HISTORICAL REVIEW

SCHWARZER'S ARION HARP ZITHER THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1949, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1962-65 ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville, Second Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Third Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Fourth Vice President WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fifth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Sixth Vice President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau *L. M. WHITE, Mexico GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1965 FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis R. I. COLBORN, Paris GEORGE W. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1966 BARTLETT BODER, St. Joseph LEO J. ROZIER, Perry ville STANLEY J. GOODMAN, St. Louis W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, Stanberry JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1967 WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington *FRANK LUTHER MOTT, Columbia WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis JAMES TODD, Moberly GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President of the Society at each annual meeting of the Executive Committee constitute the Finance Committee. *L. M. WHITE, Mexico, Chairman ELMER ELLIS, Columbia GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

*Deceased Volume LX October 1965 Number 1

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

JAMES E. MOSS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSISTANT EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is published quar­ terly at 119 South Elson Street, Kirksville, Missouri. Send communications and change of address to The State Histor­ ical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Second class postage is paid at Kirksville, Missouri.

The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $ 1.00 a year or $25 for an individual life member­ ship. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. CONTENTS

FRANZ SCHWARZER: MISSOURI ZITHER MAKER. By Thomas M. Davis and Franz R. Beinke 1

FROM THE LOG OF THE Red Rover, 1862-1865. A HISTORY OF THE FIRST U.S. NAVY HOSPITAL SHIP. By Edward C. Kenney 31

THE ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF MISSOURI'S EX-GOVERNOR, LILHURN W. BOGGS. By Monte B. McLaws 50

THE CUBAN CRISIS OF 1895-1898: NEWSPAPERS AND NATIVISM. By J. Stanley Lemons 63

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Mark Twain's First "Literary Venture" 75 Missouri State Park Board Deposits Architectural Drawings of Anderson House in Library of Congress 76 Missouri Writers' Guild Celebrates Fiftieth Anniversary 78 News In Brief 80 Local Historical Societies 84 Commemorative Events 97 Honors and Tributes 99 Gifts 101 Erratum 104 Missouri History in Newspapers 105 Missouri Historical Data in Magazines Ill In Memoriam 113 Book Reviews 116 Book Notes 124

CAPE GIRARDEAU COMMON PLEAS COURTHOUSE Yerso Back Cover

FREDERICK BATES Back Cover

THE COVER: Franz Schwarzer's Special Arion Harp Zither. This Zither was considered by its manufacturer "the masterpiece in the Zither-making art . . . the finest Zither in the world." It was advertised in the following glowing terms: "The pillar, shell and scroll are executed in ivory by a world-famed Bavarian sculptor, especially for us and to our designs. The inlayings of gold, silver, oriede, white, green and variegated mother-of-pearl are cut and inlaid by our artists at our factory. The design is modern, and although elaborate and costly, by no means overdone. The inlay does not enhance the instrument in its musical sense, as the tonal construction is absolutely perfect. The case is in keeping with the Zither—a rich, silk plush lined, morocco covered one, fitted with nickel-plated flat and cutting pliers, nickel-plated tuning fork, ivory handled tuning hammer; beautifully carved, ivory handle, badger hair dust brush; silk plush dust wiper, with pearl initials inlaid in handle." For an article on Franz Schwarzer and Zither manufacturing in Missouri, see page 1. F: ANZ DCHWARZE MISSOURI ZITHER MAKER

By THOMAS M. DAVIS and FRANZ R. BEINKE*

For many manufacturers of musical instruments, the Inter­ national Exhibition at Vienna in 1873 was a disappointment. In the first place, Heinrich Steinweg [Steinway], whose pianos had received the highest award at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, did not exhibit. In his official report on the 1873 Exhibition, Dr. Oscar Paul, the German government's representative, complained that all of the piano makers who had improved the designs of their instru­ ments had modeled them on Steinway's innovations of 1867, and quoted the regrets of the Vienna Exhibition Jury that the "cele­ brated . . . firm of Steinway & Sons of New York . . . have not exhibited."1 Dr. Paul did not comment on another instrument produced in America, which was displayed, but which must have caused more chagrin among the Viennese than the lack of Steinway pianos. When Exhibition visitors strolled into the large Industrial Palace they were surprised to see the Gold Medal of Progress, the highest award of the Exhibition, displayed in the American musical instru­ ments area on a small table containing three zithers. *Thomas M. Davis, M.S., is assistant professor, English Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. Franz R. Beinke, Union, Missouri, is Schwarzer's "grandson". Although never legally adopted. Mr. Beinke's mother, Theresa Grohe Beinke, was raised by the Schwarzers. His father worked in the zither factory and Mr. Beinke played as a child around his father's work bench. 'Oscar Paul, "German Reports," Reports of the Commissioners of the United States to the Inter­ national Exhibition Held at Vienna, 1873, I (Washington, 187G), 385. 1 FRANZ SCHWARZER

Zither displays were not new to the European Exhibitions. The zither was the German-speaking peoples' national instrument, and Vienna was the zither capital of the world. Six separate journals devoted to zither enthusiasts were published in that city; the world's most famous concert zitherists studied there; and Anton Kiendl, the ''Stradivari of zither makers" and winner of the Gold Medal award at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, had his factory there. But of the more than thirty manufacturers who entered zithers, only the American-made instruments were singled out for revealing "significant progress in new inventions [and] in the introduction of new materials and contrivances." Inside the sounding hole of the winning instruments a small, white label read:

FRANZ SCHWARZER MANUFACTURER OF ZITHERS WASHINGTON, MISSOURI

Just as the award of the Gold Medal to an unknown American came as a surprise to zither makers in Europe, it may also surprise Missourians to learn that Franz Schwarzer, the world's most famous zither maker of the latter half of the nineteenth century, lived and worked in Washington, Missouri. Schwarzer's factory, during the peak years of production, employed about twenty-five men. His instruments were sold in large numbers, not only in this country, but in every major nation in Europe, and in such places as Chile and Peru. Wherever German-speaking people gathered, Schwarzer instruments were found. By the time the factory closed in the 1920's, over 11,000 Schwarzer instruments—twenty types of Franz Schwarzer, Missouri Zither Maker 3 zithers, mandolins, and guitars—had been produced. Schwarzer's story illustrates the contributions which old world cultures have made to the heritage of Missouri, and it is also a record of a time when the products of Missouri craftsmen were recognized for their artistry throughout the world. Most of the information about Schwarzer's early life is contained in a small packet of letters which were preserved by Theresa Grohe Beinke.2 Written in a small German script, most of the letters were discarded except for the formal, elaborate letterheads. Often the lower half of the paper has been torn off, and only the letterhead has been saved; but there is usually a paragraph or more of informa­ tion on the back, and quite often, the date of letter has been pre­ served on the front of the fragment. Schwarzer's father, Anton, was a building contractor and furniture maker in Olmutz, Austria.3 He also apparently made musical instruments of some kind, for in a fragment of the Olmutz newspaper, his shop is referred to as an ''instrument-manufacturing concern" [Instrumenten-Erzeugungs-Geschafte].4 None of the letters refers to his mother, Maria Strand Schwarzer, who apparently died shortly after Schwarzer's birth on October 8, 1828. It was not until the 1840s that the small German craftsmen were replaced by the larger shops of the accelerated German industrial revolution.5 Although Anton Schwarzer's business was not ex­ tensive, he was successful enough to send Franz to the Olmutz Gymnasium and later to the Vienna Polytechnic Institute.6 The

2The Schwarzers had no children. Although only distantly related to Theresa Grohe Beinke and her brother Herman C. Grohe, the Schwarzers raised the Grohe children. In her will, Mrs. Schwarzer left the house and grounds to Theresa and the factory and contents to Herman. Schwarzer's papers, factory records and publications, photographs, etc., on which this article is based, have been presented to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, by Theresa Beinke's son, Franz Beinke, co-author of this article. In addition, the authors are indebted to the following individuals who have shared information related to the zither factory: Mrs. Lucille Mauntel, Judge Randolph H. Schaper, Elmar J. Schmidt, Dr. J. F. Schmidt, A. W. Allersmeyer, and Ralph Gregory. :i01mutz is now approximately twenty miles inside Russian-occupied Czechoslovakia. Attempts to obtain more information about the Schwarzer family have been unsuccessful. 4Although there is no indication on the newspaper fragment (from which this information is taken) of the paper or date of publication, there is a letter dated in Vienna, March 8, 1870, from C. Raab which was included in the letters which Mrs. Schwarzer received from her sister. Raab comments: "I wrote in that letter [an earlier one which had apparently been lost in the mails] asking for subsequent permission to publish some news about your life and business and social life in the Olmuetzer Neue Zeit." It seems likely that the newspaper fragment is the result of Raab's request for information about Schwarzer, and that the date is in the early 1870s. The picture reproduced in the article is the earliest known picture of Schwarzer, showing him about age forty. There is some confusion, however, concerning Anton Schwarzer's occupation. In the "Bio­ graphical Appendix" of the Goodspeed Publishing Company's History of Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford, & Gasconade Counties, Missouri (Chicago, 1888) which was probably written by Schwarzer himself, his father is identified as a builting contractor and furniture manu­ facturer (p. 818). If Anton Schwarzer made musical instruments, they were not zithers. The same newspaper clipping states that Schwarzer was not familiar with zither music until after his gradua­ tion from the Vienna Polytechnic Institute in 1846. 5For a discussion of the condition of the crafts at this time, see the early chapters of Carl Wittke, Refugees of Revolution: The Forty-Eighters in America (Philadelphia, 1952). 6Schwarzer's diplomas from both of these schools have been preserved and are on display in the Missouri State Museum, Jefferson City. The diplomas from the Olmutz Gymnasium is dated August 7, 1840; the one from the Vienna Polytechnic Institute July 11, 1846. 4 Missouri Historical Review boy studied in Vienna for three years, and after his graduation in 1846 returned to his father's shop in Olmutz. Schwarzer's activities for the period from 1846 to 1850 are little known. According to the Olmutz newspaper fragment, during this time he first learned to play the zither and began his experiments in the improvement of its design. He also apparently studied with two relatively famous composers of zither music, Ludwig Ritter von Ditrich and Carl J. F. Umlant, who encouraged him in his interests, especially those related to zither construction.7 The decade of 1840-1850 in Austria was a troubled one. The decline of the handicraft system, the population movement from rural areas to the increasingly large industrial centers, and the nation-wide strikes and riots of the starving villagers in 1844 and 1845 contributed to the general economic crisis which culminated in the Revolution of 1848. Europe was caught ubetween two worlds, the one dead, the other powerless to be born." There seemed to be little prospect for the success of another zither maker in Austria, particularly a young unknown from the mountain provinces; and so by 1850 Schwarzer was traveling from town to town throughout Austria, working wherever he could find a master tradesman to employ him. In a letter from Innsbruck, August 9, 1850, he wrote his father that although he "can't complain about wages . . . nothing can be saved of them." In July, 1852, he was living in Teplitz, but the master tradesman for whom he worked had refused to pay him: Since I saw that he was apparently out to cheat me I went to the municipal courthouse in order to accuse him. When I mentioned the name of my master, the gentlemen laughed and advised me to forget the accusation unless I could wait at least for six weeks, for he risked everything until house seizure. Schwarzer's experience was not unusual, for as Theodore S. Hamerow has described this period, "everywhere the income of the artisan fell, hours of labor increased, and work became scarce, as one master after another was forced to dismiss his journeyman to

7The names of von Ditrich and Umlant appear several times in the Schwarzer papers, but nothing further about them is known. They may have been relatively famous figures to dedicated zitherists, but of little importance outside zither circles. Nearly every zither player at some time or another composed zither music; Schwarzer himself wrote numerous pieces, three of which were published in Leipzig. The years of most importance to zither development were also the years Liszt, Wagner, Bruckner, and Strauss performed in Vienna, and it is little wonder that composers of music for the zither (which was essentially regarded as a "peasant" instrument) were little regarded. Yet there were several famous composers who wrote music for the zither. Mozart composed a canzonetta, "Play, Sweet Zither," for his comic opera Don Giovanni, and Johann Strauss wrote a zither solo for "Tales from the Vienna Woods." Franz Schwarzer, Missouri Zither Maker 5 keep his own head above water."8 Schwarzer earned little during these years and seldom liked the company of his fellow workers. He complained in a letter of the careless appearance of another journeyman who "did not have a coat that was in order, nor did he have a pain of decent pants, nor even a vest. ..." But he ap­ parently enjoyed the traveling and new experiences which any young man without responsibilities would enjoy. In several letters he comments on the scenery and the different quality of the wines of various regions. Schwarzer may have frequently traveled to Brunn (about twenty miles from Olmutz) when he lived with his father, or he may have worked there during these years, for in that city on March 1, 1859, he married a relatively well-known young actress, Josephine Pettera. Miss Pettera's family were professional actors; her father was associated with the court-theatre of Karlsruhe and later directed the Municipal Theatre in Frankfurt; her older brother, Anton, was the director of the Koenigliches Hof-Theatre of Brunn. Josephine made her acting debut at the Kursal-Theatre in Bad Ems, where the local drama critic complimented her on her "ex­ ceptionally charming appearance . . . and adroit play." One of the most attentive members of the audience at Bad Ems was dem deutschen Kaiser, Frederick William, IV, who awarded Miss Pettera the "honor" of greeting her during his morning walks.9 Whether Josephine continued acting after her marriage is not known. In later years members of the family remember her saying that Anton Schwarzer did not exactly approve of Franz's marriage to an actress, although this attitude reflected the feeling of the provinces, and not of the larger cities. One fact, however, suggests that she did continue her stage work, at least for a time. When the Schwarzers came to this country five years after their marriage, they had a substantial sum of money. They brought with them several large pieces of furniture (still in the family) and trunks for which the freight would have been quite high; Schwarzer im­ mediately paid for the land which he bought in Warren County; and they had enough money for living expenses for nearly two years. During the period between the last letter relating to Schwarzer's journeyman travels (1852) and his immigration, he

sTheodore S. Hamerow, Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany, 1815-1871 (Princeton, 1958), 36. 9ln the Schwarzer papers there are four newspaper clippings relating to the Petteras. Two pertain to Mrs. Schwarzer's acting; one is a single sentence describing her acting debut; the other a brief paragraph containing the allusion to dem deutschen Kaiser. Neither of these two clippings are dated, but it seems likely that the events described took place in the late 1850s when Josephine was about twenty. Two clippings describe her father's acting. Both are from a Vienna newspaper, and one is dated 1867. Washington, Missouri, in the 1860s may have found more profitable work. However, there is no indication that he earned much making furniture, and zither making, considering the times, would not have been very profitable. During the spring of 1864, the Schwarzers immigrated to the United States, settling in Warren County, Missouri, on a farm near Holstein. Why Schwarzer came to this country is not clear. He does not seem to have been motivated by the usual reasons for immigration. Although he was in Vienna during the height of the disturbances which led to the Revolution of 1848, there is no indication that he sympathized with the aims of the revolutionaries. Nearly all of the active participants in the Revolution came to this country shortly after the downfall of the Frankfurt Parliament in the fall of 1848, and many were active during the Civil War.10 During these years Schwarzer returned to his father's shop in Olmutz, apparently unconcerned with the political upheavals, and it is only after the Civil War that he came to this country. In the late 1850s and early 1860s many Germans came to this country because it was impossible to make a living in their home­ land. Settlement Societies were founded to aid the travelers, and

10 See A. E. Zucker, ed., The Forty-Eighters: Political Refugees of the German Revolution of 18/f8, (New York, 1950), especially the article by Ellas Lonn, "The Forty-Eighters in the Civil War." Franz Schwarzer, Missouri Zither Maker 7 books like Fried rich Munch's Der Staat Missouri: Ein Handbuch fur deutsche Auswanderer were designed to help the immigrants when they arrived. The economic changes of the Industrial Revolu­ tion had, by this time, displaced the craft system, and those indi­ viduals who could not adjust to the new conditions were compelled by poverty to leave their homes. Many immigrants found refuge in this country and became fairly prosperous, but the majority of those who came without money got little farther than the large industrial centers of the East, where doctors, lawyers, professors, and artists of all kinds worked as laborers in the steel mills.11 Schwarzer, however, does not seem to have been forced to come to this country for economic reasons. Nor did he come to this country to make zithers. His father may have made musical instru­ ments of some kind, and during the years after Schwarzer's gradu­ ation from the Vienna Polytechnic Institute he may have experi­ mented with zither design, but the instrument work of both father and son must have been peripheral to their other activities. During the year's of his journeyman work, Schwarzer made furniture. The letters of the 1850s indicate that he was working on chests, bureaus, and other pieces of household goods. Zithers are not mentioned. His choice of location in Warren County does not indicate an intention to establish an instrument-making shop. Raw materials, skilled help, and a readily available market—the major ingredients of a successful business—could have been supplied in any one of the large industrial centers of the East, but not in Warren County. Even after Schwarzer left the farm where he first settled, the zither making he did was incidental to the woodworking which occupied most of his time. All evidence suggests that Schwarzer came to this country not to establish a zither factory, but in pursuit of a dream of wealth and position. Schwarzer's knowledge of living conditions in Missouri appar­ ently was limited to the idyllic existence which Gottfried Duden had described in his Letters. Whatever may have been Duden's intentions, the result of his account of Missouri life pictures the promised land. In Germany most of the people are so steeped in their domes­ tic cares, that friendly intercourse with other families appears as a most subordinate matter. Here, where in the presence of abundance the cares disappear in great measure, the mind is freer, and nature will again turn to those things, by means

llSee Wittke, "The Rewards of Labor in Free America," Refugees of Revolution. 8 Missouri Historical Review

of which its innate nobility can manifest itself in the highest degree. The customary talk in Europe about the winderness and the deprivation of the products of culture is ill-founded. Here one can have with far less expenditure everything that is re­ quired for rural residence in Europe.1'2 Schwarzer knew Duden's book. Members of the family remem­ ber his mention of it, and all evidence indicates that he came to this country and settled in Missouri because of Duden's work.18 When Schwarzer landed in New York he purchased land, sight unseen, in the general area where Duden had lived. Men like Schwarzer, who knew little or nothing about farming were called "Latin farmers" by their Missouri neighbors—they could parse a Latin verb but were unable to turn a furrow. Yet Duden had empha­ sized the possible wealth which could be made in land and the ease by which life could be sustained. The dream of baronial holdings on the banks of the Missouri seemed real enough to readers of his book. Every aspect of Schwarzer's subsequent life indicates that he immigrated because he saw himself as a large landholder with little to do except ride over his estate and oversee his workers. The house which he later built in Washington, his extensive formal gardens, his patrician tastes, his paternal relationships with the employees of the zither factory—all these indicate the essentially aristocratic tastes of the man. His educational and artistic back­ ground, and his wife's relatively important social position and professional attainments suggest that the Schwarzers came to this country expecting to find a congenial life where a small investment would bring large returns.14

Schwarzer was not the kind of man to be motivated by wander­ lust, nor was his wife the kind of woman who would substitute a cultured life for that of a pioneer woman. When they arrived in Missouri they must have been chagrined to discover that they had bought a two-room log cabin with dirt floor instead of the comfort­ able home that the New York land speculator had described to

^Gottfried Duden's ''Report:' 1824-1827, translated by William G. Bek (1919), 90, State His­ torical Society of Missouri, Columbia. Bek's translation is a small selection of representatives passages from Duden's voluminous "letters." 13Other Germans, like Friedrich Munch, who had also settled near Duden's "classic ground," had presented a more realistic account of life in Missouri. If Schwarzer was aware of these revisions, they did not affect his decision. ,4ln all the later accounts of his early years in Missouri, Schwarzer left the impression that he came to this country to establish a zither factory. Whether this is intentional or the result of a desire to forget an embarrassing episode in his life is not clear; but the zither factory was not established in 18G4, the date that is given on business cards and in later accounts of his life. Franz Schwarzer, Missouri Zither Maker 9 them.15 The land around Holstein was not the neatly fenced, well- kept land of the Austrian highlands, and the muddy Missouri was not the Rheine. No doubt the land agent had assured them that the lands were cleared, that the house, already built, could easily be expanded, and that their ''nearness" to St. Louis would provide the cultural fare they were accustomed to. But Schwarzer was no farmer, and the prospects for the future must have seemed bleak. He later admitted his initial disappointment with Missouri, but like many immigrants he was ashamed to return to Austria and admit his failure, though he evidently considered the possibility of returning. Fortunately, Aloisisi Thanheiser of Olmutz willed the Schwarzers 525 florins (approximately $300) in the fall of 1865,16 which perhaps helped them through the next year. However, by the fall of 1866 or the spring of 1867, the Schwarzers gave up the land and moved across the river to Washington in Franklin County. Schwarzer's move to Washington could not have occurred at a better time, at least in a financial sense, for the town was just beginning its "golden era" of expansion following the Civil War. Numerous factories produced tools, wagons, leather, barrels, guns, and nearly everything that could be used by the surrounding farm communities and by the pioneers moving west. John B. Busch's ''Washington Brewery" produced about 3,000 kegs of beer a year, and Henry Tibbe and his son Anton had recently established a corncob pipe factory.17 The brick yards and building industries which were organized at this time provided the necessary materials for the expanding city, and later for Schwarzer's zither factory. In addition to the industrial basis for the town's economy, Washing­ ton was located at a strategic combination of river and railroad, and was a business and social center for farmers within a radius of twenty miles. The first record of Schwarzer in Washington indicates his interest in old world customs which had been established in this country. At the first meeting after the Civil War of the Washington Turn Verein on October 9, 1865, Schwarzer became a member.18

15The best picture of the speculations in land and get-rich-quick schemes of this time is found in Mark Twain's The Gilded Age. The fact that there is no record of Schwarzer's land purchase would suggest the type of schemes which Twain describes. 1(iThe information concerning Thanheiser's bequest is found in Book M, p. 379, in the County Court House in Warrenton, Missouri. 17For a discussion of Washington during these expansive years following the Civil War, see Eleanor B. McClure, Early History of Washington, Missouri (Published by the Washington Centen­ nial Commission, 1939). 18The History of the Washington Turner Society, compiled by The Historical Committee, Joseph H. Schmidt, Chairman (1900), 5. Throughout his life Schwarzer was active in the Turn Verein. He was Director of the Turner Dramatic Section of the Society from 1886-1888, and, according to the Historical Committee, "particularly good in singing roles" (p. 20). Mrs. Schwarzer is also listed as participating in the various dramatic productions. FRANZ SCHWARZER

T^.^Siail^TGr'X'OIfcT, MO.,

MANUFACTURER OF Zithers, Mandolins, Guitars AND a^aENEUOEwc^

FIRST PRIZE

AT VIENNA, 1873.

In spite of the very low prices of Zithers caused by the importation of German manufacturers, my Zithers are exported to Germany, England, France and Spain, and in fact to every part of the civilized world. I call the special attention of the public to the fact that I am the original inventor and manufacturer of the Harp, Arion, Arion- Harp, Lady, Violin and 'Cello Zithers, and that only those made by me and which bear my name and mark are genuine. The foregoing varieties, which are also made by German manufacturers and imported to this country, are imitations and inferior articles. I am also manufacturing a first-class grade of Mandolins and Guitars that have proved to be equal in tone to the best. I call special attention to the fact that my Arion-Harp, Arion and Violin Zithers, as well as my Mandolins, have my Patent Metal String Holder attached. This String Holder was patented October 26, 1886. Beware of imitations. None genuine without it. For further particulars, prices and catalogues, address all communications to my Factory at Washington, Mo. FRANZ SCHWARZER. ALL INSTRUMENTS GUARANTEED FOR 5 YEARS. REPAIRING DONE. From: Missouri State Gazetteer and Business Directory: 1889-1890. Franz Schwarzer, Missouri Zither Maker 11

He also helped establish the Leiderkranz sometime during 1867 or 1868, and apparently became its first director.19 The record of Schwarzer's first real estate transaction in Washington is a lease, dated September 14, 1869, for Lots 111 and 112 of Block 19, owned by Sophie Harrison.20 During these early years in Washington, Schwarzer made his living by returning to the woodworking trade. His most notable product of this time was the altar for the new St. Francis Borgia Church, completed in 1868. Although no picture of the altar survives, Schwarzer's working sketch for it has been preserved.21 More important than the furniture work was Schwarzer's return to zither making. When he came to Missouri he brought a zither with him and continued his playing. A poem dated October 8, 1868, recorded the presentation of a baton to him by the members of the Washington Leiderkranz. The poem complimented Schwarzer on his abilities as director of the singing society, and thanked him for providing music on ''the golden strings of the zither."22 His zither making remained incidental to his furniture work, but he made an occasional instrument and revived his interest in the problems of design.23 Schwarzer's next five years in Washington were busy and pro­ ductive ones. When he leased two lots from Sophie Harrison in the fall of 1868, they contained only a small frame residence and a smoke-house. By the fall of 1872, he had built a large two-story home which still stands, the first factory building (later made into a "relic" house), and had achieved international recognition at the Vienna Exhibition for his zither making. Schwarzer probably began to devote his full time to zither construction in the winter of 1869. One of his first zithers, made about 1866 or 1867, is on display in the Missouri State Museum in Jefferson City. It has all the marks 19The "Charter" of the Washington Liederkranz is in the Schwarzer papers. Unfortunately it is not dated; but there is a poem, dated October 8, 1868, addrssed to Schwarzer as Director of the group. It seems likely that the Liederkranz was formed in 1867, shortly after Schwarzer moved to Washington. 20Franklin County Records, Book 4, 449. 21Reverend Herman Joseph Fister, O.F.M., the Parish Historian, points out that the sketch is not definite proof that Schwarzer constructed the altar, and that he "could have made this sketch for the pastor to see if it would be satisfactory" (personal letter to the authors). We are inclined to think, however, that the sketch is Schwarzer's final plan, and that he did construct the altar substantially as it appears in the sketch. It is doubtful that the sketch would have been saved for so many years if Schwarzer had not built the altar. Further, in the only letter from Schwarzer's father which has been preserved, Anton Schwarzer wrote: "As you write you have nice church jobs, how can you work on those by yourself without journeymen, that I cannot grasp, since you could occupy several journeymen with that." The altar is not referred to in this letter, but the work which Schwarzer is doing seems, at least to his father, to be large enough to occupy several workmen. 22Schwarzer's playing must have been impressive; several poems and birthday addresses are highly complimentary. In a toast by Dr. A. Werth on Schwarzer's fifty-sixth birthday, Werth says: "David was famous for his harp playing and had to cheer up Saul; the nerves of the king were calmed by David's excellent playing. The art of our friend Schwarzer works similarly. ..." 2:!Schwarzer's career parallels that of Steinway at this point. When Steinway first came to this country the "celebrated builder of pianos . . . began as a cabinetmaker and manufacturer of zithers and guitars . . . ," Wittke, Refugees of Revolution, 337 12 Missouri Historical Review

of a "home-made" instrument; the tuning pegs are those of a piano adapted to the zither; the frets are of a brass-like metal; and there is no inlay. Every part of the instrument could have been obtained in Washington. However, by 1870 he had constructed an instru­ ment with German silver frets, standard zither tuning pegs, and mother-of-pearl and wood inlay on the rosewood top.24 All of these items must have been ordered from suppliers in Europe, probably in Vienna, and they indicate that Schwarzer was making more than an occasional instrument. In the original lease with Sophie Harrison, Schwrarzer had the option of purchasing for $1,000 the two lots and buildings within four years. On May 8, 1872, he bought all of Lot 112 and sixteen feet of Lot 111. On the same date he borrowed $1,000 from the Washington Building and Loan Association, apparently to pay for the land and to build the original zither workshop, a small brick building measuring eighteen by thirty feet. This building was constructed in 1872 in an east-west direction, with the east end of the building coming to the edge of the portion of Lot 111 which he had purchased. Like most European immigrants, Schwarzer still craved the recognition of his homeland, and during these years when he in­ creased the number of instruments made, he spent much of his time preparing three zithers for the major European fair of the 1870s, the Vienna Exhibition. It was not unusual for Americans to exhibit in Europe. At the Vienna Exhibition there were 643 American entries, including thirty-three from Missouri. Missouri exhibitors received nine medals: four Medals of Merit, four Diplomas of Recognition, and the one Gold Medal of Progress awarded to Schwarzer.25 What was unusual was Schwarzer's success. More than half of the American awards were given for progress in the manufacture of agricultural implements (John Deere received a medal for a two-row cultivator) or for the pro­ duction of food substances (G. C. Thilenius of Cape Girardeau

24This instrument is owned by the authors. Dating the instruments which Schwarzer made before he began keeping records in 1885 is only approximate and is based on the different kinds of labels which he used. The earliest labels were black, oval-shaped decals reading "Franz Schwarzer, Washington, Missouri." Some time during the fall of 1869 or 1870, he changed the label to a white rectangular printed form, about one inch wide and two inches long, reading "Franz Schwarzer, Manufacturer of Zithers, Washington, Missouri." After he was awarded the Gold Medal in 1873, every label, until the final change after his death in 1904, displays a copy of the front and reverse sides of the Medal. There is some indication that Schwarzer might also have been awarded a Gold Medal in 1883. The label in the Schwarzer zither in the Smithsonian Institute is dated 1883. The authors also possess an instrument with a similar label. Yet Schwarzer never used the 1883 date in his advertis­ ing, only a reference to the 1873 award. It seems likely that the date on these labels is a printing error which the workers in the factory did not notice until after several instruments had already been sold. All of the other instruments which the authors have seen have the Gold Medal Award label dated 1873. 2bRe ports of the Commissioners of the United Stales to the International Exhibition Held at Vienna, 187S, 216. Franz Schwarzer, Missouri Zither Maker 13 received a Medal of Merit for his stone-ground flour), products generally associated with American agricultural industry. But Schwarzer's award was given for artistry in the construction of a musical instrument traditionally associated with Vienna. His more than thirty competitors were professional zither makers, some of whom had been in business for at least 100 years. Trained craftsmen as well as all of the raw materials were readily available to them. Having won the Gold Medal it is no wonder that Schwarzer styled himself "The King of Zither Manufacturers." The Gold Medal award at Vienna erased whatever doubts Schwarzer may have had about zither construction as a full-time occupation. Such an award could not be overlooked by American musical instrument dealers, and Schwarzer never failed to use it in all of his advertising. Moreover, German and Austrian immigrants must have been especially impressed by Schwarzer's European recognition. Thus the next decade became one of continued expansion and success, culminating in the erection of a new and larger building in 1886. In 1879 Schwarzer bought lots lying to the west of his house, and on December 9, 1885, he purchased the remaining fifty feet of the lot on the east side of the house, making it possibile to build a new factory extending to the Locust Street boundry on the east of his property.26 The number of instruments which Schwarzer made during the years between the Gold Medal award and the construction of the new factory building cannot be definitely determined. It was not until the summer of 1885 that he stamped, at the upper end of the fretboard, a serial number for each instrument, and recorded the number, the purchaser, and special instructions regarding tuning and inlay. The serial numbers of the record books beginning in July, 1885, start at the figure 2,000, indicating that Schwarzer estimated that he had made about 2,000 instruments in the period 1868 to 1885. He no doubt hired other craftsmen to work with him even before the new factory was built, for it would have been im­ possible to make and ship 2,000 instruments without the help of

26The Franklin County Record Books in Union, the County Seat, graphically indicate Schwar­ zer's increasing financial success: Book 4: p. 449, April 14, 1869. An agreement between Sophie Harrison and Franz .Schwarzer, to lease to said Franz Schwarzer Lots 111 and 112 with Dwelling House and Smoke House for a period of four years; with the privilege to buy said property between this day and April 14, 1872. Book 8: p. 259, May 8, 1872. Deed made between Sophie Harrison and Franz Schwarzer conveying to Franz Schwarzer all of Lot 112 and 16 feet from the west side of Lot 111. Book 15: p. 234, March 21, 1879. Deed from Louis P. Hausmann to F"ranz Schwarzer, Lots 113 and 114. Book 29: p. 208, December 29, 1885. Deed for remainder of Lot 111. Page 517, April 29, 1887. Deed for Lots 103 and 104. Book 41: p. 34, January 26, 1893. Deed for Lots 107, 108, and 109, Block 20. Page 410, November 28, 1893. Deed for Lots 105 and 106. :*V-Alt

Schwarzer Zither Factory after the addition in 1886. several men. At this time Schwarzer apparently began the practice, which he continued in later years, of hiring young men to do the rough work on the instruments, and the preliminary steps of finishing. After several years of apprenticeship the employee became an instrument-maker in his own right, but as long as Schwarzer lived, always under his direction. The significance of Schwarzer's contributions to the evolution of the zither may best be seen by briefly sketching the history of the instrument. Musical historians and specialists in zither history cannot tell exactly the origin of the instrument or the date the first zither appears in musical history. There seems to be a word for "zither" or a zither-like instrument in all cultures (zittern means "to shake or vibrate"). The Chinese have an instrument called a chin or "trapezzither"; the Japanese have a zither-shaped instru­ ment called a koto; in the Near East the same type of instrument is called a sitar; and in France and England during the seventeenth century an instrument similar to the zither developed, but with a "guitar" shaped body called cithern, cittern, or cither. One German zither historian suggests that it is fruitless to try to discover the origin of the instrument, for the "name zither is to the family of musical instruments what the name Miller is to the family of men."27 However, the general outlines of the development of the German zither are clear. At the beginning of the eighteenth century the forerunner of the modern German zither was a box-like instrument, about four inches wide, three inches deep, and two feet long called a Scheitholt.2H The Scheitholt was essentially a melody instrument,

