PRESIDENT: Dr. Marie-Alexandrine Sicre SECRETARY: Dr. Corina Brussaard EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Dr. Edward R. Urban Jr.
Secretariat: College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment 003 Robinson Hall University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 USA
MEMORANDUM
TO: Attendees, 2017 SCOR Annual Meeting
FROM: Ed Urban, SCOR Executive Director
RE: Background Book for Meeting
DATE: 4 August 2017
I am pleased to enclose the background book for the upcoming SCOR Annual Meeting in Cape Town, South Africa. I hope that you have a chance to read it before the meeting, although I know that the time is limited and the background materials are extensive. Please be sure to review the annotated agenda following. I have tried to identify the actions that we need to consider at the meeting and have cross-referenced the agenda items to the pages where relevant background information can be found, so we can make the best use of our time together. Please skim the remainder of the book and focus on those sections that are most closely related to your interests and responsibilities. I hope that the book also will be a useful reference to you between SCOR meetings. The background book is also available on the Web, at http://scor- int.org/Annual%20Meetings/2017EC/SCOR_EC_2017.htm.
We will not be able to bring extra background books to the meeting, so please bring your copy if you requested one. Please let me know if you think other items should be made available to participants at the meeting.
I look forward to seeing each of you in Cape Town next month.
Phone: +1-302-831-7011 FAX: +1-302-831-7012 E-mail: [email protected]
43rd SCOR EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING Cape Town, South Africa 4-6 September 2017
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS (as of 1 August 2017)
Sergey Shapovalov (NM) SCOR Executive Committee: P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology
36 Nakhimovsky ave President: Marie-Alexandrine Sicre (NM) Moscow, 117997 CNRS, LOCEAN RUSSIA Tour 46-00, 5eme étage [email protected] 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05 FRANCE Song Sun (NM) [email protected] Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Secretary: 7 Nanhai Road Corina Brussaard (NM) Qingdao, 266071 NIOZ - Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Research [email protected] P.O. Box 59
Den Burg, Texel, 1797 BA Ex-Officio Members: NETHERLANDS [email protected] Patricia Miloslavich (IABO) Project Officer GOOS Biology & Past-President: Ecosystem Panel Peter Burkill (NM) Universidad Simon Bolivar / AIMS Drake Circus PMB No. 3 Plymouth University Townsville, Queensland, 4810 Plymouth PL4 8AA AUSTRALIA UNITED KINGDOM [email protected] Email: [email protected] Denise Smythe-Wright (IAPSO) Vice Presidents: National Oceanography Centre David Halpern (NM) European Way Jet Propulsion Laboratory Southampton, Hampshire, SO14 3ZH 4600 Oak Grove Drive UNITED KINGDOM MS 183-501 [email protected] Pasadena, California 91109 USA [email protected]
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John Turner (IAMAS) Isa Elegbede British Antarctic Survey Department of Environmental Planning, High Cross, Madingley Road Brandenburg Cambridge, CB3 0ET Department of Environmental Planning, UNITED KINGDOM Brandenburg [email protected] Cottbus 3046 Brandenburg
Co-opted Member GERMANY Colin Devey (NM) [email protected] Geomar Wischhofstr. 1-3 Annalisa Griffa (NM) Kiel, Schl.-H., 24148 CNR - Forte di S.Teresa GERMANY Pozzuolo di lerici (SP) 19032 [email protected] ITALY [email protected] SCOR Secretariat: Ed Urban Katherine Hutchison SCOR Secretariat 8 Kenmore rd, Tamboerskloof 003 Robinson Hall Cape Town 8001 College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment SOUTH AFRICA University of Delaware [email protected] Newark, DE 19716 USA Venugopalan Ittekkot Email: [email protected] Berner Chaussee 114
Other Participants: Hamburg 22175 Salvatore Arico GERMANY UNESCO/IOC [email protected] 7, Place de Fontenoy Paris 75007 Chan Joo Jang FRANCE Korea Institute of Ocean Science & [email protected] Technology 787 Haean-ro(st). Sangnok-gu Gulsen Avaz Ansan 15627 Gyeonggi-do TUBITAK MARMARA RESEARCH SOUTH KOREA CENTER [email protected] Environmental & Cleaner Production Institute Jorma Kuparinen (NM) KOCAELI 41470 Harbonkatu 6 G TURKEY Helsinki 980 [email protected] FINLAND [email protected] Jérôme Dyment InterRidge LGM, IPGP, 1 rue Jussieu Paris 75005 FRANCE [email protected]
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Balla Maggero Marcello Vichi Kenya Meteorological Services Private Bag X3 Oceano. & Marine Division Rondebosch Nairobi 254 Cape Town 7975 KENYA Western Cape [email protected] SOUTH AFRICA [email protected] Raymond Roman Dept. Oceanography Toshio Yamagata (NM) University of Cape Town Application Lab, JAMSTEC Rondebosch 7701 3173-25 Showa-machi, kanazawa-ku Western Cape Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001 SOUTH AFRICA JAPAN [email protected] [email protected]
Alakendra Roychoudhury Sinjae Yoo (NM) Department of Earth Sciences ILJUDONGRO 2670 Stellenbosch University JEJU-SI 63349 Stellenbosch 7706 SOUTH KOREA Western Cape [email protected] SOUTH AFRICA [email protected] Jing Zhang (NM) Graduate School of Science and Xiaoxia Sun Engineering Institute of Oceanology, CAS University of Toyama 7 Nanhai Road Toyama 9308555 Qingdao 266071 Japan Shandong [email protected] CHINA [email protected] NM = Nominated Member
Maria Van Leeuwe (NM) Nijenborgh 7 Groningen 9700CC NETHERLANDS [email protected]
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Agenda for 2017 SCOR Annual Meeting in Cape Town, South Africa
Sun., Sept. 3 Mon., Sept. 4 Tues., Sept. 5 Wed., Sept. 6 9:00 Welcome, Logistics, GEOTRACES and Introductions IOC 9:15 9:30 President’s Report 9:45 Executive Director’s IMBER Report Agenda 2030, G7, 10:00 Preparations for and WOA-2 10:15 2018 SCOR SOLAS Elections 10:30 BREAK BREAK BREAK 10:45 11:00 SOOS IOCCP 11:15 SCOR Capacity 11:30 2019 SCOR Annual Building Activities Meeting GlobalHAB 11:45 JCS 12:00 12:15 IQOE Update on ICSU Review and Current WGs Actions Taken to Respond to 12:30 Review SCOR IIOE-2 12:45 Executive 13:00 Committee 13:15 Meets in LUNCH LUNCH LUNCH 13:30 Closed Session 13:45 14:00 IOCCG 14:15 InterRidge GACS WG Proposals – 14:30 South African Marine IABO Develop Short List 14:45 Science IAMAS and Select proposals IAPSO 15:00 WCRP 15:15 Future Earth/Ocean KAN 15:30 BREAK BREAK BREAK 15:45 16:00 PICES 16:15 16:30 WG Proposals – Finances 16:45 South African Marine Feedback to Report of Ad Hoc Finance Science (cont.) 17:00 Proponents Committee 17:15 17:30 Close of Meeting 17:45 SCOR Executive SCOR Executive Committee Conference Dinner Committee Meets in Closed Session Dinner
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43nd SCOR EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING Cape Town, South Africa 4-6 September 2017
ANNOTATED AGENDA ______
1.0 OPENING
1.1 Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements, p 1-1 Ansorge, Sicre, Urban
1.2 Approval of the Agenda, p. 1-11 Sicre Additions or modifications to the agenda as distributed may be suggested prior to approval of the final version.
