Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 Salamanders and Newts

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 Salamanders and Newts

Order: Ambystomatidae, Cryptobranchidea and Proteidae

Scope

This plan is in place to guide prevention and eradication activities and the management of non-indigenous populations of Salamanders and Newts (Order Caudata; Families Salamandridae, Ambystomatidae, Cryptobranchidea and Proteidae) amphibians in the wild in Victoria.

Version Document Status Date Author Reviewed By Approved for Release

1.0 First Draft 26/07/11 Dana Price M. Corry, S. Wisniewski and A. Woolnough

1.1 Second Draft 21/10/11 Dana Price S. Wisniewski

2.0 Final Draft 18/01/2012 Dana Price

3.0 Revision Draft 12/11/15 Dana Price J. Goldsworthy

3.1 New Final 10/03/2016 Nigel Roberts D.Price New DEDJTR templates and document review

Published by the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Agriculture Victoria,

May 2016 © The State of Victoria 2016.

This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968.

Authorised by the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, 1 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000.

Front cover: Smooth Newt (Lissotriton vulgaris)

Photo: Image courtesy of High Risk Invasive Animals group, DEDJTR

Photo: Image from Wikimedia Commons and reproduced with permission under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic License.

ISBN 078-1-925532-40-1 (pdf/online)

Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.

For more information about Agriculture Victoria go to www.agriculture.vic.gov.au or phone the Customer Service Centre on 136 186.

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 iii Salamanders and newts

Contents

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 1 Table 1: Introduction 1 Table 2: Declaration Status in Victoria 1 Table 3: Delimitation Survey Options 1-2 Table 4: Species specific delimitation options 3 Table 5: Detection, control, monitoring and breeding calendar 3 Table 6: Transport of live specimens 3 Table 7: Brief Description of Eradication and Containment Options 4-5 Table 8: Species specific eradication and containment options 5-6 Table 9: Brief Description of disease, parasite and infection risks 6 Table 10: Treatment specific WHS considerations 7 Table 11: Animal related WHS considerations 7-8 Table 12: Identification Requirements - take photo/video and e-mail to: 8 Table 13: Euthanasia Options 8 Table 14: Sampling/Autopsy Requirements 9 Table 15: Disposal Options 9 Table 16: Legislation, Regulations and Required Permits 9-10 Table 17: General Species and Technical Experts 10 Table 18: List of Acronyms 11 Table 19: Glossary 11

Appendices 1. Salamandridae Family: Species Specific Table 12-15 2. Ambystomatidae and Cryptobranchidea Families: Species Specific Table 16 3. Proteidae Family: Species Specific Table 17-18

References 19

Photographic references 20

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 iv Salamanders and newts

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006

True, Mole and Giant Salamanders, Newts and Mudpuppies (Order Caudata – Families Salamandridae, Ambystomatidae, Cryptobranchidae and Proteidae)

Table 1: Introduction

The species of newts and salamanders listed in this pre-plan are most commonly introduced into Victoria via accidental or deliberate escapes from the illegal pet trade industry. The potential consequences of establishment of invasive newt and salamander species in Victoria are wide ranging and may include the introduction of new pathogens, diseases and parasites, direct predation upon native species, and competition with native species for food, spawning resources and shelter resulting in the displacement of endemic species. Being amphibian the dispersal rates of caudate is heavily dependent on environmental factors. Newts have been known to move up to 500 – 1000m from a water source in search of suitable habitat and food however dispersal of newt s in water is largely determined by water flow and suitability of habitat.

Table 2: Declaration Status in Victoria

All members of the Order Caudata (newts, salamanders and mudpuppies/waterdogs/olms) are declared as prohibited pest animals under the Catchment and Land Protection (CALP) Act 1994, with the exception of the Japanese Fire- bellied newt (Cynops pyrrhogaster) which is classified as controlled and the Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) which is not classified under CALP. The Invasive Plants and Animals Committee (IPAC) lists the considered species as either having a Serious or Extreme/Not Assessed establishment threat. See species specific tables for details.

Table 3: Delimitation Survey Options

Method Description Time suggested to determine presence at site

1. Active searching – line Active searching is used in areas where no The time suggested to determine the presence transects water is present. Logs, rocks and debris in at each site of the species is relative to the proximity to potential habitats are lifted to find amount and type of ground cover. Active adult newts. This method, although not useful searching is only advantageous during non- in areas of dense understorey, is effective at breeding periods the interface between water and terrestrial environments. The technique is not overly efficient when locating caudate amphibians at low densities. 2. Capture with a dip net Use of a small hand-held net to capture Capture with a dip net is useful during tadpoles and adults. This is the most breeding season i.e. late winter until the end of successful sampling technique for caudate spring. One hour at each water body is optimal amphibians. for each sampling session. Refer to Reducing bycatch mortality in crustacean traps by Serena et al. (2016) 3. Hand capture Adults may be captured by hand at the edge of Hand capture is suitable during breeding the water body and amongst aquatic season i.e. late winter until the end of spring. vegetation. One hour is recommended at each water body per sampling session. 4. Spot Light searches Spot Light searching, looking for evidence of Spot Light searches are best undertaken in eye-shine, is the optimal technique to use conjunction with other methods when individual numbers are low. It is used to detect adults only. Eye-shine aids in the location of an animal, however individuals

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 1 Salamanders and newts

Table 3: Delimitation Survey Options

Method Description Time suggested to determine presence at site

require capture for species identification.

