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Caracterización Morfológica Y Organoléptica De Germoplasma De Mango

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Caracterización Morfológica Y Organoléptica De Germoplasma De Mango Caracterización morfológica y organoléptica de germoplasma de Mango A.I. Del Olmo Aínsua, P.M. Hernández Delgado, D. Fernández Galván y M.J. Grajal Martín Departamento Fruticultura Tropical, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (ICIA). Apdo. 60, 38200 Tenerife Palabras clave: germoplasma, Mangifera indica, descriptores, marcadores. Resumen Se está realizando la caracterización de las accesiones de la colección de mango, Mangifera indica L., del Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias mediante la utilización de los descriptores de fruto desarrollados por el IPGRI para esta especie. Esta caracterización es necesaria para un buen manejo y utilización del germoplasma y viene a complementar caracterizaciones realizadas con anterioridad en las que se han utilizado los descriptores de la UPOV. Se ha analizado el contenido en sólidos solubles totales y la acidez titulable en fruto, lo que nos está permitiendo evaluar la diversidad existente para estas características dentro de la colección y poder establecer criterios de selección que serán de aplicación en el programa de mejora. INTRODUCCIÓN El Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias posee una importante colección de germoplasma de mango con mas de 85 accesiones, las cuales se están caracterizando tanto morfológica como molecularmente. Este trabajo afronta la caracterización morfológica de los cultivares comerciales: Ah Ping, Zill, Winters, Valencia Pride, Torbet, Tommy Atkins, Sensation, R2E2, Pairi, Otts, Osteen, Mun, Mulgoba, Momy K, Mme Francis, Maya, Manzanillo, Lippens, Lily, Kent, Kensington , Keitt, Isis, Irwin, Harders, Haden, Gaylour, Estrema, Edwards, Ataulfo y Amini,, entre los que se encuentran cultivares mono y poliembriónicos usando los descriptores de fruto elaborados por el Instituto Internacional de Recursos Genéticos de Plantas (IPGRI, 2006). También se ha realizado la evaluación del fruto mediante la determinación del contenido en sólidos solubles y la acidez total titulable. Esta caracterización permite una estimación de la diversidad contenida en la colección de germoplasma y junto con la caracterización molecular esta siendo utilizada en el programa de mejora de esta especie que se esta realizando en el Instituto. La caracterización molecular mediante RAPD ya había sido acometida por este equipo y se está realizando la caracterización mediante microsatélites. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS La caracterización de los cultivares comerciales se ha hecho en árboles de doce años de edad, pertenecientes a la colección del ICIA situada en la finca de la Cueva del Polvo, en el suroeste de la isla de Tenerife a 50 m.s.n.m. En la caracterización morfológica se han utilizado los descriptores elaborados por el Instituto Internacional de Recursos Genéticos de Plantas (IPGRI, 2006), entre los que se encuentran la forma, peso, color de la piel y de la pulpa, etc. También se ha realizado la evaluación del fruto mediante la determinación del contenido en sólidos solubles totales y la acidez total titulable de la pulpa. Se ha hecho la relación sólidos 166 solubles/acidez (TSS/acidez x 10). Tanto la caracterización morfológica como la evaluación se ha realizado en 10 frutos de cada cultivar en estado de madurez óptima para su consumo. El contenido en sólidos totales solubles (ºBrix) se ha medido con un refractómetro digital Atago PAL-1 y la acidez total titulable se ha realizado en 10 g de pulpa de un batido de 10 frutos siguiendo el método 942.15 AOAC (1990), refiriéndolo a gramos de ácido cítrico en 100 g de pulpa, usando una bureta automática Crison pH-Burette 24. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN Se ha constatado la gran diversidad existente en mango para los caracteres analizados. Así hay formas de fruto variadas desde la oblonga a redondeada. El color de piel puede ser verde-amarillento como es el caso de ‘Mun’ hasta púrpura oscuro como es caso de ‘Sensation’, con toda una gama de colores intermedios encontrándose varios colores con distintas intensidades en el mismo fruto. El color de la pulpa en el material caracterizado varía desde amarillo a naranja fuerte. El contenido en fibra de la pulpa es también muy variado, aunque por tratarse de cultivares comerciales, solo se han observado contenidos medio-altos, como es el caso de ‘Mulgoba’. Los pesos medio de fruto han variado desde 187 g, caso de ‘Winters’, hasta los 708 g de ‘R2E2’. El aprovechamiento de pulpa, medido como porcentaje de la pulpa respecto al total del fruto es bastante alto en el material analizado, lo que es esperado por tratarse de cultivares comerciales, variando desde un 65% en ‘Gaylour’ hasta un 85% en ‘Ah Ping’. Estos resultados