27Hans Kennedy, Die Zither in der Vergangenheit, Gegenwart, und Zukunfts (Tolz, 1896) 5. 28Nicholas Bessaraboff, Ancient European Musical Instruments (Cambridge, 1941), 213. SCHWARZER INSURUMENTS j RECORD OF SALES 1885-1951 I TOTAL YEARLY SALES TOTAL NUMBERS SOLD OF I 1885 . .147 EACH TYPE 1886 . .218 Concert zithers 4,759 3 1887 . .283 1888 . .327 Mandolins 840 | 1889 . .368 Harp zithers 692 I 1890 . .469 1891 . .508 Arion zithers 476 I 1892 . .455 I 1893 . .606 340 } 1894 . .540 Elegy zithers 244 I 1895 . .435 1896 . .353 Lady zithers 197 \ 1897 . .335 Violin (streich) zithers 196 \ 1898 . .284 1899 . .212 Guitars 159 1900 . .293 1901 . .294 Table zither 151 1902 . .193 Traveler's zither 117 1903 . .215 1904 . .167 Columbian zither 110 . .158 1905 Perfecta zither 98 1906 . .154 1907 . .143 Common zither 72 1908 . .121 1909 . .130 Concert Grand zither 63 1910 . .106 Mandolinettes 62 1911 . .115 1912 . .112 Mandolas 17 \ 1913 . . 93 Cello-Zither 14 \ 1914 . . 60 t 191±s±^ 5 . . 4xv5, Violins 10 ) 1916 . 611 , { 1917 . . 533 MISCELLANEOUl\/TTCr l?T T AXTTTriTTSC IINSTRUMENT MiiTUTTTV/rtTMTCS ' 1918 . . 68 1919 . . 76 Godetz model zither 6 ) . . 55 1920 Piccolo-Zither 4 \ 1921 . . 41 1922 . . 22 Supertone zither 4 : 1923 . . 34 1924 . . 23 Banjo-Zither 2 j 1925 . . 25 Zither-Guitar 1 I 1926 . 36 1927 . . 26 Auto-Harp 1 j 1928-1935. . . 58 1936-1946. . . 28 Plus approximately 50 specially [ 1947-1951. . . 2 made models. / 1 p 4 16 Missouri Historical Review having two strings stretched over fourteen frets, and three accom­ paniment strings. The narrow box-like frame had two heart- shaped sounding holes cut in the face of the instrument, using the enclosed area as a sounding chamber. The Scheitholt was a popular "peasant" instrument in Northern Germany, the moun­ tainous districts of Bavaria and Austria, and the Scandinavian countries. Because of the limitations of only four or five strings, instrument makers began to expand the range and capabilities of the instrument by adding accompaniment strings. By the end of the eighteenth century the Scheitholt, with an increased number of strings and a larger and more resonant body, had evolved into the modern German zither.29 In a sense, the Scheitholt provided the distinguishing character­ istic of the German zither, that of a fretboard, very similar to the modern guitar, on the left-hand side. The fretboard has five stopped strings; the number of open accompaniment strings varies from twenty-seven to fifty-two, depending upon the type of instru­ ment. In general, there are two different classes of German zithers; a sound-box with a curved extension on only one side is the dis­ tinguishing characteristic of the Salzburg type; if the extension is on both sides, it is the Mittenwald type. The instruments Schwarzer exhibited in Vienna were of the Salzburg class, although he adopted the Mittenwald design in the construction of his later instruments. The German zither is difficult to play; nearly every student learns from a professional zitherist. The instrument is placed on a specially designed table with the fretboard parallel to the body; the fingers of the left hand "stop" the five fretboard strings at the appropriate places between the frets, providing a range of four octaves, two above and two below middle C.30 At the same time, the thumb of the right hand, provided with a steel pick, strikes the five melody strings which are stopped with the fingers and thumb of the left hand. The little finger of the right hand rests on a con­ cave fingerboard at the right side of the zither; the third finger of the right hand plucks the bass strings; the first and second fingers pluck the accompaniment strings, those closest to the fretboard. The range of the accompaniment and bass strings is approximately three octaves, depending on the number of strings, making the

29Curt Saehs, "Die Musik der Antike," Handbuch der Musikwissenschaft (New York, 1!)2U), 111. :!0While the tuning of the five strings of the fretboard varies from player to player, the two standard tuning "schools" are the Vienna (A, D, A, G, C) and the Munich (A, A, D, G, C) schools. Schwarzer's instruments were customarily tuned according to the Munich tuning. The accom­ paniment tuning, reading from the string closest to the fretboard is E flat, B flat, F, C, G, D, A, E, B, F sharp, C sharp, G sharp, E flat, B flat, F, C, G, D, A, E, B, F sharp, C sharp, G sharp, E flat, B flat, F, C, G, D, A, E, B, F sharp, C sharp, G sharp, G. F. Franz Schwarzer, Missouri Zither Maker 17

total range of the instrument only one octave less than the standard piano. Zither players, however, are convinced that the zither is superior to the piano. With the piano, zitherists note, certain "mechanical contrivances" come between the player's fingers and the strings; but with the zither, the player's fingers directly touch the strings, allowing for a kind of ultimate in personal expression. American manufacturers also produced an instrument called a "zither" that is relatively easy to play. In the place of the accompaniment strings of the German zither, the American instru­ ment has four basic chords (pretuned to C, F, D7, and G) of four strings each, placed on the left side of the instrument. In place of the fretboard, the American instrument has fifteen strings, two octaves beginning at middle C. In playing, the left thumb, covered with a pick, strums the appropriate chord; the fingers of the right hand "pick" the melody from the two-octave tuning. The basic characteristic of the American instrument is the ease by which it can be played. But it also limits the player to simple songs which can be adapted to a two-octave range. The first patent for an American "zither" was registered in 1881 by Charles F. Zimmermann, who came to Philadelphia from Ger­ many in 1865. Zimmermann's stated aim was to simplify instru­ ment playing by introducing a system of numerical notation cor­ responding to the notes of the scale and to the basic chords. Zim­ mermann further developed an instrument which is still popular today, the autoharp. Playing is limited to pressing the appropri­ ately labeled "chord bar." The underside of the bar is covered with pieces of felt which "damp" the strings not used in a specific chord. By pressing the bar and strumming all of the strings, only those strings which are not damped resound.31 Schwarzer viewed the American "zither" with complete scorn. In a small booklet called Suggestions for the Proper Care of a Zither, written about 1900, Schwarzer comments: Owing to the wide-spread interest that has manifested itself in the German Zither in this country and the wonderful growth in the popularity of this beautiful instrument, the market has been flooded with imitations such as the "Guitar Zither," "Columbia Zither," "American Zither," etc. Please do not class the German Zither with these imitations.32 31For a history of Zimmermann's factory, see A. Doyle Moore, "The Autoharp: Its Origin and Development from a Popular to a Folk Instrument," New York Folklore Quarterly, XIX (Decem­ ber, 1903), 261-274. By the turn of the century, Zimmermann had produced nearly half a million autoharps. In 1910, Zimmermann went out of business, and the Phonoharp Company in Boston obtained the patents and right to manufacture autoharps; in 1926, the Phonoharp Company merged with Oscar Schmidt, International, of Jersey City, N. J. The Schmidt company still produces about 400 instruments a week. 32This booklet is in the authors' possession. SCHWARZER CONCERT ZITHER Concert Zithers were Schwarzer's most popular instruments. They were made in three different styles with 32, 35 or 38 strings. Over 4,500 instruments of this basic type were produced. The style shown here was the finest of the Concert Zithers with 38 strings and priced at $100.

SCHWARZER HARP ZITHER The Harp Zither was Schwarzer's first deviation from the older style Prime and Concert Zithers. It had 38 strings and sold for $112. Franz Schwarzer, Missouri Zither Maker 19

Schwarzer's attitude reflects the contempt of a fine craftsman for a machine-made instrument, and of the musician for an instru­ ment which offered the artist no possibility for producing other than very simple music. Schwarzer's contributions to the evolution of the German zither may be summarized in three general areas; experiments with structural reenforcement and sound patterns; the introduction of two new classes of zithers; and his artistry in design and decoration. The basic problem in the construction of a zither is the conflict between the space needed for a sounding chamber and the space taken up by structural reenforcement. The average tension on a tuned zither string is thirty pounds; on the conventional instrument of slightly over two feet in length, the total tension of the thirty-two strings is nearly half a ton. The tendency for a zither to "buckle," like a book suddenly snapped shut, is further aggravated by the type of wood necessary for the sounding board (the back). In every case, as with the piano, spruce is used. In comparison to maple or walnut, it is a relatively soft wood and therefore adds little in terms of reenforcement to the frame. The grains of spruce run in parallel lines, and sudden changes in temperature cause the wood to split because the grain provides little resistance to cracking. To further complicate the problem of reenforcement, when the sounding hole is cut in the top of the instrument, any added strength which might be gained by a solid piece of wood is lost. The obvious answer to the problem of tension and subsequent buckling is to reenforce the instrument by numerous braces on the inside. But each brace added within the zither reduces the total area of the sounding chamber, and, at the same time, distorts the tone quality. In order to make an instrument which could with­ stand the rigors of American climate, yet still provide as much sounding space as possible, Schwarzer developed a series of internal braces to supply the strength needed and also allow for the un­ impeded flow of sound waves. The internal braces of a Schwarzer instrument are constructed essentially like the arches of a bridge span. Connected to the frame on each side of the zither, and curving to meet the top of the instrument in the center, the braces allow for the movement of sound waves over their ends and through the center of the sounding chamber. Crossing two braces in the shape of an "X," Schwarzer obtained a maximum amount of re­ enforcement with a minimum amount of interference in the move­ ment of sound. The "X" shaped arches, placed on either side of the sounding hole, reenforce the weakened area and eliminate possible 20 Missouri Historical Review vibrations of the instrument face. As a result, a Schwarzer instru­ ment has an extremely mellow tone, and yet does not split or buckle, even after years of hard use. In 1891 Schwarzer further contributed to the reenforcement of the sounding board and the creation of better tone quality by adding to the back of the zither a series of braces which he called the "piano back." Steinway's basic contribution to piano design was in providing a framework, structurally reenforced with steel, which would hold the spruce sounding board perfectly in place, withstand sudden changes in temperature, and create consistent tone quality over a number of years. Schwarzer did essentially the same thing for the zither by adding wood braces to the back of the sounding board and anchoring them to the frame on each side. These outside braces reenforce the spruce sounding board and also add to the tone quality by making the sounding board more rigid, thereby providing a nearly perfect "echo" board for the sound waves.'33 Schwarzer also invented two new types of instruments, doubling the number which had existed since the beginning of the nineteenth century.34 As the history of the zither indicates, the major change in the instrument from the five-string Scheitholt had been the addition of more accompaniment strings. But each time more strings were added, the width of the instrument had to be extended to provide a point to attach the extra strings. At a certain point the instrument became too bulky. Furthermore, as accompaniment strings wrere added, in order to produce the deeper tones of the contra-bass, the strings had to be lengthened, adding again to the bulkiness of the instrument and introducing new problems of reenforcement. Schwarzer solved this problem by introducing a "column" or "pillar" and curving the upper end of the instrument. By an outward curving he provided the additional length necessary for the contra-bass strings; by adding the column, he introduced the necessary structural support without adding extra bulk. He 3:!Schwarzer also invented and patented a metal string-holder (No. 341,400, granted October 20, 1880) which further expanded the sounding space of a Mittenwald type instrument by providing anchorage for the strings on the top of the instrument instead of over the end. The original patent papers are in the Museum in Jefferson City. ;j4In several accounts written early in his career, Schwarzer also claimed to be the inventor of the "Concert Zither." Several articles published in this country mention this fact, and in the poems and toasts of the Washington Liederkranz he is invariably given credit for its invention. But by 1890, Schwarzer had dropped this claim. In advertisements of that year (see above, pix. No. 9. p. 22) he claims to have invented only the "harp" zither and several modifications of it ("Arion," "Arion-Harp," "Columbian," and "Lady-Zither"). In a recent history of the zither, Josef Brandl- meier gives credit for the invention of the Concert Zither to M. Amberger in 1802. See Handbuch der Zither (Munichen, 1903), 288. There is no question, however, that Schwarzer did introduce both the "harp zither" and the "Table-Zither." ~y\[ASHlMGTOM ~MlSSOURI r

SCHWARZER FOLDING TABLE ZITHER Patented August 28, 1893, this style zither was a professional model, built primarily for the traveling zither player who was always handicapped by the lack of a suitable resonant table or a chair high enough to perform properly. But its advantages also appealed to the semi-professional player. The cross bars were removable and fit beside the hinged legs, folding flush under the lower edge of the zither. The music rack was hinged to the top and laid on the strings when not in use. The hand rest was hinged, giving easy access to the strings for restringing. called this basic type the "harp" zither; the various modifications of it were the "Columbian," "Arion-Harp," and the "Lady-Zither." The record books of the factory show that he tentatively intro­ duced the model in 1885, and when it sold well, he began to make large numbers of it. In 1885 the model was sometimes called the "new" model and sometimes the "harp of the Arion type." He made only four of these instruments in 1885; fifteen in 1886; and from 1887 when he made forty-five, it became the third most popular instrument he produced. He finally settled on the name "Arion-Harp." Schwarzer's second major invention of type was patented August 28, 1893, and was called the "Table-Zither." Because of the tendency of the German zither to slide under the hands of the player, small ivory balls with sharp steel pins were placed as "legs" on the back of the zither. Each instrument was provided with a special table. The zither was placed on the table and the small steel points were pressed into the surface, providing a solid founda­ tion for playing. Special zither tables, which could be easily folded and carried, were made with a spruce sounding board about two inches beneath the regular surface of the table; a sounding hole was cut in the top and the player had an additional sounding chamber which added to the richness and mellowness of the music. Essentially, Schwarzer's patented "Table-Zither" was a combi­ nation of the table and instrument. He built a zither into the surface of the table, extending the edges of the table three inches below the 22 Missouri Historical Review sounding board. The legs were folded inside the frame; the instru­ ment was placed in a carrying case, and the problems of transport­ ing a separate table and instrument were solved in one unit. Perhaps Schwarzer's most significant contribution to zither manufacturing was the artistry of the woodworking and inlay of his instruments. The tone quality of a zither is neither increased nor diminished by the embellishment of the instrument, and the extra time and expense necessary to create an elaborately decorated instrument are not adequately compensated for by the price. Yet Schwarzer created instruments which were not only commercial products but art. The following is a description of an Arion-Harp zither from the factory catalogue of 1898:

HARP ZITHER, STYLE B, 42 STRINGS Top and bottom veneered with especially prepared Rose­ wood Burl, sides veneered with tulip-wood; ivory celluloid bound edges and fancy colored wood inlaid purflings; sound- hole richly inlaid with variegated pearl and design of inlaid metal and ivory, finely engraved; rim of top inlaid with engraved pearl figures; finely carved ebony pillar, shell, and scroll, inlaid with pearl, ivory, and metal ornamentations; artistically engraved gold and silver-plated patent head with pearl buttons; in extra fine leather covered, silk plush lined case, with nickel-plated trimmings.

The price of this instrument and case was only $186; it took about three months to make it. Every part of a Schwarzer zither was carefully cut by hand, each piece was patiently sanded and formed to fit the instrument, and the zither was slowly assembled, allowing ample time for the glued pieces to dry before the next step of construction began. A thin coat of shellac was brushed on the instrument and allowed to set. Then, with a fine pumice stone, the instrument was rubbed until the surface was free from all impurities. Even on the cheapest instrument this process might be repeated as many as twenty or thirty times, until the finish of the instrument shone like polished marble. Schwarzer's most popular instrument was the Concert Zither, Style A, with thirty-two strings. Nearly 3,000 instruments of this model were sold:

Imitation rosewood top; sides polished black; bottom dull black finish; wood purflings inlaid around sound hole and edge of top; German silver frets; pearl position dots; genuine Franz Schwarzer, Missouri Zither Maker 23

Glueing the Zither Frame to the Sounding Board

rosewood hand rest; best polished steel pins; finely finished, in pasteboard case; rosewood tuning hammer and steel ring. Price: $19.00. Schwarzer's finest models (see front cover) sold for from $600 to $1,000. The column, shell, and scroll of the most expensive instrument were "executed in ivory by a world-famed Bavarian Sculptor"; the inlayings of "gold, silver, criede, white, green, and variegated mother-of-pearl" were cut out and inlaid by the workers in the factory. Nearly 5,000 tiny mother-of-pearl pieces were used to make the designs on the top of the instrument. Each part was carefully cut and fitted until the finished product, like the small pieces of a miniature stained glass window, looked like one piece of material. The Missouri State Museum in Jefferson City possesses one of Schwarzer's most intricately inlaid instruments. It is identical to the Arion-Harps which sold for $1,000, with the ex­ ception that the column, shell, and scroll are hand-carved ebony inlaid with ivory designs, rather than solid ivory. This instrument was made in 1904, the vear of Schwarzer's death. The inlay took All Schwarzer instruments were entirely handmade by skilled craftsmen who gave careful attention to the smallest detail. Schwar­ zer's advertizing motto was "Not how much, but how good." at least a year to fashion, and although the instrument is over sixty years old, it is in as perfect condition as at the date it was completed. Although care is taken with every part of the making of an instrument, the inlaying is the most painstaking step of the finish work. Schwarzer designed, often with the help of his wife, the inlay patterns on the top and edges of the instrument. In the early years of the factory he did all of the finer work; in later years, when the work force had expanded, several other workers also did in­ laying. The veneer for the top of the zither was cut from rosewood, tulipwood, mahogany, or some other finish wood. The design for the inlay was then carefully traced, one section at a time, on the veneer. With small knives, usually made in the factory, the design was cut out of the veneer; the tiny pieces of mother-of-pearl were "laid in" the appropriate places in the open area, matching not only the cut edges of the veneer, but also creating the pattern in the open area. Then glue and ebony sawdust were mixed together, smeared over the inlay, and allowed to dry. After the glue had set, the total surface was slowly sanded, removing the excess glue, and leaving the polished inlay in the black ebony background. Because of the tension created by fitting the small pieces to­ gether, and the strain on the eyes, only short periods at one time could be spent on the inlaying process. On a plain instrument, such a process took only two or three days, since the only inlay was around the edges and sounding hole. But on the more complicated designs, the inlaying might take several months; and on the intri­ cately patterned models which sold for over $600, a full year was necessary to complete the inlaying. After the inlaid patterns were completed, the veneer was glued on the face of the instrument, leaving only the ivory trim and tulipwood burl to be fitted and glued to the edges of the instrument. v-,Wl£» .. fl

It is unusual to find in one individual the technical abilities necessary for creating new instrument models and construction techniques, in addition to the qualities of an artist. But Schwarzer was both technician and artist. Over 6,000 instruments, more than half the total output of the factory, were made between 1885, the year the record books begin, and 1904, the year of Schwarzer's death. When the new factory building was completed in 1885, Schwarzer probably employed only four or five craftsmen and two or three apprentices, but by the early nineties the total working force numbered some twenty- five men, eight of whom were craftsmen. The remaining workers did the rough work on zither frames, built the instrument cases, wound the strings, and performed other similar tasks which could be done by unskilled workmen. There was no specialization or assembly-line techniques in the factory. Each of eight skilled 26 Missouri Historical Review craftsmen made any instrument type. Because of the time neces­ sary for glued pieces to set or finish-laquer to dry, each craftsman worked on perhaps as many as fifteen or twenty instruments at a time. Skilled workers received $10.00 per week for six working days, the day beginning at 7:00 and ending at 6:00, with an hour off for lunch. However, the factory routine was broken quite often by small celebrations of various kinds. Mrs. Schwarzer always baked kulaches for birthdays; visitors were always welcome; and in the spring, Schwarzer took the entire working force out in his gardens. The satisfaction which men found in their work is indicated by the fact that often several members of a single family worked in the factory, and it was not uncommon for a craftsman's son to begin as an apprentice and advance to the working bench of the instru­ ment maker. The peak years of production were 1890-1895, averaging more than two instruments a day. During this period Schwarzer intro­ duced new styles of zithers, several modifications of existing types, added mandolins, guitars, cello zithers (sometimes called the zither melodian), and a new type of Stretch (bow) zither to his list. A complete listing of the various instruments produced and the number per year appears in the appendix to this article. In 1892, for example, the first four mandolins were made; 116 were sold in 1893, and 169 in 1894. The first three guitars were also made in 1892; the following year 27 were sold. Schwarzer was an astute business man, and whenever any instru­ ment sold well, he increased production to meet market demands. Each new model introduced was obviously an experiment. In 1893, for example, the first four violins were made and sent to four separate musical instrument dealers. But, as the records show, there was no demand for Schwarzer violins, and, except for an occasional order, no more were made. In all, only ten violins were made during the years the factory was in operation.^JDuring these years Schwarzer made over twenty different kinds of instruments, and sometimes as many as thirty different models of a single kind. The Concert Zither could be purchased in thirty-three different styles, distinguished by the number of strings, tuning, inlay, design pattern, size, etc. Furthermore, Schwarzer made any instrument to a customer's order. The record books show that during the nineties over fifty instruments were made to special order. Any one who came to the factory with his own special design could have an instrument made to his specifications. Franz Schwarzer, Missouri Zither Maker 27

Keeping the factory supplied with raw materials for production was a complicated process in itself. The wood used in construction had to be on hand for several years because Schwarzer could not take the chance of uncured wood warping. During the early years of the factory, spruce for the sounding board was imported from Vienna. During the nineties, however, Schwarzer was able to obtain supplies from a dealer in Boston. Redwood, wrhich was used for instrument cases, came from California. However, most of the materials were ordered from Vienna which included mother-of- pearl, hand-carved ivory and ebony, tuning pegs, silver for the frets, the patent-heads (tuning gears for the five strings of the fretboard), rosewood, tulipwood, mahogany, maple burl, an ex­ tremely large number of items for the instrument work alone, in addition to all of the tools and supplies other than wood needed for the construction process itself. Schwarzer also made his own strings, designing them for each particular instrument type. The rolls of wire, silk, and gut which were necessary for the strings also added to the complexity of the process for producing a single instrument. Schwarzer's income during these years can only be approxi­ mately estimated, but it was enough to satisfy the dream of wealth and position which brought him to this country. By late 1893 he had purchased all of the eight lots of Block 19 (from Locust Street on the east, Main on the south, and Walnut on the west) and three lots from Block 20 to the east of the factory. He spent large sums for various shrubs and plants on the factory grounds, employing during these years one, and sometimes two, full-time gardeners. He built a greenhouse along the north side of the factory and con­ verted the original work-shop into a ''relic" house, filling it with Indian artifacts and curios of all kinds. His family lived well and entertained a large number of out-of-town visitors. A very con­ servative estimate of his gross income during the period from 1890- 1895 from instrument sales alone would be between forty and fifty thousand dollars. The information in the factory record books identifies only the type of instrument sold, and does not give any indication of purchase price. The prices of standard models can be determined from the catalogues which Schwarzer printed at this time, but it was also during these years that the eight or ten models which sold for $1,000 each were made, and many of the models sold might vary as much as $400 in price. A Concert Zither, for example, could be bought for as little as $19 or as much as $450. Franz Schwarzer about 1900. Banana Trees in "Schwarzer Park."

Instrument-making was not Schwarzer's only source of income. In addition to the sale of strings, the factory also did repairing and special order work, made zither tables and small objects dart, sold imported mandolins, guitars, and violins, and engaged in a variety of related activities. No will was recorded at Schwarzer's death, but the 1920 inventory of the contents of the factory alone revealed net resources of $17,350, and this was twenty years after the most profitable period of production. Schwarzer's interest in botany became evident when he made the gounds of his house and factory into a "park" during the late nineties. Near the corner of Main and Locust he built an ornate fountain. The south half of the block was made into a formal garden, with gravel walks, benches, and carefully cultivated flowers and shrubs. Each spring he planted a small grove of banana trees which he kept in the greenhouse through the winter. He "developed a hardy boxwood, plantings of which are near his old house, around the post office, and elsewhere around the town."35 His extensive interest in plants was in part a natural interest and hobby. In a memorial written at his death, Elmar H. Schmidt commented: "He was a true German ... an enthusiastic nature friend and expert on nature."36 The formal gardens reflected Schwarzer's German background and temperament; the house, the factory, and "Schwar­ zer Park" were the outward signs of his success; on the bluffs above the Missouri he had created, as near as was possible in this country, his "castle on the Rheine." Schwarzer died February 21, 1904. In one sense his passing was only the death of one man, but in an almost symbolic way his

35Ralph Gregory, "Historical Site Series," The Washington Citizen, March 1(5 10(54 ^Schmidt was a member of the Schwarzer Cave Club, a group of spelunkers which Schwarzor organized in the nineties. " - »"

When the factory building was torn down in the early 1950s, the last mark oHhe once prosperous and busy industry disappeared. Yet a fitting recognition of Schwarzer's artistry and his contribu­ tions to the cultural history of Missouri has been established. Under the supervision of Donald M. Johnson, Director of the Missouri State Museum in Jefferson City, the authors of this article and Elmar Schmidt, of Washington, Missouri, have collected material for Jan expanded zither exhibit in the State Museum, which recreates the interior of a portion of the zither factory. The original foot-powered turning lathe, a craftsman's work bench, tools, zither parts, patterns, wood, designs, and fifteen Schwarzer zithers, in addition to photographs, patent papers, diplomas, and other records, are preserved in the display. In the east wing of the main floor of the Capitol in Jefferson City Missourians are able to see a part of the rich contribution which German immigrants have made to the cultural heritage of their state. ^fwrn uie jf>ca,

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"*§"*"" ^pp5**"" *#^' Z862-/865

A History of the First U.S. Navy Hospital Ship

BY EDWARD C. KENNEY*

The Red Rover, the first hospital ship of the United States Navy, was designed originally as a commercial sidewheel river steamer. Built at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, in 1859, the Red Rover was purchased at New Orleans on November 7, 1861, by the Confederate States of America to serve as a barracks or accomo­ dation ship for the men of the Confederate States Floating Battery New Orleans which had been placed in commission at New Orleans on October 14, 1861, by Lieutenant John Julius Guthrie. Lieuten­ ant Guthrie commanded both the floating battery and the Red Rover, which had no armament. The Red Rover's first military assignment came during the winter of 1861 when she made her way up the Mississippi River as far as Island No. 10 near New Madrid to assist in the blockade of the Western Gun­ boat Flotilla of the Union Army. Lieutenant Guthrie was relieved of his command in March, 1862, *Rear Admiral Edward C. Kenney, MC, USN, recently retired as Surgeon General of the Navy by Lieutenant G. W. Averett. and Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery On March 15, the Western Gun­ in Washington, D.C., and is now Director of Med­ ical Education at Broward General Hospital, Fort boat Flotilla and Mortar Fleet of Lauderdale, Florida. Admiral Kenney presented the Union Army began its bom­ this paper at a meeting of the St. Louis Council of the Navy League on October 30, 19G4. He drew bardment of Island No. 10 and much of his material from the files of the Office of the Confederate fleet. Although the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval History, Ship's History Section, Department of the the floating battery New Orleans Navy, Washington, D.C. was jarred by the explosions of 32 Missouri Historical Review shells, she was unharmed. The Red Rover, however, was put out of action early in the bombardment by a piece of shell which cut through all her decks to her bottom and caused her to leak con­ siderably but not dangerously. Abandoned as a quarters ship the Confederates moored the Red Rover on the lower end of Island Number 10. She was captured by the Federal gunboat Mound City when the Island fell into Union hands on April 7, 1862. Now in the hands of the Union, the Red Rover was repaired by the engineers of the Mound City and sent up the river to St. Louis where she was fitted out as a floating summer hospital for the Western Flotilla. Army Quartermaster George D. Wise reported on May 25, 1862: "I am in St. Louis preparing the Red Rover for a hospital for our sick and wounded. The Sanitary Commission have rendered me valuable advice and aid, and the Red Rover will have every requisite for the purpose she is intended." George H. Bixby became the senior medical officer of the floating hospital and on June 3, 1862, acknowledged his appointment as Assistant Surgeon in the U. S. gunboat service to Flag Officer Charles H. Davis, commanding the Western Flotilla on the Mis- ssissippi River: "... I accept with gratitude this notice you have seen fit to take of me, willingly subscribing myself amenable to the laws, regulations and discipline of the Navy as they are or may be established by the Congress of the United States or other competent authority." Bixby remained the senior medical officer of the Red Rover throughout the Civil War. He was assisted by another medical doctor from his hometown of Boston, Doctor George H. Hopkins, and other surgeons. Commander and Fleet Captain Alexander M. Pennock was in charge of fitting out the Union's Western Flotilla at the Naval Depot at Cairo, Illinois. The Red Rover reported to him for duty on June 10. On that day Pennock wrote to Flag Officer Davis: I have to thank Captain Wise, Assistant Quartermaster, for his untiring and successful exertion in the equipment of this boat, and I hope you will approve of all he has done. He informs me that she has stores on board for her crew for three months and medical supplies sufficient for 200 men for three months. She is also abundantly supplied with delicacies for the sick and has on board 300 tons of ice. Captain Wise acknowledged his obligations to the Western Sanitary Com­ mission for the great interest they took in the equipment of this boat, for their advice and substantial aid, to the amount in dollars and cents of $3,500 gratuitously bestowed. The From the Log of the Red Rover 33

boat is supplied with everything necessary for the restoration to health of sick and disabled seamen. I have directed Captain McDaniel and the surgeon to report to you for orders and for assignment to their particular duties.1

In a letter to Flag Officer Foote dated June 12, Quartermaster Wise wrote from the Naval Depot at Cairo:

I wish you could see our hospital boat, the Red Rover, with all her comforts for the sick and disabled seamen. She is decided to be the most complete thing of the kind that ever floated and is every way a decided success. The Western Sanitary Association gave us in cost of articles $3,500. The ice box of the steamer holds 300 tons. She has bathrooms, laundry, elevator for the sick from the lower to upper deck, amputating room, nine different water-closets, gauze blinds to the windows to keep the cinders and smoke from annoying the sick, two separate kitchens for sick and well, a regular corps of nurses, and two water-closets on every deck.

The Red Rover received her first hospital patient on June 11, Seaman David Sans, who was a cholera victim from the gunboat Benton. Four other patients were received that day, thirteen on the 12th, and thirty-eight on the 13th. Her great benefit to the Western Flotilla on the Mississippi River was underscored by Flag Officer Davis on June 14 when he wrote to Quartermaster Wise:

No one but those who have witnessed can comprehend the sufferings to which our sick have been exposed by the absence of proper accommodations on board the gunboats and by the necessity for frequent and sometimes hasty change of place. The wounded and patients suffering from fever occupy, under the direction of the surgeon, those parts of the ship which are most quiet and best ventilated. When the ship was cleared for action, as often happened when lying near Fort Pillow, it was necessary to take down their cots and ham­ mocks more than quickly into out-of-the-way and uncom­ fortable places. This must always be attended with pain and distress, if not positive injury. The arrival of the Red Rover will put a stop to all this, promote the efficiency of the Squadron by procuring comfort and means of restoration for the sick. All the conveniences and appliances of a hospital are fully provided and to these are added the neatness and order essential to so large an establishment.

'Captain McDaniel, never further identified, was the first commanding officer of the Red Rover. Acting Master C. H. Daniels identified by some as her commanding officer was stationed at the Washington Navy Yard during the period in question, there being letters signed by him at that location in the files of the National Archives. U.S. Naval Photographic Center UNITED STATES HOSPITAL SHIP RED ROVER The Red Rover was a wooden sidewheel steamer displacing 786 tons and drawing 8 feet of water. The dimensions of her hull are unknown. She consumed 37 1/2 bushels of coal per hour. Her average speed was 5 knots, and her maximum upstream speed was 9 knots. Her crew numbered 42 officers and men when first commissioned. The average number employed in her medical department was near that assigned as crew. She was armed with one 32-pound gun.