5. Funnel traps* (can be used Funnel ended traps are double ended, made Set the traps in each water body for 24 hours. either in water or on land) with from aluminium window screen (0.9 m long Ensure part of the trap is above the water light sticks embedded as an and 0.33m in diameter) with 5cm openings surface to avoid drowning adult amphibians attractant. (Enge, 1997). Light sticks, placed inside the and other non-target aquatics. trap, aid to attract amphibians during nocturnal operations. See ‘Funnel Trap SOP’ for further details of use

Refer to Reducing bycatch mortality in crustacean traps by Serena et al. (2016) 6. Commercial USA ‘minnow’ Made of wire mesh (3mm), ‘minnow’ traps are traps* for aquatic use only. This technique may not be efficient in some habitats. Refer to Reducing bycatch mortality in crustacean traps by Serena et al. (2016) 7. Crayfish traps* Crayfish traps are for aquatic use only and Set crayfish traps for 24 hour periods and effective for capture of adult caudate check them daily. amphibians Refer to Reducing bycatch mortality in crustacean traps by Serena et al. (2016) 8. Coverboards Square Hardboard ‘covers’ (variety of sizes) Leave the coverboard at a site for one month are placed on the ground. Adult, semi aquatic before first sampling. newts use these as shelter during the non- It should remain in place throughout the non- breeding season. Coverboards are useful breeding period –No more than once a week when sampling eggs, juveniles and adults, of should it be checked to avoid disturbing newts terrestrial newt species. This technique is and drying out the habitat beneath the cover. inefficient for locating caudate amphibians at low densities. 9. PVC refugia pipes PVC pipes (5cm diameter x 0.9m long) are Ineffective for semi aquatic caudate placed in the ground, leaving approximately amphibians as they do not seek shelter 0.6m above the surface. underground. PVC pipes are effective for capturing terrestrial caudate species. 10. Automated call recorders ACR’s are not an effective technique for Not applicable (ACR) caudate amphibians as most species are not vocal (except Taricha species, Davis and Brattstrom, 1975). 11. Pit fall and drift fence trapping Can be used in both wetland and terrestrial Traps are set for a minimum of one week, and habitat over long term – may be the most are opened at dusk and checked at first light effective technique to detect low densities and each day. Traps are covered during the day prove presence/absence. This method is time and then reopened again at dusk. consuming and labour intensive. 12. Egg, tadpole and metamorph Newt metamorphs easily distinguishable from Daylight search conducted in water bodies sampling* native frog larvae, tadpoles may require expert during breeding season – spring/ early summer ID 13. Community education Doorknocking the local area, conducting As required campaign letterbox drops, writing articles for local media and using social media may be effective techniques to increase community knowledge and boost the number of reliable reports received.

N.B. Methods notated with * require a Fisheries permit (use of traps in Victorian inland waters).

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 2 Salamanders and newts

Table 4: Species specific delimitation options

Please refer to Table 3 for a full description of options

Option 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Japanese Fire- √ bellied Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Common Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Palmate Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Alpine Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Great Crested Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Black-spotted Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Striped Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Red-spotted Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Rough Skinned √ √ Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Tiger Salamander √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Japanese Giant √ √ Salamander √ (aquatic) Alabama Waterdog √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Gulf Coast √ √ Waterdog √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Neuse River √ Waterdog (aquatic) √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Mudpuppy (aquatic) √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Dwarf Waterdog (aquatic) √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

N.B. As the Japanese Giant Salamander is too large for all traditional newt capture equipment, large fishing nets may be required.

Table 5: Detection, control, monitoring and breeding calendar

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Detection √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Treatment √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Monitoring √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Breeding √ √ √ √ √ √

N.B. Gray shading represents optimal times for detection, control and monitoring based on species habitat use in their native range. The information may vary in accordance with Victorian conditions. Table 6: Transport of live specimens

Keep individuals in a sealed plastic container with a moist sponge or paper towel on the base. Transport in the shade in an air-conditioned vehicle cab (as per COP for Welfare of Amphibians in Captivity) Maintaining compliance with biosecurity standards, only one amphibian per container is permitted to ensure protection of the diagnostic facility against potential pathogens.

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Table 7: Brief Description of Eradication and Containment Options

Method Description Time to Equipment Risks Comments control cost + Personnel required

1. Hand capture Adults may be captured by Immediate NA Use gloves hand from the edge of the 1 person when handling water body and amongst to prevent aquatic vegetation. exposure to skin toxins. 2. Capture with Tadpoles, juveniles and Immediate Negligible Use gloves Refer to Reducing bycatch a dip net adults are easily caught with 1 person when handling mortality in crustacean a dip net in small water to prevent traps by Serena et al. bodies. This technique is exposure to (2016) useful only during the skin toxins. breeding season. 3. Funnel trap – Double ended traps can be Relative to Negligible Ensure part of the trap is may be used in made from aluminium pond size and 2 personnel above the water surface to water or window screen with 5cm tadpole are required to avoid drowning other terrestrial openings at each end. density set up and amphibians or non-target environments Placing light sticks in the monitor the catch. traps aids in attracting traps so this is Refer to Reducing bycatch amphibians during nocturnal a labour mortality in crustacean operations. See Funnel Trap intensive traps by Serena et al. SOP for further details of use option (2016) 4. Crayfish traps Crayfish traps are effective Relative to Trap costs Check the traps daily, for capture of adult caudates pond size and 2 personnel releasing native and non- during breeding season caudate are required to target species at the site of density set up and capture. monitor the traps so this is Refer to Reducing bycatch a labour mortality in crustacean intensive traps by Serena et al. option (2016)

5. Install artificial 8cm lengths of 2cm diameter Ongoing Cheap Artificial Effective for terrestrial refugia and PVC pipe are hung in trees equipment nesting and caudate species only. nesting sites and placed in the ground to costs refuge sites (e.g. PVC pipe act as diurnal retreats 2 personnel may not be or bamboo) as are required to utilised by all traps set up and individuals, monitor the therefore there traps so this is is no a labour guarantee of intensive eradication option

