Crane Propagation in Oka Crane Breeding Center, Russia, in 2011 and 2012
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• РАЗВЕДЕНИЕ И РЕИНТРОДУКЦИЯ • CAPTIVE BREEDING AND REINTRODUCTION • Crane Propagation in Oka Crane Breeding Center, Russia, in 2011 and 2012 T.A. Kashentseva CRANE BREEDING CENTER OF OKA STATE NATURE BIOSPHERE RESERVE, RUSSIA E-mail: [email protected] As of 1 January 2013, the Oka Crane Breeding Center the second eggs from full clutches of Siberian Crane (the OCBC) of Oka State Nature Biosphere Reserve pairs, the period of incubation was artificially prolonged (SNBR) is a host to 59 cranes of seven species. The spe- for five crane pairs in 2011 and for nine pairs in 2012 cies and gender composition are represented in Table 1. (four Siberian Cranes nests, three – Red-crowned Cranes, and one – White-naped Crane) through the The main goal of OCBC is the replenishment of wild placing of artificial wooden eggs in their nests. How- crane populations through rearing in captivity. In 2011 ever the White-naped female laid a third clutch on 6 and 2012 six and eight chicks and one-year old birds and 10 August after the wooden egg was removed by from OCBC were release into the wild. In addition, employees on 25 July. four Red-crowned Crane eggs were transported to the Reintroduction Station of Rare Birds of Khinganskiy Second clutches, after the full incubation of first clutch- State Nature Reserve in 2011 and 2012 for incubation, es, were recorded for two Siberian Crane pairs in 2011 rearing and then to be released in wild crane habitats and 2012 and two White-naped Crane pairs in 2012, (Gavrikova & Kuznetsova, this issue, p. 87). As agreed and the White-naped Cranes laid eggs 11 and 12 days within the EARAZA program of “Cranes of Eurasia”, after the first incubation ended. exchange with different crane species between OCBC To produce offspring from birds incapable of copulation, and Russian zoos also occurred. artificial insemination was used for six and seven Sibe- 21 and 22 pairs of six cranes species bred at the OCBC rian Crane females in 2011 and 2012 accordingly and in 2011 and 2012 respectively (Table 2). two females of the Red-crowned Crane in both years. In 2011 the artificial insemination was successful in In both 2011 and 2012, the average start of breeding 57.1% (4 fertile eggs of 7). The percentage of fertile was in the middle of April, which is the norm for cranes eggs by natural copulation was 67.7% (21 fertile of 31 of OCBC. In 2011, one pair of Siberian Cranes began laid eggs). In 2012, the percentages were 75% (12 fer- breeding one month earlier than the other cranes. The tile eggs of 16) and 77.3% (17 fertile eggs of 22) ac- winter of 2012 was snowy and prolonged, and into the cordingly. middle of April there was high snow cover in crane out- door pens. Three Siberian Crane pairs built nests on Artificial incubation was not used. All chicks hatched in the snow cover using hay and laid their first clutches. crane nests and most of them - in their parent’s nests. After the snow started to melt, the nests remained on Siberian Crane pairs, which laid unfertile eggs in both top of compacted snow piles that did not melt under years as well as the two Red-crowned Cranes and one the nests, and the breeding birds had to climb up to White-naped Crane pair in 2012, were used as adop- incubate. Because there was a risk that the eggs would tive parents for incubation of the second eggs of Siberi- roll away from the nests, we tried to move the nests an Cranes from full clutches that consisted of two eggs. with eggs to the ground free from snow, but our at- In 2011, the chick hatching was successful in 63.0% tempt was unsuccessful with one of the nests, where (17 chicks of 27 incubated eggs) in OCBC, and 77.8% the birds broke their eggs. Then the eggs from the two taking into account the eggs transferred to the Reintro- other nests were removed for artificial incubation and duction Station of KSNR. In 2012, it was successful in the original nests were destroyed. After that these two 74.2% (25 chicks of 31 incubated eggs) and in 80.6% pairs build new nests on the ground free from snow accordingly. In 2012, Siberian and Red-crowned Crane and laid their second clutches. chicks were reared by surrogate parents, while two De- moiselle Crane chicks were raised by hand. In 2012, To prevent undesirable repeated clutches as well as chicks were reared by isolated (costume) technique for using some pairs as adopted parents for incubation of the Flight of Hope Project as well as by parents (seven 78 Информационный бюллетень РГЖЕ №12 • РАЗВЕДЕНИЕ И РЕИНТРОДУКЦИЯ • CAPTIVE BREEDING AND REINTRODUCTION • Siberian Crane chicks, two – Demoiselle Crane and In 2012, the OCBC staff participated in the Flight of two – Eurasian Crane). Results of chick rearing are Hope Project (Sorokin with coauthors, this issue, c. 86). given in Table 2. Ten Siberian Crane chicks from early