DOCSLIB.ORG

Surface Features

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Surface Features Surface Features Valles Marineris, a large canyon on Mars. Solar System 2014 Surface Features Wednesday, April 16, 14 Titan Bright Albedo Features Legendary sacred or enchanted places Dark Albedo Features Legendary primordial seas or enchanted waters Craters and Lakes Earth lakes Fluvial Channels Earth Rivers Other features Deities of happiness, harmony, and peace Solar System Lakes on the North Pole of Titan 2014 Surface Features Wednesday, April 16, 14 Titan Equatorial region Shangri-la Region Xanadu Region Boselunus Lacus Ksa Crater Guabonito Crater South Pole Solar System 2014 Surface Features Wednesday, April 16, 14 Enceladus Cities from R.F. Burton’s translation of The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Tiger Stipes Night Characters from R.F. Burton’s translation of The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Craters Night Planitiae, Dorsa, Sulci, Locations from R.F. Burton’s translation of The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Fossae Night Tiger Stripes Shahrazhad Al-Haddar Baghdad Sulcus Alexandria Sulcus Cairo Sulcus Damascus Sulcus X South Pole Solar System Dunzayad 2014 Surface Features Wednesday, April 16, 14 Enceladus Hamah Sulci Ebony Dorsa Cufa Dorsa Labtayt Sulci Samarkand Sulci Saraband Planitia Solar System 2014 Surface Features Wednesday, April 16, 14 Mars Large Craters Deceased writers and scientists who contributed to understanding of Mars Small Craters World Villages with population less than 100,000 Large Valles Names for Mars in different languages Small Valles Historical or modern words for rivers North Pole South Pole Planum Boreum Planum Australe Vastitus Borealis Promethei Rupes Lingula Tenuis Chasma Boreal Solar System 2014 Surface Features Wednesday, April 16, 14 Mars Olympus Mons Valles Marineris Olympus Mons Arabia Terra North Polar Hood Solar System 2014 Margaritifer Terra South Polar Cap Hellas Basin Surface Features Wednesday, April 16, 14 Iapetus Craters Characters from Dorothy L Sayers’s translation of The Song of Roland Montes Locations from Dorothy L Sayers’s translation of The Song of Roland Terra Locations from Dorothy L Sayers’s translation of The Song of Roland Roncevaux Terra (Northern lighter hemisphere) Cassini Regio (Darker hemisphere) Engelier Gerin Solar System Falsaron Saragossa Terra (Southern lighter hemisphere) 2014 Turgis Surface Features Wednesday, April 16, 14 Europa Chaos Locations described in Celtic Mythology. Craters Gods and Heroes of Celtic Mythology. Flexūs Locations described in the Europa Myth of Celtic Mythology. Lentiulae Gods and Heroes of Celtic Mythology. Lineae People described in the Europa Myth of Celtic Mythology. Maculae Locations described in the Europa Myth of Celtic Mythology. Regiones Locations described in Celtic Mythology. Ringed Features Celtic Stone Circles Solar System 2014 Thera & Thrace Macula Surface Features Wednesday, April 16, 14 Callanish Crater Europa Domes Pwyll Crater Tyre Crater Hills Ridges Cycloids Conamara Chaos Solar System 2014 Surface Features Wednesday, April 16, 14 Triton Cavi Mythical Water spirits Craters Gods and beasts of the sea from different world cultures Fossae Sacred Bodies of Water from different world cultures Sulci Sacred Rivers from different world cultures Cantelope Terrain Slidr Sulci Tuonela Planitia Tano Sulci Ruach Solar System Planitia 2014 Surface Features Wednesday, April 16, 14 Sources http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/ http://www.marsjournal.org/contents/2006/0001/files/kolb_mars_2006_0001.pdf http://astroprofspage.com/archives/1482 http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/49027426.html http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Feb01/EuropaGeology.html Image Sources http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/cassini/20110317/pia12811-43.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Titan_2009-01_ISS_polar_maps.