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Of Selected Cold-Blooded Vertebrates – Systematics, Taxonomy, Morphology

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Of Selected Cold-Blooded Vertebrates – Systematics, Taxonomy, Morphology MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY PARASITIC NEMATODES (N EMATODA ) OF SELECTED COLD -BLOODED VERTEBRATES – SYSTEMATICS , TAXONOMY , MORPHOLOGY ŠÁRKA MAŠOVÁ SUMMARY OF PH.D. T HESIS BRNO , 2014 PH.D. THESIS: Mašová Š, 2013: Parasitic nematodes (Nematoda) of selected cold-blooded vertebrates – systematics, taxonomy, morphology. Ph.D. Thesis, in English – 215 pp., Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. SUPERVISOR : prof. Ing. Vlastimil Baruš, DrSc. Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic REVIEWERS : Dr. David González-Solís El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad Chetumal Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico RNDr. Marta Špakulová, DrSc. Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia rd PH.D. THESIS DEFENCE : 23 July 2014, 10 a.m., Large meeting room 432, Pavilion A17, University Campus Bohunice, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno - Bohunice, Czech Republic. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................3 2. AIMS OF THE THESIS .....................................................................................................4 3. STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS........................................................................................4 4. SUMMARY OF RESULTS................................................................................................5 5. CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................................................8 6. REFERENCES....................................................................................................................8 7. CURRICULUM VITAE .....................................................................................................9 1. INTRODUCTION Nematoda commonly named roundworms, eelworms or threadworms (from the Greek word for thread -nema = νήµα ) are one of the most widespread groups of animals (SCHMIDT -RHAESA 2014). They are recognized as the second largest phylum. They are triploblastic, unsegmented worms without a true coelom (KENT 2004). They possess a pseudocoelom. Nematoda is an ancient group of organisms, demonstrating true biological progress, manifested by a high level of taxonomic diversification, intensive speciation, diversity of life cycles and life strategies, trophic specialization and the occupation of various habitats (WEBSTER et al. 2008). ZHANG (2011) mentions three classes, three subclasses, 31 orders, 267 families, and 2829 genera of nematodes. Up to now, 25,043 species (including 10 fossil species) have been described according to ZHANG (2013), who updated data using Thomson Reuters' Zoological Record ® database (Fig. 1). In April 2014 the total number of described nematode species was 26,567 according to Thomson Reuters' Index to organism names . SCHMIDT -RHAESA (2014) states, that about 27,000 species are currently described, but this number is only a fraction of the real nematode diversity. ANDERSON (2000) estimates at least 40,000 species else further exist. About 33% of all the nematode genera which have been described occur as parasites of vertebrates (ANDERSON 1984). Cold-blooded vertebrates are hosts of very interesting and important nematode parasites. They can infect any part of the host body, including the body cavity, most of the internal organs, deep layers of the skin or fins, and external muscle layers as adults or as larvae (MOLNÁR et al . 2006, YANONG 2002, MORAVEC 2013). Nematodes may cause all sorts of health problems and economic losses (losses in cultures and breedings) (MORAVEC 2013). Nematodes occurring in reptiles and fishes have often indirect life cycle, they utilize intermediate and/or paratenic hosts in transmission (ANDERSON 2000). The ancestors of fish nematode parasites originated in early terrestrial vertebrates and transferred later to fish after they had acquired heteroxeny and paratenesis (ANDERSON 1984, 1988, 2000). The discovery of phylogenetic relationships or occasionally species determination, is possible through comparison of different taxa from the aspect of "integrative taxonomy". This brings approaches of study from multiple and complementary perspectives, utilising various methodologies like e. g. classical morphology and molecular biology (THOMAS et al . 1997, FONSECA et al . 2008). I have studied selected nematode species from Africa (Senegal, Kenya and Sudan). This material utilized, was collected by me or my colleagues. I have paid attention primarily to the nematode morphology and increasing the knowledge of their diversity in Africa. The present thesis has two main topics: nematodes of fish and reptiles from the viewpoint of morphological analyses and detailed descriptions. It is divided into ten chapter including two appendices. The "Summary of results" chapter is a collection of publications relating to the thesis topics. 