1.3 Report of the President of SCOR, p. 1-11 Sicre The President will briefly review her activities for SCOR since the SCOR General Meeting in September 2016 in Sopot, Poland.
1.4 Report of SCOR Executive Director, p. 1-11 Urban The Executive Director will report on his activities for SCOR since the 2016 SCOR meeting, and on the current condition of SCOR.
1.5 Appointment of an ad hoc Finance Committee, p. 1-14 Sicre The SCOR Constitution requires that a Finance Committee be appointed at every SCOR meeting. It must consist of at least three members of SCOR who are not members of the Executive Committee. The Finance Committee reviews the administration of SCOR finances during the previous fiscal year and the current year, and will propose a budget for 2018 activities and dues for 2019. Members of the 2017 Finance Committee are Annalisa Griffa (Italy), Sinjae Yoo (Korea), and Jing Zhang (Japan). The Committee will report to the meeting under agenda item 8.3.
1.6 2018 Elections for SCOR Officers, p. 1-14 Burkill The SCOR Secretary and all three Vice-President positions will be open for nominations for the 2018 elections. Action: Appoint Nominating Committee
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2.0 WORKING GROUPS
2.1 Current Working Groups The Executive Committee Reporter for each working group (or a member of the group) will present an update on working group activities and progress, and will make recommendations on actions to be taken.
2.1.1 SCOR/InterRidge WG 135 on Hydrothermal energy transfer and its impact on the ocean carbon cycles, p. 2-1 Smythe-Wright WG 135 was extended at the 2016 SCOR meeting for another year to complete its second publication. The status of the second publication is unknown. Action: Determine whether to disband the group.
2.1.2 SCOR/IGBP WG 138: Modern Planktic Foraminifera and Ocean Changes, p. 2-2 Brussaard The final workshop of the group was held on 30 August-4 September 2015 on Catalina Island, California, USA (see http://www.eforams.org/img_auth.php/e/ed/SCORWG138_Catalina_2nd_circular.pdf). No report was received for the SCOR meeting. Action: Consider disbanding the group.
2.1.3 WG 139: Organic Ligands – A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean, p. 2-3 Devey At the 2016 SCOR meeting, SCOR WG 139 was granted an extension for an additional year to complete on-going activities. The first is the special issue of Frontiers in Marine Science - Marine Biogeochemistry, Research Topic: Organic ligands - A key control on trace metal biogeochemistry in the ocean: http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/3981/organic-ligands-- -a-key-control-on-trace-metal-biogeochemistry-in-the-ocean> . It received 16 submissions of high-quality articles. This is the second special issue from WG 139. The first special issue was published in 2015 in Marine Chemistry (issue 173). WG 139 activities are expected to continue in the coming year, including continued progress on the best practices manual for ligand measurements, and completion of speciation analyses on the intercalibration samples collected from the Gulf of Mexico and Southern Ocean. Action: Consider a “no cost” extension for the group until its work is completed.
2.1.4 WG 141 on Sea-Surface Microlayers, p. 2-10 Burkill A subset of the group conducted a multi-disciplinary sea-surface microlayer (SML) research cruise on the R/V Falkor (Schmidt Ocean Institute) in 2016. The cruise started in Darwin, Australia and finished in Guam, sampling the SML and underlying water at more than 17 stations, performing on-board ship experiments and aerial ROV deployments. The cruise was used as a ‘hand-on’ teaching platform for several PhD students and allowed for the continued refinement of the ‘Guide to best practices to study the ocean’s surface’ (see TOR 1). See https://schmidtocean.org/cruise/study-of-the-sea-surface-microlayer/. Two review papers resulted from the group’s work this year1 and a special issue of Elementa: Science of
1Anja Engel, Hermann W. Bange, Michael Cunliffe, Susannah M. Burrows, Gernot Friedrichs, Luisa Galgani, Hartmut Herrmann, Norbert Hertkorn, Martin Johnson, Peter S. Liss, Patricia K. Quinn, Markus Schartau, 7
the Anthropocene has been opened (see https://collections.elementascience.org/sea-surface- microlayer). A post-cruise meeting will be held in August 2017 to co-compare the multi- disciplinary data sets and synthesize an integrated understanding of the SML and the role of the SML in global-scale processes. Part of the meeting will consider the refinement of the ‘Guide to best practices to study the ocean’s surface’ based on sampling experiences from the cruise and any updates to the best practice sampling document will be made if needed. Action: Consider a “no cost” extension for the group until its work is completed.
2.1.5 WG 142 on Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders, p. 2-14 Burkill WG 142 is preparing a manuscript (Bittig et al., in preparation) that summarizes the protocols for successful operation of oxygen sensors on profiling floats. The efforts of WG142 are being successfully transferred to a broader community, including operators of gliders. The committee work has also played a seminal role in planning for a global array of Biogeochemical-Argo floats, as well as the development of data processing protocols for the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) profiling float array. The next meeting of the WG is tentatively set for the Argo Data Management Team meeting in Hamburg, Germany during late November 2017. A focus of this meeting would be passing much of the Working Groups findings on to the Argo Data Management Team. Action: Consider a “no cost” extension for the group until its planned work is completed.
2.1.6 WG 143 on Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N2O and CH4, p. 2-18 Turner The group produced a technical report on The Production of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Gas Standards (see http://www.scor- int.org/Publications/SCOR_WG_143_Technical_Report.pdf). The planned activities for the coming year are to (1) conduct data synthesis and manuscript writing for the intercomparison of methane and nitrous oxide in seawater and (2) complete the cruise report for the Baltic Sea expedition (see https://www.io-warnemuende.de/message/items/tracking-down-the-greenhouse- gases-methane-co-iow-heads-a-method-standardization-expedition.html). The group plans to hold its final meeting in conjunction with the Ocean Sciences Meeting in February 2018 in Portland, Oregon, USA. Action: Consider funding for 2018 meeting of working group.