Although a number of steamers, including the City of Memphis, had been pressed into service as hospital transports, they lacked accommodations, cleanliness and the medical staff which could be offered by the Red Rover. It was not long before the Red Rover became actively engaged in the war on the western rivers. On June 17, the Federal gunboat Mound City, which had captured the Red Rover, took part in a campaign on the White River in Arkansas. During the action a shell from Confederate batteries penetrated the port casemate of the Mound City, killed three men in its flight, and exploded the ship's steam drum. Eight men were scalded to death and forty- three were either drowned or shot after leaping overboard. The total casualties were 135 out of a total of 175 on board the gunboat. Many of these men were admitted to the Army Hospital at Memphis. Thirty-seven were transferred from the hospital on June 19 to the Red Rover for transportation to hospitals in Illinois. To care for the wounded on the up-river trip and assist in their transfer to hospitals ashore, Doctor Bixby obtained approval of his From the Log of the Red Rover 35 request for male nurses to be supplied by the Army Mortar Fleet then stationed at Memphis. It was also about this time that Sister Angela, the Superior of the Sisters of the Holy Cross, offered the services of the Sisters for the hospital boat. Flag Officer Davis, Commanding the Western Flotilla, wrote to Fleet Officer Pennock to make arrangements for their coming. It is clear that Sisters of the Holy Cross were on board the Red Rover during her service in the summer of 1862. Their letters published in Sister M. Eleanore's On the Kings Highway (New York, 1931) show that Sister M. Anthanasius served six weeks prior to October, 1862, and others were "on board for awhile." However, there is no conclusive evidence that women were regularly attached as nurses in the Medical Department of the Red Rover prior to the time that she was fitted out and commissioned as a hospital ship at the end of 1862. The Red Rover departed Memphis on June 24, 1862, and stopped at Cairo the next day. Here, Captain Pennock telegraphed to the Director of the United States Army Hospital at Mound City, Illinois, to arrange for accommodations for the sick and wounded then on the hospital ship. Arriving at Mound City on the 26th. all but two of the scalded, several patients, and two prisoners of war were transferred ashore. After repairs to a broken stern post, she left Mound City on July 8 to join the Western Flotilla above Vicksburg, where she arrived on the 12th. In the early morning darkness of July 15, 1862, ships of the Western Flotilla entered the Yazoo River and headed upstream. The gunboats prepared for action at 6:00 a.m., when the powerful Confederate ironclad ram, the Arkansas, was discovered coming from the opposite direction. That fighting Confederate ship succeeded in passing through the entire Western Flotilla and the Ram Fleet, leaving many Union casualties in her wake. These men were treated aboard the Red Rover, which remained on the scene to take care of Union casualties while the Flotilla and Ram Fleet engaged the Confederates at Vicksburg. She later gave identical support to the combined fleet during operations off Helena, Arkan­ sas. While off that city on August 29, 1862, the Red Rover had the misfortune to catch fire and all boats from the gunboat Benton soon arrived on the scene to assist in putting it out. Acting Master McDaniels resigned in July and on September 16, 1862, Acting Master (later Acting Volunteer Lieutenant) William R. Wells, was ordered to .take command of the Red Rover laying off Helena, Arkansas. Four days later an Illinois Prize Court having 36 Missouri Historical Review jurisdiction over the Red Rover as a prize of war, sold her to the Navy Department for $9,314.28. She arrived at the U. S. Naval Depot at Cairo on September 23 to be fitted out for winter service, having brought 80 sick, one-half of whom were ravaged by diseases and fever and unfit for further service. On September 26 these patients were transferred to the Army Hospital at Mound City to remain until the Red Rover could be readied to receive them. Al­ though the Army hospital was full, the Army Medical Director of the District at once offered to make room for them by sending a number of his convalescents elsewhere. The Red Rover had admitted 109 patients during the period June 11-30, 1862, and 64 remained on board the last day of that month. During the next quarter (July-September) she admitted 211 new patients, the total time of subsistence for the sick amounting to 6,202 days for the quarter. The Western Gunboat Flotilla, of which the Red Rover was a unit, had originally been built up under a demand from Command­ ing General of the Army, Lieutenant General Thomas A. Scott, who proposed that the ships of the Western Flotilla would cooperate with the Army in its descent of the Mississippi. As these operations were first deemed in the sphere of the Army, not the Navy, Secre­ tary of the Navy Gideon Welles referred proposals for building a fleet on western rivers to the War Department. Thus, construction of the Western Flotilla was authorized upon requisition of Lieu­ tenant General Thomas A. Scott, with the approval of the Secretary of War, and under the initial direction of Commodore John Rodgers, U. S. Navy, who was ordered by Secretary Welles on May 16, 1861, to report to General George B. McClellan, United States Army, to assist in establishing a naval armament on the Mississippi River and its tributaries. He was given able assistance by Naval Con­ structor Samuel M. Pook. Acting in conjunction with and sub­ ordinate to the Army, Rodgers purchased three sidewheel steamers at Cincinnati and fitted them for service, the money being furnished by the War Department. They became the wooden steam gunboats Tyler, Lexington and Conestoga, nucleus of the Great Mississippi River Fleet. Captain Andrew H. Foote reported for duty to Major- General John C. Fremont, U. S. Army, on September 5, 1861, as commander of the gunboat flotilla on Western Waters. He assumed command the following day, relieving Rodgers. On November 13, 1861, Secretary of the Navy Welles appointed Foote flag-officer in command of the U. S. Naval Forces employed on the Mississippi From the Log of the Red Rover 37

River and its tributaries, still under control of the Army. It was Foote who took the initial step toward an organized Navy Medical Department. While on board the Federal gunboat Essex he wrote to Welles on January 6, 1862: "Sir: I respectfully request that Surgeon Andrew A. Henderson may be ordered to this Flotilla as Fleet Surgeon. In view of the service in which the Flotilla is engaged, and there being no Naval Surgeon attached to it, I consider the appointment of a Fleet Surgeon desirable alike on the ground of securing good medical treatment and surgery and a judicious and economical expenditure of medical stores." Having been disabled by wounds received in a gallant action at Fort Donelson, Foote, on May 9, 1862, turned over temporary command of the Western Flotilla to Davis who officially succeeded him in command on June 17, 1862. The service of the Flotilla remained more naval than land. The commanding officers were Navy officers, most of the men were sailors and much of the ord­ nance stores were supplied by the Navy Department. Although times of confusion and some embarrassment resulted from the mixed nature of this service, there was no lack of harmony. On July 16, 1862, the Congress approved an act transfering the Western Gunboat Fleet to the Navy Department. On September 10 the Secretary of the Navy wrote Davis that "1st of October next has been designated as the day for the transfer of the Western Flotilla from the War to the Navy Department." October 1, 1862, was also designated by the War Department in its order transferring this Flotilla. At this same time the name of the Western Gunboat Flotilla was changed to the Mississippi Squadron. Acting Rear Admiral David D. Porter was appointed Commander of the Squad­ ron, effective the date of transfer, but he did not take command until October 15. Ships comprising the Squadron transferred to the Navy included ten iron-plated gunboats, eight wooden gunboats, thirteen steam tugs, eight transport steamers (including the Red Rover), two ammunition steamers, and one large wharf boat of 4,000 tons used as the Naval Depot at Cairo. It was also on October 1, 1862, that the United States Navy acquired its first hospital ship, the USS Red Rover, then fitting out for the winter. With the transfer of the Western Flotilla to the Navy came the initial organization of the Navy Medical Department on western waters. On the morning of September 25, 1862, Navy Fleet Surgeon Edward Gilchrist reported from Cairo that a very large number of sick belonging to the Mississippi Squadron were in Army hospitals Harper's Weekly, May 9, 1863 From the Log of the Red Rover 39 at Mound City and Cairo. He recommended to Commodore Davis that all the men be assembled for a medical survey. That same morning he held consultations with the Medical Director of the District and the Army Surgeon of the Mound City Hospital regard­ ing arrangements for the accommodations of the Squadron's sick. He was offered the use of the Mound City Hotel in which all the sick of the Mississippi Squadron could be collected and placed under the exclusive direction of a medical officer of the Navy. Gilchrist was convinced that such an arrangement was absolutely indispensable to the proper care of the Navy's sick and to the "regularity and efficiency of the service." He reported to Dr. William Whelan, Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery: "Heretofore, from the nature of the case there has been every con­ ceivable irregularity in the medical affairs of the squadron and the service would have suffered excessively but for the cheerful and zealous assistance wrhich the medical officers of the Army have always been ready to give us, frequently to their own great in­ convenience. The plan proposed will not only relieve them of a great amount of duty and responsibility which properly belongs to us, but is the only one, I am convinced, for the sole organization and management of the medical duty of the Squadron as to deserve your approbation." Gilchrist assured the Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery that the Army Medical Director would continue to furnish medical stores for the Squadron as in the past and that the proposal was entirely approved by Fleet Captain Pennock as well as Rear Admiral Davis. On September 29, 1862, Davis telegraphed the Chief of Bureau of Medicine and Surgery requesting authorization for the delivery of the building for a Naval Hospital, informing him that the "senior medical officer of the Army says our sick numbering 300 must be moved from the Mound City Hospital." He obtained approval in a few days and rented the Mound City Hotel for $75 per month. This marked the beginning of the organization for the Navy Medical Department on western waters. Prior to this time no instructions had been issued to the Service for the regulation of medical depart­ ments which was "half Navy and half Army." Consequently, the irregularities and confusion resulted not so much from ignorance as from lack of direction and written instructions for carrying out uniform procedures. Unfortunately for the Medical Service of the Navy, many surgeons were confirmed in their irregularities by lack of uniform instructions when the transfer of the Western Flotilla from Army to Navy took place. Davis immediately requested 40 Missouri Historical Review

Regulations of the Service be sent for use by the Squadron along with forms used by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery so that all surgeons of the Mississippi Squadron could better and more effi­ ciently serve the Navy. Acting Rear Admiral David D. Porter, who relieved Davis on October 15, 1862, immediately ordered Fleet Surgeon Gilchrist to requisition 600 iron hospital bedsteads in anticipation of the growth of the Mississippi Squadron. On October 23 Gilchrist wrote to Dr. Whelan, Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery: "The fitting up of the Hospital and Hospital Boat; the care of a great number of sick for whom I had no proper accommodation and the labor of surveying all the sick of the Squadron in this vicinity has brought upon me an amount of work, which has made it impossible hitherto, for one to make such regular and accurate reports to you as I could otherwise have done. Some time must still elapse before the Hospital Department of the Squadron can be regularly and properly organized. It involves a greater amount of labor than anyone not upon the spot can readily comprehend." Three days later Gilchrist reported he had made a bargain for heating the Red Rover "throughout with steam by Porter's orders." On November 12, he again wrote to Dr. Whelan: "All the sick in this vicinity, belonging to the Squadron have been surveyed. . . . The Naval Hospital at Mound City and the Hospital Boat at that place are now full to overflowing, and the Ordnance Boat Judge Torrence is now being converted into a hospital boat for temporary service." When the Red Rover was transferred to the Navy, Dr. George H. Bixby and Dr. George Hopkins remained on board as did her Commanding Officer, William R. Wells, all having accepted acting appointments in the service of the Navy. The crew numbered 12 officers and 35 men. Persons "not shipped" on board but employed in the Medical Department of the Red Rover soon numbered about 30. Four of this number were Sisters of the Order of the Holy Cross. According to the ship's medical journal she had admitted a total of 374 patients by the end of 1862. Of this number, 332 were discharged as hospital patients, 37 died, and 5 deserted. The whole number of sick days for patients subsisted amounted to 9,842 days. Total expenses for the year were listed as $3,462.79. On Christmas Eve, 1862, Sister M. Veronica (C. Moran), Sister M. Adela (M. Reilly), and Sister M. Callista (E. Pointan), came on board the Red Rover, having transferred from the Army Hospital at Mound City. Sisters Veronica and Adela tended the From the Log of the Red Rover 41 sick on the hospital ship for the duration of the Civil War. On February 9, 1863, they were joined by Sister M. John (C. Mc- Louglin), carried on reports as Sister St. John, who served as a nurse on the Red Rover until September 30, 1863. Sister M. Callista left the hospital ship on March 2, 1863, but again reported on board for duty on January 28, 1865. Two female negro nurses working under the direction of the Sisters on board the Red Rover when she was commissioned were Alice Kennedy and Sarah Kinno. Those who served later were Ellen Campbell, Betsy Young, and Dennis Downs. These women may truly be said to be the pioneers or forerunners of the United States Navy Nurse Corps as they were the first female nurses carried on board a United States Navy Hospital Ship. In addition to the valiant nurses there were several laun­ dresses employed in the Hospital Department of the ship. Referred to in official records as "sundry employees hired by the Medical Department" they were not always mustered since they "cannot strictly be said to belong to the service." Nonetheless, they were carried on some muster rolls as well as on invoices under the heading of "Amounts paid persons 'not shipped' on board U.S.N. Hospital Red Rover employed in the Medical Department." Their number, including men employed, varied from the peak of approximately forty in the busiest times to as few as eight. The crowded conditions of shore hospitals forced the Red Rover into service while she was fitting out for the winter. On December 26, 1862, three days after she was officially commissioned, she got underway from Mound City at six a.m. and anchored at Memphis that afternoon, reporting to Captain Bishop, General Officer of the Port on board the General Bragg. Five seamen reported to her crew from the General Bragg and the paymaster approved the purchase of 124 pounds of fresh meat at eight cents per pound for issue on board. She passed on down river the next day and left Helena, Arkansas, at 2:00 p.m. A half hour after passing Friars Point she met the USS Longside carrying General Gorman who reported the river closed at Bolivar. He had turned back and picked up part of the crew of the USS Blue Wing which had been captured by the Confederates. General Gorman and Dr. Bixby, surgeon in charge of the Red Rover, decided to return to Helena for further information in regard to the blockade before risking the safety of their ships. An hour before noon on December 31 they again started down river from Helena in the convoy of the gunboats Lancaster and Tigress. The convoy passed Napoleon where they found the gunboat Conestoga at anchor, and it was exactly midnight when the Red Rover U.S. Naval Photographic Center Medical officers of the Red Rover. Standing left to right: Jacob T. Field, A. W. Pearson, George Lawrence. Sitting left to right: George H. Bixby, James S. Knight, Ninian Pinkney and Michael Bradley. Other medical officers who served aboard the hospital ship were George H. Hopkins, J. B. Parker, William F. McNutt and William H. Willson.

passed Bolivar with her one 32-pounder loaded with grape shot and all hands at quarters. She escaped notice of Confederate guns, and when the Lancaster stopped to receive wood for her boilers at Island No. 76, Dr. Bixby decided to run his ship to the Fleet without convoy. At 5 p.m., January 1, 1863, he arrived at the mouth of the Yazoo River where he received orders from the senior officers to proceed upstream. At 7:30 p.m. he reached the USS Blackhawk, flagship of the Mississippi Squadron anchored ten miles up the Yazoo, and reported on board to Admiral David D. Porter. The next day the Red Rover returned to the mouth of the Yazoo and anchored near the Louisiana shore. In company with the flagship Blackhawk, she steamed to the mouth of the White River on the 7th, remaining there on guard with the ordnance ship Judge Torrence From the Log of the Red Rover 43 while the Mississippi Squadron moved up the Arkansas River to attack Fort Hindman at Arkansas Post. The light flotilla led by Rattler was followed by Admiral Porter's flagship Blackhawk. Next came the ironclad heavy flotilla and the transports with the gun­ boat Lexington bringing up the rear. The fleet conducted a naval bombardment of Fort Hindmann on January 11, which was followed by a successful Army assualt. The Signal then made her way back down the river to transfer the wounded to the Red Rover and the gunboat New Era also arrived with wounded. With the wounded men aboard, the Red Rover left the mouth of the White River on January 21. While moored about a mile below Napoleon, Arkansas, she was fired into by Confederates, two shots striking her and entering the hospital. She returned the fire with musketry and moved four miles farther to spend the night. She returned to the mouth of the Yazoo River on January 23, continuing to care for the wounded and sick of the Mississippi Squadron as it supported the Army expedition to gain control of the Yazoo as well as the tributary rivers which the Confederates used to transport supplies to Vicksburg. Meantime, in December, 1862, Fleet Surgeon Ninian A. Pinkney had relieved Fleet Surgeon Edward Gilchrist. Pinkney made the Red Rover his headquarters ship and from her flowed the orders, correspondence, pleas, and action of this remarkable man as he overcame the difficulties and problems obstructing the proper care of the sick and wounded of the Mississippi Squadron. To the Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery went recommendations for organization and standard instructions to surgeons of the squadron. Acting in concert with Admiral Porter and Fleet Officer Pennock, he emphasized the need of supplying all the iron-clads with medical officers and the light-draft ships with surgeon stewards so that these fighting ships on frequent detached duty could properly care for their sick and wounded until they reached the Red Rover or shore hospitals. No opportunity of improving the service seemed to escape Pinkney's attention. Typical is a letter written aboard the Red Rover on February 7 which reads in part: The fourth paragraph of the Section seventeenth of Regula­ tions, if literally construed and applied to this Hospital Ship, absolutely requires that patients having injury or disability likely to entitle them to pensions, or determined by survey, must remain in the hospital until their claim for pension shall have been forwarded to the Department, acted upon, and the decision officially made known to the Fleet Surgeon by it. 44 Missouri Historical Review

I desire to be instructed whether such instruction is impera­ tively binding for the reason that if applied to this Squadron it must give rise to exposure to an unhealthy climate (which might be avoided), liability to overcrowding of the Hospital and overworking of attendants, and serving unnecessary accumulation of accounts here—all of which are serious evils.

vSeven months later he had lost none of his zeal or concern for men of the squadron when he wrote the Chief of Bureau of Medicine and Surgery: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your communica­ tion directing the appointment of competent Surgeon Stewards to the charge of the Medical Department of such vessels where the Medical Officers could be dispensed with. I shall in accordance with this order carry out its provisions as far as may be found practicable. I do not think, however, that any reduction can safely be made in the Medical Depart­ ment of this Squadron, as all of the vessels are placed on separate service. From the nature of the climate, it is reasonable to suppose that Medical Officers are equally liable to attacks of sickness as other officers; and therefore would require leave of absence. There are at present several whose state of health is such as to require change of climate. Their services cannot well be dis­ pensed with until I can obtain medical officers to take their place. The increased compensation to Surgeon Stewards will enable me to obtain the services of competent men, who can safely take charge of the Medical Department of the smaller vessels. During the winter of 1862-1863, while the Red Rover served the medical needs of the men of the Mississippi Squadron, many sick and wounded men gathered along the rivers seeking medical aid. In an attempt to care for them Admiral Porter sent Fleet Surgeon Pinkney to visit General U. S. Grant in February, 1863, to request permission for the Navy to occupy suitable buildings at Memphis for hospital purposes. Grant promptly ordered a building turned over to him. All hospitals in Memphis were in possession of the Army, and all were full to overflowing. Consequently, the Navy- converted the Commercial Hotel of Memphis to hospital use. The hotel, renamed Hospital Pinkney in honor of the Fleet Surgeon, soon provided shelter for 248 sick or injured men. Sister St. John, Order of the Holy Cross, left the Red Rover at the end of September, 1863, to take charge of nursing there. Hospital Pinkney answered the earlier plea of Fleet Surgeon Edward Gilchrist that the sick of From the Log of the Red Rover 45 the Squadron be collected and come under the exclusive direction of medical officers of the Navy. Meanwhile the Red Rover lay at anchor at her station in the mouth of the Yazoo. On April 16 she weighed anchor and proceeded down the Mississippi, landing on the Louisiana shore just above Vicksburg at 10:15 p.m. The Squadron gunboats and transports passed her writh the intention of running the blockade past Vicks­ burg. They rounded the point about 11 p.m. and enemy musketry opened up. Then the Confederates' heavy guns roared out as fires were lighted on shore to illuminate the passing Squadron. The gunboats bombarded the Vicksburg batteries as they swept ahead at full speed and succeeded in breaking through the blockade. Moving from the scene of combat, the Red Rover, overflowing with patients, steamed to Memphis, arriving on April 23. Here she transferred her most serious cases to Hospital Pinkney and prepared to make repairs in the Navy Yard. On May 20, with her repairs completed and eleven men from Hospital Pinkney added to her crew, the hospital ship again set out for Vicksburg. She arrived off the White River the next morning and Fleet Surgeon Pinkney came aboard to accompany her to the mouth of the Yazoo. She continued to receive, treat and evacuate the wounded of the fleet as the campaign against the Confederates continued into July. Vicksburg fell on July 4. Ten days later the Red Rover arrived at Memphis with the casualties of the successful siege. By the end of July she was again anchored at Vicksburg. On July 31 she proceeded down river to the Jefferson Davis Plantation and transferred medi­ cine to the gunboat Carondelet, thence to Grand Gulf, Mississippi, where she delivered medical supplies to the gunboat Louisville. Continuing down river she visited Natchez, Baton Rouge and New Orleans, then proceeded back up river by way of the various fleet rendezvous to Memphis where she tied to shore near the Navy Yard on August 15, 1863. Again in need of repairs, the Red Rover remained at Memphis until October 17. On the 19th she came to anchor off Mound City, and officers came on board to hold a survey of the hospital ship and her machinery. Only three patients were on board as of the first of the month and only 21 patients were admitted to her care for the remainder of the year while the ice ran heavy in the river and she waited for extensive repairs. She did not get on the ways of the shipyard until February 23, 1864, and came off on March 10. She left the yard on April 11, shifting to Cairo where her commanding 46 Missouri Historical Review officer, Acting Volunteer Lieutenant William R. Wells, reported to Fleet Captain Pennock. Here the Red Rover received medical stores for the fleet and the sick men from the steamer Clara Dolson. She stood down river on April 12 as the Federal troops at Fort Pillow. Tennessee, were overwhelmed by the Confederates. An agreement was reached to allow the Union Army to remove their wounded and bury their dead on the morning of April 13. About fifty of the wounded were placed on board the Platte Valley. Those who could walk were brought down the bluffs, supported on either side by a Confederate soldier. Other Union prisoners were sent in from Confederate camps after the Platte Valley departed. The Red Rover landed at Fort Pillow at 2 p.m., taking aboard all the wounded (13 soldiers) for care in hospital wards. She readied her gun for action and prepared for an expected attack from the guns of Fort Randolph as she headed back up river, but she passed that Confederate fort without incident. She arrived at Memphis on the morning of April 14, sending the wounded soldiers to the Army Hospital and the sick seamen of the Squadron to Hospital Pinkney. She strated back down river the next day, putting off medical stores and supplies to ships of the squadron at such places as the mouth of the White and Yazoo Rivers and the Jefferson Davis Plantation below Vicksburg. On April 17 the Red Rover anchored at the mouth of Red River to support the fleet cooperating with the Army in the expedition up that stream. Leaving the Red Rover at anchor, the fleet gunboats headed up the river. Upon reaching Springfield, Louisiana, they found that Union land forces were falling back towards Grand Ecore. The gunboats were obliged to return down river as they had no infantry to dislodge the Confederate batteries which could be mounted on the river banks. On the return voyage they were frequently fired upon by the Confederates from every assailable point. Upon reaching Grand Ecore the gunboats found that the Red River had fallen so low that they could not pass over the rapids. It seemed that the better part of the squadron would be doomed to destruction as the Union Army prepared to evacuate that place. Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Bailey, Acting Engineer of the Nineteenth Army Corps, proposed a plan for building a series of dams across the rocks of the falls, thus raising the level of the river. Constructed by Army and Navy men, the dam had a center opening which let the ships ride out on the crest of the water. On May 9 the gunboat Lexington passed into calm water, soon followed From the Log of the Red Rover 47 by the rest of the fleet. Meantime the Red Rover, stationed at the mouth of the Red River, delivered medical supplies, ice provisions and stores to ships of the fleet as she admitted their sick and wounded to her hospital department. On May 24, 1864, Lieutenant Wells was relieved of command by Acting Ensign Charles King, and ten days later the Red Rover returned to Memphis. By this time the Mississippi Squadron had increased to about a hundred ships, carrying some 460 guns, with crews amounting in the aggregate to about 5,500 men. The waters traversed by ships of the squadron were divided into ten naval districts, each under the command of an experienced officer. While the ships in each district had appropriate fields of assigned duty, they were ready to support each other if an emergency arose. The Red Rover was not assigned to a particular district, but moved up and down the Mississippi between Cairo and New Orleans, receiving the sick from ships on station and delivering to them the vital medical stores and supplies for use in their medical departments. On her return to Memphis she transferred her patients to Hospital Pinkney. She was tied up at Memphis on Sunday morning, August 22, 1864, when Confederate General Nathan Forrest with more than 2,000 men entered the city and occupied it for about two hours before being driven out. The ironclad gunboat Essex did not have steam up so the Red Rover was lashed to her port quarter and prepared to maneuver upstream should circumstances require it. Meanwhile the gunboat Carondelet had arrived to reconnoiter the river below the fort as the Confederates withdrew from the city. The Red Rover commenced her last medical supply voyage from Memphis on October 24, 1864. She delivered medical stores to ships at Helena, Arkansas, on the White and Red Rivers, then steamed to the mouth of the Yazoo and back to Memphis where she arrived on November 23, 1864, to transfer the sick of the squadron Hospital Pinkney. She received men on board from Hospital Pinkney for duty on December 5, 1864, and started up river on the 7th. Near midnight she rounded to and stood back to Memphis to pick up documents which had been forgotten. Setting out again she steamed up river to Island 39, past Fort Pillow, Point Pleasant and Cairo. She reached Mound City on December 11, 1864, where she remained to the end of her career. On the afternoon of December 30, 1864, the gig of Fleet Surgeon Ninian Pinkney came alongside the Red Rover and Pinkney embarked along with Dr. James S. Knight, Paymaster A. W. Pearson, Mr. and Mrs. 48 Missouri Historical Review

Dudley and their little daughter. The gig's crew consisted of six men and the coxswain, and they proceeded with their passengers down the river with the intention of reaching the store ship General Lyons. They had intended to land a little above the General Lyons, but because of poor visibility on the dark night they drifted danger­ ously near that ship. The strong current carried the gig onto the bow of the General Lyons. Sinking amidships on the General Lyons bow, the gig capsized, throwing all her passengers and crew into the treacherous river. All were rescued except Mr. Dudley and his daughter, and two of the crew. As the Civil War drew to a close, the light draft ironclads of the Mississippi Squadron were detached for service in Mobile Bay, where the Confederate Naval Forces formally surrendered on May 10, 1865. This marked the end of an organized Confederate Navy, which was dealt a final blow with the fall of the three forts at Sabine Pass (May 25, 1865) and Galveston, Texas (June 2, 1865). Acting Rear Admiral Samuel Phillips Lee had assumed command of the Squadron on November 1, 1864, and was relieved in August, 1865, by Commodore John W. Livingston who closed up the affairs of the Mississippi Squadron in November, 1865. The Red Rover continued to care for Navy patients throughout this period until November 17, 1865, when her eleven remaining patients were transferred to the steamer Grampus. During her career she had admitted only three less than 2,500 patients; 1,697 had been admitted during June 11, 1862 to March 31, 1865, 332 being from Southern States, 343 from Northern States, 231 from Western States, 376 born in foreign countries, and the nativity of 415 not ascertained. Out of the 1,697 patients admitted, 157 died. An additional 780 patients were cared for by the Red Rover during the period April 1 to November 17, 1865. Her last record of those employed in her medical department is dated April 30, 1865. Sister M. Veronica and Sister Adela were still on board and it is presumed they remained until November 17, 1865, the last day of the ship's service. Dr. George H. Bixby, who had contributed so much to the effectiveness of the hospital ship, was honorably dis­ charged from the Navy on September 26, 1865. He resumed his medical practice in Boston where he engaged in important research and wrote numerous treatises. Stripped of her gun and iron plate, the Red Rover was sold at public auction in Mound City on November 29, 1865. Her purchaser From the Log of the Red Rover 49 was A. M. Carpenter who paid $4,500 for the hulk of the first United States Navy Hospital Ship.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. USS Red Rover, Ship's Deck Log, December 2G, 1862-January 1, 1865. 2. USS Red Rover, Medical Journals, June 10, 1862-November 17, 1805. 3. USS Red Rover, Muster Rolls, August, 1863-April 1865. 4. USS Red Rover, Abstract of Patients, June 10, 1862-November 17, 1865. 5. Navy Department, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Letters, 1861-1865. 6. Navy Department, Officers Letters, 1861-1865. 7. Navy Department, Letters and reports of officers of the Western Flotilla, later transferred to Navy and redesignated Mississippi Squadron, 1861-1865. 8. USS Red Rover, Ledger of "Deaths-Invoices-Receipts & C," June 10, 1862-November 17, 1865. 9. War Department, Extracts from (Army) Hospital muster rolls and pay records of Nurses, Matrons and Attendants, 1861-1865. 10. Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion (Washing­ ton, D.C., 1898-1922), 30 volumes. 11. Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies in the War of the Rebellion (Washing­ ton, D.C., 1880-1902), 130 volumes.

An 1850 Advertisement St. Joseph Adventure, May 17, 1850. . . . Oh! where the golden dust lies; that is the place for me, Now straight I'll go to Landis, Oh! he's the man for me, For I won't stay at home—No I'll not stay at home, If there's gold in California, I know Tm in for some.

So Landis don't be backward now, but let your friends all see, That you can manage to outfit a man as poor as me; For I cannot stay at home, it will not do for me If the gold's in California, I must be there to see.

I want a Saddle, Martingale, a good Sursingle [surcingle] too, I want a Bridle, Belt and Girth, and Saddle Bags quite new, For I cannot stay at home, no I'll not stay at home, The gold's in California, and my wife says get me some.

I want some harness for my mules, strong checklines and good whips, With wagon harness nicely made and then I shall be fixed For I'm going to California and leaving all at home If the gold's in California, I know I'm in for some. •# The Attempted Assassination of Missouri's Ex-Governor, Lilburn W. Boggs

BY MONTE B. MC LAWS* LILBURN W. BOGGS

In the 1840s Independence was a quiet little village during the winter months, but as spring advanced it became a place of tre­ mendous activity. For about a month all was bustle in the tiny community: steamboats unloading, wagons rumbling through the dirt streets, traders haggling with local merchants over the price of goods. The Missouri frontier town was at once the point of departure for the Santa Fe traders and the overland wagon trains to Oregon and California as well as a gathering place for hunters, trappers and wandering Indians. It was a wild assortment of man­ kind: dark slavish-looking Spaniards, blanketed and painted Indians, long-haired French hunters from the mountains, case- hardened bullwhackers wearing boots and flourishing bowie knives, Mexicans in bells and slashed pantaloons, rivermen and rousta­ bouts. Here was a wild confusion of tongues, a multitude of odd businesses and a horde of strangers. Groggeries were plentiful and drivers made the most of their last day in town. Long trains of ox or mule teams departed for western points without seeming to reduce the intensity of trading between merchants and those still needing supplies. Here were represented at one view the remark­ able features of the wild, dangerous, and enterprising frontier. The streets of Independence were especially crowded and busy during the month of May, 1842. Hard times in the Mississippi Valley had stimulated men of an adventurous pioneer spirit to converge on the Missouri outpost to unite for one of the largest overland treks ever made to Oregon. On the north side of the

*Monte B. McLaws, received a B.A. and M.A. from Arizona State University, Tempe. He is currently a candidate for the Ph.D. degree in History at the University of Missouri, Columbia. The author is indebted to a grant from the Floyd Calvin Shoemaker Fund for Research and Writing in Missouri History which enabled him to complete his research for the article. 50 The A ttempted A ssassination of Lilburn W. Boggs 51

crowded public square stood one of the many busy stores, that of Lilburn W. Boggs and Son.1 The fifty-year-old Boggs, an ex-Governor of Missouri, and his family lived in a home on South Pleasant Street, several blocks from the downtown square.2 Here, on the night of May 6, 1842, as described in the newspapers, one of ". . . the most cold blooded outrages ever perpetrated" took place.3 About nine o'clock Boggs left the supper table, retired to his room and began reading the paper. Someone approached his window, shot him in the head and disappeared into the night. A medical examination showed that four buckshot had entered the back part of his head. One per­ forated the brain and lodged, the other three were extracted. The severity of the wound caused the local newspapers to conclude that he could not survive more than a day or two at the most.4 The family had conducted an immediate search of the premises and neighborhood, but failed to detect anybody. The remoteness 'Independence, The Chronicle, April 4, 1840. 2W. L. Webb, The Centennial History of Independence, Mo. (n.p., cl927), 213. :!Jefferson City, Jeffersonian Republican, May 14, 1842. Vbid.

INDEPENDENCE IN 1845 From a painting by George Fuller Green after a contemporary sketch by W. L. Pynchon. Mr. Green's painting, which is in the archives of the Native Sons of Kansas City, depicts more activity around the Independ­ ence Square than was shown in the Pynchon original. 52 Missouri Histroical Review of the house from the more populated part of town delayed the alarm and pursuit, enabling the "miscreant" to escape. However, a pistol, identified as stolen from Uhlinger's Grocery5 about a week before, was found a few yards from the house. The citizens of Independence held a meeting the next morning at the courthouse and adopted "... energetic measures . . . for securing the perpetrator of this demoniac deed." They offered $500 for his apprehension and delivery, but as late as May 14 insufficient evidence dampened hopes that the criminal would be detected or brought to justice.6 As the newspaper commented ". . .a mystery . . . was involved in this painful transaction which time alone . . . could unravel."7 Some surmised that Boggs had been shot by a political enemy. He had been in politics most of the time since 1826 when he was elected State Senator from Jackson County. He served in the legislature until 1832 and then was elected Lieutenant Governor. In 1836 as nominee of the Democratic Party for Governor he defeated a popular opponent, William Henry Ashley.8 Boggs considered himself "... a friend of those great principles of democ­ racy which gave character to the administrations of Jefferson and Jackson."9 He supported Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren in their presidential campaigns and backed Thomas Hart Benton until the two men became estranged in 1844.10 Boggs' gubernatorial administration proved highly unpopular, and ended in alienation from party and friends. When elected he went to the State House a popular governor, and had circumstances been different it is likely he would have left in the same manner. Three major problems led to his unpopularity: the State Bank, a new capitol building, and the "Mormon War." Boggs' State Bank, chartered in February, 1837,u had just begun to operate when the "Panic of 1837" hit Missouri. The bank tightened drastically its loaning proceedures. The conservatism of the Governor saved the bank but antagonized many Missourians, especially St. Louis merchants, who advocated soft money.12 During his first year as Governor, Boggs submitted plans and estimated costs for a new capitol building to the Legislature. Thev appropriated the $75,000 requested, part of which was to come from

5Probably Philip Uhlinger, age 40, a baker, U. S., Bureau of Census, "Seventh Census of the United States: 1850. Jackson Co. Missouri," VII, 562. ^Columbia Patriot, May 21, 1842. 7Jefferson City, Jeffersonian Republican, May 14, 1842. 8Jefferson City, Jeffersonian Republican, September 3, 1836. *Ibid., July 30, 1842. 10Missouri, Senate Journal, 13th General Assembly, 1st Sess., 1844-1845, 42. "Laws of the State of Missouri, 9th General Assembly, 1st Sess., 1836-1837, 11-24. 12Duane Meyer, The Heritage of Missouri—A History (St. Louis, 1963), 261-262. The Attempted Assassination of Lilburn W. Boggs S3 the sale of public lots in Jefferson City.13 In 1837 Boggs asked for $125,000 more and the Legislature appropriated it without much discussion.14 However, the next General Assembly exploded when it learned that the $200,000 was almost spent and the building far from completed.15 When finally finished the building cost almost $300,000, about 3}4 times the Governor's original estimate. Despite the fact the Legislature completely cleared Boggs of any criminal intent the public remained somewhat provoked.16 The "Mormon War" was the Governor's third major setback. The Mormons, a rather peculiar religious sect of considerable size and political power in Missouri, in 1838 had been ordered "extermi­ nated" or driven from the state.17 Fortunately for both Mormons and Missourians, the latter resulted. The order, issued by Boggs, received praise from the counties directly involved—Jackson, Clay, Davis, and Caldwell—but the rest of the state highly critized it.18 His administration over, Boggs returned to his mercantile business in Independence in 1840. However, at the time he was shot he was again in politics, seeking his old seat in the State Senate. Unfortunately little information is available concerning that campaign.19 Some indication does exist, however, that it was bitter, even after the attempted assassination. Reports circulated by Boggs' opponents said his mind had been seriously impaired from his recent head wound, and if elected he would prove incapable of proper service. The ex-Governor struck back with a certificate signed by his doctors testifying to his complete recovery.20 Whether these charges and answers indicate inordinate political campaigning it is impossible to say. That Boggs did make enemies is unques­ tioned. In a premature obituary of the ex-Governor a newspaper pointed out that during his public career he lost the good will of some of his former friends, and suggested that all personal and political ill-feelings be buried with him.21 Two persons were directly accused and arrested for the attempt­ ed assassination. One of them, identified in the papers only by his surname, Tompkins, apparently was suspected of having an

™Laws of the State of Missouri, 9th General Assembly, 1st Sess., 1836-1837, 29-30. "Ibid., 10th General Assembly, 1st Sess., 1838-1839, 14-15. 15Missouri, Senate Journal, 11th General Assembly, 1st Sess., 1840-1841, 446-447. ^Missouri, House Journal, 11th General Assembly, 1st Sess., 1840-1841, 530-531. 17Governor L. W. Boggs to Gen. John B. Clark, Oct. 27, 1838, Documents Containing the Correspondence, Orders, etc., in Relation to the Disturbances with the Mormons, etc. . . . (Fayette, Missouri, 1841), 61. 18St. Louis, Missouri Argus, May 10, 1839. 19Copies of the Western Missourian, the only newspaper printed in Independence at this time, are no longer in existence. 20Jefferson City, Jeffersonian Republican, July 30, 1812. nibid., May 14, 1842. $30© REWARD. 1 PROCLAMATION By the Governor of the State of Missouri. Executive Departments City of Jefferson.^ HSRSAS, it has been represented to me, W that the lion. LILBURN W. BOGGS, (late Governor of this^tate) on the evening of Friday the 6th instant, at his residence in the town of Independence, in the county of Jackson, was shot, (supposed mortally,) 4y some pcrs.iH unknown, who is now going at large. ^ NOW T&&&EJPOILE, I THOMAS REYNOLDS, Governor of the State of Missouri, do offer a reward of Tkrce Hundred Dollars, for the apprehension and deliv­ ery to the r.heriif of Jackson county aforesaid, of the person guilty of the crime above mentioned. EKT TUSTilVEONY WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused to bo affixed the Great Seal of the State of Missouri. Done at the City of J eiferson, tlus 11th day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hund red and forty-two, of the Independence of the United States the sixty-sixth, and of this State the twenty-second. TI10: REYNOLDS. By the Governor: JAS. L. MINOR, SecUy. of State. Five Hundred Dollars Reward. STOP THE MUEDEREK!! The undersigned committee apf)oiuted by the citizens of Jackson county, Mo., to ferret out the assassin of Gov, JLiLfWAN W. BOGGS, ojfci- a rewa.id of $200) ior lne apprehension and delivery to our Cou.vrv J AiL, oi a man ot tfie following description, and $300 il1 addition if he should beconvicted. O3 A spare, well built man, about 5 feet 8 inches high, thio visage, pale complexion, regular features, keen, black eye, and re markably long, slender hand ; had on when last seen, a halt worn brown or grey beaverteen frock coat, a warm cloth vest, tjoots considerably ^worn, and dark drab, smooth cast broad brim hat. lie landed at Owen's landing, Jackson county, off the steam boat Row- ena, on the 27 In day of April, and departed on the same boat, on the 2i)th of the same month,

^Columbia Patriot, May 14, 1842. 23Jefferson City, Jeffersonian Republican, May 14, 1842. Author's underlining. ^Ibid., May 21, 1842. 25Bennett, past mayor of Nauvoo and counselor to Joseph Smith in the Church, was excom­ municated for alleged immorality. 26Jefferson Citv, Jeffersonian Republican, July 10, 1842. 27Joseph Smith, Jr., History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1951), V, 67. ^Ibid., 14-15. 56 Missouri Historical Review exists that, this prophecy actually was made, it was not uncommon for Smith to make such predictions.29 That there existed "... plenty of foundation for rumor" was certainly not an overstatement. Of all the enemies Boggs made in his public career, the Mormons were far the most bitter. The causes of their resentment started in the winter of 1833 when they were expelled from their homes in Jackson County. They claimed that Boggs, then Lieutenant Governor, was responsible. Equally important was the "Exterminating Order" issued by Governor Boggs in 1838, which resulted in the forced removal of thousands of Mormons—men, women and children—from Missouri. Joseph Smith was jailed during that entire winter on charges of murder and treason. Illustrative of Mormon feeling was the Mormon Bishop Edward Partridge's comment concerning Boggs: "All earth and hell cannot deny that a baser knave, a greater traitor, and a more whole-sale butcher or murder of mankind never went untried, un­ punished, and unhung."30 No one seemingly had a stronger motive for killing Boggs than did the Mormons, and Orrin P. Rockwell became the major suspect. Rockwell, who even now is almost universally condemned (outside the Mormon Church)31 for the crime, has been de­ scribed as the ". . . most terrible instrument that can be handled by fanaticism; a powerful physical nature welded to a mind of very narrow perceptions, intense convictions, and changeless tenacity. In his build he was a gladiator; ... in his vengeance an Indian."32 To Joseph Smith, Rockwell was "... an innocent and a noble boy," one which his soul loved.33 The first description might very well have fitted Rockwell in his subsequent career as henchman and bodyguard for Brigham Young in Utah, but no evidence exists that he was thus regarded in 1842. Smith's description is probably more of Rockwell's spirit than his mind and body. Did he mean in referring to him as a boy that he was mentally slow, as some claim, or was Smith simply remembering him as one of his first converts at age seventeen and some ten years his junior?