se presentan en la Tabla 1. El contenido en sólidos solubles totales, generalmente alto, como es característico de esta especie, se han situando entre 14 y 23ºBrix. La acidez total titulable ha oscilado entre 0,14 y 0,93 g de ácido cítrico en 100 g de pulpa. La gran variabilidad existente queda también reflejada en la relación sólidos solubles/acidez que se mueve de valores 1,6 en ‘Estrema’ a 13,7 en ‘Mun’. En este estudio se ha observado que la relación sólidos solubles/acidez no refleja, en general, la apreciación gustativa del fruto. Así mangos considerados de una gran calidad organoléptica como es el caso de ‘Isis’, ‘Keitt’ y ‘Osteen’ presentan relaciones muy diferentes por lo que esta relación no es un buen indicador para la selección, habiendo muchos otros factores que intervienen en la calidad del fruto. Agradecimientos Esta investigación ha sido financiada por el proyecto RTA2006-182 del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino, y cofinanciada con fondos FEDER y A.I. Del Olmo Aínsua financiada contrato IDT-TF06/084 Gobierno de Canarias. Referencias A.O.A.C. 1990. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists. 15 ed. EEUU. IPGRI, 2006. Descriptors for Mango (Mangifera indica L.). Internacional Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. 167 Gráfico 1.- Pesos de pulpa y semilla+piel semilla+piel Pulpa 700 600 500 400 300 Peso (gr) Peso 200 100 0 Cultivares Gráfico 2.- Porcentaje de pulpa 90,0% 85,0% 80,0% 75,0% 70,0% 65,0% 60,0% 55,0% 50,0% Cultivares Gráfico 3.- RelaciónSólidos Solubles / Acidez Total (TSS ºBrix/(Acidez Total x 10)) 16 14 12 10 8 Indice 6 4 2 0 Cultivares 168 Tabla 1.- Descriptores de fruto Acidez total TSS (g ácido cítrico / Indice Cultivares Forma Color piel Color pulpa Contenido fibra Embrionía Peso fruto (g) (ºBrix) 100 gr) TSS/Acidez Ah Ping Elíptica Rojo-púrpura Naranja suave Bajo Mono 331,2 16,5 0,39 4,2 Amini Elíptica-redondeada Amarillo verdoso con tonalidades rojizas Naranja Bajo-Intermedio Mono 199,8 19,3 0,60 3,2 Ataulfo Oblonga Amarillo Amarillo anaranjado Bajo Poli 166,0 20,2 0,48 4,2 Edward Obovoide Verde-amarillo con tonos rojizos Amarillo anaranjado Bajo Mono 439,9 22,3 0,30 7,5 Estrema Redondeada Amarillo verdoso Naranja Bajo-Intermedio Mono 342,7 14,4 0,93 1,6 Gaylour Oblonga Verde -amarillo con tono naranjas Amarillo anaranjado Bajo Mono 223,5 17,8 0,34 5,2 Gouveia Elíptica Verde-amarillo-rojo Naranja Bajo Mono 390,1 19,7 0,29 6,8 Haden Elíptica redondeada Verde-rojo-amarillo Amarillo anaranjado Bajo-Intermedio Mono 466,9 17,9 0,15 12,1 Harders Elíptica Amarillo verdoso con tonalidades rojizas-púrpuras Amarillo anaranjado Bajo Mono 442,2 19,7 0,45 4,3 Irwin Elíptica-obovoide verde con tonalidades naranjas, púrpuras, rojizas Amarillo anaranjado Bajo Mono 228,2 14,3 0,24 5,9 Isis Elíptica-redondeada Verde-rojo con tono anaranjados Amarillo anaranjado Bajo Mono 680,7 16,9 0,63 2,7 Keitt Elíptica Verde con tonos púrpuras Naranja Intermedio-bajo Mono 629,9 19,9 0,37 5,4 Kensington Obovoide Verde-amarillo con tonalidades rojas Naranja Intermedio Poli 470,4 18,90 0,17 11,2 Kent Redondeada-Elíptica Verde-amarillo con tonos rojos y púrpuras Naranja suave Bajo Mono 530,4 20,17 0,25 8,1 Lily Elíptica Rojo-púrpura Amarillo anaranjado Bajo Mono 374,5 19,2 0,28 6,9 Lippens Elíptica Verde -amarillo con rojo Amarillo anaranjado Intermedio Mono 333,3 17,45 0,14 12,9 Manzanillo Redondeada Rojo-púrpura Amarillo anaranjado Bajo Mono 515,6 17,4 0,45 3,8 Maya Redondeada Amarillo-naranja Amarillo anaranjado Intermedio Mono 274,9 19,7 0,34 5,8 Mme Francis Oblonga Amarillo-verde Naranja Intermedio-alto Mono 368,1 20,1 0,16 12,6 Momi-K Obovoide-oblonga Verde-amarillo-púrpura Amarillo-anaranjado Baja Mono 313,1 21,1 0,25 8,5 Mulgoba Elíptica-redondeada Rojo-amarillo-verde Amarillo-anaranjado Intermedio-alto Poli 289,1 17,35 0,23 7,6 Mun Oblonga Verde-amarillo Amarillo Baja Poli 264,5 19,67 0,14 13,7 Osteen Elíptica verde-rojo con tonalidades naranjas Amarillo-anaranjado Intermedio Mono 477,9 17,5 0,16 11,0 Otts Elíptica-redondeada verde-púrpura Naranja Baja Mono 217,4 23,3 0,19 12,1 Pairi Elíptica-redondeada verde-rojo con tonalidades naranjas Amarillo dorado Bajo Poli 211,3 20,75 0,27 7,5 R2E2 Redondeada Verde-amarillo con tonalidades rojizas Naranja fuerte Bajo Mono 708,2 16,8 0,15 11,2 Sensation Obovoide púrpura oscuro Naranja Bajo Mono 319,7 16,05 0,16 10,1 Tommy Atkins Elíptica Rojo Naranaja-suave Intermedio Mono 583,7 16,35 0,26 6,4 Torbert Redondeada Verde-amarillo con tonos rojos Amarillo Intermedio Poli 278,3 14,85 0,31 4,7 Valencia Pride Oblonga Verde-amarillo-rojo con tonalidades naranjas Amarillo-anaranjado Bajo Mono 395,2 19,3 0,45 4,3 Van Dyke Elíptica-obovoide Rojo-amarillo con tonalidades naranjas Amarillo-anranjado Intermedio Mono 268,4 19,1 0,41 4,6 Winters Obovoide Amarillo-rojo con tonalidades naranjas Naranja Bajo Poli 187,5 19,87 0,19 10,6 169 .
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