2.1.7 WG 144 on Microbial Community Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation, p. 2-21 Miloslavich WG 144 held a symposium in Goa, India, at the National Institute of Oceanography during 2–5 December 2016. The group is producing a special issue from the symposium, in Deep-Sea Research II (DSR II). N. Ramaiah, Sean Crowe, Virginia Edgcomb and Bess Ward will be the editors. So far, nine manuscripts have been submitted and are under review and it is expected there will be about 15 papers in the special issue. DSR II estimates the time from initial
Alexander Soloviev, Christian Stolle, Robert C. Upstill-Goddard, Manuela van Pinxteren & Birthe Zäncker (2017) The Ocean’s Vital Skin: Toward an Integrated Understanding of the Sea Surface Microlayer. Frontiers in Marine Science 4:165. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00165 Wurl O, Ekau W, Landing WM, Zappa CJ. Sea surface microlayer in a changing ocean – A perspective. Elem Sci Anth. 2017;5:31. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.228 8
submission to publication to be about 1.5 years, so the special issue should be published sometime in 2018. A tentative list of authors and titles, compiled at the time of the symposium, is given in the WG report. Action: Consider disbanding group, after special issue is completed.
2.1.8 WG 145 on Chemical Speciation Modelling in Seawater to Meet 21st Century Needs (MARCHEMSPEC), p. 2-35 Sicre The group published a paper on its work.2 A second SurveyMonkey questionnaire, aimed at users outside the academic community, was launched in April 2017 and gathered 57 additional responses. Members of the group were successful in obtaining funding from NERC and NSF for a research project, starting in July 2017, to develop a full characterization of the chemistry of TRIS buffers in artificial seawater over the full range of relevant salinities and temperatures. Measurements in the USA and UK will be complemented by measurements carried out at GEOMAR (Kiel, Germany) and at the French, German and Japanese national standards laboratories. An analysis and summary of the results of both SurveyMonkey questionnaires will be prepared for publication. The next WG meeting is planned for February 2018 in conjunction with the Ocean Sciences Meeting. Action: Consider funding for 2018 WG meeting.
2.1.9 WG 146 on Radioactivity in the Ocean, 5 decades later (RiO5), p. 2-39 Smythe-Wright The working group will meet after the background papers for the SCOR meeting were completed. Action: Consider disbanding group in 2018.
2.1.10 WG 147: Towards comparability of global oceanic nutrient data (COMPONUT), p. 2-40 Roman, Sicre WG 147 has a busy year ahead. Its next activity will be a training workshop at NIOZ in the Netherlands (https://www.nioz.nl/en/education/marine-studies/scor-pogo-international-training- workshop-for-nutrient-analysis-2017) in November. SCOR is providing some funding from its developing country scientist travel grant for this event. Members of the group are collecting two additional batches of Atlantic Ocean seawater, from deep and mid-depth waters, for CRM production. WG 147 is working on revisions on the portion of the GO-SHIP manual related to nutrient measurements. In conjunction with the 2018 Ocean Sciences Meeting in Portland, Oregon, WG 147 has submitted a proposal for a special session on “Biogeochemistry and Nutrients in open ocean waters: Sustainable Ocean Observations and Time Series Efforts" and will hold the final meeting of the group. Action: Consider funding for WG meeting in 2018 and discuss how to increase use of the nutrient CRMs.
2Turner, D.R., E.P. Achterberg, C.-T.A. Chen, S.L. Clegg, V. Hatje, M.T. Maldonado, S.G. Sander, C.M.G. van den Berg, M. Wells. 2016. Toward a Quality-Controlled and Accessible Pitzer Model for Seawater and Related Systems. Frontiers in Marine Science 3: doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00139. 9
2.1.11 WG 148 on International Quality Controlled Ocean Database: Subsurface temperature profiles (IQuOD), p. 2-47 Hutchinson, Shapovalov A session on “Scientific data rescue of ocean data with a focus on climate analysis” was proposed for the 2018 Ocean Sciences meeting in February 2018, in Portland, Oregon, USA. WG 148 is planning to hold its 2018 meeting in April 2018 at the UK Met Office (piggy-backing on the EGU annual meeting). The major objectives of the meeting will be to conduct an AutoQC benchmarking exercise; refine i-metadata, uncertainty and duplicates flagging, coordinate machine learning activities, and discuss potential outreach activities. Action: Consider funding for 2018 WG meeting.
2.1.12 WG 149 on Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS): how will biota respond to a changing ocean?, p. 2-53 Miloslavich WG 149 will hold a workshop in Monaco in mid-2018 to introduce the multiple drivers best- practices guide (BPG) to early-career scientists, and will hold its third WG meeting after the Monaco workshop. The BPG will be introduced to North American scientists in mid-July 2018 at the early-career Gordon Research Seminar which precedes the Ocean Global Change Gordon Research Conference. A joint IMBER/SCOR WG149 session has been proposed at the 4th Symposium on the Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans (June 2018 in Washington D.C.) Action: Consider funding for 2018 WG meeting.
2.1.13 WG 150 on Translation of Optical Measurements into particle Content, Aggregation & Transfer (TOMCAT), p. 2-58 Burkill The chair of WG 150 published an article in Eos informing the community about the group and its first meeting.3 WG 150 will carry out intercalibrations between in situ camera systems, LOPC and backscatter sensors during the UK COMICS cruises (http://comics.ac.uk/) in the Southern Ocean in November-December 2017 and in the Benguela in April May 2018. The group is planning an international “autumn school”, likely hosted at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, in late 2018. During the year the group will finalize its list of essential variables and publish these freely available online, and will decide on a public depository and publish the first set of example data and codes. The group will host a dedicated session during the Ocean Science Meeting in February 2018 in Portland, Oregon to promote TOMCAT’s work and to advertise the autumn school, and will hold its next WG meeting there. Action: Consider funding for 2018 WG meeting.
2.1.14 WG 151: Iron Model Intercomparison Project (FeMIP), p. 2-63 Devey During the coming year, the group will proceed with objective 1 (collating information about the three main processes identified as being most important in models of iron cycling: external input, biological cycling, and speciation/scavenging) and objective 2 (testing cases for model skill metrics for the different platforms). Results from O1 and O2 will be presented at the Feb. 2018 meeting of WG 151 and publicized during a Town Hall session during Ocean Sciences 2018. The outcome of O1 is planned to be a publication and the release of code for different process closures. The outcome of O2 is planned to be a release of evaluation tools and consensus values via the website, plus a companion paper. Champions and preliminary plans will be developed for O3 and O4 during the kick-off meeting of the WG in Feb. 2018.
3 https://eos.org/meeting-reports/optical-sensors-can-shed-light-on-particle-dynamics-in-the-ocean 10
Action: Consider funding for 2018 WG meeting.
2.1.15 WG 152 on Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice), p. 2-66 Turner Two virtual meetings are planned for summer/fall 2017, to discuss planning of the upcoming intercalibration experiments as part of TR #1 and the next in-person meeting, in June 2018, in conjunction with BEPSII, MOSAiC and CATCH during the 2018 SCAR/IASC POLAR 2018 Conference, in Davos, Switzerland. At the meeting, WG 152 members and others will review progress on the group’s Terms of Reference (present the data collations (TR #2); pursue the elaboration of intercalibration experiments (TR #1 and #3), including reviewing results of primary production experiment in Saroma; and finalize plans for a gas concentration experiment at UEA. The intercalibration experiment on gas concentrations will be conducted at the UEA ice- tank facility in summer 2017. EUROCHAMP 2020 funding will available for this intercalibration experiment. The funding will cover travel expenses for 1-3 international participants, and the costs of operating the facility. At least one ice growth experiment (~10 days) will be run. If feasible, a second experiment at a different temperature will be conducted. Action: Consider funding for 2018 WG meeting.