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mars_NPArea-PIA00161_modest.jpg/1024px-Mars_NPArea-PIA00161_modest.jpg http://prancer.physics.louisville.edu/astrowiki/images/4/49/MarsSouthPole_USGS.jpg http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/555/overrides/mars-volcano-eruptions-could-have-brought-water_55587_600x450.jpg http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kQ5ntU5H4B4/UXVI6gV4fII/AAAAAAAABIw/tWphSsCM5gI/s1600/Hellas-Marte.jpg\ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/oconnell/astr121/marsImages.html http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Iapetus http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0603/enceladus_cassini_PIA07800c16.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Enceladus_Dunyazad_Shahrazad.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b4/EN003_Enceladus_Mosaic.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EN003_Degraded_Craters_on_Enceladus.jpg http://www.holoscience.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/Europa-cycloids.jpg http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA00588.jpg http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/?IDNumber=PIA00586 http://explanet.info/images/Ch09/09_16.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIA01537_modest.jpg http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA02099 http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/europa/conamara.cfm http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00875 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/EN003_Samarkand_Sulci.jpg/768px-EN003_Samarkand_Sulci.jpg Solar System 2014 Surface Features Wednesday, April 16, 14.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Annualreport2005 Web.Pdf
    Vision Statement The Space Science Institute is a thriving center of talented, entrepreneurial scientists, educators, and other professionals who make outstanding contributions to humankind’s understanding and appreciation of planet Earth, the Solar System, the galaxy, and beyond. 2 | Space Science Institute | Annual Report 2005 From Our Director Excite. Explore. Discover. These words aptly describe what we do in the research realm as well as in education. In fact, they defi ne the essence of our mission. Our mission is facilitated by a unique blend of on- and off-site researchers coupled with an extensive portfolio of education and public outreach (EPO) projects. This past year has seen SSI grow from $4.1M to over $4.3M in grants, an increase of nearly 6%. We now have over fi fty full and part-time staff. SSI’s support comes mostly from NASA and the National Sci- ence Foundation. Our Board of Directors now numbers eight. Their guidance and vision—along with that of senior management—have created an environment that continues to draw world-class scientists to the Institute and allows us to develop educa- tion and outreach programs that benefi t millions of people worldwide. SSI has a robust scientifi c research program that includes robotic missions such as the Mars Exploration Rovers, fl ight missions such as Cassini and the Spitzer Space Telescope, Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and ground-based programs. Dr. Tom McCord joined the Institute in 2005 as a Senior Research Scientist. He directs the Bear Fight Center, a 3,000 square-foot research and meeting facility in Washington state.
    [Show full text]
  • Reddy Saturn's Small Wonders Astronomy 46 No 03 (2018)-1.Pdf
    Saturn’s small wonders Usually known for its rings, the Saturn system is also home to some of our solar system’s most intriguing moons. by Francis Reddy Above: NASA’s Cassini mission took images as the spacecraft approached ye candy is not in short supply at Saturn. and Calypso orbit along with Tethys — an (left) and departed (right) For visitors who tire of watching the plan- arrangement thus far unseen among any other Saturn’s moon Phoebe et’s stormy atmosphere or gazing into the moons in the solar system. during its only close flyby of the satellite. Cassini solar system’s most beautiful and complex And this is just for starters. “The Saturn sys- passed just 1,285 miles ring system, there's always the giant satel- tem is full of surprises,” says Paul Schenk, a plan- (2,068 km) above the lite Titan to explore. This colossal moon etary geologist at the Lunar and Planetary surface on June 11, 2004. is bigger than Mercury and sports a hazy Institute in Houston. There’s a satellite that likely Phoebe is thought to be a centaur that might have orange atmosphere denser than Earth’s, originated in the Kuiper Belt, the storehouse of become a Jupiter-family producing methane rains that flow across icy bodies beyond Neptune’s orbit; a piebald comet, had Saturn not Titan’s icy landscape and pool into vast lakes. moon nearly encircled by an equatorial ridge captured it. NASA/JPL-CALTECH But look again. Even Saturn’s small moons containing some of the tallest mountains in the display some unusual dynamic relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Mission Science Highlights and Science Objectives Assessment
