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Interpreting Nature Vol. 2 (PDF) INTERPRETING NATURE: A PRIMER FOR UNDERSTANDING NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 2 – Kingdom Animalia Principal Author: Valentin Schaefer, PhD, RPBio Academic Administrator, Restoration Programs, University of Victoria 1 Acknowledgements Interpreting Nature Second Edition is a revised, updated and expanded version of the First Edition. The production of Interpreting Nature: Second Edition, was funded by a grant from the Technology and Integrated Learning, Mearns Learning Centre at the University of Victoria. The project was supervised by Tusa Shea, Arts and Science Program Coordinator, Arts & Science Programs Division of Continuing Studies, University of Victoria. She was supported by her assistant, Gina Anderson. Andrew Elves of the School of Environmental Studies at the University of Victoria assisted locating and including illustrations from Wikimedia Commons and other copyright free sources that did not require attribution. Tusa Shea of the University of Victoria and Laura Biggs, Instructor at Pacific Horticulture College, reviewed the manuscript and provided helpful advice. Note on Interpreting Nature: First Edition: Preliminary work on the first edition of Interpreting Nature with Valentin Schaefer and Jude Grass as the principal writers was done on a Job Development Grant of the Employment and Immigration Commission to the Greater Vancouver Regional District (now Metro Vancouver) in 1986 to train naturalists in a one-year program. Several participants of the training program contributed early versions of some of the material used here, including Jill Deuling who did preliminary work on the sections Ecology, Invertebrate Biology, Birds and Mammals, and Claudia Sing who wrote introductory notes to Fish and part of Plants. Terry Taylor reviewed the Plants and Fungi sections and Russ Haycock reviewed Amphibians and Reptiles. Illustrations and artwork were drawn by Jill Deuling, Debbie Duncan, Lorraine Jolin and Sherida Levy. Michele Choma reviewed the entire manuscript and provided helpful advice. A few illustrations were obtained from the BC Provincial Museum Natural History Handbook series. Joley Switzer of the GVRD assisted in the logistics of completing the First Edition and supervised the production of some material. 2 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 7 INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 5 LEARNING OUTCOMES .............................................................................................................................................. 6 KINGDOM ANIMALIA ............................................................................................................................................. 7 INVERTEBRATES.............................................................................................................................................................. 9 EXCRETION.................................................................................................................................................................. 13 INVERTEBRATE PHYLA ................................................................................................................................................... 18 PHYLUM PORIFERA – THE SPONGES ........................................................................................................................ 18 PHYLUM CNIDARIA (COELENTERATA) ..................................................................................................................... 20 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES – THE FLATWORMS ........................................................................................................ 25 PHYLUM NEMATODA – ROUNDWORMS ...................................................................................................................... 26 PHYLUM ANNELIDA – SEGMENTED WORMS ................................................................................................................. 26 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA ................................................................................................................................................ 29 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA ........................................................................................................................................... 32 Class Crustacea – Crabs, Lobsters, Shrimp, Woodlice, Barnacles........................................................................ 32 Class Insecta - Insects .......................................................................................................................................... 35 Class Arachnida - Spiders, Mites, Ticks, Scorpions .............................................................................................. 43 Class Myriapoda - Millipedes and Centipedes ..................................................................................................... 47 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Class Asteroidea – Sea Stars and Sea Daisies ...................................................................................................... 48 Class Ophiuroidea – Brittle Stars ......................................................................................................................... 48 Class Crinoidea – Sea Lilies and Feather Stars .................................................................................................... 48 Class Holothuroidea – Sea Cucumbers ................................................................................................................ 49 CHAPTER 8 FISH ................................................................................................................................................... 51 LEARNING OUTCOMES ............................................................................................................................................ 52 FISH TIPS FOR BEGINNERS ....................................................................................................................................... 53 FISH ANATOMY ............................................................................................................................................................ 58 CLASSIFICATION OF FISHES ............................................................................................................................................. 68 Class Agnatha ..................................................................................................................................................... 68 Class Chondrichthyes .......................................................................................................................................... 69 Class Osteichthyes ............................................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 9 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES .............................................................................................................. 84 LEARNING OUTCOMES ............................................................................................................................................ 85 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 86 CLASSIFICATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 90 CLASS AMPHIBIA ................................................................................................................................................. 90 CLASS REPTILIA – THE REPTILES ........................................................................................................................ 102 CHAPTER 10 CLASS AVES - BIRDS ....................................................................................................................... 119 LEARNING OUTCOMES .......................................................................................................................................... 120 3 TIPS FOR BEGINNING BIRDERS............................................................................................................................... 121 BIRD ANATOMY ......................................................................................................................................................... 122 CLASSIFICATION .................................................................................................................................................... 132 UNIT 11 MAMMALS ........................................................................................................................................... 179 LEARNING OUTCOMES .......................................................................................................................................... 180 MAMMALIAN ANATOMY ............................................................................................................................................
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