2.2 Working Group Proposals
2.2.1 Integration of Plankton-Observing Sensor Systems to Existing Global Sampling Programs (P-OBS), p. 2-75 Burkill Action: Consider as new SCOR working group.
2.2.2 Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to climate change, p. 2-89 Shapovalov Action: Consider as new SCOR working group.
2.2.3 International Network for the Study of How Organisms Respond to Environmental change (INSHORE), p. 2-111 Miloslavich Action: Consider as new SCOR working group.
2.2.4 Expanding Regional Application of Dynamic Ocean Management (ERADOM), p. 2-131 Devey Action: Consider as new SCOR working group.
2.2.5 Floating Litter and its Oceanic TranSport Analysis and Modelling (FLOTSAM), p. 2-149 Halpern Action: Consider as new SCOR working group.
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3.0 LARGE-SCALE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS
SCOR currently sponsors five large-scale research projects; four of them are co-sponsored by other organizations. Each project has its own scientific steering committee (SSC) to manage the project. SCOR and other co-sponsors are responsible to oversee the projects, which they do primarily through responsibility for the project SSC memberships and terms of reference, although sponsors also oversee the results of the projects’ activities. Any proposed changes in membership or terms of reference are considered by the SCOR Executive Committee, in partnership with other co-sponsors, throughout the year. The SCOR Secretariat oversees the use of grant funds provided to the projects through SCOR. SCOR uses solely grant funds for IMBER, SOLAS, and GEOTRACES, but is providing SCOR support for IQOE and IIOE-2 until they are self-supporting.
3.1 SCOR/Future Earth Integrated Marine Biosphere Research, p. 3-1 Burkill IMBER has been in transition for the past several years, from having IGBP as a co-sponsor to having Future Earth as a co-sponsor, and in transition from the first to second phase of IMBeR. The IMBeR Science Plan/Implementation Strategy has been reviewed and reviewers’ comments have been responded to by IMBER. IMBER will hold its 5th Imbizo open science meeting in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA in October 2017 and will hold its second Open Science Conference in Brest, France in 2019. Funding for the IMBER International Project Office in Bergen, Norway and its Regional Project Office in Shanghai, China have been extended to 2020. IMBER is in the process of selecting a new Executive Officer. Action: None. IMBER funding is provided by specific funding from NSF and NASA grants to SCOR.
3.2 GEOTRACES, p. 3-27 Devey GEOTRACES continues its systematic exploration of the chemistry of the ocean. The major activities for the past year have been preparation of the 2017 Intermediate Data Product, which will be released at the 2017 Goldschmidt Meeting on 13-18 August 2017, in Paris, France. As with the 2014 Intermediate Data Product, graphics of the sections will be distributed on memory cards, at the Goldschmidt meeting and at the 2018 Ocean Sciences Meeting. Ninety-six GEOTRACES cruises have been conducted (including 11 International Polar Year cruises) with 1,024 section stations completed and almost 900 peer-reviewed papers published. Planning is underway for Pacific and Indian ocean cruises. GEOTRACES held two synthesis meetings in the United Kingdom in December 2015, which resulted in a special issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A since last years SCOR meeting.4 Action: None. GEOTRACES funding is provided by specific funding from an NSF grant to SCOR.
3.3 Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), p. 3-56 Garçon, Turner SOLAS has added Future Earth as a co-sponsor, in place of IGBP, and its Phase II Science Plan 2015 has been approved by co-sponsors. SOLAS has also produced a 2016-2018 Implementation
4 http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/374/2081 12
Strategy. SOLAS is working with Future Earth, IMBER, and other projects to develop an Ocean Knowledge Action Network (KAN). SOLAS is planning its 2018 Summer School for 23 July-3 August 2018 in Cargese, Corsica, France. Action: None. SOLAS funding is provided by specific funding from an NSF grant to SCOR.
3.4 SCOR/POGO International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE), p. 3-70 Urban, Shapovalov IQOE’s Science Committee was formed in early 2016 and met for the second time in London, UK in January 2017. Work has proceeded this year on forming working groups and getting them activated. POGO has been funding an IQOE-related working group for the past two years, which has proposed an acoustic Essential Ocean Variable for the Global Ocean Observing System and is working on an online database of passive acoustic observing systems. The IQOE Website is being re-designed and will be launched later this year. Funding is being provided for IQOE activities by a consortium of Monmouth University and Rockefeller University in the United States. A proposal has been submitted to a national government for placement of an IQOE International Project Office at a institutional member of POGO. Action: Consider 2018 support from SCOR to IQOE.
3.5 SCOR/IOC/IOGOOS Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2), p. 3-74 Burkill The Science Committee for the IIOE-2 held its first meeting in Perth, Australia in January 2017. SCOR supported one chair of each of the Science Themes to attend the meeting. The second meeting will be held in Lombok, Indonesia in March 2018. IIOE-2 is co-sponsoring a session on “The Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2) and Related Oceanic and Coupled Atmospheric Research in the Indian Ocean” at the IAPSO-IAMAS-IAGA conference immediately before the SCOR annual meeting. Action: Consider 2018 support from SCOR to IIOE-2.
4.0 INFRASTRUCTURAL ACTIVITIES
4.1 IOC/SCOR International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, p. 4-1 Telszewski, Halpern IOCCP plays an important role in the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA- ON) through participation of two SSG members Richard Feely and Benjamin Pfeil, and Project Director Maciej Telszewski on the GOA-ON Executive Council. IOCCP serves as the Biogeochemistry Panel of the Global Ocean Observing System. IOCCP has assisted with the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT). In September 2016, SOCAT version 4 (SOCATv4) was released, with 18.5 million quality-controlled, surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) observations with an accuracy of better than 5 μatm from 1957 to 2015 for the global ocean and coastal seas. Automation of data upload and initial data checks speeds up data submission and will allow annual releases of SOCAT from version 4 onwards. Three community publications that resulted from IOCCP activities acknowledged NSF support through SCOR (see IOCCP report).
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Actions: None. IOCCP funding is provided by specific funding from an NSF grant to SCOR.