    CASSINI FINAL MISSION REPORT 2019 1 MISSION SCIENCE HIGHLIGHTS AND SCIENCE OBJECTIVES ASSESSMENT Cassini-Huygens, humanity’s most distant planetary orbiter and probe to date, provided the first in- depth, close up study of Saturn, its magnificent rings and unique moons, including Titan and Enceladus, and its giant magnetosphere. Discoveries from the Cassini-Huygens mission revolutionized our understanding of the Saturn system and fundamentally altered many of our concepts of where life might be found in our solar system and beyond. Cassini-Huygens arrived at Saturn in 2004, dropped the parachuted probe named Huygens to study the atmosphere and surface of Saturn’s planet-sized moon Titan, and orbited Saturn for the next 13 years making remarkable discoveries. When it was running low on fuel, the Cassini orbiter was programmed to vaporize in Saturn’s atmosphere in 2017 to protect the ocean worlds, Enceladus and Titan, where it discovered potential habitats for life. CASSINI FINAL MISSION REPORT 2019 2 CONTENTS MISSION SCIENCE HIGHLIGHTS AND SCIENCE OBJECTIVES ASSESSMENT ........................................................ 1 Executive Summary................................................................................................................................................ 5 Origin of the Cassini Mission ....................................................................................................................... 5 Instrument Teams and Interdisciplinary Investigations ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 1455189355674.Pdf
    THE STORYTeller’S THESAURUS FANTASY, HISTORY, AND HORROR JAMES M. WARD AND ANNE K. BROWN Cover by: Peter Bradley LEGAL PAGE: Every effort has been made not to make use of proprietary or copyrighted materi- al. Any mention of actual commercial products in this book does not constitute an endorsement. www.trolllord.com www.chenaultandgraypublishing.com Email:[email protected] Printed in U.S.A © 2013 Chenault & Gray Publishing, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Storyteller’s Thesaurus Trademark of Cheanult & Gray Publishing. All Rights Reserved. Chenault & Gray Publishing, Troll Lord Games logos are Trademark of Chenault & Gray Publishing. All Rights Reserved. TABLE OF CONTENTS THE STORYTeller’S THESAURUS 1 FANTASY, HISTORY, AND HORROR 1 JAMES M. WARD AND ANNE K. BROWN 1 INTRODUCTION 8 WHAT MAKES THIS BOOK DIFFERENT 8 THE STORYTeller’s RESPONSIBILITY: RESEARCH 9 WHAT THIS BOOK DOES NOT CONTAIN 9 A WHISPER OF ENCOURAGEMENT 10 CHAPTER 1: CHARACTER BUILDING 11 GENDER 11 AGE 11 PHYSICAL AttRIBUTES 11 SIZE AND BODY TYPE 11 FACIAL FEATURES 12 HAIR 13 SPECIES 13 PERSONALITY 14 PHOBIAS 15 OCCUPATIONS 17 ADVENTURERS 17 CIVILIANS 18 ORGANIZATIONS 21 CHAPTER 2: CLOTHING 22 STYLES OF DRESS 22 CLOTHING PIECES 22 CLOTHING CONSTRUCTION 24 CHAPTER 3: ARCHITECTURE AND PROPERTY 25 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES AND ELEMENTS 25 BUILDING MATERIALS 26 PROPERTY TYPES 26 SPECIALTY ANATOMY 29 CHAPTER 4: FURNISHINGS 30 CHAPTER 5: EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS 31 ADVENTurer’S GEAR 31 GENERAL EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS 31 2 THE STORYTeller’s Thesaurus KITCHEN EQUIPMENT 35 LINENS 36 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
    [Show full text]
  • Cassini Mission Science Report – ISS