6. Netting Used by the New Zealand Several days Hire of Non–target Refer to Reducing bycatch waterbodies DOC in conjunction with to one week contractors effects may be mortality in crustacean electrofishing and blasting to plus two serious. traps by Serena et al. eradicate axolotls. DEDJTR staff (2016) 7. Electrofishing Effective for tadpoles, 1 day per Approximately Possible non- juvenile and adult newts water body $8,000 target effects during breeding season (Laufer & Waitzmann 2002) 8. Use of The use of rotenone is not Variable The cost of the High likelihood Rotenone use requires Rotenone to environmentally sound according to chemical and of non-target emergency permit from poison ‘gill however poisoning may be water body hire of a fire kill – use as APVMA breathing’ life effective in small water size, however tanker for last resort stages in water bodies. Rotenone powder usually one dispersion of Lime may be bodies has been used in Fiji (Morley week. Employ the chemical in corrosive and et al 2006), and in NSW to this method the water leave a white effectively control only during body` residue on mosquitofish (NSW DPI, breeding Additional surfaces 2009). Rotenone is effective season. costs required only on life stages with gills to clean and rehabilitate the site.

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 4 Salamanders and newts

9. Blast Powergel is an explosive One day The cost of Risks to Experienced and licensed waterbody with used widely by mining and contractors to human safety contractors are required. cordex and construction industries. conduct when Currently no departmental powergel. Cordex is used as the blasting. explosives are preferred contractors explosive detonator. This Additional used. The high possess this expertise method was used, following costs required potential for netting and electro-fishing by to clean and non-target kill DOC in NZ, to eradicate rehabilitate mitigates the axolotls from a dam site. use of blasting (Garthwaite, pers.comm. only as a last 2000 in Lever, 2003). resort 10. Use of Detector dogs may be used Ongoing $50,000 - Dogs used Dogs would require highly detector dog where newts are in low 6 weeks to $100,000 to early in the specialised training to density or where their train new train new dog breeding detect newts presence is unknown. dog/handler 1 dog and season may handler provide an incorrect negative result. 11. Use of Construction of a smooth Permanent or Costs incurred Risks are It may not be possible to physical barriers barrier fence or trench at semi- are relative to dependent on utilise this technique in to contain least 600mms high, deep permanent the size of the the site details ecologically sensitive caudates and wide surrounding the barrier area. and location of habitats. water body to contain the Contractor the infestation. newts. costs to construct the barrier 12. Drain, This method was used to One week Costs, of up to Risk involved It may not be possible to excavate and eradicate bullfrogs in the UK. $20,000, with utilise this technique in return the following the use of trapping, depending on reintroducing ecologically sensitive compacted soil shooting and/or electro- the size of the the pest to the habitats. Public consultation back into ponds fishing (Banks et.al 2000). site. site. may be required. Additional cost required to clean and rehabilitate the site.

Table 8: Species specific eradication and containment options

Please refer to Table 7 for a full description of options

Option 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Japanese Fire- bellied Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Common Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Palmate Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Alpine Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Great Crested Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Black-spotted Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Striped Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Red-spotted Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Rough Skinned Newt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Tiger Salamander √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Japanese Giant Salamander √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 5 Salamanders and newts

Table 8: Species specific eradication and containment options

Please refer to Table 7 for a full description of options

Option 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Alabama Waterdog √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Gulf Coast Waterdog √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Neuse River Waterdog √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Mudpuppy √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Dwarf Waterdog √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

N.B. The three species highlighted are entirely aquatic, so have gills throughout all developmental stages.

Table 9: Brief Description of disease, parasite and infection risks

Zoonoses Disease agent Transmission OHS considerations Notification requirements route

Salmonellosis Salmonella spp. Faecal-oral disease Wear nitrile or latex gloves NA bacterium contracted by direct when handling and wash or indirect ingestion hands frequently Mycobacteriosis Mycobacterium spp. Exposure of As above, plus protective NA wounded skin to mask and eye protection in contaminated the presence of a splash animals, soil or hazard water Campylobacter Campylobacter spp. Handling and As above, plus protective NA ingestion of animal mask and eye protection if and/or contaminated there is a splash hazard water present Chlamydiosis Direct contact, via As above. plus use NA the respiratory tract respiratory protection of the faecal-oral route Sparganosis Cestodes of the Ingestion of Wear gloves and wash the NA genus Spirometra undercooked frog hands frequently (tapeworms) meat, via skin penetration or from contaminated water Aeromoniasis Aeromonas Ingestion of As above, plus use a NA hydrophila –causes contaminated water protective mask and eye “red-leg syndrome” protection if splash hazards or amphibian are present septicaemia Saprophytic fungi Zygomycosis, Inhalation, ingestion As above, plus respiratory NA Phycomycosis, or inoculation with protection Mucormycosis spores Gastroenteritis Escheria coli Wound As above, plus protective NA contamination or mask and eye protection if a ingestion of splash hazard is present contaminated water Gnathostomiasis Nematode larvae Handling/ingestion As above, plus protective NA of contaminated mask and eye protection if a water splash hazard is present External parasites Mites Direct contact with Gloves NA the animal

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Table 10: Treatment specific WHS considerations

Hazard Control

Spread of Chytridiomycosis fungus Ensure proper cleaning, disinfecting and /or sterilising of equipment and footwear when moving between sites. Wear single-use gloves (latex or nitrile) when handling caudates. Use well rinsed vinyl gloves for handling embryos and larvae. Ensure the animals obtained at various sites are kept isolated from one another.

Use of explosives Experienced and licensed contractors only must be used for this specialised work. Non-target kill is to be minimised. Follow label directives.

Use of poisons Experienced and authorised contractors only must be used for this specialised work. Non-target kill is to be minimised. Follow label directives.