>;9Claire Noall, Intimate Disciple, A Portrait of Willard Richards Apostle to Joseph Smith— Cousin of Brigham Young (Salt Lake City, 1957), 332. 'M)The History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-dav Saints (Independence, Mo., 1951), I, 360. Hereafter referred to as RLDS History. :ilWilliam Alexander Linn, The Story of the Mormons, From the Date of Their Origin to the Year 1901 (New York, 1923), is representative of the non-Mormon writers, although there are some more radical and some less. 32Fitz Hugh Ludlow, The Heart of the Continent: A Record of Travel Across the Plains and in Oregon, with an Examination of the Mormon Principle (New York, 1871), 355. Although Ludlow considered Rockwell rough, even he could not deny he was "... kind and conciliatory, in every­ thing he said, and sometimes verv amusing," 301. 33Smith, History, V, 125. ORRIN PORTER ROCKWELL From: Charles Kelly and Hoffman Birney, Holy Murder, The Story of Porter Rockwell (New York: Minton, Balch & Co., 1934). Courtesy Putnam's & Coward-McCann Publishers, New York.

Boggs swore out a complaint against Smith and Rockwell on July 20, 1842.34 Governor Thomas Reynolds asked Illinois to extradite them, and they were arrested in Nauvoo, Illinois, August 8 of the same year.35 Smith was subsequently released when Judge Alexander Pope in Springfield, Illinois, declared him free from extradition on Boggs' affidavit.36 Rockwell escaped the authorities and spent the winter in Philadelphia.37 However, he was again arrested March 5, 1843, in St. Louis while attempting to return to Nauvoo,38 and was transported by stage to Independence around the 11th or 12th of March. An angry mob of citizens made some attempts to hang him, but he was soon lodged safely in the county jail.39 A thorough search by the author, in both the attic of the old Independence Courthouse and the new annex in Kansas City failed to turn up any record of the criminal proceedings of the courts in Independence at that time.40 However, it is known that shortly after his arrival he was given a hearing before the Justice of the Peace; and, for lack of evidence, was not indicted by a grand jury.41 Rockwell supposedly proved he was several miles distant from the Boggs home when the ex-Governor was shot,42 but reasons for failure to release him remain unclear. He was returned to jail where, according to his account, he passed a most un-

s*Ibid., 67. MI bid., 86. wibid., 223-231. *Ubid., 198. 38Jefferson City, Jeffersonian Republican, March 11, 1843. 3»Smith, History, VI, 135-136. •"•Criminal court transcripts of Jackson County are not in existence prior to 1863. iXNiles' National Register (Baltimore, September 30, 1843). 42Thomas B. H. Stenhouse, The Rocky Mountain Saints: A Full and Complete History of the Mormons . . . (New York, 1873), 140. 58 Missouri Historical Review comfortable winter eating cold corn dodger and poor meat, sleeping on a scanty supply of dirty straw with no bedding, freezing because of no fire, and cursing his iron hobbles, his right hand being shackeled to his left foot.43 While thus confined he and another inmate attempted to escape. They sawed off their hobbles, rushed the guard at meal­ time, and fled out of town on foot. Their freedom was soon ended, however, and they were returned to jail. Several weeks later Rockwell was taken before a court and notified that a Grand Jury had indicted him for breaking jail. Alexander W. Doniphan, a prominent Missouri lawyer appointed by the court, reluctantly undertook to defend him.44 Doniphan secured a change of venue, and Rockwell was moved by night to the jail in Liberty, Clay County, Missouri. Because of some technicality in the papers, real or pretended, he was remanded back to Independence after ten days. There he remained in jail for two months while his lawyer drew up fresh papers, then he was again taken across the Missouri River to Liberty.45 After several postponements, Austin A. King, Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court, ordered Rockwell tried before a special court for escaping the Independence jail. Monday, December 11, 1843, he was taken before the court and so charged. He plead not guilty,4n after which he was tried before a twelve-man jury and found guilty. Judge King sentenced him to five minutes in the Clay County jail.47 According to Rockwell, he was held several hours while attempts were made to charge him with some other crime. About 8:00 p.m. Doniphan notified him of his release and cautioned him to return to Nauvoo with all haste and without detection from Missourians. This he did.48 Rockwell was, and still remains the popular suspect in this crime. He was a Mormon and the bodyguard of the leader of that religion. Even without orders from Smith, it is possible that Rockwell took it upon himself to avenge the alleged wrongs against his people. That he was in Missouri near the time Boggs was shot, he himself admits.4' Why he was there is not certain unless, of course, it was to kill Boggs. If any assumptions can be drawn from

43Smith, History, VI, 136. "Ibid., 137-138. V>Nlies' National Register, September 30, 1843. 4fiIt was argued that no law was broken as Rockwell did not break out but simply walked through an open door. ^'State of Missouri V. Orrin Porter Rockwell, Clay County, Missouri Circuit Court Record No. 4, (1843) 236. Located in the Clay County Courthouse, Liberty, Missouri. 48Smith, History, VI, 141-142. 49John C Bennett, The History of the Saints; or, An Expose of Joe Smith and Mormonism (Boston, 1842), 285. The Attempted Assassination of Lilburn W. Boggs 59

Rockwell's later life in Utah, he certainly had the capabilities to perform such a deed. There are even varied reports he later boasted of the crime while in the security of the Far West.50 Nevertheless, there are inconsistencies and unanswered questions that cast a definite shadow of doubt on Rockwell's supposed guilt. Any one of hundreds of people could have shot the ex-Governor. Independence was filled with wild and reckless people, and killing was not unusual to many of them. The assailant could have been a despondent debtor of the Boggs' store or an offended customer fitting out a wagon train or stocking up for a trapping expedition. Why did not people suspect Uhlinger? After all, it was his gun they found outside Boggs' window, and he was a commercial competitor. Any one of a number of brooding political enemies could have per­ formed the deed. No evidence seems to exist to affix guilt on anyone so described, but in reality neither does there exist anything but circumstancial evidence to condemn Rockwell, and much of this can be explained away. John C. Bennett's affidavit against Rockwell admits his con­ clusions were based on circumstances,51 circumstances insufficient to warrant an indictment by the Grand Jury.52 Had there been any concrete evidence of guilt, citizens of Independence or former enemies of the Mormons, would probably have gone the extra mile to convict Rockwell. To their credit, they did not. As the chief advocate of Rockwell's guilt, and the source of most of the assumptions, Bennett himself leads one to suspect the weight of his statements. Overlooking his natural bias, he being an excommunicate of the Mormon Church, his own statements reveal weaknesses. In reporting a conversation with Rockwell he made the following statement, which is typical of his whole book:53 ". . . And two persons in Nauvoo told me that you told them that you had been over the upper part of Missouri ... I know nothing of what happened, as I was not there. I draw my own inferences . . . I believe that Joe ordered you to do it. . . ,"54 He admits that he only believed, and that his own belief was based on hearsay.

50Linn, Story of the Mormons, p. 245. Fawn McKay Brodie, No Man Knows My History (New York, 1945), 330. Charles Kelly and Birney Hoffman, Holy Murder, the Story of Porter Rockwell (New York, cl934), 50-51. These are second-hand reports and serve the historian little on this issue. Linn and Kelly refer to General Patrick Edward Connor as having heard these boasts. Neither cited original sources for their position and a reading of Fred B. Rogers, Soldiers of the Overland, Being an Account of the Services of General Patrick Edward Connor . . . (San Francisco, 1938), failed to uncover any evidence for their claims. 5IBennett, History of the Saints, 283. '^Niles' National Register, September 30, 1843. 53Bennett, History of the Saints, 283. '^Ibid. Author's underlining. 60 Missouri Historical Review

A much more creditable witness against Rockwell was William Law, the second counselor in the 1840s to Smith and the Mormon Church. In an interview on July 17, 1885, Law claimed that Smith told him he sent Rockwell to kill Boggs.55 Law was a man of integrity, and it is odd he should have waited some forty years to accuse Smith, since he had laid so many other crimes at the Prophet's feet when he left the Church in 1844. Moreover, if Rockwell was Smith's bodyguard and, as was shown later, had two pistols of his own,56 why would he need to steal a gun from Uhlinger's store? If he did it to throw suspicion on someone else, why did he take the risk of stealing it a week before he shot Boggs? Would not this place him in risk of apprehension even before he carried out his planned deed? And just how was it the citizens of Independence were so positive the criminal was the silversmith, Tompkins; then, after his vindication, became equally convinced it was Rockwell? Possibly their certainty of Rockwell's guilt was as ill-founded as their suspicions of Tompkins. Did some­ one see the criminal leave Boggs' house after the shooting? If so, descriptions of Tompkins and Rockwell clearly show the im­ possibility of confusing the two. Probably as important as anything in questioning the case against Rockwell is his unusually long imprisonment and its possible implications. He spent almost ten months in the Inde­ pendence and Liberty prisons. Shortly after he was first jailed in Independence it was decided that insufficient evidence existed to in­ dict him on the attempted murder charge.57 Why was he not then released? According to Rockwell, a judge told him it was to protect him from the angry citizenry.58 If this was the real reason, it seems that a more correct remedy would have been to provide safe passage back to Illinois. Obviously Rockwell questioned Missouri's motive as he attempted a desperate escape, from which an even more self- contradicting act resulted. He was indicted for escaping a jail where he supposedly was held for his own protection, not being indicted for any crime. It is reported he was held on a bail of $5,000 to be posted only by "responsible citizens of Missouri." Naturally this excluded Mormons.59 Eventually Rockwell was tried and sentenced to an absurd five minutes in jail, at which time he was

r,5Thomas Gregg, The Prophet of Palmyra. Mormonism . . . (New York, 1890), 505. 5fiSmith, History, VI, 136. b7Niles' National Register, September 30, 1843. a8Smith, History, VI, 13(5. ;,9B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1930), II, 159. The Attempted Assassination of Lilburn W. Boggs 61 held several hours, he later wrote, while authorities attempted to manufacture some way of holding him in prison even longer. Why was he kept in jail so long and in such extra-legal ways? When Joseph Smith and Rockwell were first arrested for this crime in August of 1842, Smith recorded in his diary what he felt was the motive behind the charges: It is absolutely certain that the whole business is another glaring instance of the effects of prejudice against me as a religious teacher, and that it proceeds from a persecuting spirit, the parties have signified their determination to have me taken to Missouri, whether by legal or illegal means.60 After Smith escaped from Missouri authorities in April, 1839, and fled to Illinois, Missouri made several different attempts to get him back to stand trial for the alleged crimes of murder and treason. Missouri tried extraditing him before the Boggs issue and failed. The state tried and failed again when the ex-Governor's shooting provided an excuse, and a third effort in 1843 ended the same way. Their attempts ended only after the murder of the Mormon Prophet in 1844.61 If we can believe Rockwell's own account, the possibility of his being retained as bait to lure Smith back into Missouri is made quite clear. Joseph H. Reynolds, Sheriff of Jackson County, told Rockwell he would be freed if Joseph Smith could be enticed into Missouri. The Sheriff proposed that Rockwell drive Smith in his carriage beyond the city limits of Nauvoo, where Missouri authori­ ties could capture him. Reynolds promised asylum and protection thereafter for the then-jailed bodyguard. Rockwell, whose pro­ longed imprisonment had failed to bring Smith to his rescue, could easily have accomplished the Sheriff's plan. Instead he answered: "I will see you damned first and then I won't."62 Most Mormons quickly deny that Smith and Rockwell had any­ thing at all to do with Boggs' misfortune, while on the other hand most non-Mormon writers with no less hesitation affix blame on the Mormon Prophet and his bodyguard.63

6°Smith, History, V, 90. 6,George R. Gavler, "Attempts by the State of Missouri to Extradite Joseph Smith, 1S41- 1843," Missouri Historical Review, LVIII (October, 1963), 21-36. "-'Smith, History, VI, 139. «3This is evident in Mormon writers such as Heman C Smith in RLDS History, and the writings of some of Smith's close friends who followed Brigham Young to Utah, such as Lorenzo Snow. Also, having been reared in the Mormon Church in Arizona and Utah, I have seen this notion to be very prevalent among the church membership. Most non-Mormon reports, Linn, Gregg, Kelly and Birney, for example, adhere to Rockwell's guilt. In spite of the fact that more recent non-Mormon writers, such as Brodie, are beginning to question the certainty of Rockwell's guilt, it seems the general impression of the non-Mormons who have occasion to know anything about the case that Rockwell and Smith were guilty. 62 Missouri Historical Review

Insufficient evidence exists to conclude with any degree of certainty who attempted to assassinate the ex-Governor. Even to find court records in Independence would probably not add to or detract from the story told here, as Rockwell was never indicted for the attempted murder, only for the escape. Few have attempted to explore Boggs' political career in search for the would-be assassin and, except for the newspaper, none seemingly have even mentioned the silversmith Tompkins. Without some rather startling discovery of new and conclusive evidence, the attempted murderer will undoubtedly remain unknown. However, in view of the important questions raised here, the uncovering of the suspect Tompkins, and the obvious fact that the courts did not find sufficient evidence to convict Rockwell, one is led to believe that if not entirely innocent surely he cannot be unequivocably accused. Along with Rockwell's probable inno­ cence, and more important to Mormons then and now, is the innocence of his employer and spiritual leader, Joseph Smith. For if Rockwell did not commit the crime, then Smith, accused of sending him to perform the act, can hardly be held accountable.

When Tramps Were Numerous H. J. Blanton, When I Was a Boy, (Columbia, 1952), Page 47. Tramps were quite numerous during the washpan, roller towel and water- bucket era. Few people turned them away. Some housewives would fill a sack with biscuit, meat and other things that were left from the last meal, handing it to the tramp as he waited outside the kitchen door. At our house, he always was invited into the kitchen and given a seat at the table with the family if his visit came at or near meal time. If in mid-morning or mid-afternoon, our mother would give him a chair and a newspaper and tell him to feel at home while she made hot coffee, fried meat and warmed left-over biscuit. Always, however, he was required to wash and comb his hair. He dried his face on the roller towel and did his combing with the family comb. My mother gave two reasons for her hospitality. One was that it was a Christian duty. The other was that, having five boys of her own, one of whom might become a tramp, she would want him treated as well as she treated the wandering son of some other mother who came to her door. After the tramp had gone she also would comfort herself by reflecting that the Scripture encouraged hospitality by saying that there were times when we entertained angels unawares. . . . The Cuban Crisis of 1895-1898: Newspapers and Nativism

BY J. STANLEY LEMONS*

"How do you like the Journal's war?" boasted William Ran­ dolph Hearst's New York Journal upon receipt of the news of Commodore George Dewey's smashing victory over Spain's antiquated fleet at Manila Bay. Some historians accepted the Journal's remark as a statement of near fact and have credited the "yellow press" with fomenting the "splendid little war." Joseph Wisan could not have stated this position more clearly: "In the opinion of the writer, the Spanish-American war would not have occurred had not the appearance of Hearst in New York journalism precipitated a bitter battle for newspaper circulation. . . . New York's newspapers set the standards of national journalism. . . . When New York's powerful newspapers emphasized Cuban news, it was natural that others should do the same."1 Newspapers sought to increase circulation by utilizing sensation and through ruthless exploitation of the Cuban crisis. The result: "The American people, whipped to a white heat by the yellow press, were determined to have their war to free Cuba—and they got it."2 The yellow journalism thesis as the cause of the war was attacked by George Auxier in his doctoral dissertation and two articles.3 He questioned the use and impact of yellow journalism outside of the East, and his research indicated that Middle Western newspapers did not resort to yellow journalism. The New York Journal and the New York World may have whipped up the East for war, but their efforts fail to account for the strong feeling in the Middle West. Auxier argued that the Middle Western newspapers

*J. Stanley Lemons, M.A., a doctoral candidate at the University of Missouri, Columbia, is an instructor of history at Ohio State University, Columbus. Joseph E. Wisan, The Cuban Crisis as Reflected in the New York Press, 1895-1898, Columbia University Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, No. 403 (New York, 1934), 458-460. Also see Thomas A. Bailey, A Diplomatic History of the American People (New York, 1958), Chap. 31. Louis Filler, Crusaders for American Liberalism (Yellow Springs, 1961), 30, repeats the old formula: ". . . he [Hearst] practically made the Spanish-American War." Foster Rhea Dulles, The Imperial Years (New York, 1956), 119, uses the traditional view: "... newspapers throughout the country played up the situation in Cuba for all it was worth—and often a good deal more." 2Bailey, Diplomatic History, 463-464. "George W. Auxier, "The Cuban Question as Reflected in the Editorial Columns of Middle Western Newspapers, 1895-1898" (Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1938). Also see Auxier's, "Middle Western Newspapers and the Spanish-American War, 1895-1898," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XXVI (1940), 523-534; and "The Propaganda Activities of the Cuban Junta in Precipitating the Spanish-American War, 1895-1898," Hispanic American Historical Review, XIX (1939), 286-305.

63 AR DOC9 THE 8

Editorial Cartoon from the New Madrid Southeast Mis- sourian, April 21, 1898.

did, however, contribute to the coming of the war through their editorial pol­ icies which favored the Cubans. In their approach to the Cuban question the editorials revealed a mix­ ture of humanitarianism, manifest destiny, economic imperialism, political idealism, Junta propaganda, military strategy, and partisan politics. The less spectacular method seemed to have as much power to move men as did the pyrotechnics of the Hearst and Pulitzer organs. Auxier assigned an especially significant role to partisan politics. "The partisanship which resulted from editorial discussion was a reflection of the struggle between the warring dogma of Democratic isolationism and the rapidly emerging doctrine of Republican imperialism."4 The Republicans criticized Grover Cleveland's Cuban policy. Auxier argued that the Democrats backed Cleve­ land's non-recognition policy in the election of 1896, and they "so successfully diverted the Cuban controversy that domestic reform and free silver became the leading issues of the campaign. . . . but the responsibilities of Republican victory in 1896 sobered the party's attitude toward the Cuban question."5 The Republicans then became as conservative as the Cleveland Democrats. Auxier's conclusions were derived from his study of forty leading Middle Western daily newspapers. The testing of his conclusions in the country newspapers of Missouri reveals some significant differences.6 The specific kind of partisan conflict he found does not repeat itself in Missouri newspapers. Instead one discovers that the positions on the silver issue bear striking parallels to stands on war over Cuba. No paper sided with the Spanish, but some were

Wuxier, "Middle Western Newspapers and the Spanish-American War, 1895-1898," 528. r»lbid., 529. "This study of the Missouri country press included forty-two papers from county-seat towns selected according to the availability of material from all parts of the state. No town had a locally printed daily paper, and the population ranged from 300 to 5600 people. In order to broaden the sample, three exceptions were admitted: The Hamilton Farmers Advocate was included as a Populist newspaper, the Urich Herald was admitted to include a paper which claimed to be "non-political," and the Tyacific Transcript represented an "independent" political view. The Cuban Crisis of 1895-1898 65 decidely tepid about going to war to free Cuba. In addition, some interesting attitudes expressed by the pro-war papers demand an explanation. The anti-Semitism, nationalism, and fears of con­ spiracy which flourish in these papers are problems completely beyond the scope of Auxier's effort. The partisanship one finds in the Missouri country newspapers goes beyond a neat Demo­ cratic-Republican clash; something more profound than politics is involved. Just as Auxier found little yellow journalism in big Middle Western papers, yellow journalism was scarcely a factor to consider in the country papers. The "home print" revealed none of it, and that material which smacked of the yellow press was always "ready-print."7 A substantial number of the editors were quite scornful of the "war" being reported in the daily newspapers, reveal­ ing their independence from views expressed by the city press. The Unionville Republican expressed a common sentiment: "When nothing new has developed at Havana the 'news' has been promptly manufactured in the editorial rooms of such papers as the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, the [St. Louis] Republic, the New York World and Journal"* The Cuban revolt began on February 24, 1895; the first mention of it appeared in the country press in the first days of March. The ready-print revealed uncertainty as to the validity of the rumors of insurrection,9 but one editor flatly stated: "The revolt is on, and the Cubans will once more fight for freedom."10 WThile revealing sympathy, that statement also displayed an attitude of resigned complacency. This revolt was only the most recent of a long series of uprisings and rebellions on that unhappy island. Within a week several more newspapers noted the trouble in Cuba.11 Then the firing upon the American trader Allianca focused attention briefly on the Cuban situation and the newspapers revealed their animus toward the Spanish.12 Although the incident was generally intro- 7"Ready-print" was newspaper material printed by an outside source and bought by the local editor. Since it came printed on one side, the local editor printed his own material, called "home- print," on the other side. ^Unionville Republican, March 2, 1898. Also see: Ibid., April 10, 1895, and February 23, 1898; Cassville Republican, June 27, 1895; Greenville Vedette, March 8, 1898; Bolivar Free Press, April 14, 1898; Columbia Missouri Statesman, March 4, 1898; Hermanner Volksblatt, March 22, 1895, and February 25, 1898; Union Franklin County Tribune, April 1, 15, 1898; Jackson Missouri Cash-Buok, April 28, 1898; Ironton Iron County Register, March 17, 1898; Harrison ville Cass County Democrat, March 4, and April 22, 1898; Rock Port Atchison County Journal, March 4, 1898. 9New Madrid Southeast Missourian, March 2, 1895. wParis Mercury, March 1, 1895. uCassville Republican, March 7, 1895; Columbia Missouri Statesman, March 8, 1895; Herman­ ner Volksblatt, March 8, 1895; Union Tribune-Republican, March 8, 1895. 12Bolivar Free Press, March 22, 1895; Columbia Missouri Herald, March 22, 1895; Greenfield Vedette, March 21, 1895; Huntsville Herald, March 20, 1895; Kingston Times, March 22, 1895; Richmond Conservator, March 21, 1895; Unionville Republican, March 20, 1895; Urich Herald, March 21, 1895; Harrisonville Cass News, March 22, 1895; Ava Douglas County Herald, March 21, 1895. 66 Missouri Historical Review duced as "Trouble with Spain" or "Another Spanish Outrage," the Hermann Volksblatt chided the "saber-rattling" of the "Anglo- American press" as being premature because only one side of the story had been heard. The editor called for patience.15 Patience and the lack of novelty in a Cuban uprising may go a long way towards explaining the general dearth of news and comment on the Cuban problem for the year 1895. If it had not been for ready-print, some newspapers would have contained no mention of Cuba that year.14 Little that could be called inflammatory or warmongering existed in the news which generally appeared in the country news­ papers of Missouri in 1895. Most editors were content to leave all things pertaining to Cuba to the ready-print, and such mentions were quite often four or five lines of very small print. The Maryville Republican, whose ready-print was identical to several other papers,15 followed this policy. The home-print broke silence only once during the entire year, and that was to announce a Cuban sympathy meeting to be conducted by a man from Chicago.16 The home-print never commented again until the sinking of the battleship Maine was noted in the February 17, 1898, edition, more than two years later. In addition, the Columbia Missouri Herald, which was entirely home-print and which was one of the finest weeklies in the state, mentioned the Cuban insurrection only briefly four times for more than a year. (The attitude of the Herald was significant because it was producing ready-print for 101 newspapers by mid-1895.)17 However, toward the end of 1895 and the beginning of 1896, even the more moderate editors recommended a declaration of belligerent rights for the Cubans.18 Others, less moderate, began demanding Cuban freedom, even if it meant the intervention of the United States. In early 1896 not many favored intervention; they merely wished to extend some aid to the Cubans or to be avenged upon the Spanish for declaring belligerent rights for the Con­ federacy early in the "late unpleasantness" [Civil War].19

ViHermanner Volksblatt, March 22, 1895. 14Examples of this practice include Eminence Current Wave; Bolivar Free Press; Jackson Missouri Cash-Book; Van Buren Current Local; Potosi Weekly Independent; Hamilton Farmers Advocate. The latter was so preoccupied with the silver question that it first mentioned the Cuban situation in its home-print on March 10, 1898—a full month after the battleship Maine had been sunk! Ui Unionville Republican, Cassville Republican, Greenfield Vedette, Potosi Journal, Ava Douglas County Herald. «Maryville Republican, October 31, 1895. wColumbia Missouri Herald, July 12, 1895. 18Kahoka Clark County Courier, February 7, 1890; Jackson Missouri Cash-Book, March 12, 1890; Columbia Missouri Herald, October 4, 25, 1895; Bolivar Herald, September 20, 1895, and January 9, 1890; Kingston Times, October 25, 1895; New Madrid Southeast Missourian, January 10, 1890; Richmond Conservator, September 19, 1895. J9Kahoka Clark County Courier, March 0, 1890; Kingston Times, October 25, 1895. These were Republican papers, and they, with elephant-like memories, recalled old wrongs to be righted. The Cuban Crisis of 1895-1898 67

The Missouri weekly press simply does not conform to Auxier's picture. Aside from sympathy and the so-called "billigerancy craze," none of the other factors (manifest destiny, economic imperialism, etc.) mentioned turned up in 1895. Furthermore, in the years to follow only random items appeared from time to time which reflected any of the various motives and concerns which Auxier noted in the daily city newspapers. The proportion of these factors compared to humanitarianism and jingoism was small indeed. Perhaps the concerns of the country press were less subtle because a boisterous nationalism infected many of the journals. An early, persistent theme in the ready- and home-print expressed a swaggering, cocky attitude. In a comment aimed at Great Britain and Spain, the Urich Herald boasted: "Uncle Sam doesn't want to fight, but he knows full well he can lick anything in sight if he wants to."20 Late in 1896 the Paris Mercury declared: "A brush with Spain would not last two weeks."21 As war threatened in 1898, the Jackson Missouri Cash-Book felt that a war with Spain would be "a war which, if it comes, will last about three days and end with the defeat and humiliation of the haughty dons."22 A pic­ ture of a naval officer appeared in the Paris Mercury with the following caption: "Captain Evans, Commander of the Iowa, known as 'Fighting Bob,' who would make Spanish the prevailing language in hell for 50 years."23 Coupled with this braggadocio was the derisive commentary of the editors. They heaped scorn and ridicule upon Spanish efforts in Cuba; for example, the Paris Mercury sneered: "The most daring military feat of the age has been accomplished by Weyler. He surprised a number of Cuban cane fields and demolished them completely."24 Another major theme was that of humanitarianism. In the first year of the insurrection this aspect remained muted. However, the coming of Captain General Valeriano Weyler changed this. Weyler took command in Cuba in February, 1896, bringing his reputation for cruelty with him, but his efforts did not halt the insurrection. The news which followed his attempts merely served to confirm American preconceptions of Spanish rule and character. Americans wanted to believe the worst; and when the Cuban

*>Urich Herald, January 9, 1890. iiParis Mercury, November 20, 1890. 22Jackson Missouri Cash-Book, March 10, 1898. ™Paris Mercury, April 1, 1898. Also see: Richmond Conservator, October 28, 1897; Huntsville Herald, March 4, 11, 1898; New Madrid Southeast Missourian, April 21, 1898; Paris Mercury, March 22, 1895, March 11, 18, 1898; Kahoka Clark County Courier, March 11, 1898; Columbia Missouri Herald, March 4, 1898; Columbia Missouri Statesman, March 11, 1898; Versailles Leader, August 13, 1897; Urich Herald, November 28, 1895, and March 17, 1898; Unionville Republican, April 3, 1895; Cassville Republican, January 23, 1890. uParis Mercury, November 27, 1890. Also see: Ibid., August 14, 1890; Richmond Conservator, February 27, and March 29, 1890; Pacific Transcript, November 13, 1890. Editorial Cartoon from the New Madrid Southeast Mis­ sourian, April 14, 1898.

Junta in New York and Cuban sympathizers ap­ plied the epithet "Butcher" to Weyler, it stuck.2" Stories of horror, atrocity, and brutality increased in the newspapers.26 Reports of atrocities fired one editor to cry: "Such warfare is a blot upon Christianity. How long, oh how long will it be tolerated by the American people?"27 Rather extensive cover­ age appeared in the ready- print of the Kahoka Clark County Courier, which used cartoons, stories, and commentary from the New York Herald. Since the New York Herald, owned by James Gordon Bennett, was an anti-war paper,28 the material used was of a subdued nature even when reporting the worst brutalities. The home-print of the Courier con­ tained some vivid comments; for example: "The horrible butchery and brutal treatment of defenseless men, women, and young girls now going on in Cuba is a disgrace to civilization and should be stopped at all costs."29 Yet, in spite of this sort of outburst, the Courier carried cartoons which ridiculted the "war" producers in the East.30 Auxier noted the role of partisan politics and argued that the split was between Democratic isolationism and Republican imperial­ ism, that the Democrats supported Cleveland's non-intervention policy and successfully diverted the issues of the campaign of 1896

25The efforts and activities of the Junta are discussed in Auxier's article, "The Propaganda Activities of the Cuban Junta in Precipitating the Spanish-American War, 1895-1898." 2GEspecially note these: Kahoka Clark County Courier, February 21, March 20, April 10, May 29, December 4, 18, 1896, January 29, and October 23, 1897; New Madrid Southeast Mis­ sourian, June 24, 1896; Versailles Leader, November 18, 1897; Kingston Times, April 17, 1896; Columbia Missouri Statesman, March 6, 1896; Union Tribune-Republican, December 11, 1896; Pacific Transcript, November 26, 1896. '^Richmond Conservator, December 17, 1896. 28Ernest R. Mav, Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power (New York, 1961), 142. 29Kahoka Clark County Courier, December 4, 1896. x>Ibid., January 14, 1898. The Cuban Crisis of 1895-1898 69 so that domestic issues pushed Cuba out of the picture. However, the situation revealed by the country newspapers in Missouri was markedly different. As far as partisan politics were concerned, the split on the Cuban issue was not between Republicans and Demo­ crats; it was between Gold and Silver. The silverites generally behaved more intemperately and belligerently on the issue than did the gold advocates.31 Missouri in these years was solidly in the Democratic column: a Democratic governor, two Democratic Senators, eleven Democratic Congressmen out of a total of fourteen, control of the state legislature, and Democratic majorities in the presidential canvass from 1872 through 1900, including a 70,000 vote majority for Bryan in 1896. Yet, the Democratic press was largely pro-silver, anti-Cleveland, and heartily in favor of war with Spain.32 The silver press spewed out the most bitter, denunciatory state­ ments ripping into both the Cleveland and McKinley Administra­ tions with righteous fury. The Democratic New Madrid newspaper exclaimed against the Cleveland Administration: "If we had a government fit for any thing than to issue bonds, it would have acknowledged Cuba as a people fighting for their freedom long ago"33 The Democratic Jackson Missouri Cash-Book sputtered: "Hurry up and give us McKinley. Anything for a change."34 The Democratic Bloomfield Vindicator declared that at least it was impossible for McKinley to be worse than Cleveland.35 The Demo­ cratic Versailles Leader agreed: "No tears for the departing ingratiate [sic]."'16 The Democratic Potosi Weekly Independent echoed these sentiments: "His [Cleveland's] retirement from office was greeted with a sigh of relief by the whole American people, . . . [His epitaph should read] 'A bully in peace; a coward in war; a self-seeker in official life; a tyrant to his friends, and an enemy to his country.' "37 In an article which lacerated Cleveland, the Jackson newspaper stormed: "Such a thing as patriotism is a useless senti­ mentality in the minds of the money power. . . . And this same class it is who now have their hands on Cleveland's shoulders keeping him 31The word "generally" was used advisedly because one of the most conservative, even anti­ war, papers was the silver-Democratic Columbia Missouri Herald. The Herald's reasons for opposing the war reflected racist assumptions inasmuch as the editor felt that the Cubans were not worth a fight. The editor called the Cubans a mongrel race, immoral, ignorant, and spiritless. "The negro, even in servitude ... is preferable to the average Cuban." Columbia Missouri Herald, April 1, 1898. 32For a more extended treatment of the activities of the Democratic party in these years in relation to Cuba, see: Ruby Wadell Waldeck, "Missouri in the Spanish-American War," Missouri Historical Review, XXX (1935-1936), 365-400. 33New Madrid Southeast Missourian, January 10, 1896. ;!4Jackson Missouri Cash-Book, November 12, 1896. ^Bloomfield Vindicator, March 12, 1897. '^'Versailles Leader, February 5, 1897. 37Potosi Weekly Independent, March 11, 1897, also see December 17, 1896. 70 Missouri Historical Review still while the Spaniards are butchering citizens of the United States in Cuba."38 The paper denounced Cleveland as "The Second Judas."39 The independent silver newspaper Pacific Transcript must have agreed as it remarked: "If one Grover Cleveland should go to Havana it is to be hoped he will fall into the hands of the patriots."40 The New Madrid paper ran an article declaring that Cleveland and his Secretary of State, Richard Olney, desired the defeat of the Cubans.41 The Democratic Paris Mercury searched for words to abuse Olney: "The servile and flat-footed Olney, who in his small, bean-eating way, places Spanish flattery and trade above the lives of American citizens."42 If Cleveland could garner such "rewards" from the silver press, as much could be expected for McKinley. The New Madrid Southeast Missourian expressed rage at the apparent course of the Administration's responses to events in 1898: "Spain apologized for deLoma's insult to our President and now all the President asks of Spain is an indemnity of $15,000,000 for the destruction of the Maine and the treacherous murder of 250 of our sailor soldiers. Pooh! Such week-kneed, toadyism is despicable in an executive of such a government as ours."43 The Jackson Missouri Cash-Book saw the "money power" keeping McKinley still as it kept Cleveland still: "Two hundred thousand men, women, and children have been butchered or starved to death in Cuba since Mr. McKinley took his seat as President of the United States. All this right at our door. And why so? Simply because the mighty influence of the money power behind the President staying his hand to prevent a possible war—to preserve peace at any price."44 The Paris Mercury seethed with indignation: "What lingering belief in the patriotism and ability of Mr. McKinley that might have remained in the minds of the American people was destroyed by his message of Monday. It was not only weak, it was villainous. . . . He is the creature of evil men."45 "He is the creature of evil men." The assumptions of the silverites are crystal clear in such a statement. The failure of either administration to act in the Cuban situation before 1898 is seen as the result of "an organized band of conspirators who put dollars

38Jackson Missouri Cash-Book, February 25, 1897. ™Ibid„ March 11, 1897. ^Pacific Transcript, March 19, 1897. 41New Madrid Southeast Missourian, December 24, 1896. Also see: Bolivar Herald, January 14, 1897; Jackson Missouri Cash-Book, January 7, 1897. A2Paris Mercury, March 5, 1897. 43New Madrid Southeast Missourian, February 24, 189S. 44Jackson Missouri Cash-Book, March 31, 1898. ^Paris Mercury, April 15, 1898. WHY ENGLAND WANTS AN ALLIANCE—WARNING TO THL SENATE.