    Volume 1: Cassini Mission Science Report – ISS Carolyn Porco, Robert West, John Barbara, Nicolas Cooper, Anthony Del Genio, Tilmann Denk, Luke Dones, Michael Evans, Matthew Hedman, Paul Helfenstein, Andrew Ingersoll, Robert Jacobson, Alfred McEwen, Carl Murray, Jason Perry, Thomas Roatsch, Peter Thomas, Matthew Tiscareno, Elizabeth Turtle Table of Contents Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1 ISS Instrument Summary …………………………………………………………………………… 2 2 Key Objectives for ISS Instrument ……………………………………………………………… 4 3 ISS Science Assessment …………………………………………………………………………….. 6 4 ISS Saturn System Science Results …………………………………………………………….. 9 4.1 Titan ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 9 4.2 Enceladus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 4 3 Main Icy Satellites ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16 4.4 Satellite Orbits & Orbital Evolution…………………………………………………….……………………. 21 4.5 Small Satellites ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22 4.6 Phoebe and the Irregular Satellites ………………………………………………………………………… 23 4.7 Saturn ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 25 4.8 Rings ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28 4.9 Open Questions for Saturn System Science ……………………………………………………………… 33 5 ISS Non-Saturn Science Results …………………………………………………………………. 41 5.1 Jupiter Atmosphere and Rings………………………………………………………………………………… 41 5.2 Jupiter/Exoplanet Studies ………………………………………………………………………………………. 43 5.3 Jupiter Satellites………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43 5.4 Open Questions for Non-Saturn Science ………………………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Typical Spacecraft Contents
    Appendix A: Typical Spacecraft This appendix contains descriptions and images of a dozen spacecraft selected from the many that are currently operating in interplanetary space or have successfully completed their missions, plus one that is now preparing for launch. Included is at least one representative of each of the eight spacecraft classifications described in Chapter 7 (see page 243). The scheme of limiting coverage of each spacecraft to a two-page spread in this appendix allows the reader to easily compare the various craft, their specifications, their missions, and their classifications, but it does not allow room to list all of a spacecraft’s activities, discoveries and questions raised; indeed entire books can and have been written on each. Complete profiles of these and other spacecraft are, how- ever, readily available at a single web site: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary. Contents: Spacecraft Classification Page Voyager Flyby 294 New Horizons Flyby 296 Spitzer Observatory 298 Chandra Observatory 300 Galileo Orbiter 302 Cassini Orbiter 304 Messenger Orbiter 306 Huygens Atmospheric 308 Phoenix Lander 310 Mars Science Laboratory Rover (launch: 2009) 312 Deep Impact Penetrator 314 Deep Space 1 Engineering 316 294 Appendix A: Typical Spacecraft The Voyager Spacecraft Fig. A.1. Each Voyager spacecraft measures about 8.5 meters from the end of the science boom across the spacecraft to the end of the RTG boom. The magnetometer boom is 13 meters long. Courtesy NASA/JPL. Classification: Flyby spacecraft Mission: Encounter giant outer planets and explore heliosphere Named: For their journeys Summary: The two similar spacecraft flew by Jupiter and Saturn.
    [Show full text]
  • NI\S/\ 1111111111111 IIII 11111 11111 I1I1I I1II1 I1II 1111 NF00989 NASA Technical Memorandum 86147
    NASA-TM-8614719840025249 NASA Technical Memorandum 86147 A Geographic Comparison of Selected Large-Scale Planetary Surface Features Stephen Paul Meszaros JANUARY 1985 LIBRARY COpy : \ '1 '.: » .LANGLEY RESEARCLl CENTER LIBRARY, NASA HAMPTON, VIRGINIA NI\S/\ 1111111111111 IIII 11111 11111 I1I1I I1II1 I1II 1111 NF00989 NASA Technical Memorandum 86147 A Geographic Comparison of Selected Large-Scale Planetary Surface Features Stephen Paul Meszaros Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland NI\SI\ National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1985 This Page Intentionally left Blank ABSTRACT This publication is a compilation of photographic and cartographic comparisons of large, well­ known geographical features on planets and moons in the solar system. Included are structures caused by impacts, volcanism, tectonics, and other natural forces. Each feature is discussed individually and then those of similar origin are compared at the same scale. 1Il This Page Intentionally left Blank CONTENTS Abstract. iii Introduction .................................................................... Global Planetary Comparisons. 2 Part I: Impact Features. 5 The Cal oris Basin..... 6 The Orientale Basin.............................................................. 8 Mare Imbrium................................................................... 10 The Hellas and Argyre Basins. 12 Valhalla and Asgard.. 14 Galileo Regio. 16 Mimas and Tethys. 18 Crater Comparisons. 20 Impact Basins Compared.........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Formation of Iapetusl Extreme Albedo Dichotomy by Exogenically