Use of electro-fishing equipment. There is a risk Only persons holding a Certificate of Competency in Electro-fishing of electrocution should the body come into Procedures & Safety may perform this procedure. There must also contact with energised electrodes of opposite be a minimum of two operators present at all times. See Australian polarity. Also, electrocution may occur from Code of Electro-fishing Practice for further details contact with water within the electric field or from shocks emitted by poorly maintained equipment.

Working in boats A minimum of two personnel must be on site at all times. Life-vests are to be worn and personnel must be competent swimmers. Personnel must be appropriately qualified, possessing a recreational boat licence.

Working near water hazards A minimum of two personnel must be on site at all times. Life-vests are to be worn and personnel must be competent swimmers.

Use of hydrated lime Lime is corrosive, thus it has a caustic effect on the skin. Importantly, ensure the use of appropriate PPE i.e. long sleeves, pants and gloves.

Refer to the relevant ASBO Field Work SOP for further details.

Table 11: Animal related WHS considerations

Mild skin secretions Severe Toxicity Aggressive/Bite Risk

Japanese Fire-bellied Newt √

Common Newt √

Palmate Newt √

Alpine Newt √

Great Crested Newt √

Black-spotted Newt √

Striped Newt √

Red-spotted Newt √

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Table 11: Animal related WHS considerations

Mild skin secretions Severe Toxicity Aggressive/Bite Risk

Rough Skinned Newt √

Tiger Salamander √

Japanese Giant Salamander √

Alabama Waterdog

Gulf Coast Waterdog

Neuse River Waterdog

Mudpuppy

Dwarf Waterdog

N.B. Toxicity information taken from www.caudata.org/cc/articles/toxin2.shtml

Table 12: Identification Requirements - take photo/video and e-mail to:

Name Organisation Contact Details

Dr Jane Melville Museum Victoria (03) 83417452 (Senior Curator – Terrestrial [email protected] Vertebrates)

Table 13: Euthanasia Options

Method Description Comments

1. Lethal Injection (Lethobarb) Inject 325-400mg/kg of pentobarbitone A DEDJTR veterinarian or registered sodium. This is the preferred method. user of barbiturates is required to perform this method. A non-veterinarian may administer lethobarb with veterinary supervision.

2. Place in chloral-hydrate Place a 2-3mm layer of 3% solution in a The solution is an anaesthetising agent, solution container and place the caudate inside. resulting in rapid death with the animal in a relaxed state.

3. Place in Buffered tricaine Prolonged immersion (as long as 1 hour) Can be directly injected into the lymph methansulfonate (MS222) may be required for 5 to 10 g/L water sacs of amphibians solution baths

4. Place in Benzocaine Can be used in a water bath or in a Pure benzocaine is not water soluble and hydrochloride solution recirculation system at concentrations should be avoided for anaesthesia and >250 mg/L. euthanasia. 7.5% or 20% Benzocaine hydrocholoride gel can be applied topically to the ventrum.

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 8 Salamanders and newts

Table 14: Sampling/Autopsy Requirements

Sampling required Cost Provider Comments

Antemortem examination, Up to 5kgs -$129 AgriBio Veterinary The fee incurred includes the cost of necropsy procedure, gross Diagnostic euthanasia via lethal injection. The examination of tissues and Services analysis of necropsy samples is an collection and storage of Mark Hawes additional cost, determined by the samples are required. (03) 90327275 number of samples examined.

Brendan Carmel Warranwood Veterinary Clinic (03) 98790900

Refer to the SOP for Tissue sampling for techniques involved in this process

Table 15: Disposal Options

Method Description Cost Comments

Incineration Animal remains are $3.00/kg Incineration is used by AgriBio destroyed in a high Veterinary Diagnostic Services for temperature incinerator. disposal of all animal carcasses

Deep Burial Burial of animal remains to Minor cost To be used only when other reduce the transmission and methods of disposal are unavailable spread of bacteria/disease. and only at a council approved animal pit.

Table 16: Legislation, Regulations and Required Permits

Permits & Why required? Legislation Contact person training

Animal Ethics To trap, sample and euthanase Wildlife Act 1975 Max Campbell EO Wildlife and Approval invasive amphibians (DELWP) Small Institutions AEC [email protected] 03 92174429

APVMA To use poisons that are currently Commonwealth: APVMA – (02)62104701 Emergency Permit unregistered for use in Australia, or Agricultural and [email protected] or Special Use not registered for use on the specific Veterinary Permit pest species being managed. Chemicals Code State wide Specialist Chemicals Act (1994) [email protected] (03) 54304463 Victorian: 0407258433 Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Control of Use) Act 1992

Local Land Seek appropriate approvals Variable Variable Manager (e.g. Council, Parks Victoria or Water

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Table 16: Legislation, Regulations and Required Permits

Permits & Why required? Legislation Contact person training

Authority)

Prevention of Review the regulations prior to Prevention of Jane Malcolm – Senior Policy Cruelty to Animals commencing trapping Cruelty to Animals Officer-Animal Welfare Act (POCTA) Act (1986) [email protected] Regulations (03) 51470829 0428 547135

Pest Animal – The permit is required to hold Pest Catchment and Jenni Nunan DEDJTR Pest Approved Animals for longer than 12 hours. A Land Protection Act Animal Permit Administrator Collections permit is required for animals retained 1994 (DEDJTR) 03 5761 1580 (Animal Exhibition) specifically for communications and Permit engagement activities. The animals must also be stored in accordance with the ‘Hygiene Protocol' for handling amphibians

Table 17: General Species and Technical Experts

Name Organisation Contact Area of expertise

Marion Anstis NSW tadpole expert [email protected] Tadpole identification expertise

Nick Clemann DELWP – ARI [email protected] Herpetologist Senior Scientist (03) 9450 8674 Threatened Fauna

Dr Graeme University of Melbourne [email protected] Expert on the biology and Gillespie ecology of the Asian Black- spined Toad. Has worked in Indonesia with this species

Katie Howard DELWP – ARI [email protected] Herpetologist Technical Support Officer (03) 9450 8635 0428 354095

Dr Kirsten Parris School of Botany [email protected] Researcher, providing University of Melbourne (03) 9035 8090 advice on survey methods and identification.

