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Université Cadi Ayyad Marrakech Au Maroc, Sous La Direction De Monsieur Abdel-Illah QATIBI

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Université Cadi Ayyad Marrakech Au Maroc, Sous La Direction De Monsieur Abdel-Illah QATIBI UNIVERSITÉ DE PAU ET DES UNIVERSITÉ CADI AYYAD PAYS DE L’ADOUR MARRAKECHTable des matières COLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES EXACTES CENTRES D'ÉTUDES DOCTORALES (CED) É ET DE LEURS APPLICATIONS (ED 211) SEMLALIA PAU - FRANCE MARRAKECH - MAROC THÈSE EN COTUTELLE Présentée et soutenue Par EL HOUARI Abdelaziz Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR Spécialité : Physiologie et biologie des organismes - populations - interactions PRODUCTION ET ÉLIMINATION DES SULFURES PRODUITS LORS DE LA BIOMÉTHANISATION DE BOUES DE STATION DE TRAITEMENT DES EAUX USÉES DOMESTIQUES : PROCÉDÉS BIOLOGIQUES DE SULFOOXYDATION PAR DES THIOBACILLES ANAÉROBIES FACULTATIFS (PROJET SULFOX) Le 30 Août 2018 Après avis des rapporteurs et devant la commission d’examen formée de : Mme Agnès Hirschler-Réa (Professeur, Université d’Aix-Marseille, Marseille) Mme Laila Mandi (Professeur, Faculté des sciences Semlalia, Marrakech) M. Nicolas Bernet (DR CNRS, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Environnement, Narbonne) La thèse a été réalisée sous la direction de : M. Abdel-Ilah Qatibi (Professeur, Université Cady Ayyad) M. Rémy Guyoneaud (Professeur, Université de Pau et des Pays de l‘Adour) N° Ordre : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ THÈSE EN COTUTELLE Présentée et soutenue Par EL HOUARI Abdelaziz Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR Spécialité : Physiologie et biologie des organismes - populations - interactions PRODUCTION ET ÉLIMINATION DES SULFURES PRODUITS LORS DE LA BIOMÉTHANISATION DE BOUES DE STATION DE TRAITEMENT DES EAUX USÉES DOMESTIQUES : PROCÉDÉS BIOLOGIQUES DE SULFOOXYDATION PAR DES THIOBACILLES ANAÉROBIES FACULTATIFS (PROJET SULFOX) Le 30 Août 2018 Après avis des rapporteurs et devant la commission d’examen formée de : Mme Agnès Hirschler-Réa (Professeur, Université d’Aix-Marseille, Marseille) Mme Laila Mandi (Professeur, Faculté des sciences Semlalia, Marrakech) M. Nicolas Bernet (DR CNRS, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Environnement, Narbonne) La thèse a été réalisée sous la direction de : M. Abdel-Ilah Qatibi (Professeur, Université Cady Ayyad) M. Rémy Guyoneaud (Professeur, Université de Pau et des Pays de l‘Adour) À LA MÉMOIRE DE MON PÈRE La réussite d’un fils, la fierté d’un père. Vous n’êtes plus là où vous étiez, mais vous êtes partout là où je suis. Ce travail est dédié à mon père, décédé trop tôt, témoignage de ma réussite et de mon affection. À l’âme de mon père, Puisse Dieu, le tout puissant, l’avoir en sa sainte miséricorde ! À MA CHÈRE MÈRE Aucune dédicace ne saurait exprimer mon amour éternel pour celle qui m’a donné la vie et ma considération pour tout le soutient et l’amour que vous me portez depuis mon enfance et j’espère que votre bénédiction m’accompagne toujours. Que ce modeste travail soit l’exaucement de vos vœux tant formulés, le fruit de vos innombrables sacrifices. Puisse Dieu, le Très Haut, vous accorde santé, bonheur et longue vie ! Ce travail de recherche a été réalisé dans le cadre du Partenariat Hubert Curien PHC- TOUBKAL nommé « SULFOX », programme de coopération scientifique bilatéral porté par les ministères français de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE) et de l’Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l’Innovation (MESRI), d’une part, et le Ministère marocain de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique. Je remercie les deux organismes financeurs Centre Nationale pour Recherche scientifique et technique (CNRST-Rabat) et Campus France finançant conjointement ma mobilité entre le Maroc et la France dans le cadre du PHC Maghreb pendant les années de la thèse. Ce travail a été dirigé successivement : Dans le laboratoire Équipe Environnement et Microbiologie (EEM) qui fa partie du laboratoire IPREM (Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l‘Environnement et les Matériaux), UMR 5254 IPREM, au sein de l’université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour en France, sous la direction de Monsieur Rémy GUYONEAUD. Dans le laboratoire Équipe de Microbiologie des Anaérobies (EMA E02B26) au sein de la faculté des sciences et techniques de l’université Cadi Ayyad Marrakech au Maroc, sous la direction de Monsieur Abdel-Illah QATIBI. Je tiens d’abord à remercier mes directeurs de thèse. Les plus grandes leçons ne sont pas tirées d’un livre mais d’un enseignant tel que vous. Merci d’avoir pris le temps de m’aider au cours de ces années et de m’avoir accompagné dans la maîtrise de mes connaissances. Je remercie Monsieur Rémy GUYONEAUD, Professeur à l’Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour et directeur de la