    REPORTS vealing peak dark- and bright-terrain temper- atures of 129 and 113 K, respectively. Thermal model fits to these temperatures, using thermal Formation of Iapetus’ Extreme Albedo inertias from (22), yield dark- and bright-terrain albedos of 0.04 and 0.39, respectively. The bright-terrain albedo is substantially higher than Dichotomy by Exogenically Triggered the 0.31 value determined from the FP1 data (which have lower spatial resolution), probably Thermal Ice Migration because those data included some dark terrain within the bright-terrain measurements. 1 2 John R. Spencer * and Tilmann Denk Diurnal thermal models, constrained by mea- sured thermal inertias and albedos (22), yield di- ’ The extreme albedo asymmetry of Saturn s moon Iapetus, which is about 10 times as bright on urnally averaged upward H2O sublimation rates its trailing hemisphere as on its leading hemisphere, has been an enigma for three centuries. for the icy saturnian satellites (Fig. 2A), using the Deposition of exogenic dark material on the leading side has been proposed as a cause, but this known vapor pressure dependence on tempera- alone cannot explain the global shape, sharpness, and complexity of the transition between ture (24). Iapetus’ long rotation period (79 days) Iapetus’ bright and dark terrain. We demonstrate that all these characteristics, and the asymmetry’s yields substantially higher daytime temperatures large amplitude, can be plausibly explained by runaway global thermal migration of water ice, for a given albedo than on the other saturnian triggered by the deposition of dark material on the leading hemisphere. This mechanism is unique satellites, because there is more time for temper- to Iapetus among the saturnian satellites because its slow rotation produces unusually high atures to equilibrate with sunlight and a smaller daytime temperatures and water ice sublimation rates for a given albedo.
    [Show full text]
  • Final KISS ISM Report
    SCIENCE AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE EXPLORATION OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM Image Credit: Charles Carter / Keck Institute for Space Studies Study report prepared for the Keck Institute for Space Studies Opening workshop: September 8–11, 2014 Web-link: http://www.kiss.caltech.edu/study/science/index.html Closing workshop: January 13–15, 2015 Web-link: http://www.kiss.caltech.edu/study/scienceII/index.html Study Co-leads: Edward Stone (Caltech), Leon Alkalai (JPL), Louis Friedman (The Planetary Society) Study Members: Nitin Arora (JPL), Manan Arya (Caltech), Nathan Barnes (L. Garde Inc.), Travis Brashears (UC Santa Barbara), Mike Brown (Caltech), Paul Wilson Cauley (Wesleyan University), Robert J. Cesarone (JPL), Freeman Dyson (Institute for Advanced Study), Darren Garber (NXTRAC), Paul Goldsmith (JPL), Mae Jemison (100 Year Starship), Les Johnson (NASA-MSFC), Paulett Liewer (JPL), Philip Lubin (UC Santa Barbara), Claudio Maccone (IAA), Jared Males (University of Arizona), Kyle McDonough (UC Santa Barbara), Ralph L. McNutt, Jr. (JHU/APL), Richard Mewaldt (Caltech), Adam Michael (Boston University), Edward Montgomery (Space and Missile Defense Command), Merav Opher (Boston University), Elena Provornikova (Catholic University of America), Jamie Rankin (Caltech), Seth Redfield (Wesleyan University), Michael Shao (JPL), Robert Shotwell (JPL), Nathan Strange (JPL), Thomas Svitek (Stellar Exploration, Inc.), Mark Swain (JPL), Slava Turyshev (JPL), Michael Werner (JPL), Gary Zank (University of Alabama) i Participants in the 2nd KISS Workshop on “The Science and Enabling Technologies for the Exploration of the Interstellar Medium (ISM)” at the KISS facilities, California Institute of Technology, January 13-15, 2015. Workshop participants (some of the named participants below are not in the photo): Nitin Arora (JPL), Manan Arya (Caltech), Nathan Barnes (L.