4.2 SCAR/SCOR Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS), p. 4- 38 Swart, Miloslavich SOOS is developing 5 Regional Working Groups that will coordinate and implement the observing system in their regions, bringing together efforts in planning, logistics, resources, data management and access. These regional groups will encompass national observing efforts, and will work with circumpolar observing programs and projects to ensure required coverage of observations in the following regions: West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), Southern Ocean Indian Sector, Ross Sea, Weddell/DML, and Amundsen/Bellingshausen. The WAP workshop took place in May 2017, the Indian Ocean workshop will take place in August 2017, and the Ross Sea workshop will take place in Sept. 2017. SOOS Capability Working Groups help develop important observational capabilities, such as developing and implementing technologies; improving observational design, efficiency and coverage; and enhancing information management and dissemination. The Capability Working Groups include the following: Censusing Animal Populations from Space, Southern Ocean Fluxes, Benchmarking (eEOV), and a SOOS-initiated POGO Working Group Observing and Understanding the Ocean beneath Antarctic sea ice and ice shelves (OASIIS). The SOOS report details various SOOS mapping tools and databases that are coming on line. Action: Consider 2018 funding for SOOS.
4.3 IAPWS/SCOR/IAPSO Joint Committee on Seawater (JCS), p. 4-46 Smythe-Wright The JCS did not meet as a full group in 2016-2017. However, 6 JCS members attended the 2016 International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) Annual Meeting in Dresden, Germany (Sept 11-16, 2016). Two JSC members attended the 2016 International Symposium on Stratified Flows (San Diego, Aug 29-Sept 1, 2016). The four Metrologia review papers published in January 2016 continue to be heavily downloaded, especially part 4 on relative humidity. Parts 1 and 4 of the Metrologia papers have just been selected as one of the “2016 Highlights of Metrologia”. These papers have their own Web page (http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0026-1394/page/Highlights_of_2016). Action: Consider funding for 2018.
4.4 GlobalHAB, p. 4-49 Urban, Sun The GlobalHAB SSC met for the second time in March 2017 in Naples, Italy to work on its Science and Implementation Plan and to plan activities for the coming year. GlobalHAB SSC members helped work on the GEOHAB special issue of Oceanography, including a paper about GlobalHAB. GlobalHAB is developing links with various related projects (e.g., the IOC GO2NE project and the Global Ciguatera Strategy), and is working with the Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Bloom on a good practices manual for research on harmful algal blooms. Work continues on the IOCCG-GEOHAB monograph on ocean color satellite techniques for the study of HABs. Action: None. GlobalHAB funding is provided by specific funding from an NSF grant to SCOR.
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4.5 Workshop on Seafloor Ecosystem Functions and their Role in Global Processes, p. 4-57 Urban SCOR sponsored a meeting of 12 marine scientists in September 2014 to develop a high-profile paper on research priorities related to seafloor ecosystem functions and their role in global processes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution invited submission of a manuscript from the workshop. An update on the status of the publication will be presented at the SCOR meeting. Action: None
5.0 CAPACITY-BUILDING ACTIVITIES
5.1 SCOR Committee on Capacity Building, p. 5-1 Ittekkot The SCOR Committee on Capacity Building revised the application form for the SCOR Visiting Scholars program and created a request form for meeting organizers to submit to request funds for travel of developing country scientists to their meetings. The SCOR Executive Committee approved Claudia Benitez-Nelson (USA) to replace Venu Ittekkot as the chair of the committee in early 2017. Benitez-Nelson and Ed Urban represented SCOR at a side event at the UN Ocean Conference in June 2017, which SCOR led. Action: Consider funding for 2018 activities of the committee.
5.2 SCOR Visiting Scholars, p. 5-1 Ittekkot SCOR has sent 26 Visiting Scholars to 15 different countries in the first 9 years of the program, including 5 in 2017. The program has resulted in a significant outcome for a moderate investment, including a four-year Research Camp at the University of Namibia that has been developed by a two-time SCOR Visiting Scholar, Kurt Hanselmann (see item 5.5). Action: Funding for this activity is provided by an NSF grant to SCOR. Identify sources of funding for the program from other countries to expand the program.
5.3 POGO-SCOR Visiting Fellowships for Oceanographic Observations, p. 5-4 Urban SCOR has co-funded this program with POGO since 2001. The program has funded more than 125 fellows so far. Four fellowships were awarded in 2017. Actions: None. Funding for this activity is provided by an NSF grant to SCOR.
5.4 NSF Travel Support for Developing Country Scientists, p. 5-16 Urban SCOR was awarded a three-year renewal of its grant from the National Science Foundation for travel of developing country scientists to scientific meetings. The new grant will run until 31 July 2020. The funding is used primarily for travel grants, but also for the SCOR Visiting Scholars and POGO-SCOR Fellowships. The SCOR Committee on Capacity Building approved several batches of requests since the 2016 SCOR meeting and additional requests will be considered after the SCOR meeting in South Africa. Action: None. Funding for this activity is provided by an NSF grant to SCOR.
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5.5 Research Camps at the University of Namibia, p. 5-18 Urban The Research Camps at the University of Namibia have reached the end of their first 4-year grant from the Agouron Institute. An evaluation is being conducted to determine what changes should be made if the program were continued. This evaluation will include a visit by Venu Ittekkot and Ed Urban to Namibia in August 2017 to meet with officials at the University of Namibia and the Namibian National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC), a partner in the program. Action: None. Funding for this activity is provided by a grant from the Agouron Institute to SCOR.
6.0 RELATIONS WITH INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
6.1 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), p. 6-1 Sicre, Arico SCOR continues to co-sponsor several activities with IOC, including IOCCP (see item 4.1), the GlobalHAB project (see item 4.4), and the Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (see item 3.5). Actions: None
6.2 Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), p. 6-1 Urban SCOR has funded GESAMP Working Group 38 on Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean through grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation. From 27 February to 2 March 2017, two workshops took place at the University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom under the auspices of Working Group 38 and sponsored by WMO, NSF, SCOR, SOLAS, and UEA. These workshops focussed on the changes in the acid/base balance of the atmosphere and ocean, and their impacts on air-sea exchange. Workshop 1 focussed on Changing Atmospheric Acidity and its Impacts on the Oceanic Solubility of Nutrients and Workshop 2 focussed on The Impact of Ocean Acidification on Fluxes of Non-CO2 Climate- Active Species. As many as 12 peer-reviewed publications may result from these workshops. Action: None. Funding for this activity is provided by an NSF grant to SCOR.
6.3 North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), p. 6-15 Sun PICES plays an important role in bringing a North Pacific perspective to the global activities of SCOR. By participating in and implementing these activities in the region, PICES can advance its own scientific agenda. Ed Urban represented SCOR at the 25th PICES anniversary meeting in November 2016. SCOR provided travel support for developing country scientists to attend PICES-related meetings in the past year and PICES has provided support for people from PICES nations to attend the activities of SCOR projects. PICES supports the participation of one Associate Member of WG 149. Of particular note is the participation of PICES in implementing the SCOR-IOC GlobalHAB project, and cooperation with IOCCP and with the IMBeR ESSAS activity and with IMBeR more broadly. Actions: None
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7.0 RELATIONS WITH NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
7.1 International Council for Science Sicre ICSU reviewed SCOR and SCAR in 2015 and 2016. The SCOR Executive Committee drafted a response to the review, including implementing actions related to the recommendations, and gave an opportunity for national SCOR committees to respond to the draft response. The final response was sent to ICSU on 4 May 2017. The SCOR Executive Committee will meet in closed session on 3 September 2017, immediately before the SCOR annual meeting, to discuss progress on the actions that are underway to respond to recommendations from the ICSU Review Panel. Actions: Discuss SCOR actions to respond to ICSU review.