partie française du projet Toubkal, qui m’a ouvert les portes de son laboratoire, d’avoir m’intégrer au sein de son équipe, m’avoir confié ce travail de recherche et pour ses qualités professionnelles et humaines, ces précieux conseils au cours de la thèse, pour sa sympathie, sa disponibilité, ses idées, ses conseils, son orientation et son encadrement tout le long de ce travail. Je tiens à vous écrire un « grand Merci » sincère pour votre soutien, votre encadrement et vos conseils tout au long de la thèse. Je remercie Monsieur Abdel-Ilah QATIBI, Professeur de l’enseignement supérieur et directeur de la partie marocaine du projet Toubkal, de m’avoir accueilli au sein de son équipe et pour la confiance qui m’a accordé depuis le stage de mon master. J’ai pu apprécier non seulement vos qualités d’expert sur votre spécialité de microbiologie anaérobie, mais aussi, vos qualités d’écoute et vos capacités de formation et d’encadrement. Vous êtes le professeur qui a réussi non seulement à me donner confiance en moi et en l’avenir mais aussi qui a réussi à me donner l’envie d’apprendre. Un grand MERCI pour tout ce que vous avez fait et j’espère avoir été à la hauteur de tous vos pensées. Je tiens également à remercier mes rapporteurs, C’est un immense privilège que de pouvoir soumettre à leur expertise le fruit de mon travail. Je tiens à remercier Madame Agnès HIRSCHLER-RÉA, Maître de Conférences à l’Université d’Aix-Marseille, Madame Laila MANDI Professeur et Directrice du Centre National de l’étude et de la recherche sur l’eau et l’énergie de l’université Cady Ayyad Marrakech et Monsieur Nicolas BERNET, Directeur de recherche du Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Environnement à l’INRA de Narbonne, d’avoir accepté d’être rapporteurs de ce travail. Je tiens à remercier tous les membres –Professeurs, étudiants, techniciens ou administratifs- des deux équipes, Équipe de Microbiologie des Anaérobies au Maroc et Équipe Environnement et Microbiologie en France, que je ne peux pas tous citer. Je vous remercie tous d’avoir participé de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ce travail. J’adresse une pensée particulière au membre du projet SULFOX : Rhizlane Bennisse, Radia Bouterfas, Marisol Goni et Anthony Ranchou-Peyruse. À tous mes frères et Sœurs : Mohamed, Darifa, Badiaa, Naima, Driss et Dalal. Je vous remercie tous et je vous offre aujourd’hui cette pensée témoignage d’affection et de l’importance que vous avez à mes yeux et de la place unique que chacun de vous occupe dans ma vie. À toi, Mon frère Driss, tu trouveras ceci étrange, mais je te rassure, il y a en moi, une envie de te dire au combien je suis fière d’un frère comme toi. Il arrive parfois que l’on ressente le besoin de dire les choses, de démontrer ses sentiments, voilà la raison qui me pousse à venir vers toi, en ce moment si particulier, et révéler toute ma reconnaissance et tous mes sentiments à ton égard. En ce moment si particulier, à Toi Badiaa, je t’adresse ce mot pour te dire « Nous marchons ensemble sur la chemin de la guérison, Sur chemin de la Bonne Santé afin de nous aimer encore jusqu'à l'éternité, Le chemin de la guérison se trouve dans l'amour et l'affection des siens». Courage ! Je t'aime de tout mon être et je te souhaite un prompt rétablissement. À toi Khalti Najat, vous étiez pour moi une maman dans sa tendresse, un enseignent dans l’éthique, une sœur dans le conseil et l’orientation qui guide ma vie. Comme vous le savez, j’ai traversé des moments si difficiles que plus d’une fois j’ai pensé que je ne verrais jamais le bout du tunnel. À chacun de ces moments, vous étiez là pour me réconforter et m’aider à avancer. Je ne vous remercierais jamais assez pour tout ce que vous avez fait pour moi. J’ai toujours pu compter sur vous. Je voulais que vous sachiez à quel point votre soutien a été d’une grande aide pour moi. Alors du fond du cœur...merci pour votre confiance et votre soutien. Je remercie également le plus chaleureusement possible Ibtissam, qui était toujours là à mes côtés dans les moments les plus difficiles dans ma vie, « La reconnaissance est la plus belle fleur qui jaillit de l’âme ». C’est de tout mon cœur que je te remercie. Merci pour que tout ce que tu as fait pour moi. Un grand merci à toi Loubna « mon Manager ! » Merci...c’est un mot trop simple. Ce que je souhaiterai exprimer est au-dessus de cela. Je suis à la fois touché et reconnaissant pour ta confiance... Une chose est sure : je n’oublierais jamais. Une pensée particulière à Khalti Naima et Professeur Rhizlane Belbaraka, à ce moment si particulier de ma vie, vous est un véritable cadeau que mon cœur en est profondément reconnaissant. Je te remercie en particulier Cyril Noel pour ta gentillesse, ta disponibilité et ton aide en Bio- info et traitement des donnés. Je te remercie Elisabeth Carlier, pour ton aide, ton soutient surtout les premiers jours au Labo.
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