Peter Robertson Wildlife Profiles [email protected] Herpetologist with (03) 9718 2828 specialist skills involving 0429 339697 surveillance of rare and cryptic species, and identification expertise.

Dr Mike Tyler Faculty of Science [email protected] AQIS utilises his University of Adelaide (08) 83035977 herpetology identification expertise

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Table 18: List of Acronyms

ABST Asian Black Spined Toad

APVMA Australasian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Association

ARI Arthur Rylah Institute

COP Code of Practice

DOC Department of Conservation (New Zealand)

DEDJTR Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources

DELWP Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

IPAC Invasive Plants and Animals Committee

POCTA Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride (a type of plastic)

SOP Standard Operating Procedure

WHS Workplace Health and Safety

Table 19: Glossary

Benthic The ecological region at the bottom of a water body

Diurnal Active during daylight hours

Dorsolateral Relates to the upper and side surfaces of an animal

Eft Newts metamorphose through three developmental stages: aquatic larvae, a terrestrial juvenile (eft) and an adult phase.

Metamorph An animal in the process of undergoing physical change to adulthood

Refugia A place where an animal can seek refuge (home or shelter)

Sympatric Two species having evolved from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 11 Salamanders and newts

Appendices

1. Salamandridae Family: Species Specific Table Species General Juvenile image IPAC Incursion status Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding description classification In the wild & CaLP declaration VIC AUS

Cynops Length between IPAC Serious Kept under Not found in Invertebrate Native to Japan on the In Japan, this species breeds 9-13cms, distinct CaLP permit the wild prey islands of Honshu, Shikoku from April-June and moves to pyrrhogaster parotid glands CaLP Controlled & Kyushu. Found in ponds, water in autumn. Breeding and warty skin. Single Common in ditches, small lakes and males develop a blue or purple Japanese Fire- Colour is brown to animals pet trade bodies of clear, still water sheen to their tail with a black with an detected in ataltitudes from 0-1500m. filament at the tip. Up to 200 bellied newt orange to crimson the wild and Restricted Entirely aquatic to semi eggs are laid per season, belly with dark seized status in New aquatic, depending on their under leaves of aquatic markings through South Wales race. Preferring cool waters vegetation. Eggs hatch in 20 Six subspecies illegal trade (NSW) and (18-21°C), they can survive days and the larvae with colour (K. Larner. Tasmania in temperatures of 13°C in metamorphose 10-12 months variations. Pers comm.) (Tas). winter. They prefer densely later. Juveniles are terrestrial vegetated ponds. for 1-3 years before returning to water to breed on maturation. They grow to IPAC Serious A single newt Wild Larvae feed A native of Europe, with the Returns to water bodies for Lissotriton 10cms long, are was found in populations on micro exception of the South West, breeding in spring or autumn. vulgaris brown to yellow in CaLP Prohibited the wild in confirmed in crustaceans. the North East and northern Clutches of up to 300 eggs, colour, and have Melbourne in an outer Large larvae Scandinavia. Associated laid on leaves of aquatic an orange belly 2011, a small Melbourne and adults with woodland habitats, also plants. Metamorphosis occurs Common or with dark spots. established suburb. feed on meadows and man-made 2-3 months after hatching, Smooth newt and a pale, population aquatic landscapes such as garden when juveniles move back to spotted throat The was Restricted molluscs and ponds, puddles and ditches. foraging only in terrestrial male has one confirmed in status in insects. This species is mainly environments. Adults are black line down its 2013 NSW and terrestrial, hibernating on mainly nocturnal, but may be spine, with the Tas land in rotten trees and active during the day after female having a burrows over winter. They rains. In aquatic phase, adults line down each may choose, however, not to and juveniles are active day side. do so in the southern part of and night. the native range. They prefer still water with

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 12 Salamanders and newts

Species General Juvenile image IPAC Incursion status Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding description classification In the wild & CaLP declaration VIC AUS

abundant aquatic vegetation for breeding purposes.

They can grow to IPAC Extreme Not present Not found in They feed on A native of western Europe, The palmate newt reproduces Lissotriton 9.5 cms in length. in Victoria the wild invertebrates, including the British Isles. commonly between February helveticus They are olive CaLP Prohibited small The palmate newt is and May in Europe. Breeding green or brown in crustaceans, common in its range and in water, 300-450 eggs are colour, plankton, prefers lowland marshes, produced in a season, with the Palmate newt possessing a daphnia and forests and agricultural land. larvae taking 2-3 weeks to yellow or orange frog tadpoles. Sympatric with L. vulgaris hatch. Metamorphosis occurs belly with some They have over most of the range, it is in 6-9 weeks. Larvae may over spots. Males have been known to most commonly found at winter in water. During the webbed hind feet be altitudes varying between breeding period adults may be and a low crest cannibalistic. 500-1500m. active night and day. along the spine. Hibernating, on land during There are no winter (Nov-March) in northern spots on the parts of their distribution area, throat. they hide under rocks or logs. The palmate newt is also known to hibernate in water. IPAC Extreme Not present Not found in Larvae eat Native to central Europe, the The active breeding period of Ichthyosaura in Victoria the wild mainly benthic Alpine Newt usually lives in the Alpine Newt is from alpestris CaLP Prohibited prey. Adults mountains however may February to May in Europe, and older establish lowland this species hibernates for the larvae feed on populations. Preferring remainder of the year. During Alpine newt micro forested areas, it inhabits its aquatic phase, adults and crustaceans, clear, still or semi-flowing larvae prefer benthic habitat.