clutches were reared using isolation (costume) techniques. Each Every year the OCBC participates in the program of Si- chick was kept in separate enclosure but in visual con- berian Crane reintroduction into the wild. On 31 May tact with other chicks. Also, a hybrid of Siberian and 2011, two eggs were transferred to the Uvat District of Eurasian Cranes was kept near them for imprinting. Tyumen Province and placed in the nests of wild Eur- Training using ultralight plane in combination with feed- asian Cranes for cross-foster rearing: and on 7 June ing was conducted individually for each chick one-two 2012 two one-year-old Siberian Cranes were trans- times a day. On 18 July, chicks were moved to the ferred to the same area for the release into the wild Lipovaya Gora site inside the Oka SNBR for a month of (Shilina with coauthors, this issue, p. 82). continuing training using the ultralight plane. On 16 Au- In 2011 six (five four-month old chicks and one one-year gust, seven of the ten chicks were transported to a field old bird) and in 2012 six (four four-month-old chicks and camp near the village of Kushevat in Yamalo-Nenetskiy two one-year-old birds) were transported to Astrakhan Autonomous Region, West Siberia, near the breeding State Nature Reserve in Volga Delta for release into the grounds of wild Siberian Cranes. wild at the traditional migration stopover site for wild Si- berian Cranes (Markin, this issue, p. 93). Генетическая идентификация птенцов по перьям и аллантоису на примере серых журавлей в Питомнике редких видов журавлей Окского заповедника Е.А. Мудрик1, Т.А. Кашенцева2, Е.А. Гамбург1, Д.В. Политов1 1институт оБщей Генетики им. н.и. вавилова РАН, россия 2питомник реДкиХ виДов журавлей окскоГо ГосуДарственноГо прироДноГо БиосФерноГо заповеДника, россия E-mail: [email protected] В сезон размножения 2011 г. у пары серых журав- птенца (один – два дня) первый, обучившись брать и лей из Питомника редких видов журавлей Окского просить корм у родителей, делает это активнее ново- заповедника – Бедного и Бедняжки – с разницей в рожденного. В годы с недостатком кормов, а также у полтора дня (19 и 21 мая) вылупились двое птенцов. неопытных родителей, больше шансов выжить в при- Подскорлуповую оболочку из первого яйца удалось роде имеет более активный птенец. По некоторым взять из гнезда для генетического анализа, скорлупу наблюдениям, родители перестают обращать внима- от второго яйца съели родители. Птенца из первого ние на неактивного птенца. Вопреки этой гипотезе, с яйца назвали Платоном, из второго – Пелагеей. Тра- помощью ДНК (маркер пола ЕЕ0.6), выделенной из диция давать мужское имя птенцу, вылупившемуся капиллярных сосудов аллантоиса подскорлуповой из первого яйца кладки, сложилась согласно одной оболочки первого птенца Платона, было установле- из гипотез, объясняющих преобладание самцов в но, что это – самка. популяциях журавлей. Первый, а значит, старший При рождении птенцы не были помечены, но пер- птенец имеет временное преимущество перед млад- вое время они хорошо различались по величине соот- шим. Даже за короткое время до вылупления второго ветственно своему возрасту. Самка Платон была круп- Информационный бюллетень РГЖЕ №12 79 • РАЗВЕДЕНИЕ И РЕИНТРОДУКЦИЯ • CAPTIVE BREEDING AND REINTRODUCTION • нее своего младшего брата/сестры Пелагеи. Однако шегося, как и предполагалось, самцом. Впоследствии к середине июня оба птенца сравнялись в размерах для удобства ведения документации птенцы были и массе, они стали неразличимы. Птенцов пометили, переименованы соответственно их полу: самку на- однако требовалось установить, кто из них вылупил- звали Пелагеей, а самца – Платоном. Так, с помощью ся из первого и второго яйца кладки. По ускоренным анализа генетических портретов птенцов по микроса- темпам роста Пелагеи сотрудники Питомника пред- теллитным локусам нам удалось идентифицировать положили, что это самец. сибсов одного выводка в семье серых журавлей. Во время мечения у птенцов были взяты растущие перья. Задачей являлось сопоставление генотипов обоих птенцов по ДНК, выделенной из перьев, с уста- новленным ранее генотипом Платона по ДНК из ка- пиллярных сосудов аллантоиса. Для получения мно- голокусных генотипов, определяющих генетическую уникальность каждой особи, были использованы 11 полиморфных микросателлитных локусов. По шести из этих локусов (Gram-42, Gpa-12, Gpa-38, GjМ-15, Gj4066 и Gj2298) генотипы птенцов отличались друг от друга, по остальным пяти (Gram-22, Gram-30, Gpa- 39, GjМ-34 и Gj8077) – унаследовали от родителей одинаковые аллели. ДНК-анализ подтвердил, что пе- рья птенца, помеченного как Платон, были генетиче- ски идентичны образцу аллантоиса подскорлуповой оболочки птенца, вылупившегося из первой кладки. Далее с помощью молекулярно-генетического маркера пола ЕЕ0.6 определили пол Пелагеи, оказав- Птенцы в возрасте трёх месяцев, первый птенец помечен жёлтым кольцом. Фото Е. Мудрик Chicks at age 3 months, the first chick tagged by yellow ring.