Editorial Cartoon from the New Madrid Southeast Missourian, March 31, 1898. Beneath the cartoon appeared a statement taken from the London Times which read: "The continuance of the present gold standard in the United States is necessary to the supremacy of England's commercial dominion over the world. An offensive and defensive alliance will settle the question for all time. A good time to encourage an alliance is during the present trouble between the United States and Spain. If we do not succeed in forcing it now, then farewell to our primacy as the financial rulers of the world.''

above the higher interests of the nation."46 Repeated comments appear which stress the conspiracy theme and which appeal to patriotism. In the minds of the silverites a vast conspiracy threatened America and thwarted the efforts of the American people to free themselves from the coils of the international "money power:" Jewish Bankers, Gold Bugs, Wall Street, Great Britian. The Jackson paper, which had a high sense of conspiracy, warned: "There are greater enemies at home that we need fear more than Spain or any other foreign power."47 The Missouri Cash-Book declared that the real fight was "the great war already on here at home,"48 and the enemy was the "hand of the Rothchilds [sic]."4d

46Jackson Missouri Cash-Book, April 21, 1898. A1Ibid., March 4, and April 14, 1898; see also Bolivar Herald, January 14, 1897- Eminence Current Wave, January 14, 1897. 48Jackson Missouri Cash-Book, March 24, 1898. 49Jackson Missouri Cash-Book, April 12, 1898. See also: Versailles Leader, March 25, 1898. 72 Missouri Historical Review

The Bloomfield Vindicator agreed: "Missouri fears the ignomies perpetrated by the money sharks of Wall Street a thousand times more than she does the iron clads of the whole Spanish navy."'0 The Ironton Iron County Register asserted: "The House of Roths­ child and its allies. . . . They are the masters of William McKinley, as they were the masters of Grover Cleveland."51 Auxier's neat division of Democratic isolationists versus Republican imperialists fades in the face of such attacks. In the Missouri country press the Cuban question failed to be a campaign issue at any time between 1895 and the coming of the war. The problem of Cuba was generally ignored by the gold papers until the sinking of the Maine and then they counselled moderation. The Cuban question virtually disappeared from the home-print. Such notices as there were limped along in the ready-print, often compet ing most unfavorably with the Venezuelan crisis, the currency and tariff questions, fighting between Greece and Turkey, slaughters of Armenian Christians by the Turks, the Sino-Japanese War, Mexican bandits, the Doolin gang in Oklahoma, the Klondike gold rush, and numberless stories of lynching and murder. On the other hand, the silver press was more insistent and more shrill on the issue all along. However, they considered the Cuban question only part of a larger campaign against alien elements in the bloodstream of America. The "money power," thought to have its American center in Wall Street and its international center in Great Britain, was believed to hold America in its tentacles. It reached out into all of the country and held America captive with its monopolies. The silverites felt that gold was the key to the thralldom of America. Richard Hofstadter advanced an explanation of the outburst of jingoism, anti-Semitism, and imperialism in the 1890s. Hofstadter maintained that a constellation of factors such as, unemployment, urbanization, industrialization, depression, the closing of the frontier, resulted in a "psychic crisis" in the 1890s. A widespread feeling of frustration, especially among agrarian groups who were caught in the web of falling prices and the apparent dissolution of the traditional agrarian way of life, caused Americans to seek unusual ways of solving their problems. "The readiness of the public to over-react to the Cuban situation can be understood in part through the displacement of feelings of sympathy or social protest generated in domestic affairs; these impulses found a safe

^Bloomfield Vindicator, April 22, 1898. ri1 Ironton Iron County Register, February 27, 189S. See also: Rockport Atcheson Countv Mail, April 15, 1898. The Cuban Crisis of 1895-1898 73 and satisfactory discharge in foreign conflict."52 Yet, the Spanish- American War was only the capstone of a decade of belligerency by America. Our Presidents came under great pressure to exploit foreign issues. America threatened Chile in 1892; war with Great Britain seemed imminent over the Venezuelan boundary dispute in 1895; and war actually developed over Cuba in 1898.53 Hofstadter's essay concentrated on the external expressions of the internal "psychic crisis" and noted the jingoism, imperialism, and belligerency of the United States in the international scene. John Higham has examined this same period and discussed the domestic implications. In his excellent study of nativism, Strangers in the Land, Higham summed up this period with a chapter title, "The Nationalist Nineties." Higham defined nativism as intense opposition to an internal group on the grounds of its alleged foreign connections. He suggested that the incidence of nativism paralleled internal stresses, and the "period from about 1885 to 1897 was one of recurring calamities and almost unrelieved discontent, culminat­ ing in the savage depression of 1893-1897. . . . masses of Americans groped to escape the dominance of an uncompromising plutoc­ racy—and groped in vain."54 He noted that anti-foreign feeling waxed in this period and became more and more nationalistic in its expression. The period saw widespread attacks on recent immi­ grants, Catholics (this was the heyday of the American Protective Association), and Jews. Anti-Semitism was evident in the cartoons which pictured Jewish stereotypes and in the numerous references to the Rothschilds.55 Higham concluded in a later article that the anti-Semitism which appears so evident was a product of this nationalistic impulse rather than a racial question. The silverites wanted to free America from the international mechanism of gold, and they believed that gold was centered in London and controlled by Jews.56 "Above all, these sentiments manifested themselves in astonishingly belligerent attitudes toward foreign governments. Jingoism was the most aggressive expression of late nineteenth

52Richard Hofstadter, "Manifest Destiny and the Philippines," America in Crisis (New York, 1952), 180-181. 53May, Imperial Democracy, tells of the transformation of the American image from a second or third rate power in the 1880s to a recognized world power in the 1890s. He suggests that the actions of Cleveland and McKinley ran the threat of creating an anti-United States coalition. Certain European leaders began to worry about the "American peril." 54John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925 (New Brunswick, 1955), 68. &5For example see: New Madrid Southeast Missourian, April 14, 1898. 56Higham, "Anti-Semitism in the Gilded Age," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XLIII (1957), 574. An article by Nancy C. Morse and Floyd H. Allport, "The Causation of Anti-Semitism: An Investigation of Seven Hypotheses," Journal of Psychology, XXXIV (1952), 197-233, supports Higham's thesis. Morse and Allport found that the most important factor which seemed to be a general cause of anti-Semitism was "involvement in the nation." "There is no doubt that those who felt that the nation was very important to them were on the whole more anti-Semitic than those who were less nationally involved." 74 Missouri Historical Review century nationalism."57 Higham felt that jingoism and nativism were two heads of a single impulse: both were anti-foreign move­ ments—one international, the other domestic. Furthermore, argued Higham, the crest of the frustration passed in 1896 with the defeat of Bryan and the return of prosperity. However, Hofstadter maintained that for the silverites the defeat in 1896 only heightened their frustration.58 The attitude of the silver press in Missouri would seem to support Hofstadter. The silverites denounced McKinley, and the feeling of conspiracy seemed sharpen­ ed by the events. It exploded with all the more fury when the Maine was sunk. At this point especially the silver sheets question the very loyalty of President McKinley. As nearly two months passed after the Maine disaster and no war was declared, it seemed evident to the silverites that McKinley was in the coils of the "money power." "He is the creature of evil men." The silver crusade, the nativism, and the jingoism all arc characteristics of a "revitalization movement" among Americans in the 1890s.59 Masses of people attempted to reorder the American scene to fit their image of it because the shocks of the past decade had put an undeniable stress upon them. Nativism and jingoism were both expressions of the attempt to restore America by chal­ lenging and eliminating what were considered to be alien forces. Populism itself was a challenge to noxious factors in the political and economic life of America. The war over Cuba represented, in part, the challenge of Silver to Gold, of the West to Wall Street, of nativism to alien elements. The Missouri silver press made it clear that the Cuban problem was only a part of the whole challenge, and their nationalistic expressions were clear evidence of the nativistic impulses. Outstanding in the silver press was the equating of patriotism with the crusade for silver in the great struggle against the Spanish in Cuba and the Bankers on Wall Street. The war was a holy war in the name of freedom, humanity, patriotism, and silver against Wall Street, Great Britain, Jewish Bankers—the whole "international gold conspiracy."

•r,7Higham, Stranbers in the Land, 75. r>8Hofstadter, "Manifest Destiny and the Philippines," 198. 59The concept of the "revitalization movement" is thoroughly discussed by Anthony F. C Wallace, "Revitalization Movements," American Anthropologist, LVIII (1950), 204-281. He defines a revitalization movement "as a deliberate, organized, conscious effort by members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture." Wallace points out that everyone maintains a mental image of society as well as his relationship to it; and whenever a person is under chronic stress, he may be forced to attempt to readjust his conception of society or to change society itself to bring the two into congruence. The attempt to bring the two together is an effort at revitaliza­ tion and the collective effort of a group is a revitalization movement. " 'Nativistic movements', for example, are revitalization movements characterized by strong emphasis on the elimination of alien persons, customs, values, and/or material .... a given revitalization movement may be nativistic, millenarian, messianic, and revivalistic all at once." HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Bellman Archive

Mark Twain's First "Literary Venture"

From the Hannibal Journal, September may get out of his depth, he sounds the 16, 1852. stream with his walking-stick. 'Local/ disconsolate from receiving The artist has, you will perceive, Mr. no further notice from 'A Dog-Be- Editor, caught the gentleman's counte­ Devilled Citizen/ contemplates Sui­ nance as correctly as the thing could cide. His 'Pocket-Pistol' (i.e. the have been done with the real dog-gery- bottle) failing in the patriotic work of type apparatus. Ain't he pretty? and ridding the country of a nuisance, he don't he step along through the mud resolves to 'extinguish his chunk' by with an air? 'Peace to his re-manes.' feeding his carcass to the fishes of Bear [signed] 'A Dog-Be-Devilled-Citizen.' Creek, while friend and foe are wrapped [Editor's note: Mark Twain relates the in sleep. Fearing, however, that he incident in "My First Literary Ven-

''Local" Resolves to Commit Suicide 76 Missouri Historical Review ture" Sketches New and Old, New York, Creek. The friend ran down there and 1922, pp. 95-96]. discovered Higgins wading back to I was a printer's "devil" and a shore. He had concluded he wouldn't. progressive and inspiring one. My The village was full of it for several uncle had me on his paper (the Weekly days, but Higgins did not suspect it. Hannibal Journal, two dollars a year, I thought this was a fine opportunity. in advance—five hundred subscribers, I wrote an elaborated wretched account and they paid in cord-wood, cabbages, of the whole matter, and then illustrat­ and unmarketable turnips), and on a ed it with villainous cuts engraved on lucky summer's day he left town to be the bottoms of wooden type with a gone a week, and asked me if I thought jackknife—one of them a picture of I could edit one issue of the paper judiciously. Ah! didn't 1 want to try. Higgins wading out into the creek in Higgins was the editor on the rival his shirt, with a lantern, sounding the paper. He had lately been jilted, and depth of the water with a walking stick. one night a friend found an open note I thought it was desperately funny on the poor fellow's bed, in which he and was densely unconscious that there stated that he could no longer endure was any moral obliquity about such life and had drowned himself in Bear a publication. . . .

Missouri State Park Board Deposits Architectural Drawings of Anderson House in Library of Congress

The Missouri State Park Board built in 1853 on a bluff overlooking the recently deposited fifteen sheets of Missouri River by Colonel Oliver measured architectural drawings of the Anderson, a rope manufacturer. The Anderson House, Lexington, at the house served as a military hospital for Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. both Union and Confederate troops Another complete set of drawings was during the Civil War Battle of Lex­ presented to the State Historical ington, September 18-20, 1861. Visitors Society of Missouri, Columbia. The can see where bullets have damaged gift to the Society enables students of the brick walls. The house is composed Missouri architecture, interested in the of a main front unit with a basement, Anderson House, to conduct the major and an adjoining ell. Across the back part of their research in Missouri. of the main unit and continuing along The measured drawings are an the south side of the ell is a two-storied important contribution to the preserva­ gallery. The main portion of the house tion of the Anderson House. If the contains four rooms on each of the first entire building were destroyed, it two floors with spacious halls running could be replaced without question of completely through the center of the authenticity, so detailed are the house. Each room has a fireplace and drawings. directly opposite the fireplace a door­ The two and one-half storied Greek way opens to the central hall. The Revival-style Anderson House was interior mill work is of native black Historical Notes and Comments 11 walnut. Cast iron sills and lintels in the Missouri section of the HABS frame the window openings. Cast iron catalogue are now on file in the Library capitals of the Corinthian order crown of Congress. Most of the work was the columns of the entrance portico. completed in the 1930s under the After the Civil War the Anderson authorization of the Civil Works Ad­ house was owned by the Tilton Davis ministration, using Public Works Ad­ family, who restored it as nearly as ministration funds. In 1956 the possible to its original condition. In Amoureaux House in Ste. Genevieve 1915 a group of local men bought the was drawn to HABS standards and house and turned it over to Central contributed to the Library of Congress College for Women, Lexington, to in­ as a gift from James F. O'Gorman. sure its preservation. From 1923 until Other measured drawings of Missouri 1925 the house stood vacant and suffer­ structures on file in the Library of ed from vandalism. After the college Congress are the Bissell House, Blos­ closed in 1925, Lafayette County som House, Church of Saint Louis of acquired the property and the neighbor­ France, Church of Saint Mary of ing battlefield. In 1933-1934 repairs Victory, Field House, Grant-Dent were made on the house as a WPA House, New National Scott's Hotel, project. In 1955 the Lafayette County Old Saint Louis Courthouse, Rock Court conveyed the house and battle­ House, Roy House, and Shaw House, field to the Anderson House Founda­ all in St. Louis; Harris House and old tion, Inc., and more restoration work Presbyterian Church in Kansas City; was done. The Foundation conveyed Indian Trading Post, Pratte-Valle the property to the Missouri State House, and the house at South Second Park Board in 1959. Since then the and Gabourie Streets in Ste. Genevieve; Anderson House has been part of the "White Haven" in the AfTton vicinity; Battle of Lexington State Park and is "Greystone" near Pevely; and Her- now operated as a public museum. mann-Oheim House at Kimmswick. The Missouri State Park Board plans The contribution of the Anderson to restore the historic home to its House drawings by the Missouri State original elegance. Park Board is the first effort by any Kenneth E. Coombs, A.LA., Kansas state government agency to continue City architect, prepared the detailed the work begun in the 1930s. Current drawings of the house to conform to planning indicates that all historic the Historical American Buildings buildings within the Missouri State Survey (HABS) standards of the Na­ Park system will, in the future, be tional Park Service. In order to meet included in the HABS files. The draw­ National Park standards, more detail is ings will record the Arrow Rock Tavern, required than in the drawing of normal George Caleb Bingham Home, Dr. architectural plans and a special Matthew Walton Hall Home, and drafting paper is required for the work. Seminary Boarding House, Arrow The expensive drawings are well worth Rock; Harry S. Truman Birthplace, their cost because of the accurate Lamar; John J. Pershing Boyhood record of important historic buildings Home, Laclede; Mark Twain Birth­ preserved for the future. place, Florida; First Missouri State Measured drawings of twenty of the Capitol, St. Charles; Watkins Woolen 193 historic Missouri buildings listed Mill and Watkins Home, Lawson. 78 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri Writers' Guild Celebrates Fiftieth Anniversary

The Missouri Writers' Guild cele­ of some 30 books, one of which, Fran brated its 50th anniversary at the (1912), was a best seller. It was said annual Guild Day program on the first of him that no other writer in America day of Journalism Week, May 3, 1965, had accomplished so much under handi­ at the University of Missouri, Colum­ caps that would numb the stoutest bia. Guild members featured on the heart. Ellis resolved when he was 14 program were Homer Croy, New years old to be a writer in spite of York, whose talk was entitled "I Was having to spend his life in a wheel There," and Harris E. Dark, Spring­ chair as a result of an attack of spinal field, free lance contributor to 12 major meningitis. Zoe Akin, St. Louis, be­ magazines, who spoke on " Write Where came known as Missouri's greatest the Money Is." During the afternoon representative in the field of drama in program a plaque was presented to her generation. In 1935 she won the Floyd C. Shoemaker, Columbia, for Pulitzer Prize for her play, "The Old 50 years of outstanding service as a Maid." Emily Newell Blair, editor of Guild member. At this time there the Missouri Women, 1914-1915, author were three living charter members of and associate editor of Good House­ the Guild—Croy, now deceased, Shoe­ keeping in the 1930s was, in addition maker and Lee Shippey, of California. a leader in national politics. Homer The Missouri Writers' Guild, the Croy became nationally famous as a first organization of its kind in the literary figure with a number of best literary history of the state, was selling novels with Missouri settings. organized on the first day of Journalism Robertus Love, St. Louis journalist and Week, May 4, 1915, in Switzler Hall, editor, became well known for his University of Missouri, after an invita­ books, The Rise and Fall of Jesse James tion had been extended by Dean Walter and Poems All the Way From Pike. Williams. Officers elected were William J. B. Powell, instructor in journalism H. Hamby, Chillicothe, president; at the University of Missouri, 1912- J. Brenkenridge Ellis, Plattsburg, first 1917, was for many years editor of the vice president; Mrs. Emily Newell China Weekly Review and author of Blair, Carthage, second vice president; several books, including My Twenty- and Floyd C. Shoemaker, secretary- Five Years in China. Charles G. Ross, treasurer. associated with the St. Louis Post- Many of the 24 founding active Dispatch as Washington correspondent, members of the Guild had attained, or editor of the editorial page and con­ were to attain prominence as authors tributing editor, 1918-1945, became and journalists. W7alter Williams, President Harry S. Truman's press founder of the first separate school of secretary in 1945. Floyd C. Shoe­ journalism, author, historian, and maker, historian, author of the five- president of the University of Missouri, volume work, Missouri and Missourians 1930-1935, won international fame as and other historical books and articles, a journalist. J. Breckenridge Ellis, served for 45 years as secretary of the who later served several terms as State Historical Society of Missouri. president of the Guild, was the author Edgar White, Macon editor, was the Historical Notes and Comments 79 author of the History of Macon County the Missouri Writers' Guild Award is in 1910. Missourians listed as honorary presented to a Missouri author for the members of the Guild two years after best published work of the year. its founding were Winston Churchill, Various chapters of the Guild also Homer Croy, Augustus Thomas, Sara present awards for published poetry, Teasdale, Rose O'Neill, Fannie Hurst, feature article, juvenile fiction, and Rupert Hughes, Maude Radford War­ adult fiction. Chapters are located at ren and Leigh Mitchell Hodge. Columbia, Springfield, Jefferson City, The purposes of the Guild as stated Joplin, Cape Girardeau and Kansas in the Articles of Agreement under City. which it was incorporated February Members receive information about 3, 1925, were to bring into closer rela­ Guild activities in the quarterly publi­ tionship the writers of Missouri in cation Missouri Writers' Guild News. order that they might receive inspira­ The first issue of the News was published tion, information and amusement, to in July, 1916, with Lee Shippey of entertain distinguished writers and Higginsville, as editor. Shippey left editors from time to time and to act Higginsville as a war correspondent for as an organized group on matters the Kansas City Star during World relating to the welfare of the pro­ War I and the publication was sus­ fession. pended. It was revived in the 1920s by Membership requirements have been Townsend Godsey. the same through the years. Member­ The fall meeting of the Guild is held ship in the Guild is open to any Mis­ annually at some scenic place in the sourian who has had a book published Missouri Ozarks. Formerly these out­ on a royalty basis, or who has sold ings for recreation and informal shop three articles, stories, poems or a serial talk lasted for a week; now they are to a magazine of national circulation. held for two days. When the Guild was founded, associate Officers of the Guild for 1965-66 are membership was extended to those who Mrs. Dorothy J. Caldwell, Columbia, had "an earnest desire someday to be president; Harris E. Dark, Springfield, a writer." Members are no longer first vice president; Elwyn L. Cady, Jr., admitted under this classification. Independence, second vice president; The day-long program of the Guild Miss Zella M. Lindsey, Springfield, has been held annually on the first day secretary-treasurer; Mrs. Vivian Hans- of Journalism Week at the University brough, Columbia, publicity director; since 1915. Many famous authors and and Mrs. Frances Jacobi O'Mera, journalists have been guest speakers on Martinsburg, historian. this program. In 1931 two journalism Founded by famous men and women awards were founded by the Guild to of Missouri, the Guild has perpetuated be presented each year during the its proud heritage to the present with Guild Day program. The Walter a current membership of more than 100 Williams Award is presented to a persons, many of whose writings appear student in the School of Journalism for in national magazines and published outstanding ability in writing and books. 80 Missouri Historical Review

NEWS IN BRIEF

The Federal Records Center in the Mercantile Library of St. Louis and Kansas City has printed and made because of its bad condition was cut available a "Preliminary Inventory of down to bust size. Reports had stated the Records of the Potawatomi Indian that the painting was lost and funds Agency." The Records Center plans were being raised to secure a Bingham to issue similar inventories for all of study portrait of Blair from a New its permanent records of the Bureau of York dealer before the original painting Indian Affairs dated prior to 1926. The was offered for display. Brooks said records are available to all who wish to he believed that the portrait should use them at the Records Center from come from Missouri and that Blair 7:45 a.m. to 4:15 p.m., Monday-Friday. House should have the original. He Each Federal Records Center in the suggested that some of the funds ten regions of the General Services already raised could be used for framing Administration plans to develop a and cleaning this work. regional archives which may be used Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson and her by those interested in Federal Records. Committee for the Preservation of the Inquiries should be sent to the Center White House are also looking to Mis­ Manager, Federal Records Center, 2306 souri as a possible source for a painting East Bannister Road, Kansas City, by George Caleb Bingham, whose work Missouri, 64131. is not presently represented in the White House.

The original George Caleb Bingham oil portrait of Francis P. Blair, Jr., A 44-foot long, ceramic tile mural, U. S. Senator from Missouri, 1871-75, depicting incidents in the 125-year has been accepted on an indefinite history of Neosho, was unveiled, May loan basis from the Missouri Historical 15, at a new Safeway market in Neosho, Society, St. Louis, for display in Blair across the street from Big Spring Park. House, Washington, D. C. George R. In a contest, the winning design for Brooks, director of the Society, gener­ the project was drawn by Lawrence ously offered the painting when he Sanchez, an industrial illustrator in noted in a local paper that the Fine Neosho. It depicted two surveyors Arts Committee of Blair House desired laying out the town in 1839, a pioneer to secure such a portrait. home and early agriculture, the Mis­ souri mule, a bandstand from the Gay Blair House, once owned by the Nineties, a Neosho wagon factory, famous Blair family of Missouri, is scenes from the bushwhacker and located across the street from the White railroad-building eras, World W7ar II House and is now operated by the Camp Crowder, and a space-age rocket. State Department for use as a residence for distinguished visitors to the United States. The original full-length portrait of A 100-acre tract near the Mid- Blair was painted by Bingham in the Continent International Airport in 1870s for hanging in the Missouri State Platte County was zoned June 8, by Capitol. It was acquired by the Mis­ the County Planning Commission, souri Historical Society in 1926 from paving the way for a recreational and Historical Notes and Comments 81 historic park with facilities operated done after an appeal by Marion by the Crystal Water Company, Inc. County Representative George Pace The historical phase of the proposed for a portrait of Twain to replace one project would include the establish­ sent to the Mark Twain Shrine at ment of a museum, Indian village, and Florida. a pioneer fort, and the restoration of an old government road which once ran from Liberty to Fort Leavenworth, Missouri artist Thomas Hart Ben­ through the property. Other planned ton's work, "Threshing Wheat," was features are nature trails, and botanical one of 36 paintings selected for display and horticultural gardens. A state fish at the White House's first Festival of hatchery will continue to operate on the Arts, June 14, in Washington, D. C. the tract. The festival also included a display of some of the finest works in sculpture and photography in the contemporary A watercolor portrait of John Howard field. After a one-day White House Payne, actor, playwright, poet, and show the exhibits went to the National composer of the song, "Home, Sweet Gallery for further viewing. Home," painted by George Caleb Bingham, was a recent gift to the St. Louis Mercantile Library by Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Van Cleis Gregory, Cathe­ Missouri Town, 1855, at Lake dral City, California. Although Bing­ Jacomo near Kansas City, is now open ham was famous as an oil portrait and to the public weekdays from 8 to 3; scenery painter, this portrait is believed Sunday 10 to 7:30; and Saturday 10 to to be the only watercolor he ever 6. Several buildings have been restored painted. and open for inspection. The Morgan Dillingham farm house and a little law office, both from Blue Springs, are Recent accessions of research ma­ scheduled next for restoration. Offi­ terials at the Harry S. Truman Library, cials hope to obtain a mill and black­ Independence, include additional papers smith shop for relocation in the town. of Joel D. Wolfsohn, former Assistant Fields of tobacco, squash, corn and Commissioner of the General Land sunflowers have been planted around Office and Associate Director of the the town. Bureau of Land Management, 1934-47; accretions to the papers of General Harry H. Vaughan, Military Aide to A collection of rare paintings and President Truman, 1947-52; and papers drawings done by Carl Bodmer on his of Major General Ralph E. Truman, journey through the American West, Commanding General of the 35th 1833-34, were exhibited at the St. Louis Division, 1947-52, and cousin of Presi­ Central Public Library, Olive Street, dent Truman. from June 14 through July 10. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 13, published a biography of Bodmer and an evaluation of his works. Portraits of Mark Twain, painted by two Hannibal artists, Roy Brosi and Mrs. Dale Hahn, were selected early this summer for hanging in the Capitol The Convent of the Sacred Heart, in Jefferson City. The paintings were formerly located between Massanie and 82 Missouri Historical Review

Angelique Streets, St. Joseph, was raz­ outbreak of the Civil War, Thompson ed in June, 1965. The central portion of joined the Confederate Army and the three-storied brick building with attained the rank of brigadier general. mansard roof was built in 1857; the One of the items on display is the saber north wing with a chapel was added in he carried during the war. He died at 1884 and the south wing with class­ the old Pacific House, St. Joseph, in rooms in 1890. Built as a school for the 1876. nuns of the Order of the Sacred Heart, who arrived in St. Joseph in 1853, the school continued until 1960. The large The new University of Missouri glass panel over the main doorway Museum of Anthropology in Swallow which bore in gold the lettering, Hall, Columbia, formerly opened July "Academy of the Sacred Heart," was 18 with a public showing and a recep­ given to the Pony Express Museum. tion honoring Museum Director Rich- art A. Marshall. Some 15 display cases showed various periods of Indian culture in North America with parti­ Boone Cave, located near Rocheport cular emphasis on Missouri tribes. in western Boone County, was officially Two cases contained pottery, utensils opened July 7, with a special ribbon- and tools found in Boone County. The cutting ceremony performed by Mrs. museum remained open from 2 to 4 Warren E. Hearnes, assisted by Senator p.m. each Friday for the remainder of A. Basey Vanlandingham, Columbia, the summer session. and Chief Red Fox, a member of the Ogalala Sioux Indians, who was a summer resident and featured attrac­ tion at the cave. Historic items displayed at the St. Boone Cave, open for guided tours Louis Mercantile Library in the latter daily from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m., was com­ part of July included manuscripts mercially developed by Pete Christus written by General Daniel Bissell, of Boonville. Three hundred acres of Auguste Chouteau and Thomas Hart land surrounding the cave is used for Benton; paintings by George Caleb a riding stable and bridle paths, and Bingham and George Catlin; and rare picnic area. books, the earliest dated in 1565.

A series of four summer programs for Some 400 persons gathered at the children on St. Louis and its history Harry S. Truman Library, Inde­ was held at the Bicentennial Visitors pendence, on July 30, to witness Presi­ Center, Old St. Louis Post Office on dent Lyndon B. Johnson's signing the Thursday mornings, July 8, 15, 22 Medicare Bill, similar to legislation and 29. requested by Former President Truman 20 years ago. Many government offi­ cials viewed the signing of the historic Items connected with the life of M. Bill including Mrs. Lyndon B. John­ Jeff Thompson, "Swamp Fox of the son, Vice-President Hubert H. Hum­ Confederacy," are featured in a special phrey, and Missouri Governor Warren display at the St. Joseph Museum. E. Hearnes, as well as Former President Serving as mayor of St. Joseph at the and Mrs. Harry S. Truman. Historical Notes and Comments 83

A new building and a display of at the 1857 Wornall Historic Home in archaeological field excavations were Kansas City. viewed at the University of Missouri Archaeological Research Center, Van Meter State Park near Miami, August On May 23 the Cape Girardeau 1. On display were skeletons of two Writers Guild toured historic land­ Indians buried in or near one of the marks of Jackson, visiting several area several Indian houses which stood on churches, historic homes and gardens, the site. Eight students did classroom the County Court Building, City Park and laboratory work at the center and cemetery. The event was sponsored during the summer excavating the by the Jackson Board of Education Intribite site dated 1673-1728 and a and the Jackson members of the Guild. Hopewell site about 1,500 years old, A picnic supper was served at the home and performing special excavation work of Mr. and Mrs. Lee G. Cochran.