aquatic insects water during the aquatic Between 70 and 200 eggs are and molluscs. phase. produced, laid singly or in short chains. Larvae can hibernate and may also reproduce in this phase. IPAC Serious Not present Not found in Larvae eat They are native to Europe, In Europe, hibernation starts in Trirurus The Warty newt is in Victoria the wild mainly micro except southern Europe and October-November and cristatus a large newt, CaLP Prohibited crustaceans, a found in forest and steppe finishes between February and growing up to Restricted small number zones, parks and gardens. May, when newts enter status in of insects and They prefer still or semi- breeding ponds. A clutch of Great Crested 16cms. Black or brown in colour, it NSW and large plankton. flowing water bodies ranging 70-600 eggs is laid singly or in or Warty newt Tas Adults eat from 5-10m² up to several small chains. The eggs hatch

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 13 Salamanders and newts

Species General Juvenile image IPAC Incursion status Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding description classification In the wild & CaLP declaration VIC AUS

has a yellow to molluscs, then thousand metres. They are in 12-20 days. Metamorphosis orange dark then switch to very sensitive to water occurs in late summer and spotted belly Its worms slugs, quality, particularly during autumn and larval insects and larval phase. development may take 2-3 skin is rough. their larvae months to complete. Some during the larvae complete development terrestrial the following year. phase . They also eat other amphibians. The black-spotted IPAC Extreme Not present Listed under Their They are native to north Mainly an aquatic species, Notophthalmus newt is 7-11cm in (Not Assessed) in Victoria NSW carnivorous eastern Mexico and they can breed throughout the meridionalis length, olive green legislation diet includes southern Texas in the US. year in their native range. with black spots CaLP Prohibited insects, The black-spotted newt During drought conditions the and a yellow aquatic prefers heavily vegetated, young may retreat to a Black-spotted underside. They Listed as a invertebrates, shallow water bodies, ponds sheltered terrestrial newt have a paddle threatened leeches and and ditches. environment. shaped, vertically species in Texas other flattened tail amphibians

The striped newt IPAC Extreme Not present Listed under Carnivorous The Striped newt is native to Mainly an aquatic species, it Notophthalmus is 5.5-10.5 cm (Not Assessed) in Victoria NSW the south eastern U,S and is breeds from late winter and perstriatus long, olive to dark legislation found from Georgia through into spring. Physiological brown in colour, CaLP Prohibited This species to central Florida. It is development of the adult can and has a yellow is a candidate commonly found in pine sometimes be delayed. This Striped newt underside with red for listing as a forests in ponds and newt rarely exhibits an eft parallel dorsal threatened drainage ditches. phase, with juvenile newts lines. species in the spending several years living a United solely terrestrial lifestyle. States.

The red-spotted IPAC Extreme Not present Not found in The Red- Found commonly in eastern They spawn an aquatic egg, Notophthalmus newt is olive (Not Assessed) in Victoria the wild in spotted newt North America in both larval and adult stage and a viridescens green in colour, Australia. has a coniferous and deciduous terrestrial eft stage. Some and grows up to CaLP Prohibited Listed under carnivorous wet forests with small lake, adults migrate to water bodies 13cms long NSW diet including pond and ditch habitats. to breed in spring, others do Red-spotted legislation insects, so in autumn. They will newt It is a worms, small abandon aquatic environments

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 14 Salamanders and newts

Species General Juvenile image IPAC Incursion status Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding description classification In the wild & CaLP declaration VIC AUS

common molluscs and during drought conditions. aquarium pet crustaceans, in the U.S. young amphibians and eggs.

The rough- IPAC Extreme Not present Not found in They are Found throughout the west Is a semi-aquatic species. Taricha skinned newt is in Victoria the wild in carnivorous, coast of the U.S. and north Breed year round, larvae granulosa 12-22cms long, CaLP Prohibited Australia feeding on into British Columbia. Adult metamorphose between 4 and has a light brown On the Live amphipods, woodland species move to 12 months. May not reach to blackish upper Imports List insects, snails, slow moving or still water adulthood until 5 years of age Rough- body and a bright leeches and bodies to breed. They prefer in the wild. skinned newt yellow or orange tadpoles. cool, deep water of up to 12 underbelly metres in depth (www.caudata.org)

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 15 Salamanders and newts

2. Ambystomatidae and Cryptobranchidea Families: Species Specific Table Species General Juvenile image IPAC Incursion status Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding description classification In the wild

& CaLP declaration VIC AUS

Ambystoma The Tiger IPAC Extreme Not present Not found in Carnivorous, Adults of the species are Adults retreat to water to Salamander is (Not assessed) in Victoria the wild in they feed on almost entirely terrestrial, breed. Larvae are entirely tigrinum 15-35 cms long CaLP Prohibited Australia, insects, known to shelter in burrows aquatic with large external gills and blotchy grey, this species worms, small up to 60cms deep. and a fin behind the head. Tiger green or black in is used amphibians Metamorphosis times vary i.e. Salamander colour. widely for and baby some larvae metamorphose research in mice. quickly while others grow to the U.S. and full adult size first, which may is common to take several months. the international pet trade IPAC Serious Not present This species Mainly feeds A Japanese endemic which Adults travel upstream into the Andrias in Victoria is not found on insects, is entirely aquatic and mountains to spawn and lay japonicus CaLP Prohibited in the wild in frogs and fish. nocturnal. These large (up to eggs. Adult females lay two Australia. It has very 1.5m long) animals have no egg sacs at a time, each This species poor eyesight gills so are restricted to containing up to 70 eggs. Japanese is on the Live relying on clear, flowing water bodies Fertilisation is external. Giant Import List. sensory cells in order to obtain enough Salamander It has near in the skin to oxygen. Individuals may threatened pick up survive for up to 80 years in status in vibrations of the wild. Japan and is potential prey. included in CITES Appendix 1.