7.1.1 World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), p. 7-1 WCRP co-sponsors the SOLAS project. WCRP projects particularly related to SCOR interests include the CLIVAR project and the WCRP Grand Challenge on Regional Sea-Level Change and Coastal Impacts. SCOR is co-sponsoring and providing funding for the WCRP Polar Challenge (see http://www.wcrp-climate.org/index.php/polarchallenge) and provided travel support for a scientist from India to attend the WCRP/IOC Regional Sea Level Changes and Coastal Impacts in New York City in July 2017. Action: None
7.1.2 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), p. 7-7 Brussaard SCOR cooperation with SCAR is particularly in relation to the Southern Ocean Observing System, but SCAR conducts several other activities that may interest SCOR (see SCAR report in Tab 7). Action: Discuss whether SCOR should offer to help with other SCAR activities.
7.1.3 Future Earth Initiative, p. 7-16 Sicre SCOR has been working with the Future Earth initiative in 2017 to help develop an Ocean Knowledge Action Network (KAN), in cooperation with the IMBeR and SOLAS projects. Action: None.
7.2 Affiliated Organizations
7.2.1 International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO), p. 7-25 Miloslavich IABO has continued its work to coordinate the field of marine biodiversity research internationally, particularly through the series of World Conferences on Marine Biodiversity. The 4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity (WCBM) will be held in Montreal, Canada on May 13-16, 2018 (see http://www.wcmb2018.org). The next IABO General Assembly will be held in conjunction with the WCMB. IABO has established an international award, in recognition of Carlo Heip’s leadership in marine biodiversity research and founding of the World Conference on Marine Biodiversity, the Carlo Heip International Award for outstanding accomplishments in marine biodiversity science. The award will recognize an individual who has demonstrated exemplary leadership in marine biodiversity science. IABO invites SCOR members to encourage their scientists to nominate people for this new award.
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Action: Identify areas of future cooperation with IABO and consider scientists to nominate for the Carlo Heip International Award.
7.2.2 International Association for Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS), p. 7-28 Turner The international Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (iCACGP) of IAMAS co-sponsors SOLAS. iCACGP is one of 10 IAMAS commissions that form the core of IAMAS activities. The IAMAS Bureau and Executive have been heavily involved in the planning of the joint IAPSO-IAMAS-IAGA assembly, which will be held in Cape Town, South Africa on 27 August–1 September 2017, just before the SCOR annual meeting. Actions: Identify future areas of cooperation with IAMAS.
7.2.3 International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO), p. 7-31 Smythe-Wright SCOR and IAPSO have co-sponsored many working groups in the past, and are discussing IAPSO co-sponsorship of new SCOR working groups. The two organizations currently co- sponsor the Joint Subcommittee on Seawater (see item 4.3). Action: Identify future areas for SCOR cooperation with IAPSO.
7.3 Affiliated Programs
7.3.1 InterRidge - International, Interdisciplinary Ridge Studies, p. 7-37 Dyment, Devey InterRidge has been a long-time affiliated program of SCOR, and the two organizations are co- sponsoring WG 135 on Hydrothermal Energy Transfer and its Impact on the Ocean Carbon Cycles. The InterRidge IPO moved to a new location in Toulouse, France this year. Action: None
7.3.2 International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG), p. 7-43 Bernard, Sun SCOR co-sponsors various IOCCG activities through support from the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Currently, the SCOR/IOC GEOHAB project and IOCCG are co-sponsoring a project on applications of remote sensing to detect harmful algal blooms. SCOR provided support for developing country scientists to participate in the 2016 IOCCG Summer School. The third International Ocean Colour Science (IOCS) meeting, convened by the IOCCG in partnership with EUMETSAT, ESA, the European Commission and likely NASA, took place from 15 to 19 May 2017, in Lisbon, Portugal. Action: None.
7.3.3 Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS), p. 7-49 Burkill GACS continues work toward fulfilling its goals of providing a global network of Continuous Plankton Recorder surveys and has achieved some success in helping establish new CPR surveys and providing training for people responsible for these new surveys. The latest Global Status report was released in June 2016, available electronically at https://www.sahfos.ac.uk/publications/scientific-reports/ecostatus-reports/. Action: None
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7.4 Other Organizations
7.4.1 Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO), p. 7-51 Shapovalov SCOR and POGO have many areas of mutual interest and have a good history of cooperation over the 17 years of POGO’s existence. The two organizations have co-sponsored a fellowship program for ocean observations since 2001 and worked together to develop the International Quiet Ocean Experiment (see item 3.4). SCOR and POGO also work together in relation to global capacity building for ocean science, and their executive directors are currently working together on publications related to the organizations’ capacity-building activities. Action: None
8.1 Membership Urban
8.1.1 National Committees, p. 8-1 Report on Membership Changes since 2013 Executive Committee Meeting, p. 8-1 Member Nations and Nominated Members, p. 8-2 Membership in the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), p. 8-3 Actions: None.
8.2 Publications Arising from SCOR Activities, p. 8-5 Urban SCOR projects and working groups have produced many publications in the past year. Several SCOR working groups have special issues or significant papers under development, which will appear in the next year. Action: None
8.3 Finances, p. 8-5 Finance Committee, Urban The SCOR Executive Committee approved a Finance Committee consisting of Annalisa Griffa (Italy), Sinjae Yoo (Korea), and Jing Zhang (Japan). This committee will conduct its work during the SCOR meeting and will report on (1) the 2016 Audit report, (2) recommendations related for revisions to the 2017 SCOR budget, (3) recommendations for the 2018 SCOR budget, and (4) recommendations for dues levels in 2019. Actions: Present (1) the 2016 Audit report, (2) recommendations related to revisions to the 2017 SCOR budget, (3) recommendations for the 2018 SCOR budget, and (4) recommendations for dues levels in 2019.