Music of the Hounds Centralia Fireside Guard, March 11, 1921. . . . When he [Harvey Hulen] writes of coon and 'possum hunts, he is "talking to us." We have followed the pack and heard the music of the lead hound and the quicker yelps of the pups, and we have hunted with the cur dogs, too, and while the old hounds are more professional and less often fooled by the quarry, there [is] not a more "game sport" than a well-trained cur dog on a hunt and none who will show you a better time or lead you a merrier chase. . . . We know the day of the midnight hunt is almost a thing of the past except in the sparsely settled timber sections, and we share with our good friend the regret that it is possible for boys to grow up to manhood without having felt the thrill of the chase. You belong to the world of sport the minute the dogs start baying, the blood mounts up to your temples and the sharp sting of the twig that flies back and strikes you on the cheek as you run thru the cold air of the night brings no pain at the moment, the briar scratches are not noticed and even the rank odor of the skunk is like Eau de Cologne to your excited senses. The deep bay of the lead hound as he tells you how the trail warms or cools and the quick deep boom of his voice when he calls to you that he has treed, has Wagner and Chopin beaten for real music, and there are many things, like the falls to the bottom of the dry creek bed, the hot rivalry of the men and boys over the dogs and the discomfiture of the fellows whose famous hound has been outgeneraled by a pup on his first hunt, all go to make the chase different from any other human experience common to mortals. . . , LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

1877 LIBERTY DRUGSTORE PROVIDES HOME FOR CLAY COUNTY HISTORICAL MUSEUM

Society hoped to incorporate certain architectural features and furnishings of the old courthouse into the new courthouse, in a room which would be set aside for a historical museum. Although the Society failed in this Sketch by Arline Altis initial effort, members did not lose interest in the organization. They im­ Artist's conception of the 1877 mediately embarked on an educational Liberty drugstore building, now in project by sponsoring annual essay use as the Clay County Historical contests on historical subjects in Clay Museum. County high schools and elementary schools. In 1935 the Society adopted as a major goal the establishment of a state park at the Watkins Mill farm. The Clay County Historical Museum, For a number of years members held formally opened to the public May 8, summer meetings at Watkins farm, 1965, by the Clay County Museum hoping to arouse interest in its preserva­ Association, is a fine example of what a tion. In the 1940s the group worked county historical organization may for the establishment of a museum, and achieve when its members work con­ in 1946 they placed a display cabinet sistently toward a well-defined goal. in the Frank L. Hughes Memorial The Clay County Museum Association Library for the Clay County "Little is a successor to the Clay County His­ Museum." Tours to historic sites in torical Society, founded in 1934 by the area and the publication, in co­ Mrs. Ethel Massie Withers and a group operation with William Jewell College, of Clay County citizens for the preser­ of the 32-page pamphlet, A Guide to vation of memorabilia from the 1859 Historic William Jewell College and Clay Clay County Courthouse in Liberty, County Missouri, were other activities scheduled to be razed. Members of the of the 1940s. The work of the Society ; »*#iip| ^p*#^*ypjM^ijAMnp4Hl * •BBr^-

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J. C. Caldwell Photo Gold-labeled apothecary jars line the center shelves along one wall of the Museum. was guided for twelve years by Mrs. discuss possibilities for a museum, but Ethel Massie Withers, the first presi­ little was accomplished at this meeting. dent. Mrs. Withers, now deceased, On November 16 another meeting was served as curator of the "Little Mu­ held, attended by representatives from seum." Other presidents of the Society Excelsior Springs, Kansas City North, were J. E. Davis, Arthur Reppert, North Kansas City and Liberty. At Ernest Capps and Russell Dye. In the this meeting a steering committee was late 1950s interest in Society activities formed with William E. Eldridge, waned. Liberty, serving as chairman. At the annual spring meeting of the The Clay County Museum Associa­ Society, April 28, 1960, at William tion, a permanent organization, was Jewell College, Dr. Walter Pope Binns, formed March 1, 1961, with William president of the College, told the group E. Eldridge, president; J. E. Davis, that the College had an accumulation Liberty, vice president; Mrs. Mary A. of pioneer museum material acquired Hall, Kearney, secretary; and Mrs. over a 100-year period and that there Dorothy E. Holm, Kansas City North, was neither the staff nor the space for treasurer. a museum. He appealed to the Society Before the Association was formally to reactivate and to provide uch a organized, plans were made for the space. designation of Clay County Museum On October 26, 1960, the Clay Week, proclaimed by the Clay County County Historical Society and the Court for April 9-16, 1961. A historic Liberty Chamber of Commerce, headed homes tour sponsored by the Associa­ by Marvin Crowley, then editor of the tion on April 16 included the Henry L. Liberty Tribune, called a meeting to Routt Home, owned by Mr. and Mrs. 86 Missouri Historical Review

David E. Drummond; the John S. president of the Association since 1962, Reardon Home, which later served as the house was torn down, the logs were the Liberty Female College Dormitory, numbered with aluminum markers, and owned by Mr. and Mrs. J. Henry- a chart was made for the relocation of Davis; the Daniel Bell Home, owned each log. Association members plan by Mr. and Mrs. Donald C. Pharis; to assume responsibility for the labor the James M. Hughes-W. H. Wymore involved in rebuilding the house. The Home, owned by Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Association has received a grant of J. Wornall; and the Alvan Lightburne six hundred dollars from the Harry Home, owned by the Sigma Nu Arnote Foundation to help finance the Fraternity, W7illiam Jewell College, all project. located in or near Liberty. During the The search for a suitable museum week historical items were displayed in building continued until the purchase store windows throughout the county. for the sum of $16,000 in December, Old books, Bibles and newspapers were 1964, of the Hughes Drugstore on the exhibited in the William Jewell College west side of the public square in Liberty-. Library. Volunteer hostesses, dressed An additional sum of $2,000 was spent in costumes of the 1880s, greeted more in renovating the building. It would be than 800 visitors. difficult to find a building more closely When it became known that mem­ associated with pioneer Clay County bers of the Association were seeking a families than the one which now houses suitable building ror use as a museum, the Clay County Historical Museum. Mr. and Mrs. Paul Smart donated the There has been a drugstore on the site 1847 Overton Harris log house, located for more than 100 years. S. W. Warren nine miles north of Liberty. The two- had a drugstore there in 1865. Daniel storied log house had a kitchen con­ Hughes, Jr. became a partner in 1870, nected to the main building by a dog­ purchased Warren's interest in 1872, trot and a 30-foot lean-to porch running the length of the dog-trot to the far end of the kitchen. Members of the As­ sociation were not successful in their r*i* efforts to find a suitable site for the relocation of the house and eventually they offered it to the Missouri State Park Board for restoration at Watkins Mill State Park. The Missouri State Park Board accepted the offer and furnished sheds for the storage of the numbered logs. Under the direction of Donald C. Pharis, who has served as

Official opening of the Clay County Historical Museum. Miss Becky Stocksdale, 10-year-old daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Russell Stocksdale, cut the ribbon as William E. Eld­ ridge, founding president of the Association, looked on. J. C. Caldwell photo Historical Notes and Comments and built the present building in 1877. The Museum, staffed by volunteer Ten years later, Hughes sold the busi­ hosts and hostesses, is open each after­ ness to Joseph C. Simmons, who con­ noon from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. except tinued to operate the store until his Monday. No admission fee is charged. death in 1945. Dr. William Goodson, Museum window displays are arranged purchased the building from the Sim­ by individuals and orgamzations mons heirs and he secured Clarence throughout the county. Ferrill, who had formerly worked for On the second floor of the building Simmons, to operate the drugstore. the heirs of Dr. Goodson are restoring Ferrill continued the business until his the office which he occupied from 1908 retirement in November, 1964. The until his death in 1963. It will be fitted building stands today much the same with Dr. Goodson's office furniture, as it was originally built. The mortar operating table, x-ray machines, surgi­ and pestle, emblem of the apothecary, cal instruments, and with the equip­ originally contained in the pediment, ment of other doctors who practiced has been removed. medicine in Clay County at an earlier Before the opening of the Museum, date. the Association published an attractive Members of the Association have brochure presenting a brief history of also been influential in the preservation the county, with drawings of Clay of local historic landmarks. The 1859 County landmarks, as members initiat­ Antioch Church, founded by Moses E. ed a financial campa'gn to help remove Lard, Disciples of Christ minister, the debt incurred by the purchase and North Kansas City, was recently restoration of the building. A fall finan­ threatened with oblivion. Those who cial campaign is now in progress. wished to save it appealed to the Speakers at the Museum dedication Association for help. Officers of the ceremony on May 8 were Dr. Richard Association met with this group and S. Brownlee, director of the State in August, 1964, a meeting of the Historical Society; Donald C. Pharis, Association was held at the church. president of the Clay County Museum Local people participated in the pro­ Association; Russell C. Stocksdale, gram and as a result of the interest first vice president of the Liberty aroused, the church will be preserved. Chamber of Commerce and an execu­ A similar movement has been started tive board member of the Association, by the Association to save the Mount 7 and W illiam E. Eldridge. Gilead Church, located ten miles north The ornate handmade walnut dis­ of Liberty. play shelves and cases now in use in the Museum, are the original drugstore To stimulate interest throughout the furnishings, built by John Will Hall. county, the monthly Association meet­ Among the items on display are many ings are held in various towns and com­ varieties of old-fashioned patent medi­ munities. Usually Association mem­ cines, spinning wheels, trunks, a broom- bers present programs on the history making machine, cherry seeder, antique of the Museum items or private collec­ glassware and china, old guns, maps, tions. Programs on children's toys and hand-woven coverlets and Masonic dolls of yesteryear, old quilts, dishes, magazines dating from the 1880s. All silver and handicrafts have proven exhibits are located on the main floor. popular. At the annual meeting a guest Grouped according to type, they are speaker is invited to address the group. identified by cards presenting a brief Present officers of the Association history of each item. are Donald C. Pharis, president; Missouri Historical Review

Keller Bell, Jr., vice president, and the saddle horse industry in Mexico Miss Gertrude Bell, secretary-treasurer. and once the owner of the Museum The seventeen directors of the Associa­ house; a picture of the Jim Hamilton tion are chosen on a county-wide basis. Sale; a large framed map of Mexico, With leaders who have a vision of 1912; a bundle of quilt pieces, 125 preserving the historic heritage of Clay years old; tickets from the G. M. & O. County through the establishment of Railroad; and a photostat letter written a Museum and who are willing to work by the daughter of Colonel James H. faithfully to make the dream a reality, Audrain, one of Missouri's prominent the Clay County Museum Association citizens for whom the County was has assumed a position of influence in named. the preservation of the history of Clay The Society House Committee visited County. DeMenil Mansion and Henry Shaw Home both in St. Louis, June 11, to Atchison County study restoration features. A delega­ Historical Society tion also visited with the Kingdom of Papers read at the May 24 meeting Callaway Historical Society, June 21, in St. John's Lutheran Church, Rock to discuss their founding of a historical Port, included "Early Educational museum. Measures in Atchison County," "Early Curators at the Audrain County Town Sites." and "Old Cemeteries." Historical Society Museum, worked Some 75 persons attended the July this past summer sorting and checking 28 picnic at the Rupe Family farm acquisitions which might be stored in home, midway between Fairfax, Tarkio an area donated by Ray Hagan. Mrs. and Rock Port. The home, in posses­ Roy Creasey has also been cataloguing sion of the Rupe family since 1842, the doll collection which she gave to was authentically furnished with price­ the Museum some time ago. less antiques. An August 11 brunch was held at the Museum for horse show exhibitors Audrain County at the Audrain County Fair who came Historical Society to view the Saddle Horse Room. The Executive Committee adopted Two new exhibits at the Museum a resolution of commendation for the were a railroad display in September, late president L. Mitchell White's many followed by a display of the history of contributions to the Society and copies the county's legal profession. were prepared for each member of the Mrs. Walter G. Staley, Mexico, was White family. recently elected president of the The Mexico Garden Club, this past Society. spring, landscaped and planted the grounds around the Society Museum, Bates County and a lattice fence, once a feature of Historical Society the historic home, was duplicated and The log cabin home of a former placed across the front lawn, a gift of Representative, W. O. Atkeson, Butler, Mrs. Robert S. Green. a recent gift to the Society by Walter Summer displays included an exhibit Carson, was moved to a new site on showing the effect of World War I upon the Museum yard in Butler through the County, and a collection of fans the generosity of the Butler Rotarv and combs loaned by Mrs. Clark Gibbs. Club. Recent donations have been a photo­ A trophy case from the Alumni Asso­ graph of Colby Quisenberry, father of ciation of Adrian High School, four Historical Notes and Comments 89 aisle cases from the Haas Store in spoke on "Civil War Prisons" at the Adrian, a large walnut hat case from May 25 dinner meeting at the Wish­ the Sam Levy Store in Butler, and a bone Restaurant. Eight members of large old-fashioned square grand piano the Round Table attended the National for the parlor from L. E. Martz of Commission's Eighth National Assem­ Adrian, were recent gifts to the Society bly, May 1-4, in Springfield, Illinois, Museum. commemorating the centennial of Lincoln's death. This was the final Butler County convention of the Commission. Historical Society Fred M. Morrow, Superintendent of Civil War Round Table Schools, Poplar Bluff, talked on " Butler of the Ozarks County During the Civil War Period," At the May 12 dinner meeting Dr. at the June 10 meeting in the Public B. B. Lightfoot, professor of history Library Auditorium, Poplar Bluff. at Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, talked to the group on Carroll County "The Wind-Up," a discussion of the Historical Society close of the Civil War. A chronology of Civil War events in April, 1865, was Essays by high school students on presented in the May issue of the Buck "How the Space Age Has Affected and Ball, publication of the Round Our Lives," were read at the June Table. 24 meeting at the Historical Museum Colonel Howard V. Canan, West in Carrollton. The four contestants in Point graduate, now retired from the the annual essay contest on historical United States Army after 36 years of subjects were Miss Sherilyn Meyers, service, spoke to the Round Table on first-prize winner, Miss Elizabeth "The Confederate Secret Service," at Houseworth, Bill Thieman, and Miss the June 9 meeting at Ramada Inn, Karen Kaiser. Edward L. Staton, Springfield. A bibliography of paper­ sponsor of the contest, presented the backs related to the Civil War, compiled awards. Miss Harriet Scott, Society by Fred DeArmond, Springfield, was president, introduced the contestants. included in the June issue of the Round Table newsletter, Buck and Ball. Chariton County Historical Society Civil War Round Table More than 50 persons attended the of St. Louis July 18 quarterly meeting at the Dr. Francis A. Lord, a collector of Dulany Library in Salisbury. The Civil War material for the past 35 Double I Club, Salisbury, presented years, described "Railroads in the the Society with a cash gift. Mrs. Civil War," at the Ladies Night buffet Pearl Gehrig, co-author of the History dinner at St. Louis County Jefferson of Howard and Chariton Counties, 1923, Barracks Historical Park, May 26. spoke on "Twice Told Tales of Chariton Fireworks were a special feature of the County." event arranged by Jack Hamilton. New officers for 1965-66 are Robert Civil War Round Table of Huffstot, president; McVeigh Goodson, Kansas City vice president; Richard Metz, secre­ Dr. James I. Robertson, Jr., Execu­ tary; Raymond Hoffstetter, assistant tive Director of the United States secretary; Jack Hamilton, treasurer; Civil War Centennial Commission, and Ace Elmore, assistant treasurer. 90 Missouri Histroical Review

Clay County Friends of Arrow Rock Museum Association The restored ha!' of Friendship Lodge "A Country Auction Postponed," an No. 40, International Order of Odd original playlet telling of the Smithville Fellows, was dedicated at Arrow Rock area and its founding families, was Chapel, June 27. Members from many presented at the July 22 meeting of the parts of the State attended the cere­ Association at Smithville Elementary mony at which time furniture and School. Leading parts were played by mementoes of past years were given to Sherry Arnold, David Holdsworth and the Friends for safe keeping. The Rosalie Justice. Others on the program Friends purchased the building on July dressed in pioneer costumes and 1, 1964, and invited the Missouri brought for display pioneer objects organization of Odd Fellows to restore used by their forefathers. the second floor. Lodge furniture from all over the State was collected, with a The August 26 meeting of the Society large part coming from Clarence, in Liberty featured early industries of Missouri, through the courtesy of Mrs. Clay County with Keller Bell, Jr., as Grace Harvey. Much of the plastering leader. and painting was done by members of Columbia and Boonville lodges. Punch and cookies were served in the Lodge Concordia Historical Institute Hall after the dedication ceremony. The thirteenth triennial convention The Lodge Hall is on the daily-, free of the Institute was held June 19 at guided tour sponsored by- the Friends Trinity Lutheran Church, Detroit, of Arrow Rock and the Missouri State Michigan, during the triennial conven­ Park Department. tion of The Lutheran Church—Mis­ souri Synod, June 16-25. Dr. Roy A. Gentry County Suelflow, professor of Concordia Col­ Historical Society lege, Milwaukee, talked on "Planting Mrs. Thelbert Childers spoke on the Lutheran Church in Detroit." "Iron Horse" history at the July- 11 meeting in King City Presbyterian Florissant Valley Church. An "Iron Horse" historical Historical Society painting by- the late Glade Pruden was secured by- Robert Birbeck, presi­ The annual birthday dinner meeting dent, to illustrate the talk. of the Society was held July 15 at May- fair-Lennox Inn, St. Louis. Mrs. Greene County Arthur Konzelman, curator for St. Historical Society Louis County, talked on "Restoring Dr. Duane G. Meyer, professor of an Old House." H. H. Wilmes, presi­ history and dean of instruction, South­ dent, reports that work is progressing west Missouri State College, Spring­ on the restoration of Taille de Noyer, field, spoke on "The Character of historic home of the Society. Missouri," at the May 27 meeting in The Society sponsored a benefit slide the Springfield Art Museum. The program September 24 at Yogt School Society has recently- issued four mimeo­ Auditorium. Mrs. Joseph Dickerson graphed pages listing the programs presented slides of "Winterthur," form­ presented at Society meetings which er home of Henry Francis duPont have been preserved in manuscript in Wilmington, Delaware, and now a form and by tape recordings and a one- museum. page guide list for gathering material Historical Notes and Comments 91 ror local history. O. H. Tucker, chair­ Mrs. Margaret Mansfield, Kansas City. man of the Historical Building Survey Eugene Harryman presented account Committee of the Springfield chapter books and ledgers from his grand­ of the American Institute of Architects, father's mill, in operation at Wheatland announced at the meeting that he is some 72 years ago. Family papers were interested in locating historically and contributed by Mrs. Mae Parks. architecturally distinguished buildings to be photographed for a national Independence Historical Society survey. Dr. Warren A. Jennings spoke on Dr. Harold J. Retallick, professor of "Isaac McCoy and the Mormons," at geography, Southwest Missouri State a luncheon meeting of the Society on College, Springfield, addressed the July 23. Upon Dr. Jennings' resigna­ group on "City Planning in Spring­ tion in order to assume a teaching field," at the annual dinner meeting, position at Southwest Missouri State June 24, at Holiday Inn, Springfield. College, Springfield, Wilford G. Win- Dr. Retallick, chairman and a long­ holtz was elected president and Phil time member of the City Zoning and Baker, vice president. Members dis­ Planning Commission, has devoted cussed means of assisting with the much time and study to problems of renovation and improvement of the metropolitan growth and development. Fairmount Railroad Museum.

Harrison County Jackson County Historical Society Historical Society At the July 5 meeting of the Society The Society, which is undertaking in the high school auditorium at Eagle- the restoration of the historic ante­ ville the legacy of the Indians of Har­ bellum Wornall House in Kansas City, rison County and Northwest Missouri sponsored an archaeological investiga­ was discussed by Wayne Brassfield, art tion of the grounds of the mansion in teacher in the Bethany schools. On July. A team of student archaeologists display were Indian artifacts collected from the University of Missouri Archae­ by Brassfield, Jack Smith, Bethany, ological Center at Miami, Missouri, and Mr. Pyatt, Trenton. A collection under the direction of Robert Bray and of woven blankets and pottery showed Milton F. Perry, archaeological Sub­ the skill of the Indians in other fields committee Chairman, uncovered an of craftsmanship. Plans were discussed extensive network of macadam drives, for marking historical points of interest brick porch sections, porch founda­ in the county. tions, cisterns and other features. These will be incorporated into restora­ Hickory County tion studies that are being made of the Historical Society building and grounds. An article by Eugene Harryman on Carr N. Eubank, a member of the the Butterfield Overland Mail was read Wornall Home Committee, was at the June 15 meeting of the Society appointed by Society president Francis at the Hickory County Courthouse, Wornall to head the fund raising drive Hermitage. A broad-axe, a wrench to for restoration of the historic mansion tighten the ropes of trundle beds and in Kansas City. a spigot for drilling holes in vinegar and The topic for the 1965 essay contest whiskey barrels were displayed by sponsored by the Society is "History Claude Carpenter. Bars of homemade of a Church in Jackson County." soap were presented to the Society by Contest deadline is December 31, 1965. 92 Missouri Historical Review

Entrants need not live in Jackson responsible for the Kirkwood Historical County. The manuscripts submitted Review, the quarterly magazine of the will go into the Society's archives Society are Mary B. Chomeau, editor; where they will be available to research­ Cara B. Dawson, assistant editor; and ers in the future. Laura C. Pickel, circulation editor. The front cover for the June issue was Kansas City Westerners reproduced from the two cover pages Alan W. Farley, an active member, of the Constitution and By-Laws, drawn spoke on " Pioneers in Kansas," a paper up in 1904 for the Volunteer Fire written as a tribute to all pioneers who Department of Kirkwood. settled the western states, at the May 11 meeting in Hotel Bellerive, Kansas Lafayette County City. Historical Society Guest speaker at the June 8 meeting was Dr. Donald F. Danker, historian Society members enjoyed a picnic for the Nebraska State Historical supper July 11 on the campus of St. Society, Lincoln, who spoke on "The Paul's College, Concordia, at the invita­ Fighting Record of the Pawnee Scouts." tion of Dr. Lambert Mehl, president At the July 13 meeting, active mem­ of the College. Mrs. Homer Ryland, ber Del Bishop read a paper on "Lt. Odessa, talked on "News One Hundred Frank D. Baldwin and the Indian Years Ago," an informative and humor­ Territory Expedition of 1874," written ous account of events at the close of by- Dan Holt, former assistant Curator the Civil War. A. L. Maxwell, Lexing­ of Manuscripts, Kansas State Historical ton, made impromptu comments on Society, Topeka. Brochures describing occurrences of this period. "The Works of Charles Marion Rus­ sell," a gift from the Historical Society Landmarks Association of of Montana at Helena, were available St. Louis, Inc. to all those in attendance. David A. Hanks, chairman of the Kingdom of Callaway Lafayette Square Committee, talked Historical Society about plans for restoring Lafayette In an effort to preserve the historical Square at the annual meeting held in heritage of the County, the Society has the Visitors' Center of the Old St. begun a fund-raising campaign to Louis Post Office, June 6. Mr. Hanks purchase and endow the 1875 home of illustrated his talk with slides of the M. Fred Bell, well-known mid-Missouri 1880 town house at 20 Benton Place, architect, in Fulton. The late Fred recently bought by the Lafayette Park Bell Montgomery, grandson of the Association. builder, hoped to make the house Austin P. Leland, chairman of the available to the Society for a permanent Save the Old Post Office Committee, museum and meeting place. After her discussed recent developments of his husband's death Mrs. Montgomery campaign. continued negotiations for the project. Clyde M. Evans is general chairman of the campaign. Lawrence County Historical Society Kirkwood Historical Society The Society held its regular meeting Society members held a picnic June and a watermelon feed July 19 at the 8 at the Kirkwood City Park. Members Pierce City Park. Historical Notes and Comments 93

Lewis County Maries County Historical Society Historical Society Dr. John Wills, Lewistown, presented William Stratman, Vienna, discussed a program on old cemeteries in Lewis the history of the Catholic Church in County, July 8, at the quarterly meet­ Maries County and especially the ing of the Society in LaBelle. Ben history of the Visitation Church in Plank showed slides he had made of Vienna at the July 15 meeting at historic sites and buildings, family Methodist Parish Hall, Vienna. Mem­ groups and schools. bers displayed clippings and pictures connected with the history of Maries The Society sponsored a historical County. exhibit, September 26, at Canton High School. Antique cars were displayed Marion County outside the building. Historical Society William E. Partee spoke on the Civil War and stressed the importance of McDonald County work carried on by local historical Historical Society societies, at the July 14 dinner meeting Members of the Society, instructors at Hutch's Dinner Bell in Palmyra. at Noel High School, Lieutenant Gene Hall reported that a sign at Colonel Patrick Laurie and Superin­ Main and Bird Streets in Hannibal tendent William S. Spears presented a now marks the site of the city's first special program, March 31, at the Noel cabin. School, honoring Congressional World Mrs. Kate Ray Kuhn arranged a War I Medal of Honor Winner Waldo display of historical articles donated by Hatler. Those attending, students of Lon Calvert, Warren, and Mrs. Bran- the American history classes, members ham Rendlen, Hannibal. of the Neosho and Pineville American Legion and officers of the Society, heard Missouri Historical Society Mr. Hatler give an account of his war The Society's Country Store located experiences. in Jefferson Memorial, St. Louis, held open house, July 13, to celebrate the Memorial services for Civil War 11th anniversary of its opening. Pre­ Veteran Captain Madison Day were sented for the occasion was a special observed, May 30, at Roller Cemetery. offering of "camp" or offbeat antiques Mrs. Meda Feasel read a paper on the and reproductions of household items life of Mrs. Silas Woodard, daughter of offered by stores a century ago. Sassa­ Captain Day, as it was told to her by fras punch and old-fashioned sugar Mrs. Woodard. Bill Peterman, Pine­ cookies were served at the refreshment ville, told of Captain Day's military table. experiences as they were recorded on Officers are William H. Charles, paper furnished by the General Services president; William L. Desloge, first Administration. vice president; Orrin S. Wightman, Jr., The August 1 meeting at the Noel second vice president; David H. Morey, Community Building featured an illus­ financial vice president; Charles P. trated talk on the "Early History of Pettus, treasurer; Carroll S. Mast in, Noel," by Judge Martin Stauber. The assistant treasurer; Charles E. Claggett, Community Building was lighted with secretary; and Louis Werner, II, kerosene lamps and candles and a table assistant secretary, all recently elected of pioneer articles was displayed. for a one-year term. 94 Missouri Historical Review

Morgan County hymns on the reed organ. Members Historical Society voted to place a marker on the 1818 An antique show, sponsored by the Ramsay Creek Baptist Church upon Society-, was held in the Women's Civic the recommendation of Mrs. James Club Hall, Versailles, June 19. Some Cooper, Clarksville, chairman of the 400 persons attended the event. Enter­ Historic Preservation Committee. tainment was furnished by records on Heath Meriwether, Columbia, a mem­ the old music box and Edison phono­ ber of a St. John's pioneer family, graph and by the old-time fiddling of talked on the early history- of the area "Uncle Jack" Croy and Birtle Huff, and presented to the Society- a copy of with Mrs. J. E. Chamberlain at the his recent book, The Meriwethers and piano. Pink lemonade, coffee, tea Their Connections. cookies and mints were served at the refreshment table by7 Society members. Pony Express Historical Many members wore old-fashioned Association costumes for the show. The Pony Express Historical Associa­ tion, Inc., St. Joseph, now has almost Pettis County 200 members. Annua membership dues Historical Society in the Association are $5. Members Visitors at the Pettis County- Mu­ are working on fund-raising activities seum, located in the first and second for the preservation and restoration of floor corridors of the courthouse, the Patee House. The building was Sedalia, may now view 20 display donated December 3, 1964, to the cases, each labeled and containing some Association by the former owners, 50 items pertaining to the area's Isadore Dunn, Kansas City; Sol Stine, history. St. Joseph; and Julius Walstein, Leavenworth, Kansas. Phoebe Apperson Hearst A historical exhibit, featuring war Memorial Association items, and an ice cream social was held at Patee House from 1-7 p.m. on The first quarterly news letter of the July 4 and 5. A historic film entitled, Association was issued in July. Mrs. "Williamsburg, the Story of a Patriot," Elizabeth Patton Lowrence and Mrs. was run continuously. Fourth of July W. H. Murch, descendants of the ceremonies at the House included a talk Patton family, have presented to the by Harold Butterworth, former State Association pictures of the school where Commander of the American Legion, Phoebe Apperson Hearst taught in St. on "What the Fourth of July Means James and of the William James Home to Americans." where she lived. In June, Sharon Kay McBee, local dance instructor, gave a Western Pike County Historical Society Historical Dance Recital as a benefit A carry-in picnic on the grounds of performance for the restoration of the the 1856 St. John's Church, Eolia, Patee House. preceded the July 16 quarterly meeting. Twenty-five young men from the An exhibit of historic books, maps, Neighborhood Youth Corps Project pictures, clippings and other articles spent the summer renovating the House was arranged by the Eolia hosts. As and grounds. A new cornice has re­ more than 100 members and guests placed the old one on the building. assembled for the business meeting Glenn Setzer, president of the Pony- Mrs. W. T. Shipp played well-known Express Historical Association, Lee Historical Notes and Comments 95

Starnes, executive director, and Larry Georgia Cox, secretary; and Chauncey Foutch, treasurer, are in charge of Heye, treasurer. The Executive Board planning, activities and publicity for has recently appointed Mrs. Edna the preservation of the building. Mrs. Olson, archivist, and Dayton Canady, Ethel Blomfield is chairman of a com­ historian. mittee seeking Federal, State or Foundation aid for Patee House. St. Louis Westerners Officers for 1965-66 are Ernst A. Shannon County Stadler, president; Louis M. Nourse, Historical Society vice president; J. Orville Spreen, Members attending the July 11 secretary; and James V. Swift, treas­ picnic at Alley Spring State Park, near urer. Eminence, heard reports on the life of George Shannon, by M. F. Williams; Texas County Historical Society the history of Shannon County and the Mrs. Dorothy Caldwell, assistant Ozarks as seen through eyes of an artist, editor of the Missouri Historical Review, by L. L. Broadfoot; and a history of spoke to a group interested in forming Otto Ernest Rayburn's Arcadian Maga­ a historical society May 28 at the zine, once published in Eminence, by Piney Inn, Houston. An organizational Dr. Robert Lee. committee was appointed consisting of Lane E. Davis, Kenneth B. Ross and Shelby County Mrs. Bessie Kelly. The Texas County Historical Society Historical Society was formed June The Society met July 11 at Bethel 29 by a group which met at the Bank for a picnic and program. Articles and Community Room, Houston. Officers pictures from Bethel colony days were elected were E. E. Romines, president; exhibited. Members of the Society Lytton Davis, executive vice president; toured "Elim," the colony mansion of Mrs. Edna Duff, vice president; Mrs. Dr. William Keil, founder of Bethel Ilamae Hilterbrand, treasurer; and colony, and the Hebron Cemetery, Lane E. Davis, secretary. Appointed where many German inscriptions are to the board of directors to serve with to be found. Plans were made for the the officers were Mrs. Kelly, Elmer erection of a marker at Oak Dale, site Murfin and Ralph Lilly. of the first term of circuit court held The group voted to organize under in Shelby County in 1835. the non-profit corporation law and to become an affiliate of the State Histori­ St. Charles County cal Society of Missouri. A committee Historical Society was appointed for the collection of historical records composed of Ken­ Henry J. Jadrich spoke on "Roads neth B. Ross, Mrs. Mary McCaskill and Trails" at the quarterly dinner and Miss Ellen McVey. meeting of the Society, July 29, at Three Flags Restaurant. Henry J. Vernon County Elmendorf, a member of the Governor's Historical Society St. Charles State Capitol Restoration Commission, reported on the latest de­ The Bushwhacker Museum, Nevada, velopments. Officers of the Society are provisionally opened to the public on Kurt Schnedler, president; Philip June 1 with Mrs. Roy L. Hill appointed Elmer, first vice president; Mrs. Olive chairman of the staff committee of Canady-, second vice president; Mrs. volunteer Society members. Built just 96 Missouri Historical Review

after the Civil War, the colonial-style Indian artifacts in the Osage Room Museum building was used as a jail most interesting. Most of the restora­ for some 90 years. The property was tion work on the building was com­ deeded to Vernon County in 1855 by pleted at that time. Thomas Austin, the original settler. On June 19, F. M. LeValley, the district manager of Standard Oil Divi­ The Vernon County Historical So­ sion of the American Oil Company, ciety was established in February, 1938, but had been inactive for many years. presented two large highway signs to When the old Vernon County Jail the Society to advertise the Museum Building was offered for sale in August, near the junction of Highways 54 and 1964, Harold Gray, a former resident 71 in Nevada. now living in Washington, D. C, wrote to a Nevada editor and to the Society, Westport Historical Society pointing out some interesting archi­ Copies of the first issue of The West- tectural characteristics of the building. port Historical Quarterly were dis­ Interested Nevada citizens wrote an tributed to members present at the open letter to the five surviving original May 13 dinner meeting at the West- Society board members urging them to port Presbyterian Church. Mrs. reactivate the Society and to act on Dorothy Caldwell, assistant editor of the jail question. The Society sub­ the Missouri Historical Review, talked mitted a bid for the jail tract and it on "Historic Sites in Missouri." The was accepted by the Vernon County Society is to be congratulated on the Court on November 5, 1964. On publication of the first issue of its November 15, the Society- officially re­ Quarterly. Published as a booklet and organized with the election of perma­ printed in offset, the Quarterly presents nent officers and a board of directors. carefully edited manuscript material By the end of June, 1965, almost 400 on local history-. Dr. Howard N. persons had signed the Museum Monett is editor of the Quarterly. register. Without ceremony, the Bushwhacker White River Valley Museum was declared formally opened Historical Society on July 3. Some 400 persons toured Members and guests visited the the building where Society members historic village and mill at Rockbridge, on duty wore period costumes. Visitors north of Gainesville, following the found the old cell room, the mineral business meeting and election of officers display of A. L. Mahaffey, Nevada, at the June 6 annual meeting in the Medical Room and the Vernon County Rockbridge restaurant. ^r

A New Dish Canton North-East Reporter, May 17, 1855.

Under this caption an exchange announced that a Mr. Enfield Ham was recently married to Miss Jemima Egge. It is presumed the union took place on a fry day. Historical Notes and Comments 97

COMMEMORATIVE EVENTS Anniversaries ington Carver National Monument near Diamond. The observance, held Kirkwood Celebrates annually on the Sunday presumed to Centennial be the closest to the birth date of the A week-long celebration marked the Negro botanist, agronomist and con­ 100th anniversary of Kirkwood, June servationist, was sponsored by the 18 through the 26th. Special attrac­ Carver District Birthplace Association tions were featured throughout the and the National Park Service. Visitors week in Centennial Parade Day; Reli­ toured the 250-acre monument under gious Heritage Day; Pioneer Recogni­ the guidance of staff members and the tion, Salute to Youth, and Art and Neosho Auxiliary Police. Education Days, Centennial Ladies' and Men's Days, and Good Neighbor Knob Knoster Lodge Celebrates Day. A religious heritage program was 100th Anniversary presented on Sunday at the High School stadium with all churches of the Knob Noster Lodge No. 245 A. F. & community participating. Other events A. M. celebrated its 100th anniversary included a centennial celebration ball at Knob Noster Elementary School, and queen coronation, held June 18 in May 22. Sidney Davis, master of the Kirkwood High School Gymnasium; ceremonies, gave a history of the lodge "The Kirkwood Story," a dramatic and E. W. Kettleson, Kansas City, production, staged nightly except Sun­ Past Grand Patron of the Order of the day, at the High School stadium; and Eastern Star, gave the principle a carnival held each night near the address. A short history of the lodge centennial headquarters. was given in The Sedalia Capital, June 1. The Kirkwood Art Council prepared for sale on the occasion, a special Reunion Marks Founding engagement calendar with reproduc­ Of Salem School tions of Kirkwood landmarks, drawn by local artists and suitable for framing. A reunion, August 1, marked the 118th anniversary of the founding of Lee's Summit the Salem one-room school located Observes Centennial southwest of St. Clair. An early stu­ The 100th anniversary of the estab­ dent in the school was Mrs. Phoebe lishment of Lee's Summit was celebrat­ Apperson Hearst, a co-founder of the ed June 5 through 12 with special days Parent-Teachers Association. honoring Missouri, Religious Heritage, Old Settlers, the Mayor, Civic Leaders, Youth, the Future, the Ladies and Mrs. Churches Loula Long Combs, who was a donor The 144th anniversary of the Apple of the R. A. Long family mansion to Creek Church, near Jackson, was cele­ the Kansas City Museum Association brated May 16 at the annual Big May for use as a public museum. Meeting with a special morning wor­ ship service. The Reverend F. Edward Annual Birthday Celebration Held Watson, Stated Clerk of the Presbytery At Carver National Monument and minister of the First Presbyterian About 1600 persons attended the Church, Sikeston, delivered the sermon July 11 open house at George Wash­ and conducted the Communion service. 98 Missouri Historical Review

A basket lunch preceded an address by A week-long celebration, June 21-27, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of marked the 100th anniversary- of the the State Historical Society of Mis­ Second Baptist Church of Bowling souri, Columbia, who spoke on the Green. Special events included open influence of historic events upon the house and a display of historical items civilizations of the world since the on June 21; an evening of music, June beginning of the Christian Era. A 23, furnished by- the 40-voice youth history of the church appeared in The choir from Broadmoor Baptist Church, Jackson Journal, May 12. Jackson, Mississippi; a pageant depict­ ing the history of the church, June 25; 7 The Reverend D. W arren Neal, and an old fashioned basket dinner, Arlington, Texas, former pastor of the Sunday, June 27, following the morning Broadway Presbyterian Church, Seda- worship hour. lia, spoke at the church's 100th anni­ versary celebration, June 13. Special The 200th anniversary- of the Feast guests at the centennial dinner that of the Sacred Heart was observed with evening in the fellowship hall were the the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass offered Reverend Marvin Albright, president June 25 on the grounds of the Academy* of Sedalia-Pettis County Ministers As­ of the Visitation, Frontenac. The sociation; Dr. Richard Beesley, Ver­ Archconfraternity- of Reparation to the sailles, moderator of Sedalia Presby­ Most Sacred Heart of Jesus sponsored tery-; and the Reverend Charles the event. Churchill, field representative for the Board of Christian Education in Mis­ A week-long celebration at the souri. Representatives from various Calvary- Baptist Church in the West- Presbyterian churches extended their port area of Kansas City marked the greetings. 125th anniversary of its organization, July 5-11. Special activities included The 140th anniverary- of the founding an open house; guest speakers; a film; of York Chapel Church, Longtown, was a pageant, " W7agon Trains to Rockets," observed with special services, June 20. events in the life of the organization, Dr. George Hesslar, district superin­ written by Mrs. P. H. Hill; and an tendent of the Methodist Church of oratorio presented by guest soloists Farmington, was guest speaker. The and the 50-voice choir. date also marked the 50th anniversary of the dedication of the present church Special services and a basket dinner building. marked the centennial celebration, May 23, of the First Baptist Church, Hickman Mills Community Christian Macon. The Reverend V. B. Skinner, Church celebrated its 120th anniversary, pastor, presided at the service. June 20, with a morning worship service, by Dr. Seth W. Slaughter, Tebo Baptist Church, 14 miles east Columbia; a basket dinner at noon; of Clinton, celebrated its 125th anni­ and a pageant, "And the Books Were versary, June 13, with a basket dinner Opened," given in the afternoon. The and a special program in the afternoon. pageant, directed by Mrs. Kenneth The Reverend Frank Myers, pastor of Neel, was written by Mrs. Lois Lorimer the First Baptist Church, Warrens­ Cobb and Mrs. Gladys Scott, with the burg, was guest speaker. A history of assistance of the late J. M. Slaughter. the church, one of the oldest in Henry- A history of the church was intro­ County-, appeared in The Clinton Eye, duced for sale at the celebration. June 10. Historical Notes and Comments 99

HONORS AND TRIBUTES

Three Missourians Honored Cottle Grave Marked By University of Missouri By St. Charles D. A. R. The honorary Doctor of Laws degree On May 15 the St. Charles Chapter, was conferred on three outstanding Daughters of the American Revolution Missourians at the 123d annual com­ dedicated a government marker at the mencement exercises of the University grave site of a Revolutionary War of Missouri, June 8, in Memorial soldier, Captain Warren Cottle, at Oak Stadium, Columbia. President Elmer Grove Cemetery, St. Charles. Mrs. Ellis conferred the degrees on Stuart Clarence W. Kemper, Clinton, State Symington, St. Louis, senior United Regent, spoke briefly and unveiled the States Senator from Missouri; Paul A. marker. Mrs. Claude K. Rowland, St. Gorman, New York, president of Wes­ Louis, honorary vice president general, tern Electric Company; and Dr. National D.A.R., also spoke, and Blanche H. Dow, Nevada, Missouri, Barnard Hastings Cottle, Rowaytown, president of Cottey College. Dr. Dow Connecticut, read a biographical sketch and Mr. Gorman are native-born of Warren Cottle's life, written by Dr. Missourians; Senator Symington was Eugene Cottle, Laramie, Wyoming. born in Massachusetts, but has lived Dr. J. W. Mueller, Commander of the in St. Louis for many years. V.F.W. Post 2866, had charge of the dedication. Sanborn Field Marked Cottle descendants and their friends As National Historic Site were honored at a luncheon at Three In a special ceremony, June 10, in Flags Restaurant, St. Charles, with St. Columbia, Dr. Wilfred D. Logan, Charles Chapter D.A.R. members as research archaeologist for the National hostesses; and Mr. and Mrs. Dallas F. Park Service, presented a marker Barteau held a coffee at their home designating Sanborn Field, at the Uni­ after the program. versity of Missouri, as a national historic site. Sanborn Field, established by the Ceremonies Dedicate Churchill Stamp University in 1888, is the oldest agri­ culture experiment field west of the Special ceremonies at Westminster Mississippi River. The late Dr. J. W. College, Fulton, May 13, dedicated the Sanborn, dean of Agriculture from 1882 new Winston Churchill postage stamp to 1889, inaugurated the experiment on the first day of issue. Assistant plots. Postmaster General Richard J. Mur­ phy, Washington, participated in the Pleasant Smith, Mexico, a member dedication at the college, site of of the board of curators accepted the Churchill's "Iron Curtain" Speech in site marker for the University. Presi­ 1946. dent Elmer Ellis spoke on the history of the field and noted individuals who The black-and-white, five-cent stamp, had done outstanding research at the with an engraving of Churchill taken site. Dr. George E. Smith, professor from a well-known photograph, was of Soils, explained "What You See and designed by Richard Hurd, a New What to See." York artist. 100 Missouri Historical Review

Sigma Delta Chi Honors Former St. Louisan Inducted William Rockhill Nelson Into Baseball Hall of Fame James F. (Pud) Galvin, a native St. The Sigma Delta Chi, national pro­ Louisan who won his 365th and last fessional journalism fraternity, recently major league game 73 years ago, was honored the memory of two outstand­ formally inducted into the Baseball ing journalists, William Rockhill Nel­ Hall of Fame, July 26, at a special son, for many years editor of the ceremony on the porch of the Hall and Kansas City Star; and Henry Watter- Museum, Cooperstown, New York. son, editor of the Louisville (Ky.), Galvin, who pitched from 1875 to 1892, Courier-Journal. "Historic Sites in was the only man selected for the Hall this year. A group of former stars, all Journalism" plaques went to the news­ living members of the Hall of Fame, papers they edited. An article in the participated in the ceremonies high­ Kansas City Times, June 17, noted the lighted by the unveiling of a bronze awards and the friendship of Nelson plaque of Galvin. Galvin, who died in and W7atterson, and presented a bio­ 1902, was represented by his son, graphical sketch of Watterson. Walter.