3 2. AIMS OF THE THESIS The general aim of this thesis was to investigate parasitic nematodes of cold-blooded vertebrates from the Afrotropical realm. Thesis sub-aims: • to study and describe in detail the morphology of selected taxa using various methods of light and scanning electron microscopy • to differentiate and characterise selected nematodes using molecular techniques • to add to the knowledge of the morphometric variability of selected taxa • to make detailed redescriptions of selected nematode morphospecies • to identify features with species value and compile determination keys of selected nematodes 3. STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS The thesis is presented as a set of seven manuscripts (Papers I–VII), six published and one submitted to a peer review in scientific journals: Paper I Moravec František, Jirk ů Miloslav, Charo-Karisa Harrison, Mašová Šárka (2009): Mexiconema africanum sp. n. (Nematoda: Daniconematidae) from the catfish Auchenoglanis occidentalis from Lake Turkana, Kenya. Parasitology Research , 105, 1047-1052. Paper II Mašová, Šárka , Moravec, František, Baruš, Vlastimil, Seifertová, Mária (2010): Redescription, systematic status and molecular characterization of Multicaecum heterotis Petter, Vassiliadès et Marchand, 1979 (Nematoda: Heterocheilidae), an intestinal parasite of Heterotis niloticus (Osteichthyes: Arapaimidae) in Africa. Folia Parasitologica , 57, 280-288. Paper III Mašová, Šárka (2012): Structure of the cephalic end and eggs of female Cithariniella khalili Petter, Vassiliadès et Troncy, 1972 (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae), a parasite of African fishes . Helminthologia , 49, 115-118. Paper IV Mašová Šárka , Baruš Vlastimil, Moravec František (2011): New morphological data on the first-stage larvae of two Procamallanus species (Nematoda: Camallanidae) based on SEM studies. Folia parasitologica , 58, 318-321. Paper V Mašová Šárka , Baruš Vlastimil, Hodová Iveta, Mat ějusová Iveta, Koubek Petr, Koubková Božena (2008): Morphometric and molecular characterization of Parapharyngodon echinatus (Nematoda, Pharyngodonidae) from the Senegal gecko ( Tarentola parvicarinata ). Acta Parasitologica , 53, 274-283. Paper VI Mašová Šárka , Baruš Vlastimil, Hodová Iveta, Koubek Petr, Koubková Božena (2009): Redescription of Parapharyngodon micipsae (Seurat 1917) (Nematoda Pharyngodonidae) from the new host Tarentola parvicarinata Joger 1980 (Squamata Gekkonidae). Tropical Zoology , 22, 243-255. 4 Paper VII Mašová Šárka , Baruš Vlastimil, Seifertová Mária, Malala John, Jirk ů Miloslav (2014): Redescription and molecular characterisation of Dujardinascaris madagascariensis and a note to D. dujardini (Nematoda: Heterocheilidae), parasites of the Crocodylus niloticus . Submitted to Zootaxa . 4. SUMMARY OF RESULTS Paper I Moravec František, Jirk ů Miloslav, Charo-Karisa Harrison, Mašová Šárka (2009): Mexiconema africanum sp. n. (Nematoda: Daniconematidae) from the catfish Auchenoglanis occidentalis from Lake Turkana, Kenya. Parasitology Research , 105, 1047–1052. A new species of dracunculoid nematode, Mexiconema africanum sp. n. (Daniconematidae), was described from the abdominal cavity and the intestine (rarely also the gall bladder) of the catfish Auchenoglanis occidentalis (Valenciennes , 1840) (Claroteidae, Siluriformes) from Lake Turkana, Kenya. The new species differs from two other congeners mainly in the absence of two large cell nuclei in the glandular oesophagus, presence of well developed lateral cephalic elevations, more numerous (14) cephalic papillae and a much longer body in gravid females (18– 22 mm); from Mexiconema cichlasomae Moravec, Vidal and Salgado Maldonado, 1992 also has less numerous (two) caudal processes and a different arrangement of genital papillae in the male. Mexiconema africanum is the first representative of the dracunculoid family Daniconematidae described from Africa. Paper II Mašová, Šárka, Moravec, František, Baruš, Vlastimil, Seifertová, Mária (2010): Redescription, systematic status and molecular characterization of Multicaecum heterotis Petter, Vassiliadès et Marchand, 1979 (Nematoda: Heterocheilidae), an intestinal parasite of Heterotis niloticus (Osteichthyes: Arapaimidae) in Africa. Folia Parasitologica, 57, 280–288. Ascaridoid nematodes referable as Brevimulticaecum heterotis (Petter, Vassiliadès et Marchand, 1979) Khalil, 1984 were recorded from the intestine of the African bonytongue, Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier) (Arapaimidae, Osteoglossiformes), from the Mare Simenti in the Niokolo Koba National Park, East Senegal
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