9.0 SCOR-RELATED MEETINGS
9.1 SCOR Annual Meetings
9.1.1 2017 Executive Committee Meeting, p. 9-1 Sicre Action: Thank hosts of the meetings
9.1.2 2018 General Meeting: Plymouth, UK, p. 9-1 Burkill
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9.1.3 2019 Executive Committee Meeting: Toyama, Japan, p. 9-1 Zhang
9.2 Locations of Past SCOR Annual Meetings, p. 9-1
9.3 SCOR-Related Meetings Since the 2016 SCOR Annual Meeting and Planned for the Future, p. 9-2
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1.0 OPENING
1.1 Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements Ansorge, Sicre, Urban 1.1.1 Memorials for Scientists Involved With SCOR. p. 1-1
1.2 Approval of the Agenda—Additions or modifications to the agenda may be suggested prior to approval of the final version, p. 1-11 Sicre
1.3 Report of the SCOR President—The President will briefly review activities since the SCOR General Meeting in September 2016, p. 1-11 Sicre
1.4 Report of SCOR Executive Director, p. 1-11 Urban
1.5 Appointment of an ad hoc Finance Committee, p. 1-14 Sicre
1.6 2016 SCOR Elections for SCOR Officers, p. 1-14 Burkill
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1.0 OPENING
1.1 Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements Ansorge, Sicre, Urban
1.1.1 Memorials for Scientists Involved With SCOR Sicre
Ralph Cicerone
Role in SCOR: Chair of the Planning Committee of the First Symposium on The Ocean in a High-CO2 World
Ralph J. Cicerone, who served as president of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) from 1 July 2005 through June of this year, died at his home in New Jersey on Saturday at age 73. A world authority on atmospheric chemistry and climate change, Cicerone was widely regarded as an authoritative and gentlemanly voice for science.
He “was a model for all of us of not only doing what counts, but doing it with honesty, integrity, and deep passion.” “The entire scientific community is mourning the sudden and untimely loss of this great leader who has been unexpectedly removed from the forefront of the scientific issues that matter most to the future well-being of society,” Marcia McNutt, Cicerone’s successor as NAS president, said in a statement. Cicerone and McNutt both served as former presidents of the American Geophysical Union, Cicerone from 1992 to 1994 and McNutt from 2000 to 2002.
“Ralph Cicerone was a model for all of us of not only doing what counts, but doing it with honesty, integrity, and deep passion,” McNutt said.
Rush Holt, CEO of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and executive publisher of the Science family of journals, remembered Cicerone in a statement as “a champion of science who helped scientists understand their obligations to society and helped non-scientists understand the importance of science to their lives, especially with respect to human induced changes of Earth’s climate.”
Influenced Climate Science Policy
As head of the academy, Cicerone played an instrumental role in several prominent studies about climate change. Those included a series of 2011 reports on America’s Climate Choices, which laid out motivations for action and outlined a comprehensive U.S. response to climate change, and a 2014 report, Climate Change: Evidence and Causes, released jointly with the Royal Society, the United Kingdom’s science academy. Also, prior to becoming NAS president, Cicerone led an academy study about climate change that then president George W. Bush had requested.
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In a recent interview with Eos, Cicerone said that the biggest disappointment of his tenure as NAS head was the “rabid partisanship” surrounding climate change, which has included congressional grilling of climate experts and officials. “We are trashing our institutions. For example, the antigovernment feelings that anything the federal government touches is somehow dirty and wasteful and somehow morally wrong: this just drives me crazy,” said Cicerone, who died the day after the Paris climate accord went into effect.
Other Major Accomplishments
Among Cicerone’s other achievements while he was the NAS president, he established a $500 million Gulf Research Program following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and hosted two visits to the academy by President Barack Obama.
He also helped increase gender diversity in the academy’s ranks, seeing the number of women academy members rise from 9.5% (187 of 2062 members) in 2005 to 15.1% (354 out of 2351 members) this year. Of new academy members elected in 2016, 28.6% (24 out of 84) are women.
Cicerone pushed to maintain the quality of the NAS’s National Research Council reports despite a diminishment in federal reimbursements that help pay for those reports. He also spearheaded creation of the NAS Science and Entertainment Exchange, which connects Hollywood with scientists and engineers to bring more accurate science into popular films
Fields of Dreams: From Science to Sports
Immediately prior to serving as president of the academy, Cicerone was chancellor of the University of California (UC), Irvine, from 1998 to 2005. Cicerone did landmark research in atmospheric science. His research with Richard Stolarski in the 1970s was cited in the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry that Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina, and F. Sherwood Rowland received for work about the formation and decomposition of ozone. Cicerone and Stolarski “had shown that free chlorine atoms in the atmosphere can decompose ozone catalytically in similar ways as nitrogen oxides do,” the citation noted.
While at MIT studying engineering, he also played varsity baseball and enjoyed watching Boston Red Sox games.Cicerone received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering, with a minor in physics, from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He earned a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Alongside his enthusiasm for science and engineering, Cicerone also loved sports. He told Eos that while at MIT studying engineering, he also played varsity baseball and enjoyed watching Boston Red Sox games. “My senior year at MIT, I was finally doing well enough as a student that I went to baseball games in the spring. One year, I went to 31 games,” he recalled. Years later, UC Irvine named its baseball field for Cicerone, the driving force behind reviving the university’s baseball program in the 1990s.
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Cicerone is survived by his wife, Carol; their daughter; and two grandchildren.
—Randy Showstack, Staff Writer
Citation: Showstack, R. (2016), Former U. S. Science Academy president Ralph Cicerone dies at 73, Eos, 97, https://doi.org/10.1029/2016EO062673. Published on 07 November 2016.
Paul J. Harrison
Role in SCOR: Full Member of WG 132 on Land-based Nutrient Pollution and the Relationship to Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Marine System and WG 137 on Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Coastal Ecosystems: Comparative Analysis of Time Series Observation
Paul J. Harrison was a humble man and a mentor to many. His love of learning, spending time in nature, travel, and adventure shone through in both his academic career and personal life. He was a Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia, an outstanding international scientist, and a tremendous supporter of his academic colleagues.
Paul and his sister Joan grew up on an idyllic 300-acre farm near Uxbridge, Ontario, where he attended a one-room school. He entered high school at age 12 and upon graduation pursued a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Toronto. It was there that he met his lifelong companion, Victoria Harman. They both had a zest for travel, so after three months of marriage they headed to Ghana on a two-year teaching contract with CUSO. Whenever they got the chance they traveled throughout West and East Africa, climbing Mount Kilimanjaro and navigating the southern Nile River. It was in Ghana, living near the ocean, that Paul decided to pursue a PhD in Biological Oceanography at the University of Washington.
After completing his PhD and climbing all the major mountain peaks in the state of Washington, Paul became a professor in oceanography at the University of British Columbia. He soon built an internationally recognized program in Biological Oceanography, which trained 45 graduate students, 15 postdoctoral scholars and countless undergraduates, many of whom went on to be leaders in academia, government and industry. He published over 300 refereed scientific papers (nearly 50 in the last five years), co-authored “The Bible” of seaweed physiology and ecology, and is one of the most highly cited scholars in his discipline.
His research focused on the microscopic primary producers (the “grass of the sea”) that provide the fuel for the ocean’s food chain, from fish to whales. Paul investigated the productivity in the Strait of Georgia, and conducted large-scale iron fertilization experiments in the North Pacific. Later in his career, he spent 10 years in Hong Kong where he worked on red tides, dead zones, and the role of the ocean in reducing global warming and climate change. Throughout his life, Paul won several awards for his research and teaching, including being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Despite his international recognition, Paul was always willing to put the achievements of others above his own.
