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Final Study Plan F INAL REPORT Black Warrior Waterdog Field Survey and Habitat Assessment William Bacon Oliver Lake, Holt Dam Tailrace Tuscaloosa County, Alabama 13 February 2015 Prepared for ALABAMA POWER COMPANY By Mark A. Bailey CONSERVATION SOUTHEAST 7746 Boggan Level Road Andalusia, AL 36420 BLACK WARRIOR WATERDOG SURVEY, HOLT DAM TAILRACE Executive Summary Trapping and visual habitat surveys were conducted for the Black Warrior Waterdog (Necturus alabamensis) in the mouth and lowermost reach of Yellow Creek and the tailrace below Holt Dam. Fieldwork was conducted on 3 through 5 February 2015 by biologists Mark Bailey of Conservation Southeast and Chad Fitch of Alabama Power Company Environmental Affairs. The absence of leaf packs precluded dip-net surveys and 30 minnow traps baited with chicken livers were employed, 20 along the main river channel shore and 10 in Yellow Creek. After 60 trap-nights (990 trap-hours), no Black Warrior Waterdogs were captured. Habitat conditions were considered poor but not entirely unsuitable. Contributing to the poor conditions are heavy sedimentation in Yellow Creek and the altered Black Warrior River channel at what is now William Bacon Oliver Lake. I BLACK WARRIOR WATERDOG SURVEY, HOLT DAM TAILRACE Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... i Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 The Black Warrior Waterdog .............................................................................................................. 1 The Site ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Methods ................................................................................................................................... 6 Results ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 7 References Cited ....................................................................................................................... 8 Appendix: Field Data Collection Forms ....................................................................................... 8 Figures Figure 1. Black Warrior Waterdog, Winston County, Alabama .......................................................... 1 Figure 2. Distribution of the Black Warrior Waterdog ....................................................................... 2 Figure 3. Sampling water chemistry at trapping site along main river shoreline .............................. 4 Figure 4. Yellow Creek near mouth below Holt Dam (visible in distance); this area was trapped .... 5 Figure 5. Yellow Creek in area trapped, approximately 75 meters upstream from its mouth .......... 5 Figure 6. Trap placement .................................................................................................................... 6 Figure 7. Tagged minnow trap and chicken liver bait at trapping site ............................................... 7 II BLACK WARRIOR WATERDOG SURVEY, HOLT DAM TAILRACE Introduction This report summarizes a 3-5 February 2015 sampling survey and habitat assessment below Holt Lock and Dam for the Black Warrior Waterdog, Necturus alabamensis. It is a follow-up to an initial 6-7 May 2014 habitat assessment, and was scheduled for winter to take advantage of the species’ increased activity and probability of detection at that season. Mark Bailey of Conservation Southeast, Inc. and Chad Fitch of Alabama Power Company Environmental Affairs conducted the fieldwork. Mr. Bailey has extensive experience with the species, conducting numerous surveys and capturing multiple individuals throughout the upper Black Warrior basin. The Black Warrior Waterdog Description: This relatively small species of Necturus (Figure 1) attains a total length of up to about 200 mm. Three large external gills are present in adults and the hind feet have only four toes. The species is dark brown in ground color with scattered small dark gray spots; frequently there are a series of larger diffuse spots along the sides of the body creating a dark lateral stripe. The head is brown with a dark gray stripe from the external naris through the eye to the base of the external gills. The venter is immaculate white, changing abruptly to the darker color of the sides and dorsum. Juveniles have a wide, dark olive brown stripe from the top of the head to the dorsal edge of the tail. On each side of this stripe are wide, golden tan dorsolateral stripes from above the eye to the side of the tail. This species is most similar to the Mudpuppy, N. maculosus, because both have boldly striped larvae. However, N. maculosus is not flattened dorsoventrally