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Water Problems and Opportunities in the Hydrological Sciences in China

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Water Problems and Opportunities in the Hydrological Sciences in China http://www.paper.edu.cn Hydrological Sciences–Journal–des Sciences Hydrologiques, 46(6) December 2001 907 Special issue: Can Science and Society Avert the World Water Crisis in the 21st Century? Water problems and opportunities in the hydrological sciences in China XIA JUN Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, 100101 Beijing, China and Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China e-mail: [email protected] YONGQIN DAVID CHEN Department of Geography and Resource Management and Centre for Environmental Policy and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper first summarizes the characteristics and distribution of water resources in China and then addresses the three major types of water problems from both historical and geographical perspectives. Major water problems, i.e. floods, droughts and water shortages, and water pollution, have tremendous impacts on the economic development and social well being in China. Analyses of water problems in the context of natural causes and human influences lead to the discussion of the role of the hydrological sciences in sustainable management of water resources, with an example of the preliminary findings of a study of water resources renewability in the Yellow River basin. Finally, challenges and opportunities for hydrologists are high- lighted to present a brief summary and prospect on the development of the hydro- logical sciences in China. Key words water problems; hydrological sciences; renewability of water resources; China Problèmes liés à l’eau et opportunités pour les sciences hydrologiques en Chine Résumé Cet article résume les caractéristiques et la distribution des ressources en eau en Chine et identifie les trois types majeurs de problèmes liés à l’eau, sur la base de considérations historiques et géographiques. Les problèmes majeurs liés à l’eau, en l’occurrence les crues, les étiages, les manques d’eau et la pollution, ont des effets énormes sur le développement économique et le bien-être social en Chine. L’analyse des problèmes d’eau en termes de causes naturelles et d’influences humaines mène à une discussion sur le rôle des sciences hydrologiques dans la gestion durable des ressources en eau. Nous nous appuyons en particulier sur l’exemple des premiers résultats d’une étude du renouvellement des ressources en eau dans le bassin versant du fleuve jaune. Finalement, nous mettons en évidence les défis et les opportunités qui se présentent aux hydrologues, ce qui permet d’identifier les perspectives d’avenir des sciences hydrologiques en Chine. Mots clefs problèmes d’eau; sciences hydrologiques; renouvelement des ressources en eau; Chine INTRODUCTION Over the past two decades, China has increasingly attracted the world’s attention for a number of reasons. Since the implementation of its “reform and open door” policy in the late 1970s, China has achieved great economic success at a rapid and stable pace Open for discussion until 1 June 2002 转载 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 908 Xia Jun & Yongqin David Chen and meanwhile experienced enormous social transformation. As the largest developing country, China has a vast area of 9.6 million km2 and relatively abundant natural resources. However, with the largest population in the world of nearly 1.3 billion, China is in a position of severely lacking many natural resources in terms of per capita availability. As its economy and population continue to grow, China will have to face greater and greater pressures on resources and the environment in the 21st century. Researchers and policy makers in China and from around the world have found more and more challenges and opportunities in studies of a wide range of sustainable development issues in the country. Water is a highly precious resource in China and even becomes a limiting factor that plays a critical role in socio-economic development in many parts of the country. Since the Ministry of Water Resources completed a nationwide assessment of water resources in 1986 (MWR, 1987, 1992), a number of volumes have appeared in the Chinese language and have become major references in a variety of issues related to water resources from a national perspective. Qian (1991) edited a volume that addresses almost all aspects of water resources problems in China. As a result of research efforts for preparing China’s Agenda 21, the United Centre for Water Research of the Chinese Academy of Science published a volume on water problems and strategies in China (Liu & He, 1996). Later, Zhang (1997) edited a volume specifically on the causes, charac- teristics, occurrence and trends of the flood and drought hazards in China; Zhang (1999) published an up-to-date treatment of the supply and demand analyses of water resources in China. Most recently, the Chinese Academy of Engineering completed a two-year effort and produced a series of nine volumes on strategic studies of water resources for sustainable development in China (Qian & Zhang, 2001). This series addresses a wide variety of important issues including the national assessment of water resources, analysis and forecasting of water supply and demand relationship, flood prevention and hazard mitigation, agricultural water demands and water saving for effective farming, sus- tainable development and utilization of urban water resources, pollution prevention and control for river, lake and ocean waters. It discusses ecosystem restoration and water resources protection and utilization, rational allocation of water resources in northern China and south-to-north water transfers, as well as water resources development and utilization in western China. While the majority of the literature on water resources in China is in Chinese, a few publications are available in English and therefore accessible to the international readership. The English version of the Water Resources Assessment for China is the only comprehensive volume published so far (MWR, 1992). A number of articles on water resources in China are scattered in scholarly and professional journals published in English. For example, Chen (1985) discussed the characteristics of water resources and the situation of water resources development, conservation and management in China. In their work on the role of water as an indispensable resource for sustainable development, Zhang et al. (1992) analysed the reasons for shortages of water as a major challenge and discussed the opportunities for water resources development in China. Zhang & Zhang (1995) presented an analysis of five types of water issues and proposed a framework for sustainable development and management of water resources in China. More recently, Chen & Xia (1999) addressed water resources management problems in China, with an emphasis on the barriers to achieving sustainability, and proposed a number of solutions to deal with the challenges. 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Water problems and opportunities in the hydrological sciences in China 909 This paper aims to contribute an update and illustration to the English literature on these water problems and how hydrologists advance and apply their science to strengthen water resources management in China. A summary of the characteristics and distribution of water resources will be presented first to form the basis for understanding the natural causes of and human influences on water problems in China. Three types of water problems, i.e. floods, droughts and water shortages, and water pollution, will be addressed from historical and geographical perspectives. After a discussion of the role of hydrological sciences, the challenges and opportunities for hydrologists in the development of scientific disciplines and engineering practices for water resources management in China will be highlighted. WATER RESOURCES IN CHINA As the most populous country, China faces many resource problems and challenges, among them water is a critical issue. The characteristics and distribution of water resources in China, as discussed in many of the publications mentioned above, can be summarized as follows: First, as a vast country, China has relatively abundant water resources and is ranked sixth in the world after Brazil, the Russian Federation, Canada, the United States and Indonesia in terms of absolute amount of annual runoff. However, given its large population of nearly 1.3 billion, China has a very low per capita amount (about one quarter of the world average) of water resources and, is therefore one of the Fig. 1 Major river basins, water resources regions and availability of water resources in China. 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 910 Xia Jun & Yongqin David Chen countries with the most severe shortage of water in the world. In China, there are numerous rivers with a total length of 0.42 million km, of which about 1500 rivers drain a basin area of over 1000 km2 each. Figure 1 shows the seven major river basins and nine water resources regions in China. Second, due to the dominance of the monsoon climate, the temporal and spatial distribution of water resources is highly uneven. Very distinctive wet (April–September) and dry (October–March) seasons lead naturally to extreme seasonal variations in streamflow, as illustrated by the fact that around 60% of the streamflow occurs from April to July in southern rivers and in northern China over 80% usually occurs in the four months from June to September. Interannual variations of streamflow are also highly significant. Ratios of the maximum to the minimum annual runoff are usually greater than five and even reach 10–20 for northern rivers, and fall within 2–3 in the south. This is obviously the most critical factor causing recurring floods and droughts (sometimes in sequential years) in river basins across the country. Spatially, as one moves from the south and east coast inland, moisture transported primarily by the summer monsoon gradually decreases, leading to a fairly consistent southeast-to- northwest gradient of water availability from very humid to arid (Fig. 1).
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