..-_1_4_2 ....'·-O:;;;;-"=;;;;=:--.-- (000'0' No 4. Tit'e and Subtitle 5. Rer,ort Dote Loran C Cycle Matching Operational Evaluation in October 1975 North Pacific Area I-:- ------::-------:::----~--_1 1'-::--:---:--:-:---------------------------- ,g. P .. rio-Ming Orgonlzation Report N.o. 7. Author/ .) Jon R. Hami 1ton P~rfo,mi"g 9. l.Ontlnenta Organitotjpi) I-\lr N.p[e. lneS, and Acld'fu nco In. Wark Unit No. /TRAIS) International Airport 11. Cont'oct or Grant No. Los Angeles, California 90009 DOT -FA75WA-3607 -:-. '--'~"--"----'-'" ._.---------­ 1J. 1" yp.. "f Qepc"t 01"1' Period Coy"r.d ~-....,.....-----_._---_._._._----.-_._--.-. __._._.__..._. __ ._---._.._." 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and ~cldr..". Final Department of Transportation I October 1975 Federal Aviation Administration Systems Research and Development Service 14. Spc.nsorinll Agene./ Code Washington, D. C. 20590 15. Supplemento,y Notes r--,...,--....,.....--------------------16. Ab.troct ..-------.-------.-------------------l A Loran-C cycle matching receiver, (Teledyne Model TDL-302) was evaluated during normal aircraft service as a potential replacement for Loran-A. The system was installed on a Continental Air Lines/Air Micronesia 727-100 aircraft and data were collected in the North Pacific Area primarily between Honolulu and Guam. The program results indicate that Loran-C is a satisfactory substitute for Loran-A 'in the eval uation area. In most cases, the coverage was much more adequate than the present Loran-A coverage. The Loran-C system under evalu­ ation will require much less crew attention than the present Loran-A system. 17. 'to~gn" C 18. Di.tribution State",e"t Loran A Document is available to the Public Navigation through the National Technical Informa­ tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 1--:-19.,....-S.-cU-,-ity--'-C',....0-••--'if:""./""'o"""ft"""h-j.-,-.p-o,""""t),------·-r-=20=:-'.-S::-..-cu-'-ity-C"=',,....,,...J..-:jJ,.--,.(-;;, thi' pall.) - .. ­ 21. No. of Palle. 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 69 Form DOT F 1700.7 /8-72) R.eproduction of completed page outhorizl'ld METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS ' ....,.xi.... C.IIWlrIi... to Mltric MI..url. ... _ ~ A"rexi..tl Clawlr.i••• h ••••tric .....," _ :: 1,.11., ..... h. I... ...Iti'" II, t. FiM ...... ......1 ..... Y.. K_ ".hi,Iy II, t. Fi... 1,.11., -_ = .. LEISTH • a LEISTH _ - .... millimeter. 0.04 inchot. in l!l em cenlimeters 0.4 .... • - m met.... 3.3 teet ft in inc:hll. '2.5 cenlimeler. cm - • m meters 1.1 y-' 'I'd ft feet 30 cenlimelers cm" - 10m kil.....ler. 0.6 ",ile. ,.; yd yMi. 0.9 mete.. m =:;­ _ mi mile. 1.& kil.....I.... 10m =!: AREA AREA ~ .... • - err?­ .......e cenlimeter. 0.1' ~ ;.2 2 2 in 8qU8re inclle. 6.5 squa.e cenl.meler. cm ~ m2 "'IUS" mele.. 1.2 yelda .".,. 2 1t "'Ius.e feel 0.09 square melers m2 _ 10m2 "'I_e kil.....I.... 0.4 e miles .2 2 yd "'IUS" yard. 0.8 "'Iu.,. meIer. rr?­ • "" hectere. (10.000 m2 , 2.5 e_ mi2 .......e mile. 2.' "'Iu••• kit_e.. km2 _­ acre. 0.4 hecte.e. "" _ ... '" - MASS (Wli,ht' MASS (wli,ht' - .. - - 9 grams 0.035 - • oz ounce. 28 9<­ 9 - kg kil..­ 2.2 ........ • Ib pound. 0.45 kilograms kg :: I 1_. 11000 kg) 1.1 short 1_ _ I Ion. 0.9 1_. I • =;­ _ (2000 Ibl • 2 VOLUME - ... VOLU.E I'P 18__• 5 miiii lilers ml ~ - ml millililer. 0.03 ":_. fl. Tbsp teble._. 15 millilile.. ml III I liter. 2.1 po : II oz lIuid ounce. 30 milliI ilers ml'" _ I 101.... 1.. qI8rt8 .. c cups 0.24 liter. I ~ I 3 lillln 0.2& gallon. frI pt pinl' 0.41 liters I m cubic met.... 35 ~c teet J ql quarts 0.95 lilers I -... m3 cubic meleu 1.3 cub.c y.nI. 'I'd g.1 gallon. 3.8 IiIe,. I 3 3 lt cubic feel 0.03 cubic meIer. m - - '" TEMPERATURE (.x.ct' yd3 cub.c y••d. 0.16 cub.c met.... m3 .. • • TEMPERATURE (extet' - • 0c Cel.iu. 9/5 lIMn F"'-il ·F _ I......ture 8dd 32) 1......._ OF Fah.enheil 5/9 lalter Celsiu. °c _ .. lemperatu.. .ubt,.cting lemper.lu.e _ _ OF 321 _ .. OF 32 9'" Ill! ~4f' ~ i~ 4 '~~ '~I' t~' I~OI.~' II~O'.io' 'i~,L ., on' 2.5.,....elly'. Fo<othe' ••ac,eonve,s,ons.""""".det."edtabl.'