    [Show full text]
  • DGG-2011-Komprimiert.Pdf
    Institut fur¨ Geophysik und Meteorologie Universit¨at zu K¨oln 71. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft gemeinsam mit der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Extraterrestrische Forschung und dem Fachverband Extraterrestrische Physik der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft 21.–24. Februar 2011 in K¨oln Inhaltsverzeichnis Einladung zur Mitgliederversammlung vii Tagesordnung . ............................ vii Tagungsorganisation ix Veranstalter . ............................ ix Ausrichter . ............................ ix Universität zu Köln . ........................ ix Eventmanagement . ........................ ix Tagungsbüro vor Ort . ......................... ix Organisationsteam und Ansprechpartner ................... x Allgemeine Hinweise xi Tagungsort und Tagungsbüro . ..................... xi Tagungsgebühren ............................ xi Anmeldung zur Tagung .......................... xi Anmeldung von Vorträgen und Postern ................... xi Weitere organisatorische Informationen . ................ xii Anreise / Unterkünfte ......................... xii Kinderbetreuung . ......................... xii Zuschüsse für Studierende ........................ xii Tagungsband ............................. xii Begrüßungsabend ........................... xii Geselliger Abend . ........................ xii Hinweise zur Anmeldung von Vorträgen und Postern .............. xiii Vorträge ............................... xiii Poster . .............................. xiii Zusammenfassungen .......................... xiii Tagungsprogramm
    [Show full text]
  • Saturn's Icy Satellites Investigated by Cassini-VIMS. IV. Daytime
    Saturn's icy satellites investigated by Cassini - VIMS. IV. Daytime temperature maps Gianrico Filacchionea,∗, Emiliano D'Aversaa, Fabrizio Capaccionia, Roger N. Clarkb, Dale P. Cruikshankc, Mauro Ciarnielloa, Priscilla Cerronia, Giancarlo Belluccia, Robert H. Brownd, Bonnie J. Burattie, Phillip D. Nicholsonf, Ralf Jaumanng, Thomas B. McCordh, Christophe Sotine, Katrin Stephang, Cristina M. Dalle Orec aINAF-IAPS, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Area di Ricerca di Tor Vergata, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133, Rome, Italy bPSI Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA cNASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA dLunar and Planetary Laboratory and Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA eJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Groove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA fCornell University, Astronomy Department, 418 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA gInstitute for Planetary Exploration, DLR, Rutherfordstaße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany hThe Bear Fight Institute, Winthrop, WA 98862, USA Abstract The spectral position of the 3.6 µm continuum peak measured on Cassini-VIMS I/F spectra is used as a marker to infer the temperature of the regolith particles covering the surfaces of Saturn's icy satellites. This feature is characterizing the crystalline water ice spectrum which is the dominant compositional endmember of the satellites' surfaces. Laboratory measurements indicate that the position of the 3.6 µm peak of pure water ice is temperature-dependent, shifting towards shorter wavelengths when the sample is cooled, from about 3.65 µm at T=123 K to about 3.55 µm at T=88 K. A similar method was already applied to VIMS Saturn's rings mosaics to retrieve ring particles temperature (Filacchione et al., 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Photochemistry Vs. Radiation Chemistry of Interstellar Ices Chris
    Extraterrestrial Prebiotic Molecules: Photochemistry vs. Radiation Chemistry of Interstellar Ices Chris R. Arumainayagam, Robin T. Garrod, Michael Boyer, Aurland Hay, Si Tong Bao, Jyoti Campbell, Amy Wang, Chris M. Nowak, Michael R. Arumainayagam, and Peter J. Hodge In 2016, unambiguous evidence for the presence of the amino acid glycine, an important prebiotic molecule, was deduced based on in situ mass-spectral studies of the coma surrounding cometary ice. This finding is significant because comets are thought to have preserved the icy grains originally found in the interstellar medium prior to solar system formation. Energetic processing of cosmic ices via photochemistry and radiation chemistry is thought to be the dominant mechanism for the extraterrestrial synthesis of prebiotic molecules. Radiation chemistry is defined as the “study of the chemical changes produced by the absorption of radiation of sufficiently high energy to produce ionization.” Ionizing radiation in cosmic chemistry includes high-energy particles (e.g., cosmic rays) and high-energy photons (e.g., extreme-UV). In contrast, photochemistry is defined as chemical processes initiated by photon-induced electronic excitation not involving ionization. Vacuum-UV (6.2 –12.4 eV) light may, in addition to photochemistry, initiate radiation chemistry because the threshold for producing secondary electrons is lower in the condensed phase than in the gas phase. Unique to radiation chemistry are four phenomena: (1) production of a cascade of low-energy (< 20 eV) secondary electrons which are thought to be the dominant driving force for radiation chemistry, (2) reactions initiated by cations, (3) non-uniform distribution of reaction intermediates, and (4) non-selective chemistry leading to the production of multiple reaction products.
    [Show full text]