and has large spots on the sides of the body that generally are bold and not fused into a diffuse lateral dark stripe. Black Warrior Waterdogs are sympatric with the Gulf Coast Waterdog, N. beyeri, in Tuscaloosa County (in North River), but that species is not flattened dorsoventally, has no dark eye mask, and has an unstriped larva. Photo by Mark Bailey FIGURE 1. BLACK WARRIOR WATERDOG, WINSTON COUNTY, ALABAMA 1 BLACK WARRIOR WATERDOG SURVEY, HOLT DAM TAILRACE Taxonomy: Guyer et. al. (in press) follows Bart et al. (1997) in restricting this species to members of the family Proteidae with striped larvae and that are flattened dorsoventrally as adults. Many field guides (e.g. Conant and Collins 1998) apply N. alabamensis to a widespread taxon throughout the Coastal Plain of Alabama, but these specimens belong to N. beyeri and N. cf beyeri. Distribution: The Black Warrior Waterdog is restricted to the Upper Black Warrior drainages. Extant populations are known from only nine streams in four counties: Sipsey Fork and Brushy Creek in Winston County, Locust Fork and Blackburn Fork in Blount County, Mulberry Fork, Blackwater Creek, and Lost Creek in Walker County, and Yellow Creek and North River in Tuscaloosa County (Figure 2). The type specimen was collected from “the Black Warrior River near Tuscaloosa” in 1914 (Viosca 1937), when the original lock and dam system was still new. The species exists in highly fragmented populations (Bailey and Moler 2003). The primary reasons for its apparent extirpation over much of its historic range are likely to be water quality degradation caused by industrial, mining, agricultural, and urban pollution. The remaining Black Warrior Waterdog populations are isolated from each other by unsuitable habitat created by impoundments, pollution, or other factors. FIGURE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF THE BLACK WARRIOR WATERDOG (GUYER ET. AL., IN PRESS) 2 BLACK WARRIOR WATERDOG SURVEY, HOLT DAM TAILRACE All three Tuscaloosa County N. alabamensis records are either from the immediate vicinity of the project area or from streams that flow into or very near the project area: 1. “Black Warrior River near Tuscaloosa." 22 January 1914. Collector unknown, reported by Viosca (1937). Holotype, USNM 102676. Viosca reported a second specimen from the same locality. 2. Yellow Creek at Phelps Road, 33.338125°, -87.453451°. 12 December 1991. Bailey (1995). One striped subadult collected from a large leaf bed after about 30 minutes of sampling effort. A second specimen was collected here by M. Bailey and J. Godwin on 8 January 1994. On that date Bailey and Godwin also visited Yellow Creek below Lake Nicol dam. Habitat appeared suitable, but extensive dip- netting of leaf packs (no trapping) was unsuccessful. Environmental DNA sampling conducted in 2014 at the Phelps Road site yielded a positive result (J. Godwin, pers. comm.). 3. North River at Co. Rd. 83 (above Lake Tuscaloosa). 11 December 1991. Bailey (1995). Two Necturus larvae, one striped (N. alabamensis form) and one unstriped (N. beyeri form) collected from a small leaf bed after 30 minutes sampling effort. Habits: Most aspects of the life history of N. alabamensis remain to be observed. Breeding is expected to occur in fall and winter. Small larvae can be discovered in leaf packs during February and March, suggesting that nests are created earlier and that the nests might be placed in these leaf packs. Based on comparison with other members of the genus, N. alabamensis is likely an opportunistic feeder, with aquatic invertebrates being dominant dietary items. Fish and other forms of vertebrate life might also be eaten. Conservation status: Because it is endemic to the state of Alabama and populations typically are small, Black Warrior Waterdogs are protected by Alabama state regulation and classified as a “Species of Highest Conservation Concern” by the Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries. The species is also a candidate for federal listing under the Endangered Species Act. The presence of this species in a stream typically is indicative of intact forested watersheds. Areas where forests have been heavily logged have insufficient leaf packs to retain the species, as do areas where siltation covers slab rocks and leaf packs, thereby preventing invasion by leaf-shredding aquatic insects. The Site Six miles downstream from the site is where University Shoals dropped 30 feet over a two mile stretch and the river was often crossable on foot (Wood 1988). Presumably, these Fall Line shoals formed
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