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 16 Salamanders and newts

3. Proteidae Family: Species Specific Table Species General Juvenile image IPAC Incursion status Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding description classification In the wild

& CaLP declaration VIC AUS

Necturus The Alabama IPAC Extreme Not present Not found in This species This species is native to the Though known to reproduce Waterdog is 15- (Not assessed) in Victoria the wild in feeds on U.S. states of Alabama, aquatically, little more is alabamensis 22cms in length, Australia. invertebrates Mississippi, Florida and identified about egg laying or brown or black in CaLP Prohibited The family is such as Georgia. Inhabiting medium clutch size. Larvae have two Alabama colour with a listed under crayfish, to large rivers and streams, distinct dorsolateral stripes white underbelly. NSW amphipods its distribution is patchy and beginning at the nose and Waterdog Permanent, bushy legislation and insect the species is listed as extending to the fin on the tail red gills are larvae. They endangered. Adults are present, along may also eat mainly terrestrial and remain with a laterally small fish. active throughout winter. compressed tail. Larvae tend to prefer water bodies with plentiful submerged leaf beds. The Gulf Coast IPAC Extreme Not present Not found in It feeds on This species is native to the Aquatic reproducer, though Necturus beyeri Waterdog is 15- (Not assessed) in Victoria the wild in small aquatic U.S. states of Louisiana, little more is known. This 22cms in length, Australia. invertebrates Mississippi and Texas. In species is not often caught in Gulf Coast and brown in CaLP Prohibited The family is the southern ranges, the warm weather, so they may colour with lighter listed under Gulf Coast Waterdog is aestivate in summer. Waterdog brown and black NSW found in clear streams with speckling. legislation. sandy bottoms. In the northern areas of their range they prefer rocky substrates, often hiding in crevices.

The adult Neuse IPAC Extreme Not present Not found in Adults hunt for This species is native to two Males mature at about 5.5 Necturus lewisi River Waterdog is (Not assessed) in Victoria the wild in prey items at river basins in North years (102mm long), females 16-28cms in Australia. night, when Carolina, US. It prefers at 6.5 years (100mm Neuse River length, brown in CaLP Prohibited The family is water turbidity larger streams, greater than long).Breeding season is colour with large listed under increases and 15m wide and 1m deep, with between Nov-May each year Waterdog bluish spots. NSW water levels a flow of greater than 10m/s. (northern hemisphere winter) legislation rise. Their Larvae are found in leaf and females lay eggs prey includes beds in areas of less water attached by a stalk to a insects, snails, flow. During winter, adults substrate during spring. worms, fish seek shelter in burrows or

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 17 Salamanders and newts

Species General Juvenile image IPAC Incursion status Diet Habitat / Behaviour Breeding description classification In the wild

& CaLP declaration VIC AUS

and under rocks. Individuals are crustaceans. inactive when water temperatures rise to above 18°C.

Mudpuppy adults IPAC Extreme Not present Not found in Their diet A fully aquatic salamander, This species has gills Necturus are 28-40 cms in (Not assessed) in Victoria the wild in consists of they are found from south throughout its lifecycle. The maculosus length. The larvae Australia. invertebrates, central Canada through the adult gills are external and exhibit CaLP Prohibited The family is small fish, mid-western U.S. to bright red in colour. Eggs are longitudinal bands listed under crayfish, snails Alabama and south to attached to submerged logs

Mudpuppy and four toes on NSW and worms. Georgia and Mississippi. and rocks and some parental their hind legs. legislation Their preferred habitat is care has been noted. shallow lakes and streams that have slow moving water and rocks under which they can hide. Dwarf waterdogs IPAC Extreme Not present Not found in Their diet A fully aquatic salamander, Dwarf waterdogs have gills Necturus are 11-19cms in (Not assessed) in Victoria the wild in consists of this species is endemic to throughout their lifecycle and punctatus length. Their Australia worms, insects the states of Virginia, reach maturity at about 5 dorsal surface is CaLP Prohibited and aquatic Georgia and north and south years of age (SVL 65-70mms). grey to black in The family is invertebrates Carolina in the U.S. Their Mating occurs in winter and Dwarf colour and their listed under habitat of choice is slow- females lay eggs (15-55) Waterdog belly is grey with a NSW moving, muddy or sandy between March and May, blue-white band legislation bottomed streams and deep attached to logs and rocks in along the midline. irrigation channels. They are the water. The larval stage They have bright mainly nocturnal and most may last up to two years and red external gills. active during the winter no metamorphosis occurs. months. This species exhibits no hibernation phase.

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 18 Salamanders and newts

References and Further Reading

***Alworth, L.C. and Harvey, S.B. 2007. IACUC Issues Associated with Amphibian Research. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal, 48(3) 278-289

Banks, B, Foster, J, Langton, T and Morgan, K. 2000. British Bullfrogs? British Wildlife (June 2000): 327-330.

***Bell, A.P. 1978. An English colony of the alpine newt. British Journal of Herpetology, 5: 748.

***Bell, B.D. and Bell, A.P. 1995. Distribution of the introduced alpine newt Triturus alpestris and of native Triturus species in north Shropshire, England. Australian Journal of Ecology, 20: 367-375.

***Bomford, M. 2003. Risk-Assessment for the Import and Keeping of Exotic Vertebrates in Australia. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra.

***Bomford, M. 2008. Risk-Assessment Models Report. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Invasive Animals CRC Canberra.

***Boughton, R.G et al. 2000. Use of PVC Pipe Refugia as a Sampling Technique for Hylid Treefogs. The American Midland Naturalist, 144:168-177.