.seeNBS\\;Se.Publ.2S6. [ - _ i '.' i ,o I units of WelghtB and Measures. Price $2.25. SO Cata log No. C13.1 0:286. I E :0 20 31 DC Cl' _ _ u C TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A) Purpose 1 B) Discussion 1. Ge nera1.....................................1 2. Loran C Chain Usage 1 3. Route Structure in Evaluation Area 2 4. Aircraft Installation 2 5. Da ta Co" ecti on Procedures 3 C) Operational Results 1. Sys tern Opera ti on 3-4 2. System Failures 4 3. Precipitation Static 4 4. Operation Near Base Line Extension 4 5. Range of Coverage 5 6. Opera tiona 1 Anoma 1i es 5-6 D) Conclusions 1. Loran C Suitability 6 2. Ease of Equ i pment Opera tion 6 3. Adequacy of Loran C rna ps 6 4. Presence of Precipitation Static 6 5. Coverage Gap from Johnston Island to 6 Majuro E) Recommenda ti ons 1. Additional Slave Station Requirements 6 Appendices A. Loran C Data Records - In-Flight Log - Flights 1-19 B. Loran C - Reproduced Plotting Charts - Flights 1-19 LORAN C CYCLE MATCHING EVALUATION IN THE NORTH PACIFIC AREA REPORT ON OPERATIONAL EVALUATION A} Purpose: The objective of this evaluation is to determine the adequacy of cycle matching Loran C as a possible substitute for Loran A in the North Pacific area where usable Loran C signal coverage exists. B} Di scussion: 1. Genera 1 Since the North Pacific Loran A facilities will be phased out in the near future and replaced with Loran C, it is necessary for air' carriers in the affected areas to find suitable substitutes for the Loran A equipment. At the present time, the aircraft which are operated "in this region by Continental - Air Micronesia are equipped with dual doppler systems using Loran A for update purposes, which is required by the Federal Aviation Regulations. Since it is not practical for economic reasons to retrofit the air­ craft with Inertial Navigation Systems after the Loran A facilities are shut down, the most sensible solution is to utilize the existing Loran C chains. This evaluation was conducted by Continental Airlines to determine if the subject Loran C cycle matching system and related facilities are an acceptable substitute for Loran A in terms of airline navi­ gation standards of accuracy and reliability. No attempt will be made to explain the operational theories of Loran C system since it is assumed that this report will only be read by those who are knowledgeable in this area. 2. Loran C Chain Usage The Loran C chains which were used in this evaluation were as follows: a} Central Pacific Ocean - S1 Chain: The Master is located at Johnston Island and the two slaves are located at Upolu Point, Hawaii and Kure, Midway Island. b} Northwest Pacific - SS3 Chain: The Master is located at Iwo Jima, Bonin Islands, and the four slaves are located at Marcus Island, Hokkaido, Japan, Gesashi, Okinawa, and Yap, Caroline Islands. - 2 ­ ~' 3. Route Structure in Evaluation Area The Sl and SS3 chains were the only two which were utilized during the evaluation due to the Continental-Air Micronesia route structure in thi s area. The routes flown by Air Micronesia are as follows: Honolulu-Johnston Island-Majuro-Kwajalein-Ponape-Truk-Guam. Guam-Tinian-Saipan-Rota. Guam-Yap, Caroline Islands - Koror, Palau Islands. Loran C data was obtained on all of these route segments, although the majority of the data flights were made on the long flights between Guam and Honolulu. 4. Aircraft Installation A Boeing 727-100 aircraft, Registration N18476, was used for the evaluation. This aircraft is equipped with dual doppler systems, dual ADF systems, and a single Loran A system which utilizes the ADF-l sense antenna. The evaluation system was a Teledyne type TDL-302 which consisted of the following: a) Loran C Receiver, Teledyne PIN 8012270 b) Control and Display Unit, Teledyne PIN 8012115 c) Antenna Coupler Unit, Teledyne PIN 8012260 The receiver was installed in the avionics compartment of the aircraft and the Control Display Unit was mounted on the second observers table in the aft LH cockpit. The Loran C coupler was mounted in close proximity to the ADF-2 sense antenna in the No.2 engine inlet area. The coupler was installed on top of the existing ADF-2 coupler to allow a mini­ mum of rewiring. The ADF-2 sense antenna was utilized for this Loran C system. On the subject aircraft, this ADF-2 sense antenna is a portion of the skin covering the top of the engine No.2 inlet and has an area of approximately 22 square feet.
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