<*#u

At the Point of the Bowie Knife Canton North-East Reporter, April 12, 1855.

Greeley, of the New York Tribune, is perfectly furious at the result of the Kansas election. He says that "an army of slave holders and their jackalls, diligently organized and drilled by Atchison, Stringfellow & Co., marched over from Missouri as soon as the day of election was announced, took possession of the polls at the point of the Bowie knife, voted till they were tired, and selected whom they chose"—of course. We consider the vapid ravings of this incorrigible fanatic as undeserving of notice, but this wanton misstatement of the facts of the case call for correction. What proof is there that the slaveholders took possession of the polls at the point of the Bowie knife? So far we have only had telegraphic dispatches, and they inform us that there was no violence or bloodshed, and that the election passed off with little excitement. If Missouri sent out emigrants, surely the chief advocate of the abolition and emigration societies should be the last to complain of this. We understand that quite a number of the northern emigrants are returning from Kansas, pronouncing it unfit for free labor. The emigration societies have rendered no real service to those miserable creatures in sending them out, unaccustomed to frontier life, unprovided with sufficient means to support themselves, until their own labor shall raise crops and provisions. They were unfit to settle in the new country even if it had been adapted to their labor. Historical Notes and Comments 101

GIFTS A welcome addition to the Society's growing steamboating collection, was the gift of Edwin H. Aehle, Branson, consisting of a collection of 60 riverboat pas­ senger tickets dated from 1850 to 1869, and a framed reproduction of the Currier & Ives lithograph, "The Great Race on the Mississippi." The steamboat tickets, given to the Society in June, were mounted in three large frames. Such famous boats as the James H. Lucas, Kate Swinney, Polar Star, New Lucy, F. X. Aubrey, Yellowstone, War Eagle and the Robert Campbell, are represented in the ticket collection.

JOSEPH W. ALLEN, Neodesha, Kansas, donor: Photograph: "Blind Boone," Negro pianist (1889).

MR. AND MRS. FRANZ R. BEINKE, Union, donor: Ledgers, records, books, photographs: Franz Schwarzer Zither Factory, Washington, Mo., and the American Zither Verband.

MRS. THOMAS BOTTS, Columbia, donor: Clippings and photographs of Mercer County, Missouri.

TRENTON BOYD, Sikeston, donor: Photographs: New Bloomfield, early vehicles.

MAJOR GORDON D. BRIGHAM, Cincinnati, Ohio, donor: Typescript: "The Battle of Wilson's Creek, 'Manassas of the West'," by- Gordon D. Brigham.

MRS. O. H. CHRISTOPHER, Kansas City, donor: Typescripts: "Old Westport," by J. S. Hough; "Carnival & Santa Fe Trail and Battle of Westport Reunion [1912]," by Anna Elizabeth Charles Krueger, transcribed by Adrienne Christopher; and "Daniel Yoacham's Oak Tree on the Plaza," by Mrs. O. H. Christopher.

STEPHEN CLARK, Columbia, donor: Typescript: "A History and Description of Persia, Missouri," by Stephen Clark.

CYRIL CLEMENS, Kirkwood, donor: Clippings dealing with Missourians and other famous personalities. Mark Twain Quarterly, Spring-Summer, 1947.

MRS. MAURICE CLYDE, Marshall, donor: Genealogical material: Doza, Gendron & Allied Families, by Mrs. John Francis Caulfield. National Society United States Daughters of 1812, State of Missouri Material: Marker dedication, grave locations, and Roster of War of 1812 Soldiers buried in Missouri.

MRS. ELIZABETH COMFORT, Columbia, donor: Books: Life & Times of Henry Gassaway Davis, by Charles M. Pepper and American Women, Vols. II & III, edited by Durward Howes. 102 Missouri Historical Review

W. C. CURTIS, Columbia, donor: Letters: To Dr. W. C. Curtis from Clarence Darrow, 1925-1928.

LLOYD DANKERS, Oregon, Mo., donor: Holt County records, 1862-1893

JOHN E. DAVIS, Liberty, donor: Manuscript: "Fifty Years At William Jewell College, 1903-1953," by John E. Davis. A personal account of the history of the material improvement of William Jewell College during the author's association with the college as a faculty member and business manager.

HUGH DENNY, Columbia, donor: Aerial photographs (1957): Adair, Caldwell, Callaway, Carroll, Chariton, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Grundy, Jackson, Lafayette, Lincoln, Linn, Macon, Montgomery-, Pettis, Pike and Ralls Counties.

J. C. EDWARDS, W'ebster Groves, donor: A history of the 129th Machine Gun Battalion, 35th Div. A.E.F., 1917-1919, by Sgt. Maj. Walter W. Weber.

MARTIN EICHENLAUB, Bonne Terre, donor: Script of pageant on Bonne Terre Centennial, " Hills of Home," by Mrs. W. J. Bennett. Missouri music.

HUBERT FULLER, Princeton, donor: Cartoons: 7 originals and 1 reproduction by George W. Booth, native Missourian.

B. J. GEORGE, Kansas City, donor: Photos and clippings of Missouri guerrillas.

GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City, donor: Copies of an address, "To Ourselves and Our Posterity," given by Honorable Samuel A. Dew, retired Judge of the Kansas City7 Court of Appeals, when he appeared before the "Forty-Year Ago Column Club" of Kansas City, May 17, 1965.

RALPH GREGORY, Florida, donor: Typescript: "Frederick Muench," by Ralph Gregory.

MRS. MABEL HEAD, Columbia, donor: Manuscript: William G. Howard, Attorney, California, Missouri, Letter Book No. 1 (1865-1866). Books: Dr. J. H. McLean's Family Almanac, 1875; Marion Harland, Break­ fast, Luncheon and Tea (New York, 1875); Herbert N. Casson, The History of The Telephone (Chicago, 1910); Mark Twain, Josh Billings, Robert Burdette, Artemus Ward,et., al., Phunny Phellows (Chicago, 1885); and William Vincent Byars, ed., An American Commoner, The Life and Times of Richard Parks Bland (St. Louis, 1900). Historical Notes and Comments 103

Official Reports: Fort Pillow Massacre & Return of Prisoners, 1864; Missouri Industries, 1914-1917; Commissioner of Patents, Agriculture, 1854 & 1855; Mortality Statistics, 1855; and Revised Statutes of Missouri, 1899. Missouri Historical Review, XV (October, 1920).

EARL LEON HECK, Englewood, Ohio, donor: A typescript: "The Rise Of Higher Education In The Missouri Valley, 1818- 1900," by Earl Leon Heck.

RALPH D. KILLIAN, Perry ville, donor: Manuscript: Account of the donor's student days at Missouri School of Mines, Rolla.

MRS. EDGAR LAWRENCE, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, donor: History of Gentry County, Missouri, 1882.

DR. CLAIR V. MANN, Rolla, donor: Manuscripts: Studies in Engineering Education.

ADDAH LONGLEY MATTHEWS, Monett, donor: Book: Early Barry County, by Addah Longley Matthews, historian for the Barry County Historical Society.

A. L. MAXWELL, Lexington, donor: Photographs: Sterling Price, Chapel Hill College, A. W. Doniphan.

WALTER J. MCCORMICK, Warrensburg, donor: Copies of 16 photographs, owned by Leonard Thompson, Jefferson City; Captain Art Thompson, Osage City; Captain Henry K. Thomas, Waverly; and Tommy Windsor, Marietta, Ohio, pertaining to river showboats.

MRS. THELMA S. MCMANUS, Doniphan, donor: Manuscript: "Memory of Dr. W. A. Brooks, His Past Life," by William A. Brooks.

MISSOURI STATE PARK BOARD, Jefferson City, donor: Architectural drawings of Anderson House, Lexington.

MRS. A. RAY OLIVER, St. Charles, donor: Typescript: "Some Spanish Land Grants In The St. Charles District," by Mrs. A. Ray Oliver.

ALLEN L. OLIVER, Cape Girardeau, donor: "The Story of the Mo. Bar 1880-1965," by Allen L. Oliver in the Journal of the Missouri Bar, April, 1965.

JACK L. OLIVER, Cape Girardeau, donor: Typescript: "Apple Creek Presbyterian Memorial Association," by Allen L. Oliver.

MRS. FRANCES JACOBI O'MEARA, Martinsburg, donor: Xerox copies: The Missouri Writers Guild News, July, 1916 & August, 1917.

ROBERT OVERTON, Princeton, donor: Mercer County Plat Book (1964). 104 Missouri Historical Review

PAUL M. ROBINETT, Mountain Grove, donor: Pamphlet: "The Engineer That Was, Frank Beates Scheetz, 1867-1965," by7 David Guy.

MISS LENA SARGENT, Springfield, donor: Booklets: Souvenir Album of Sedalia, Mo., cl892, and Alberta McMahon Sherwin, Kansas City Beautiful (Kansas City, 1931). Picture Post Cards: Early views of Sedalia, Cuba, Clinton and West Plains, 1907-1912.

HOLLISTER SMITH, Executive Secretary, St. Louis Medical Society, St. Louis, donor: Booklet: The St. Louis Hospital—1828, by Sister M. Lilliana Owens, S.L., Ph.D.

JOYCE RANDALL SONE, RUTH WELLS SONE, & GUY M. SONE, Jefferson City, donors: Book: Genealogy of Randall-Bristow & Allied Families, by- the donors.

HENRY SWANSON, Gainesville, Florida, donor: Letters and documents on the organization and founding of the Arrow Rock Lyceum at Arrow Rock, 1960-1965.

MRS. MAITLAND A. TIMMERMIERE, Alton, Illinois, donor: Typescript: "Sketch of the Life of Dr. John Gano Bryan, 1788-1860."

MRS. RUTH ROLLINS W7ESTFALL, Columbia, donor: Clipping and telegram (1883): Additions to the Rollins Manuscript Collection.

MRS. RHODA WOOLDRIDGE, Independence, donor: Books: Hannah's Brave Year and That's The Way Joshuway, both by Mrs. Rhoda Wooldridge.

MRS. ILENE SIMS YARNELL, Versailles, donor: Booklet: "In Memory of Harve E. Sims," from the late Mrs. Bertha R. Sims Todd, Versailles, daughter of Mr. Sims. Typescript: Church records [1881-1902] of Central Gravois Baptist Church (Big Gravois Baptist Church), Gravois Mills, Morgan County, Missouri.

ERRATUM The name of Captain Roy Barkhau, administrative assistant on the staff of the Waterways Journal, St. Louis, should have been included in the list of those who presented tributes at the memorial service for Dr. Edgar B. Trail, published on pages 512-513 of the July, 1965, issue of the Missouri Historical Review. Historical Notes and Comments 105

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Bunker, Reynolds County Times July22, 1965—"Saw-Mill Camps Now Ghost Towns," by Ruth Van Doren.

Butler, Bates County Democrat Historical notes on the Bates County Museum by Reva Stubblefield, Museum curator, appear weekly.

Columbia Daily Tribune July 14, 1965—"First Lady at CC—Then and Now," compared the lives of Mrs. John Augustus Williams, wife of Christian College's first president, and Mrs. W7. Merle Hill, whose husband is now the college president. July 18—A special section noted the 100th anniversary celebration for the establishment of the Exchange National Bank, Columbia.

Columbia Missourian May 30, 1965—The last installment of a series of articles, "Missouri-Kansas Cooperation Key to Future," by Jon Stafsholt, included a history of Missouri and Kansas relations from 1854 to the present. June 6—Susan Miller, in the article, "Lieutenant Governor: What Is It?" examined one of the executive offices and presented a short biography of the office holder, Thomas F. Eagleton. July 11—"Hays Reminiscent of the Past," by Sandra Mathers, related the history of a Columbia hardware store. July 18—"Missouri's Bootheel: The Giant of the Lowlands," a history by Stewart Dyke. July 18—Articles noting the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Columbia's Exchange National Bank were a history of the bank and biographies of bank officials. July 22—"Missouri's Finest: State Highway Patrol," the first of a two-part history, by Jim Lewis.

Jackson Journal Apr.'l 28 & May 5, 1965—A two-part article, "The Story of North High Street," Jackson, Missouri, was written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. May 19 & 26—A historical series on the Jackson City Park and the 1850 Henry Sanford Home was written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. June 2—"A Note in Time," the story of Jackson clothing store operator, William Bruening, was written by K. J. H. Cochran. June 9, 16, 23 & 30—"Under the Linden Tree," a historical series of the Frizel-Welling-Granger-Wilson Home," was written by K. J. H. Cochran. July 7 & 14—A two-part historical series on the Courthouse Square of Jack­ son. Part 1 written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran, Part 2 re-counted by A. W. Roluff, edited and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. July 21—A history of the Jackson Baptist Church on South High Street was written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. July 28—A picture feature, "Jackson Junior Band of 1922." 106 Missouri Historical Review

July 28—The history- of the 1806 " 'Old Bethel' Church," was written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran.

Jackson Pioneer May 26, June 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, July 14 & 21, 1965—A series of biographies of early Jackson area pioneers, written in 1883 and recorded in the Library of Congress as a part of the history- of Southeast Missouri. June 9—A history of Jackson's historic Mill B of the Old Cape County- Milling Company was written by John Hoffman. July 14—Ken Steinhoff presented a brief look at some old burial places of the Jackson area in the article, "They Lived and Died Here."

Jefferson City, News & Tribune May 2, 1965—An article by George Walz, related the history of the 1838 McCarty Hotel, one of the oldest buildings still standing in Jefferson City.

Kansas City Star June 15, 1965—"Clay Countians Rally to Preserve History," by William E. Dye, reported the opening of the Clay County- Historical Museum and future plans for the Museum Association. June 27—A biographical sketch, "J. C. Penney- Alert to Changes," by Joe Lastelic. Juy 14—The story of the last legal Missouri hanging at Galena, in Stone County, May 21, 1937, was written by Paul Stubblefield. July 18—A story of Osceola and prospects for the Kaysinger Dam Reservoir were written by John Alexander in an article entitled, "Historic Osceola Sees Breakers Ahead." July 18—"Thomas Hart Benton and the Buffalo River [Arkansas] Have Been 'Pals' for 40 Years," a biographical sketch by7 John Hellston.

Kansas City Times May 1, 1965—In observance of Law Day, May- 1, R. R. Thomasson related some of the problems of early lawyers and jurists in comparison with legal cases of the modern world. The history of Boone County- courts illustrate the story. May 4—In commemoration of the 50th anniversary- of the Junior College of Kansas City, an article by- Arthur N. Wilkins, "No Campus, No Frills, but High Standards," related the history of the institution. May 22—"Public Will Be Part of'Missouri Town, 1855'," by Al Bohling, was a report on Lake Jacomo, Jackson County's historical spot, opened May 30. May 29—"When Memories Meld With History," by John Edward Hicks, noted the June 12, Flag Day, dedication of an original tombstone of an American Revolutionary^ soldier, Lt. Joseph Boggs, in historic Union Cemetery, Kansas City. Boggs, who died in 1843, was first buried in the old WTestport Cemetery, but was removed later when the cemetery was abandoned. The dedication ceremony was arranged by the Daughters of the American Revolution and the American Legion. A short biography of Boggs was included. June 5—An article by Donald L. Hoffmann, "The Turn of a Key to End an Era," noted the closing of the Railway Exchange Building, once Kansas City's finest hotel, the Midland, opened September, 1888. A brief history of the building and a short biography of the architect, John Wellborn Root, were included. Historical Notes and Comments 107

June 12—"Trails Leading West Now Reach Around World," by Elizabeth Post Windness, related the history of Wells Fargo & Co. and the American Express Company. June 17—"Missouri Capitol Offers Tourist Fine Architecture and Paintings." June 17—A picture story compared street scenes of Kansas City in the 1890s with scenes of today. June 26—A history of the 1883 Gillis Theater Building in Kansas City was related by Calvin Manon in "Tragic Blast Put an End to Fading Opera House." July 7—A biographical sketch of John B. Wornall, Sr., and a history of Wor­ nall mansion, Kansas City, soon to be restored by Jackson County Historical Society, were featured in the article, "Frontier Cabins Gave Way to Gracious Homes," by John Edwards Hicks. July 9—An article by Donald L. Hoffmann, "Students Dig Up Wornall Past," told of preliminary steps for restoration of the John B. Wornall Home In Kansas City. July 22—"When Kansas City Celebrated Slavery's End [January 20, 1865]," by- Calvin Manon. Also included was the article "Why Emancipation Came Later in Missouri and Some Sister States." July 22—The history and description of Kansas City's 1888 Board of Trade Building, "A Classic of the '80s Faces Oblivion," were written by Donald L. Hoffmann. July 30—Mrs. Sam Ray presented a biography of William S. Bent and a description of his Kansas City home in the article, "Sunset Hill House Link to Fur Trade Days."

Marshall, Daily Democrat-News May 1, 8, 11, 22, 24, June 26, 28, 1965—A series on the Saline County Court, by Mrs. John R. Hall. May 29, June 1, July 3, 9, 10, 13, 17, 19, 20, 23, ^—Histories of Saline County churches. June 12, 14, 26, 28, July 3, 9 & 27—A series on the history of Salt Springs Area by A. H. Orr, and biographies of Salt Springs Community families. June 25—Published in this issue was a talk on the history of Fort Osage, given by Mrs. Armin Stoenner, Buckner, at the Flag Day luncheon, June 15, Marshall Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution, in the Old Tavern at Arrow Rock. July 12—U4-H Club Work In Saline Dates Back To 1914 Boys and Girls Clubs," by Donald W. Bailey, Extension Youth Agent. July 20—" Napton Resident of 1832 Praises Greatly Productivity of Locality," edited from an 1832 letter written in the Jonesboro area, now in the possession of Robert J. Younger, Dayton, Ohio.

Poplar Bluff, Daily American Republic January 2, February 6, March 6, April 3, May 1, June 5 and Juy, 1965—A historical series by George R. Loughead, president, Butler County Historical Society, included the following titles: "Some Problems of the New County," "Founding of Poplar Bluff," "A Successfu Pioneer Settler [Thomas R. Davis]," and "The First Butler County Courthouse." 108 Missouri Historical Review

St. Charles Journal May 27, 1965—"Early German Art," by Edna McElhiney Olson.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat May 1-2, 1965—"20 Years After VE Day—A Time To Remember," by- Allan Merritt, recalled St. Louisans' reactions and feelings toward four historic weeks in 1945, beginning with the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 12, the deaths of Hitler and Mussolini, and finally- the surrender of Germany and the end of the War in Europe, May 7. May 2—An account of "The Day They Buried Lincoln," by Marion Lymes, emphasized the part played by St. Louisans in the historic event. May 2—A photograph, taken from the dome of the Old Courthouse, illustrated a large section of downtown St. Louis in 1873. May 8-9—An article commemorating the 81st birthday of former President Harry S. Truman, related some facts about his recent life as a private citizen, the Truman Library in Independence, and some memorable events of the past years. Truman celebrated his birthday May 8 at the Hotel Muehlebach, Kansas City, with a large host of friends, distinguished guests and foreign students represent­ ing 71 countries. Phone calls were received from friends and well-wishers through­ out the nation. May 9—A picture feature was the old Jefferson Theater in St. Louis, as it appeared before becoming the birthplace of the American Legion in May, 1919. May 15-16—"A Look at St. Louis Business in 1848." May 16—A picture feature presented the St. Louis Jockey Club as it looked in the 1890s. June 12-13, July 31-August 1—Two parts of a travel series on the Ozark Frontier Trail by Edward A. Collier. June 13—A picture of Sumner High School, St. Louis, 90 years ago, illustrated a short history of the first secondary school in the United States established for the purpose of training Negro youth. June 20—A picture story of the St. Louis riverfront, "The Changing Scene." June 20—A picture featured St. Louis' "Battle Row," a residential area built in 1841 by the St. Louis Gas Light Company. June 27—A picture feature recalled the May 10, 1899, visit of the U.S.S. Nashville, the first ocean-going warship ever to visit St. Louis. June 29—"History Comes Alive on Riverfront," by Jane Clark, related the National Park Service's visitors guide project at the Old St. Louis Courthouse. July 4—Two early pictures of St. Louis' Lafayette Park and a brief history of the Park were featured in this issue. July 10-11—Ted Schafers presented biographies of William A. McDonnell, banker and civic leader, and James S. McDonnell, chief executive officer of McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, in the article entitled, "McDonnells Top List of St. Louis Builders." July 11—An 1878 photograph of the old Carondelet courthouse, also known as the city hall, illustrated a short history of Carondelet. July 17-18—An article by Ray J. Noonan, "Barney Keeps Right on Going," presented a biography of Bernard F. Dickmann, elected St. Louis' 34th mayor in 1933. The major accomplishments of his administration included the city's anti- smoke ordinance, a civil service amendment to the city- charter, the standard milk Historical Notes and Comments 109 ordinance, the beginning of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, the city's first public housing program, the public defender system, St. Louis' first express­ way and Homer G. Phillips hospital. July 18—The restoration story of the showboat, Goldenrod, by its owner, Frank Pierson, was told by Frank Hunter and Dick Weddle in "The Goldenrod Blooms Again." July 25—A picture taken in 1919 featured the 15 men who laid the foundations for the St. Louis Zoo. July 31-August 1—An article by Bonnie Angelo, "Clark Clifford Advises Third President," presented a short biography of a St. Louis lawyer, now chair­ man of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board. August 1—An 1880 photograph illustrated a short biography of St. Louis benefactor Henry Shaw. August 1—"Where Time Stands Still," by David Brown and Roy Cook, a report on future construction plans for the 1851 Robert Campbell House Museum, St. Louis.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch May 9, 1965—A history of the deposit of Missouri state funds and a review of the question debated at the 1875 Constitutional Convention were excerpts from a report by Attorney General Norman H. Anderson. May 9—An illustrated article by William F. Woo, "Missouri's Only Legal Distillery," described the McCormick Distilling Co., the oldest in this country, located at Weston. A brief history was included. May 9—An editorial on O'Fallon Park, near St. Louis, written by Dickson Terry, reviewed the life of Colonel John O'Fallon, original owner of the land, and told the history of the Park. May 9—"Beneath the Arch," with pictures by Arthur Witman, reported on the progress of St. Louis' Gateway Arch. May 9—A picture story by Robert LaRouche, "Record Flood Hits Hannibal and Quincy." May 16—"Memorial to a Gracious Period," an illustrated article by Richard M. Jones and Arthur Witman, described the restoration and redecoration of the Henri Chatillon-Nicolas DeMenil Mansion in St. Louis. June 6—A brief look at the activities of Eighth Congressional District Repre­ sentative Richard Ichord of Houston, by Wayne Leeman in "Missouri's Flying Congressman." June 13—" [Missouri artist] Thomas Hart Benton's Spirit of 76," by Robert K. Sanford. July 9—A short biography of William L. Hungate, Troy, U.S. Representative from Missouri's Ninth District, was written by James C. Millstone. July 11—An article by E. F. Porter, Jr., noted the 1959 dismantling of and the disappearance of the stones from the Old Rock House, St. Louis, built about 1818 by Manuel Lisa for the storage of furs. July 16—"Two Architects Dismiss Proposal to Rebuild Old Rock House [Manuel Lisa's Warehouse, St. Louis]," by E. F. Porter, Jr. July 16—Elizabeth Freese presented a biography of James L. Miller, prize- winning editor of two weekly Washington, Missouri, newspapers. The winner of many newspaper awards since 1937, the Washington Missourian has won the 110 Missouri Historical Review

Better Newspaper Contest Award as the best Missouri weekly- for general excel­ lence for the last 10 years, and last year the National Editorial Association, Washington, D. C, judged it the best weekly in the United States in circulation of 4000 to 6000. The Missourian was also a 1964 winner of an award for distin­ guished service by the University of Missouri School of Journalism. July 22—A short illustrated article noted the efforts of a 13-man delegation from Monroe County seeking State restoration of Missouri's seven remaining covered bridges. July 23—"Ruins and Weeds Mark Site Of Once-Busy Schumer Springs [a former resort near Perry ville]." July 24—A history of the 186-year-old Soulard public market in St. Louis was written by Dickson Terry. July 25—A history, "Ice Cream—'Make Mine Vanilla,'" by Dickson Terry. July 25—A short illustrated article reported the progress of dismantling London's Church of St. Mary Aldermanbury, a structure designed in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren and partially destroyed in World War II. The stones will.be shipped to Westminster College in Fulton where the church will be rebuilt as a chapel and library in memory of the late Sir Winston Churchill, who delivered his famous "Iron Curtain" speech at the college in 1946.

The Sedalia Democrat May 23, 1965—"Arrow Rock Bypasses 20th Century," a report on the restora­ tion of historic Arrow Rock buildings by^ the Missouri State Park Board. June 27—"Shadow of Great Sedalia Scientist Shrinks Little," a biography of Dr. Walter Dandy, Neurosurgeon, by Hazel Lang.

Shelbyville, Shelby County Herald May 5, 1965—"Historical Society News," by R. T. Neff, featured minutes of the G.A.R. Post No. 102 of Shelbyville, 1895. May 12 & June 9—A two-part list of Civil War soldiers with a short record of each, by R. T. Neff. May 19 & July 28—A two-part report on the Shelby County cemetery- survey- was written by R. T. Neff.

Tarkio Avalanche May 6, 13, 27, June 3, 10, 17, 24, 1965—A continuation of Washington Peck's diary, recorded as he traveled on a wagon train from Canada to the Pacific Coast in 1850. This series records his trip from the Rocky Mountains to California. It was compiled by Dick Altman. July 1, 8, 15, 22, & 29—A series on early Atchison County history by Dick Altman.

Washington Citizen June 13, 1965—A biographical sketch of Edward G. Busch and the Busch family, and a description of their home, "Cedar Grove Farm," west of Washing­ ton, were written by Ralph Gregory. Historical Notes and Comments 111

MISSOURI HISTORICAL DATA IN MAGAZINES Agricultural History, July, 1965: "Missouri Farmers and the New Deal: A Case Study of Farm Policy Formulation on the Local Level," by Henry C. Dethloff. Annals of Iowa, Summer, 1965: "Midwest Indians and Frontier Photography," by John R. Vincent. Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, July, 1965: "Pierre De LaClede and the Chouteaus," by John Francis McDermott; "Charles Kunkel and Louis Moreau Gottschalk," by Ernst C. Krohn; "Karl May: The Wild West Under the German Umlaut," by Ernst A. Stadler; "Elegant Accomplishments; Part II [examples of art-craft pieces produced by young ladies of the past]," by Mrs. Stewart McCormack; "A Study in Philanthropy: Tower Grove Park [St. Louis]," by Theo. V. Brumfield. Chicago Westerners Brand Book, March, 1965: "When the Burlington [Railroad] Crossed the Wide Missouri," by A. M. Rung. Jackson County Historical Society Journal, November, 1964: "Dolls Depict Founders of Westport," by Mrs. George O. Wilson; "John W. Reid, the Forgotten Hero," by William J. Curtis; "Janssen Place (1897-1964)," by Martha Rowe Lawson; "Newspapers, an Important Historical Source," by Donald R. Hale; "Arthur Edward Stilwell." , July, 1965: "My Most Unforgettable Character [Mary Henley Gentry]," by Mary Gentry Shaw; "Early Beginnings of Kansas City," by George Fuller Green; "Alexander Procter, The Sage of Independence [From a memorial address by T. P. Haley, friend and kinsman of the Reverend Procter];" "Adam Long, Pioneer Merchant [Reprinted from an article in the Kansas City Post, November 3, 1907]"; "In Memory of Mary Slover," by Mary Paxton Keeley; "A Panoramic View of the 'Lost' Townships," by Mrs. Greenberry Ragan. Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society Bulletin, May, 1965: "Duley's Mill," by Hugh P. Williamson and Arnold Bedsworth. Kirkwood Historical Review, June, 1965: "A Saga of the Volunteers [Kirkwood Volunteer Fire Company, No. 1]," by O. G. and R. J. Sailer; "The Kirkwood Amphitheater," by Harlan A. Gould. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, July/October, 1963: "The History of Lawrence County's Court Houses," "Bowers Mill Sacked a Century Ago." , July, 1965: "Pierce City Petitions to Secede from the County in 1883," "Old Mt. Vernon Water Tower Razed—Recalls Story of John Hamilton's Spring." Mark Twain Journal, Summer, 1965: "Mark Twain's Visual and Aural Descrip­ tions," by William G. Clark; "Mark Twain's' 1601' Through Fifty Editions," by Martha Anne Turner; "Three Uses of the Arming Scene [Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court]," by- John DeWitt McKee;"Mark Twain: Copied Originality," by Donald Chaput. Midcontinent American Studies Journal, Spring, 1965: "Fifty Years of Race Relations In East St. Louis: The Breaking Down of White Supremacy," by 112 Missouri Histroical Review

Elliott M. Rudwick; "The German Settlement of St. Louis," by- Ernst A. Stadler. Missouri Press News, August, 1965: "Newspaper Project Begins At Arrow Rock Museum." Montana, Magazine of Western History, Summer, 1965: "Dr. [Achilles] Lamme and His Gallant Little ' Yellowstone' [steamboat]," by Charles W. Bryan, Jr.; "Touring the West, Circa 1860 [Samuel Mallory's travels aboard a Missouri River steamboat]," edited by Agnes Wright Spring. Museum Graphic, Summer, 1965: "The Struggle For A Railroad To St. Joseph," by Roy E. Coy; "William A. Ziemendorff," by Bartlett Boder. New York Westerners Brand Book, Vol. 12, No. 2: "The Verdi Pioneers: The West's First Train Robbery," by W. H. Hutchison; "Sailwagons: Navigating the Grassy Sea of the Plains," by W'alter Hart Blumenthal. Ozarks Mountaineer, May-, 1965: "Old Historic Water Mills Give Romance to Ozark County, Missouri;" "Sarcoxie, Old Charming Community-, Soon Stages Yearly- Peony- Week." —, June, 1965: "The Early Days of Isabella, Missouri on Pioneer Trail," by Frances J. Littlejohn. , July, 1965: "Lebanon, Missouri, Home of Thriving Appleby Boat Plant," by Sue Griffith; "Greenfield, Missouri, Proud Possessor of a Century- Old Newspaper," by Alma Jones Laugeson; "83rd Annual Homecoming—Eldorado Springs, Mo., July 19-20-21;" "Delightful Marion- ville—An Old Community- of Charm." , August, 1965:"Miller (Mo.) Celebrates Diamond Jubilee, August 26-27-28," "McDonald County Has Large Historical Society," by Meda Feasel; "The Herald—Golden City's Unusual County Weekly News­ paper," by Alma Jones Laugeson; "Tasope—Aurora's Internationally- Known Photo Engraver," by Harold Hatzfeld; " Lockwood (Mo.) Has Pride in its Many- Civic Accomplishments," by Alma Jones Laugeson. Palimpsest [State Historical Society of Iowa], July, 1965: "Mississippi River Floods," by William J. Petersen. Plaza Magazine [Kansas City], May, 1965: "Daniel Yoacliam's Oak Tree on the Plaza," by Mrs. O. H. Christopher. Westport Historical Quarterly, May, 1965: "Old Westport," by John S. Hough; "Reminiscences of Old Westport," by Susan Carter Gerhart; "(Juantrill's Raid—An Eyewitness Account," by Mrs. R. C. Dix; "A Joseph Orville Shelby Letter;" "The Autobiography of a Westport Pioneer," by Anna E. Charles Krueger, Jr. White River Valley Historical Society Quarterly, Spring, 1965: "The Mills on Spring Creek," by Mary Scott Hair; "Henry Redmond Awbrey—A Biogra­ phy," by Elizabeth Brown; "Taking Down the Stove," by Dorothy Cum- mings; "Missouri Public Schools—1914;" "Names From The Past, Spring, 1890." Historical Notes and Comments 113