***Cooke, A.S. and Frazer, J.F.D. 1976. Characteristics of newt breeding sites. Journal of Zoology, 178: 223-236.

Davis, J.R. & Brattstrom, B.H. 1975. Sounds produced by the California newts, Taricha torosa. Herpetologica, 31:409-412.

Department of Primary Industries. 2006. Code of Practice for the Welfare of Amphibians in Captivity. Bureau of Animal Welfare, Atwood, Victoria

Department of Primary Industries. 2009. One-spot livebearer, post eradication report, June 2009. Aquatic Biosecurity and Risk Management, DPI, NSW.

Enge, K.M. 1997. A standardized protocol for drift fence surveys. Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission, Technical Report No. 14, Tallahassee, Florida.

Garthwaite (pers.comm.) 2000 in Lever, C. 2003. Naturalised reptiles and amphibians of the world. Oxford University Press, New York.

***Griffiths, R.A. 1987. Microhabitat and seasonal niche dynamics of smooth and palmate newts, Triturus vulgaris and T. helveticus, at a pond in mid-Wales. Journal of Animal Ecology, 56: 441-451.

***Griffiths, R.A., De Wijer, P. and Brady, L. 1993. The effect of pH on embryonic and larval development in smooth and palmate newts, Triturus vulgaris and T. helveticus. Journal of Zoology, 230: 401-409.

***Hagström, T. 1979. Population ecology of Triturus cristatus and T. vulgaris (Urodela) in SW Sweden. Holarctic Ecology 2: 108-114. http://www.caudata.org

***Institutional Animal Care and Use Facility. Zoonoses of fish, amphibians and reptiles. Austin Peay State University, Tennessee.

Larner, K. (pers. Comm.)

Morley, C, J. Kuruyawa and C. Denny. 2006. The planned eradication of cane toads off Viwa Island, Fiji. Pp. 151-158 in Molloy, K.L. and W.R. Henderson (eds.) Science of cane toad invasion and control. Proceedings of the Invasive Animals CRC/CSIRO/Qld NRM&W Cane Toad Workshop, June 2006, Brisbane. Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, Australia.

Serena, M., Grant T.R., Williams G.A. 2016. Reducing bycatch mortality in crustacean traps: Effect of trap design on platypus and yabby retention rates. Fisheries Research 175 (2016) 43-50

Laufer H. and Waitzmann, M. 2002. Der Ochsenfrosch (Rana catesbeiana) am nordlichen Oberrhein (Baden-Wurttemberg) in Kraus, F. 2009, Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis, Springer Science.

N.B. *** Denotes Further Reading

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 19 Salamanders and newts

Photographic references References sourced on 29/07/2011

Species Website

Japanese Fire-bellied http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?enlarge=1111+1111+1111+3113 Newt Japanese Fire-bellied http://www.caudata.org/cc/species/Cynops/C_pyrrhogaster.shtml Newt (juvenile) Common Newt http://www.surrey-arg.org.uk/SARG/08000- TheAnimals/SpeciesPages/Smooth_Newt/Smooth%20newt%20pair.jpg

Common Newt http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?enlarge=1111+1111+1111+3527 (juvenile) Palmate Newt http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?enlarge=1111+1111+1111+2594

Palmate Newt http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?enlarge=1111+1111+1111+3546 (juvenile) Alpine Newt http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?enlarge=1111+1111+1111+3166

Alpine Newt http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?enlarge=1111+1111+1111+3306 (juvenile) Great Crested Newt http://cdn1.arkive.org/media/1E/1E8F3FB0-2418-4F08-80E7- 4D482EBB7897/Presentation.Large/Male-great-crested-newt-displaying.jpg

Great Crested Newt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LarveKamsalamander.JPG (juvenile) Black-spotted Newt http://www.arkive.org/black-spotted-newt/notophthalmus-meridionalis/

Striped Newt http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/usfws/stripednewt.jpg/medium.jpg

Red-spotted Newt http://www.animalpicturesarchive.com/animal/a6/rsn2-Red-spotted_Newt-by_John_White.jpg

Red-spotted Newt http://www.animalpicturesarchive.com/animal/a6/rsn2-Red-spotted_Newt-by_John_White.jpg (juvenile) Rough Skinned Newt http://www.caudata.org/cc/species/Taricha/T_granulosa.shtml

Rough Skinned Newt http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/images/tgranulosalarva906cu.jpg (juvenile) Tiger Salamander http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salamandra_Tigre.png

Tiger Salamander http://www.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://www.axolotl.org/images/tiger/tiger_larva.jpg&imgr (juvenile) efurl=http://www.axolotl.org/faq.htm&usg=__oj_lszHeagTQzSE7W2_TUC6iN9E=&h=399&w=700 &sz=118&hl=en&start=2&zoom=1&tbnid=jZvcbIl8mjFDuM:&tbnh=80&tbnw=140&ei=4rcYT7- 7IIudiAe6ouzUCw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtiger%2Bsalamander%2Bjuvenile%2Bphotos%26hl% 3Den%26sa%3DN%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&itbs=1

Japanese Giant http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrias_japonicus_cropped.jpg Salamander http://1.bp.blogspot.com/- PvHDwn3RlA8/Tk90VAZeG8I/AAAAAAAAAUM/ehRYjjHlQnQ/s1600/Giant+Salamanders-3.jpg

Alabama Waterdog http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?enlarge=0000+0000+0211+2306

Gulf Coast Waterdog http://imagess3.enature.com/reptile_amph/reptile_amph_m/ar0702_1m.jpg

Neuse River http://imagess3.enature.com/reptile_amph/reptile_amph_l/ar0734_1l.jpg Waterdog Mudpuppy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necturus_maculosus_maculosus.jpg

Dwarf Waterdog http://www.wild-facts.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Necturus_punctatus_SteveRoble01.jpg

Pre-incursion Plan PIP006 20 Salamanders and newts