IN MEMORIAM

HOMER CROY people contributed to the success of Homer Croy, noted Missouri author, his novels. He drew much of his died May 25, 1965, at his home in New material from his early life in Maryville York City. The son of Amos J. and in the portrayal of his characters and Susan C. (Sewell) Croy, he was born use of background material. Included March 11, 1883, on a farm near Mary­ among his other works were Coney ville. He attended the University of Island, Fancy Lady, Headed for Holly­ Missouri, 1903-1907, as a student in wood, Sixteen Hands, Trigger Marshal, the College of Arts and Sciences. Dur­ Wheels West, Mr. Meek Marches On, ing his student days he worked for Wonderful Neighbor and Corn Country. Walter Williams, then editor of the He traveled 5,000 miles, interviewing Columbia Herald, edited the Savitar, friends and relatives of Jesse James University yearbook, and wrote short while writing his book, Jesse James stories and miscellany for the Kansas Was My Neighbor, published in 1949. City Star. He did not graduate—hav­ He attended the premier of one of his ing failed a course in English. After books, The Lady from Colorado, which leaving the University he worked on was made into an opera and presented the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and later at Central City, Colorado, in 1964. went to New York as an editorial as­ Croy loved his 350-acre Nodaway sistant to Theodore Dreiser, then editor County farm. He once said, "I'd rather of three women's magazines. He con­ live in Maryville than any other town tinued to write in his spare time and in the world, but I have to live in New finally became successful enough to York to keep something in the ice box. give up his job. I really never left Maryville. That's my home and always will be. We're His first literary success was the just 'puttin' up' in New York." The novel, West of the Water Tower, pub­ barn-size mural on his farm depicts lished in 1923. It sold 103,000 copies, the arrival of his parents, who were which at that time made it a best pioneer settlers in Northwest Missouri seller. Jesse L. Lasky, Hollywood in 1867. Croy had it painted on the producer, paid $25,000 for the movie barn in 1944. rights, the highest price Hollywood had ever paid for movie rights for an Croy was the originator of many American novel. Croy wrote several fondly remembered pranks and quaint scenarios for movies starring the late sayings. His letter-writing technique Will Rogers. The first of these was was known to thousands. He used "They Had to See Paris," which he letterheads from everywhere and he adapted from his own best selling novel failed to match his envelope to the of that title. He wrote more books letterhead. His letters were never about Missouri than any other author. dated in the usual manner. The Croy Another of his best sellers was his dates were " Poison Ivy Time," "Apple delightful autobiography, Country Sorting Day," "Exchanging Presents Cured. In this work he referred Day" and many other "days" and humorously to his constant efforts to "times." His signatures were equally- avoid work as he grew up on a Missouri colorful. Acquaintances were startled farm. But his affection for and under­ to receive letters signed "Croy, A Good standing of the Mid-Western farm Force in a Naughty World," "Croy, 114 Missouri Historical Review the Man Who Wants to Live to be 90 director of the Mortgage Bankers As­ and be shot by a jealous husband," sociation of America, president of the or any one of hundreds of similar American Title Association and presi­ signatures. dent of the Missouri Title Association. But Croy once wrote, " I believe that He was a member of Phi Delta Phi kindness is just about the finest thing legal fraternity- and Order of the Coif. in the world. And, it seems to me that He formerly taught at Washington kindness has its roots in understand­ University. ing." Lew Larkin, writing his memories He was the author of Gill on Missouri of Croy in the Kansas City Star, said: Titles, a legal reference work kept He possessed a genuine zest for life and current through supplements; Gill's for people. A hulking figure of a man Missouri Real Estate Forms, and with large but sharply chiseled features, Treatise on Real Property Law, a four- his manner reminded one of a lovable volume work. St. Bernard. He could be serious of Mr. Gill became interested in the mien and thought, but more often than history of St. Louis during his work not wore a wide and engaging grin. He with titles. He was the author of The liked to joke, but his humor was gentle. St. Louis Story and numerous magazine Sarcasm, vitriol and bitter language articles and pamphlets on St. Louis were alien to him." history. He was a member of the State On June 6, 1956, Croy received the Historical Society of Missouri and the honorary Doctor of Literature degree Missouri Historical Society. from the University of Missouri. A On April 18, 1958, at a banquet in charter member of the Missouri Writers' his honor, Mr. Gill received the Guild in 1915, he was guest speaker at "Award of Honor" of the Lawyers the Missouri Writers' Guild day pro­ Association of St. Louis. He is survived gram at the annual Journalism Week at by his wife, Mrs. Peggy Shannon Gill. the University, May 3, 1965. He had been a member of the State Historical IKE N. SKELTON, SR. Society of Missouri since 1943. Ike N. Skelton, Sr., a prominent Croy is survived by his wife, the Lexington, Missouri, attorney and a former Mae Savell, and a daughter, member of the University of Missouri Mrs. Carol Ebert. Board of Curators, died June 9, 1965. Skelton was graduated with an A.B. McCUNE GILL degree from the University of Missouri McCune Gill, Webster Groves, St. in 1924 and an LL.B. degree in 1926. Louis historian and title company At the University he was a member of executive, died June 4 at St. Luke's Phi Beta Kappa, Order of the Coif and Hospital. Member of an old St. Louis Phi Delta Phi legal fraternity. He was family, Mr. Gill was graduated from elected senior class president in 1926. the Washington University School of He served two terms as prosecuting Law in 1904 and joined the Title attorney of Lafayette County. He was Insurance Corporation of St. Louis. a member of the American College of He first served as assistant secretary Trial Lawyers. Active in civic affairs, and then as vice president. He was he served on the board of the Kansas president from January- 1, 1950, to City Area Council of Boy Scouts. January 14, 1958, when he became He is survived by his wife, the former chairman of the board. Miss Caroline Boone, and three sons, He served as president of the St. Isaac N. Skelton, Jr., John Boone Louis Mortgage Bankers Association, Skelton, and James Paul Skelton. Historical Notes and Comments 115

COLEMAN, ARTHUR E., Burley, Idaho: MERRIAM, MARY, Hazelwood: April June 14, 1874-June 26, 1965. 18, 1877-October 11, 1964.

D ALTON, S. P., Jefferson City: PONDROM, MRS. MAE WINTER, Flor­ November 16, 1892-April 26, 1965. issant: August 9, 1888-February 19, Lawyer; Commissioner of State 1965. Supreme Court, 1939-1950; Missouri Supreme Court Judge, 1950-1965; Chief RAND, REV. H. J., Marionville: Justice of Supreme Court, 1956-1958. November 16, 1882-November 9, 1964. DENNIS, D. A., Shreveport, Louisi­ REINEKE, VICKI, St. Charles: Feb­ ana: August 3, 1906-March 18, 1965. ruary 15, 1941-February 5, 1965. ROSENCRANCE, DR. KENNETH L., DENT, TIMMOTHY, Salem: December Triplett: June 23, 1904-January 11, 9, 1947-June 5, 1965. 1965. DIETRICH, FRIEDA, LOS Angeles, California: January 20, 1893-August SCOTT, MRS. DR, Columbia: 29, 1964. August 15, 1885-August 2, 1965. Teacher; first state leader of home DOBSON, GEORGE, Canton: January demonstrations in Missouri, University 29, 1882-November 16, 1964. Extension Service; employee of Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, FRISSELL, COL. HOWARD N., Little Columbia. Rock, Arkansas: July 9, 1895-August 7, 1963. SMITH, W. J., Hannibal: December 21, 1890-September 30, 1963. GALLAGHER, MRS. CARRIE PEACE, Independence: June 22, 1877-Novem- STIFEL, H. O., St. Louis: October 9, ber 29, 1964. 1888-March 14, 1965.

HARDAWAY, MALCOLM VERN, Kim- TREAT, MRS. C. PARKER, SR., mswick: March 29, 1906-January 4, Hannibal: December 29, 1895-March 1965. 3, 1965.

WAGNER, MRS. C. CORWITH, Uni HENTON, MRS. O. M., Billings, versity City: September 15, 1887- Montana: March 21, 1893-April 8, October 27, 1964. 1965. WALKER, EWING, Hattiesburg, Mis­ HRBACEK, JOSEPH M., St. Louis: sissippi: December 16, 1885-February October 29, 1893-March 7, 1965. 1, 1965.

JOHNSON, MRS. H. L. E., Hunting­ WARRICK, DUPUY GOZA, Kansas ton, Pennsylvania: December 5, 1873- City: April 15, 1898-September 2, May 3, 1965. 1964.

JUSTIS, MABEL HOPE, Springfield: WESTRUP, DR. ARTHUR W., Webster May 19, 1886-April 29, 1964. Groves: April 4, 1884-June 18, 1963.

KIRTLEY, J. MARCUS, Independence: WILLIAMS, M. FREEMAN, Eminence: May 1, 1910-September 30, 1964. June 27, 1904-July 16, 1965. Treasurer of Shannon County, 1961-1965; charter LEWIS, MRS. NAOMI SMITH, St. member and vice president of Shannon Louis: January 25, 1885-July 14, 1965. County Historical Society. 116 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK REVIEWS The Lost Cause: The Confederate Exodus to Mexico. By Andrew F. Rolle (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965). 248 pp. Indexed. $5.95. On July 4, 1865, a group of a few hundred men crossed the Rio Grande from Texas to Mexico to begin a new adventure. After four long years of bloody conflict their military efforts to establish a new nation had been brought to naught. Most of these men had been members of the Iron Cavalry Brigade of Missouri commanded by General Joseph 0. Shelby. Refusing to surrender to the victorious Union forces, they now sought shelter in a Mexico which also was embroiled in internecine strife between a landed aristocracy seeking vainly to regain power with the help of direct French intervention and a liberal government headed by the Indian, Benito Juarez. Most of the several thousand ex-Confederates who ultimately followed Shelby and his men into Mexico joined him in support of the French-aristocratic cause headed by Maximilian. They received various inducements from the emperor to settle in the regions under his control where they might make a new beginning in this strange land. This new adventure proved as much a "lost cause" as their effort to establish a Southern Confederacy. Land given the Con­ federates had to be taken away from the Mexican peasant. The latter never gave up in his efforts to regain his lost heritage, and his raids upon Confederate settlements were frequent and disastrous. The withdrawal of the French and the collapse of the Maximilian dream ended the exiles' hopes completely, and finally most of them drifted back to their homes in the South. Professor Rolle, who teaches at Occidental College, has told the exiles' story7 in an interesting fashion. Three Missourians dominate the landscape: Shelby, General Sterling Price, and Governor Thomas C. Reynolds. Unfortunately, in dealing with the back­ ground of these men in Missouri and the Confederate service, a background important to an understanding of their inter-relation­ ships in Mexico, Rolle falls short of doing an adequate job. His Missouri material is full of factual errors and erroneous assumptions. His failure to use Arthur R. Kirkpatrick's fine dissertation on Missouri in the Confederacy and other readily available primary and secondary Missouri source materials accounts for most of these. To cite but a few examples: Sterling Price's background leading to Historical Notes and Comments 117

his stand with the Confederacy is much more complicated than Rolle would lead one to believe as is the Price-Reynolds fued which antedated Price's 1864 raid into Missouri. It is hardly accurate to say that Reynolds had been "governor of a large state." He inherited (as lieutenant-governor) a rather hapless administration- in-exile upon the death of Claiborne Jackson which had little mean­ ing beyond his own person. Nor can Reynolds' suicide in 1887 be attributed to his inability to get ahead politically because of "a Unionist Missouri now dominated by7 his old dueling enemy7, B. Gratz Brown." That phrase completely misinterprets the Mis­ souri of the 1870's and 1880's where many ex-Confederates were doing quite well for themselves politically and Brown himself became a political has-been after 1872. Professor Rolle's picture of a South at the mercy of radicals and carpetbaggers "by 1866" raises questions in this reader's mind. Through most of his narrative Rolle appears to this picture of the South even as the exiles apparently did. Certainly Missouri possessed the vindictive spirit in 1865 and 1866, but the South as a whole did not lose hope of peaceful reconciliation until later. This reviewer also found the book's footnoting sparce and inadequate. Westminster College William E. Parrish

The Pioneer Editor in Missouri. By William H. Lyon (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1965). 202 pp. Index, bibliography. $5.95. Missouri publishers at last are gaining the recognition they deserve for their contributions to the development of their state. In this well-documented and interesting account, William H. Lyon has recalled the frequent problems encountered by the beginners in the 1808-1860 era. Although not the first to reach the western country, the editor did make it possible for readers today to become informed of these difficult days. Starting with Joseph Charless' Missouri Gazette in 1808, Lyon describes the problems in getting sufficient subscribers, adequate advertisers, and timely and dependable transportation service. The need for subsidy through public printing contracts is discussed by Lyon, who notes how this determined the "political and economic destinies of the pioneer editor." Many early-day papers depended entirely on political parties for any degree of success they might achieve. Some editors, such as 118 Missouri Historical Review

James H. Birch of Fayette, admitted that a newspaper was an "indespensable requisite" for any party's success. Thomas Hart Benton could credit the press for his rise to the Senate and Andrew Jackson could be pleased with the support he received from Mis­ souri papers. Debates over political differences at times resulted in "out of court" settlements. "Nearly every editor met the prospect of physical violence at one time or another," Lyon notes. Charless was a favorite target: one man spit in his face, another narrowly missed him with a bullet. Street fights were common yet Lyon notes that "with a religious zeal, the pioneer editor undertook the defense of his party credo." In a study of the ads, Lyon concludes that "no effort was made to induce quantity buying." Patent medicine ads were dominant, with promises of cures for everything. While limitations existed in finding news, the "editors selected and published reading matter" to satisfy the needs of a populace hungry for intelligence. Readers contributed letters in such large numbers that editors had to establish rigid rules to curb these efforts. Although the St. Louis Missouri Republican said it was open "for a candid and fair discussion of issues," it frequently halted debates. "The pioneer editor lived and worked in a world that was competitive, physically hard, combative, and uninstitutionalized, a world that provided only subsistence, and required hard manual labor—a primitive world," Lyon concludes. Lyon, who did the research on the pioneer editor in Missouri for his doctorate degree at the University of Missouri, now is chairman of the Social Science Department at Arizona State Col­ lege. His book provides an excellent contribution to Missouri's newspaper history.

University of Missouri William H. Taft

Five Years a Dragoon and Other Adventures on the Great Plains. By Percival G. Lowe. Introduction and notes by Don Russell (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965). 336 pp. Index, illustrations. $5.95.

Percival G. Lowe (a brother of Prof. T.S.C. Lowe, balloonist of the Army of the Potomac) was a rare type of enlisted man in the pre-Civil War army. Not only did he rapidly advance from private Historical Notes and Comments 119

to first sergeant in one five-year enlistment, but, even more unusual for an enlisted man of that period, he also kept a journal and wrote of his experiences. Upon completion of his enlistment in the First Dragoons, Lowe served for five years as a civilian master of trans­ portation for the army quartermaster of Fort Leavenworth, and finally operated his own freighting company out of Denver. During the Civil War he was again employed as a civilian in the government transportation service, after turning down a commission as a lieutenant colonel. Before the end of the war he returned to private enterprise and, until 1877, operated his own freighting business and contracted to supply the army with beef and mules. Most of Lowe's adventures occurred in Kansas, although there were expedi­ tions into Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah, and brief journeys through Missouri. Lowe's excellent and interesting narrative moves at a smooth, readable pace, except in the chapter pertaining to his trip from Fort Leavenworth to Utah in 1858, when he was in charge of a wagon train with supplies for Colonel Albert S. Johnston's army. Here, Lowe apparently quoted almost verbatim from his journal, which detracts from his otherwise smooth-flowing style. Throughout the book, Lowe is the central character, although the behind-the- scenes drama of historical events is portrayed vividly as famous Indian chiefs, mountain men, and future Civil War generals march across the stage. Nearly sixty junior officers wrhom Lowe encountered, or served with, became generals in either the Union or the Confederate armies. Missouri readers will meet many familiar characters in these pages, not only officers who later acquired nation-wide stature, such as J. E. B. Stuart and A. S. Johnston, but men who saw service on the local scene, such as J. S. Marmaduke, E. A. Carr, S. D. Sturgis, and T. H. Holmes. Lowe was a keen observer and an astute recorder of the events in which he participated, such as the Treaty of Fort Laramie, E. V. Sumner's Cheyenne Campaign, the building of Fort Riley, Kansas at the time of the cholera epidemic, and the Pro- slavery versus Free State struggle in the Kansas war of 1856. Lowe's book was originally published in 1906, however, this new edition is enhanced by a valuable introduction and explanatory notes by Don Russell. In his introduction, Mr. Russell attempts with considerable success to clarify the confusing army brevet rank, and briefly describes the organization of the United States Army between 1848 and 1861. His well-researched and factual footnotes 120 Missouri Historical Review identify places, military figures, and well-known civilians. Five Years a Dragoon is a valuable addition to the library of anyone interested in the history of the American West, the Plains Indians, or the "Old Army."

Southwest Missouri State College Leo E. Huff

Jane Clemens. The Story of Mark Twain's Mother. By Rachel M. Yarble (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1964), 374 pp. Index, bibliography, illustrations. $5.95. Jane Clemens by any count is a delightful book. It is a valuable book for two reasons; because Jane was the mother of Mark Twain, undoubtedly the reason it was written; and because it is the story of a family, a most unusual family, but by the standard of that day, and perhaps ours, a family made up mostly of financial failures. Both Ben Lampton, Jane Clemens' father and his brother, as well as her husband John Clemens tried many things, all of them unsuc­ cessful. Ben Lampton went happily from one enterprise to another, but her husband rather grimly started something new after his last enterprise had failed. After a failure these men usually moved on to greener pastures, and the only thing that made them different from the rickety wagons of tow headed children whom we called movers, who passed our house every spring in my childhood, was that the Lamptons always accompanied their wagons riding fine horses; indeed Jane rode to Missouri in a stylish barouche drawrn by a spirited team. Ben Lampton must have been the most fascinating talker in Tennessee, and this talent Jane inherited, a talent that kept her from being disheartened long after whatever sorrow or hardship had become her lot. This talent she passed on to her son Samuel, who reaped a harvest from it in his lectures. However, she was never partial to her gifted son, as she never forgot that he was her bad boy, indeed had he lived today, he would surely have been considered a juvenile delinquent. In one of her later letters she sums him up quite astutely, "Sam never grew up." As long as she lived she laid it on the line to him when she thought he was not doing right, especially when she thought he was not helping his brother Orion enough, though indeed Sam supported him a good many years. On one count we are glad he paid no attention to his mother's protests; she thought his western writings coarse, though his later works she regarded with pride. Historical Notes and Comments 121

Sam, however, thoroughly appreciated his mother. On one occasion after a lecture at Keokuk, where she was living, he attended a party with the rest of the family. WThen a young boy played a mouth organ, Jane "lifted her skirt ankle high and danced in a cleared space," to the embarrassment of her conventional daughter and daughter-in-law, but to the delight of Sam. She was then 82. Another interest that seemed to come down to Sam from his mother's side of the house, was the interest in inventions. The Lamptons and the Clemens attempted inventing everything from perpetual motion machines on up. Both John Clemens and his son Orion nearly bankrupted their families because of their unsuccessful inventions, and Sam Clemens himself sunk great sums of money into a typesetter. This book is well documented; some of the material, such as family letters, is new. It is highly successful as a biography because it creates a lively portrait of a very lively lady and her family. It presents a more realistic and less eulogistic picture of Mark Twain than most of the flood of books about the famous Missouri author. Columbia, Missouri Mary Paxton Keeley

Lincoln's Attorney General: Edward Bates of Missouri. By Marvin R. Cain (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1965). 361 pp. Index, bibliography. $7.00. The subject of this overdue biography is a lesser light of a period that included such giants as Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Thomas Hart Benton and, of course, the incomparable Abraham Lincoln. Professor Cain demonstrates that even though Edward Bates deserves not the attention accorded a giant, neither should he be treated as a pygmy. Here for the first time is the complete story of Bates. We follow his career as a lawyer, his influence at the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1820, his services as the first Attorney- General for Missouri, his record in the Missouri legislature, and as a congressman. The author emphasizes Bates' national influence on the rising Whig Party and then, after Whiggery and Know Nothingism passed away, his acceptance by and influence in the new Republican Party. At the time Lincoln chose Bates to be his Attorney General the Republic faced its greatest crises. The framers of our constitution 122 Missouri Historical Review developed through compromise an instrument aimed at federation and common defense against a foreign enemy, not to cope with secession, rebellion, and civil war. President Buchanan accurately concluded that there was no constitutional warrant to force a state to remain loyal. Thus the whole burning problem of preservation of the Union awaited his able successor. Lincoln's first act was to swear allegiance to a constitution he must violate for expediency. This dilemma caused him to believe his task "more difficult than that of Washington." Edward Bates of Missouri was caught in the midst of all the stresses and strains upon the Constitution. Bates was ofttimes frustrated, sometimes pragmatic, always loyal to Lincoln. The author presents several serious constitutional problems. Two seem to overshadow all the others and are worthy of special mention. Bates firmly believed a state should determine its own institu­ tions and provide its own police powers; notwithstanding he endorsed the Emancipation Proclamation. He devoutly recognized the Bill of Rights portion of the Constitution; nevertheless he held that the President could suspend operation of the writ of habeas corpus. The author advances the belief that since Lincoln and Bates were weak constitutional lawyers it was less difficult for Lincoln to advance and Bates to sanction Lincoln's methods to suppress the rebellion as a legitimate political goal worth the sacrifice of con­ stitutional precedents. Bates could rationalize a preference for the suppression of habeas corpus over the excesses of martial law by ruthless army officers such as General Benjamin F. Butler. Bates, who once bitterly opposed Jacksonian methods, now seemingly embraced them on the grounds that the chief executive must perserve the existing government at any cost. The book contains a considerable number of human interest episodes which offer relief from some heavy reading. Here for exam­ ple is Bates by Lincoln's side when the bad news of General Irvin McDowell's debacle at First Bull Run came in. Here is the dour father of one son fighting with the Confederate General Sterling Price in Missouri, while in the Union Army serving with much distinction is another son. (In 1906 he became army chief of staff.) Here is a death struggle with Secretary of War Edward Stanton over whether the army, or civil authorities shall prevail. (Stanton won.) In the end a frustrated Bates, disappointed at Lincoln's failure to nominate him to the Supreme Court, resigned from the Historical Notes and Comments 123 cabinet and returned to St. Louis to live out his years in dignity as one who "belongs to a generation that had passed away." The "Diary of Edward Bates, 1859-1866" is a top drawer source book and is constantly cited in the Proliferation of Civil War material, but it is just a single chapter in a period covering half a century in which Bates was an important political figure. Author Cain expertly adds all the other remaining chapters in this splendid book, assuring that Bates will live on in American history as an effective cabinet member of the Lincoln era. Marvin R. Cain an Associate Professor of History and Curator of History in the Museum at Michigan State University earned his Ph.D. degree from the University of Missouri in 1960. Springfield, Missouri John K. Hulston

mu

Tom Turkey Hunting Time Columbia Missourian, April 26, 1965. JEFFERSON CITY (AP)—Hundreds of Missouri hunters headed for the turkey country today to be prepared for the opening of a four-day season at 5 a.m. . . . Tuesday. . . . The torn turkey is legal in 25 counties this year. Three counties—Gasconade, Hickory and Perry—were added to the growing hunting area. Other counties where toms are legal include: Carter, Crawford, Dent, Douglas, Howell, Iron, Jefferson, Madison, Mont­ gomery, Ozark, Phelps, Pulaski, Reynolds, Shannon, Ste. Genevieve, St. Francois, Stone, Taney, Texas, Warren, Washington and Wayne. Some hunters will have to abandon their favorite gunning area this spring. A forest fire Friday burned over 500 acres of the Mark Twain National Forest near Willow Springs, one of the best turkey areas in the state. Sportsmen bagged 377 legal turkeys in a four-day season last year. The top county was Iron where 47 kills were recorded. Close behind was Madison with 45 and Dent County reported 26. Shooting hours daily, Tuesday through Friday, are from 5 a.m. to 12 noon. Only legal weapons are shotguns or longbows. Every kill must be taken to the check station by 4 p.m. of the same day in the county in which it was taken. 124 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK NOTES East Perry County in Missouri, 1965. By E. M. Lottes. (Bro­ chure authorized by Perry County Lutheran Historical Society, Altenburg, and sponsored by Bank of Altenburg.) 18 pp. Not indexed. 25-cent donation to Perry County Lutheran Historical Society.

Dr. Lottes, Altenburg dentist whose hobby is the collection of local history, prepared a series of articles published in the Perry County Republican, Perry ville, in 1964, in connection with the 125th anniversary observance of the Saxon immigration to Perry County, reproduced in this brochure. Historical points of interest in East Perry County are listed in the preface. Illustrations include the Altenburg Highway Historical Marker; a view of the Mississippi River from the bluff at Wittenberg; the Frohna Log Cabin Pioneer Homestead, restored as a Lutheran Saxon Memorial by Concordia Historical Institute, St. Louis; the pipeline suspension bridge at Wittenberg, the Log Cabin College, Altenburg; river front at Wittenberg about 1900; the 1854 Presbyterian Church, Brazeau; and Tower Rock, near Wittenberg. The pictures were supplied by Vernon R. Meyr, C. R. Nennert, Mr. and Mrs. Doyle Lane and Concordia Historical Institute.

Early Barry County. By Addah Longley Matthews, 425 Dunn Street, Monett, Missouri (North Newton, Kansas: Barry County Historical Society, 1965). 334 pp. Not indexed. The Barry County Historical Society has made an important contribution to the local history of the State with the publication of this hard-bound volume written by Addah Longley Matthews, historian of the Society, who was assisted in her extensive research by Mrs. LeRoy Moomaw, assistant historian, and many other Barry County citizens. Presented in a well-organized, abbreviated style, the historical facts were chosen from a wide scope of Barry County life. In addition to the usual subjects treated in county histories, there are chapters on water mills, postoffices, rural mail routes, libraries, parks, factories and industries, and numerous other facets of community life. Biographies and family histories comprise almost one-half the book. The lack of an index in a volume replete with detailed historical items, is a major weakness of the work. The history is dedicated to the Reverend Oscar Higgins, one of the Historical Notes and Comments 125 organizers and first presidents of the Barry County Historical Society, organized in 1956.

The Wonderful City of Kirkwood: 100 Years Young, 1865-1965. (Kirkwood, Missouri: Kirkwood Centennial Association, 139 South Kirkwood Road, 1965), 80 pp.

The eighty-page booklet, issued at the time of the Kirkwood Centennial Celebration, June 19-26, features the past and present of Kirkwood in picture and story. Although Kirkwood was not incorporated until 1865, the site was purchased in 1853 by forty St. Louisans who founded the suburban community. The town was named for James Pugh Kirkwood, chief engineer of the Pacific Railroad. Included in the booklet are brief histories of Kirkwood's churches, schools, hospitals and historic homes. The program of the Kirkwood Centennial Celebration and the text of "The Kirkwood Story," a dramatic production presented at the Kirkwood Athletic Field each evening during the celebration are reproduced. Photo­ graphs of city officers and brief histories of the work of each depart­ ment are included. A photograph of the family of Kirkwood Mayor Robert G. Reim, dressed in centennial costume, and a letter from Mayor Reim provide the introduction to the volume. Featur­ ed on facing pages are the photographs of eight former Kirkwood mayors. A letter from Glen Alspaugh, general chairman of the Centennial, compliments Kirkwood citizens on their efforts to make the celebration meaningful. A listing of more than one hundred projects outlined for "Project 100," launched by Mayor Reim in May, 1964, shows the wide range of accomplishments for community improvement during the past year. Lists of patrons of the Centennial Celebration, memorial gifts and donors, and Centennial Committees conclude the volume. A potpourri of pictures and text, the booklet appropriately com­ memorates the Kirkwood Centennial.

Genealogy, Gall and Nothstine, 1730-1964. By Agnes Nothstine (Muskogee, Oklahoma: Muskogee Draughons College Press, 1965). 144 pp. Index, bibliography. $3.50. The author traces the history of members of the Gall and Nothstine and the related Caldwell, McDonald, Chitwood and Woods families. The environmental background of the Gall family, 126 Missouri Historical Review who emigrated to Franklin County, Missouri, in the early 1800s, is presented in a brief historical sketch. Land grants, wills, deeds, and other historical documents pertaining to various members of the families are reproduced. The genealogical charts, which begin with George Gall, Sr., born in the 1730s, are well-organized. Auto­ biographical sketches of the six living descendants of the Gall- Nothstine family are included. A photograph of the Livingston Gall Home, built 1867-1870 near Newport in Franklin County, is used as the frontispiece.

Manners of the Military Columbia, Weekly Missouri Sentinel, June 24, 1852. A detachment of U. S. Cavalry, commanded by Maj. Sanders, passed through Columbia on Friday morning, from Jefferson Barracks to some post on the Oregon route. They numbered one hundred and sixty. Quite an interesting incident occurred in our street as they were passing through—illustrating that beautiful principle in our government which holds the military in subordination to the civil power. As the troops were entering the town by the eastern terminus of Broadway, the Sunday School Procession was approaching from the west. Both lines meeting near the Presbyterian Church, the troops were ordered by the officer to halt and dismount, while the Sunday School procession filed off to the right and entered the Church. An American officer knows well how to dispense with ease and grace the civilities of a gentleman.

"Off Toward the Regions of Gold" Weston, The Border Times, May 14, 1864. MAJ. J. W. HARDESTY.—an old friend and fellow-citizen of ours, and for several years a successful trader to California, has just started another magnificent train across the plains.—The mules and horses numbered two hundred, and cost some $250 per head. They were in excellent order, and covered with elegant Concord harness, which cost $100 per set.—These splendid animals, with their beautiful caparison, were drawing forty-two wagons, loaded with merchandise,— the whole outfit costing two hundred thousand dollars. It may well be supposed that, as this majestic train moved off towards the regions of gold, it excited the admiration of all beholders, Maj. Hardesty expects to arrive in California about the 15th of July next, with his stock in such fine condition as to be at once ready for the market. HISTORIC MISSOURI COURTHOUSES Massie—Missouri Commerce Cape Girardeau Common Pleas Courthouse The picturesque Common Pleas Courthouse, Cape Girardeau, with its river view portico, weatherbeaten spire and ante bellum charm, is one of two remaining courts of common pleas in Missouri. The central portion of the building, which includes the courtroom, was erected in 1854. Confederate sympathizers were confined in the basement during the Civil War. The Courthouse served as head­ quarters of the 20th Infantry, Illinois Volunteers, during the Union occupation of Cape Girardeau. In 1862 Union soldiers held a Fourth of July dance in the courtroom. The Courthouse was enlarged in 1889 with the addition of a portico, wings, and the spire from the 1838 St. Charles Hotel in Cape Girardeau. After old Academic Hall of Southeast Missouri State Teachers College burned in 1902, classes were held in the Courthouse. In 1959 the building was remodeled and enlarged. In addition to its use as a courthouse, it now serves as a home for the Cape Girardeau County Historical Society Museum and as an office building. The Courthouse stands on land donated by Don Louis Lorimier in 1805 to secure the seat of justice at his trading post after the court of general quarter-sessions of the peace for Cape Girardeau District was organized. In the District there was also established a court of common pleas. On October 1, 1812, Cape Girardeau County was organized. The following year a new seat of justice was established, and the courts of common pleas and quarter-sessions were superseded by a court of common pleas having the jurisdiction of both. From March, 1814, until the following year, court was held at the planta­ tion of Thomas Bull (Bethel Baptist Church, one and one-half miles south of Jackson). In 1814 land was purchased at the site of Jackson for a seat of justice. In 1816 all Missouri common pleas courts were abolished and two circuit courts, located at Jackson and St. Louis, served the entire Territory. The Cape Girardeau County Court was organized at Jackson in 1821. In 1851 a court of common pleas, to have power and jurisdiction within the city and township of Cape Girardeau was organized. In 1853 the jurisdiction was enlarged by legislative act to include Cape Girardeau County. Before 1875 courts of common pleas were established in almost every county in Missouri. Now there are common pleas courts only at Hannibal and Cape Girardeau. The Cape Girardeau Court of Common Pleas is the only one of its kind in Missouri which has probate jurisdiction in addition to general civil jurisdiction. Since January 1, 1961, the judge of the 32nd Judicial Circuit, which includes Cape Girardeau and Bollinger Counties, also serves as judge of the Cape Girardeau Court of Common Pleas. HISTORIC ST. LOUISANS

Frederick Bates

Missouri's second governor, Frederick Bates, is most noted for his accomplishments as a public official at St. Louis. Serving as secretary of Louisiana and Missouri Territories from 1806 until Missouri became a state in 1821, he wielded a great influence in the formative period of Missouri's statehood. As secretary, Bates became acting-governor for almost three years during absences of Governors Meriwether Lewis and Benjamin Howard, 1808-1812. In that position he made official appointments and removals, reorganized the militia, and superintended Indian affairs and trade. He was largely responsible for the revision of the territorial code shortly after his arrival in St. Louis as secretary of the Territory, and in 1808 published a compilation of the laws of Louisiana Terri­ tory, the first book printed in Missouri. Bates also served as recorder of land titles and as a member of the board of land commissioners, 1807-1824, an office complicated by the transfer of territorial ownership, land speculation and mining rights. Born June 23, 1777, in Belmont, Virginia, the eldest son of the large Quaker family of Revolutionary War soldier Thomas Fleming Bates and Caroline Matilda Woodson Bates, Frederick was the brother of Edward Bates, who became Attorney General in President Lincoln's cabinet in 1860. Without receiving a formal education, Frederick Bates studied law while serving as assistant deputy clerk of the Goochland County Court, Virginia, 1795, and postmaster at the courthouse in 1796. Receiving an appointment in the quarter­ master's department of the Army of the Northwest, he went to Detroit in 1797. Here he also served as deputy postmaster from 1802 to 1805; receiver of public moneys in Detroit and Land Com­ missioner, 1804-1806; and associate judge of newly created Michigan Territory, 1805-1806. Bates' experience, integrity and ambition attracted the attention and confidence of President Thomas Jefferson who appointed him to offices in the Louisiana Territory in 1806. In 1824 Bates was elected governor of Missouri. His most noted acts were his vetoing of a bill to prevent dueling, punishable by lashing; and his refusal to receive officially General Lafayette at St. Louis when the Legislature made no appropriations for the visit. Bates died of pleurisy, August 4, 1825, and was buried on the family estate, "Thornhill," near St. Louis. Surviving him was his wife, Nancy Opie Ball, and four children.