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Although officially “retired” for five years, Paul never slowed down. He continued to advise students, post-docs and colleagues, spearhead award nominations, advise government agencies, sit on international working groups, write papers and chapters, and edit books. He also supported Nature Vancouver, giving talks, leading field trips, and participating in several wilderness camps throughout British Columbia. He recently joined the Richmond Bike Club and the Golden Ages Hiking Club. Top trips included hiking for ten days in the Czech Republic, cycling for two weeks in Cuba and snowshoeing in the local mountains. All of these adventures were shared with his enthusiastic wife and teammate, Victoria. Above this all, Paul’s real passion was running. He got hooked during graduate school and made a habit of never traveling without his runners. He always said it was his natural high.
He will be greatly missed by his wife of 51 years, Victoria, their three children, Richard, Christina and Rachel, their three grandchildren, Shoshauna, Anastasia, and Payton, his sister Joan and her three children, Aaron, Andrew and Nancy, and their families, sister-in-law Gwen and brother-in-law Glen, and their families, as well as colleagues from around the world.
From: https://memorial.support.ubc.ca/paul-j-harrison/
Mike Lucas
Role in SCOR: Nominated Member of the South African SCOR Committee.
Dear colleagues and students
I am very sad to have to inform you that Associate Professor Michael Lucas died in the early hours of Saturday morning, 27 May 2017. He passed away peacefully in his sleep.
This was to be Assoc Prof Lucas’s final year of service to the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Cape Town (UCT) before his retirement. His association with UCT began in 1977 when he was appointed as a temporary lecturer and research officer. In 1982 he accepted formal employment at the university as a senior research officer.
The Dean of Science, Professor Anton le Roex, said, “His love of the sea and all things marine biological is well known, and during his time at UCT he enthused many generations of students in the mysteries of the marine world and more recently the link to climate change. His recent book, co-authored with Mary and Bob Scholes, entitled Climate Change: Briefings from Southern Africa is testament to his deep love for the oceans and their interaction with the climate.”
Assoc Prof Lucas spent a great deal of his professional life on research cruises in the oceans around South Africa and in the North Atlantic. He helped guide the education and careers of
1-5 many undergraduates and postgraduates. Many generations were inspired by his lectures in class and on field trips. He will be remembered for his charm and ability to effectively communicate science to a wide audience. He will be missed by those who knew and worked with him.
He is survived by his parents, Ian and Helen, his sisters, Cathy and Petey (all living in the UK), his two sons, Chris (29) and Jonny (14), and his partner, Wendy.
On behalf of UCT, I extend heartfelt condolences to Assoc Prof Lucas’s family, friends and colleagues for this sad loss.
Sincerely
Dr Max Price Vice-Chancellor
From: https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-05-31-in-remembrance-death-of-a-colleague
James J. O’Brien
Role in SCOR: Nominated Member from the U.S. SCOR Committee; ex-officio member of the SCOR Executive Committee as chair of IAPSO; Chair, Full Member, and Corresponding Member of the Committee on Climate Changes and the Oceans; and Full Member of WG 55 on Prediction of El Niño and WG 73 on Ecological Theory in Relation to Biological Oceanography.
In Memoriam Dr. James J. O'Brien 1935-2016
We are tremendously saddened to inform the community that Dr. James O'Brien, Professor Emeritus of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography at Florida State University and the founder of COAPS, passed away on September 20. Our memory of him remains as someone who was exuberant, approachable, and deeply committed to the mentorship of young scholars.
Dr. O'Brien received his bachelor's degree from Rutgers University in 1957, after which he served as a weather officer in the U.S. Air Force. He then entered Texas A&M University at College Station to earn his master's degree and Ph.D. in meteorology, and completed his post- doctoral work at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. He began his tenure at Florida State in 1969, becoming a full-tenured professor in 1972. Dr. O'Brien was a fixture at Florida State for more than 40 years, during which time he established COAPS as a center of excellence performing interdisciplinary research in ocean-atmosphere-land-ice interactions to increase understanding of the physical, social, and economic consequences of climate variability.
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Among his many contributions to Florida State University was creation of the Jim & Sheila O'Brien Graduate Fellowship Award. The fellowship provides supplementary stipends for students studying air-sea interaction and physical oceanography. Throughout the course of his career, Dr. O'Brien taught, performed research, and served on numerous boards and honorary societies. During his tenure at Florida State, he mentored 45 Ph.D. students and 66 master's students. He also supervised more than 25 post-doctoral assistants. He considered his role as a mentor one of his proudest accomplishments, and many of his students and postdocs have gone on to make their own stellar contributions to their scientific fields.
Dr. O'Brien's early research emphasis was in ocean modeling, which led to new breakthroughs in understanding coastal upwelling, El Niño, La Niña, and hurricane effects on the ocean. In the mid-1980s, he was one of three scientists recruited by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to build models to predict El Niño. His studies focused on how El Niño affected the United States and he was dubbed "Dr. El Niño" by the late Bernie Sliger (president of Florida State from 1976 to 1991) for his work in forecasting El Niño and its implications for Florida and the Southeast region. His most recent research interest was on the impact of climate variability on our everyday life.
Dr. O'Brien served on scores of committees with the American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society, National Academy of Sciences, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Climatic Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research. He was also the recipient of numerous awards including the Office of Naval Research Distinguished Ocean Educator, the Robert O. Lawton Distinguished Professor Award from Florida State University, the Medal of Honor from Liège University in Belgium, and the 2006 Uda Prize from the Japanese Oceanographic Society. He was honored as a Fellow by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Geophysical Union, the American Meteorological Society, and the Royal Meteorological Society, and as a Foreign Fellow by the Russian Academy of Natural Science. Most recently in 2015, he was recognized as a fellow of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, a global organization dedicated to advancing research of the earth and its environment, for his exceptional contributions to international cooperation in geoscience and for having attained eminence in the field of earth and space sciences.
Dr. O'Brien was a gifted public speaker and lecturer, as well as a prolific scholar. He published hundreds of articles in peer-reviewed journals. And while he officially retired from FSU in 2006, Dr. O'Brien continued to mentor students and young colleagues. "I flunked retirement," he would say with a twinkle in his eye and a jovial smile.
Although born in the U.S., Dr. O'Brien certainly had a bit of the old Irish in him. He was the oldest of nine children born to Irish immigrants who came to the America in 1926. Always proud of his heritage, he could come up a good Irish joke or folk song at the drop of a hat. He will be deeply missed.
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Graham Shimmield
Role in SCOR: Nominated Member from the United Kingdom to SCOR and member of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
Executive Director Graham Shimmield Passes Away
Graham Shimmield, executive director of Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, died Dec 24 at 58 years old after a hard-fought battle with cancer. A globally recognized leader in oceanography, Shimmield served in his role at Bigelow Laboratory since 2008. During his tenure, he transformed the organization, building upon its longstanding scientific reputation to develop a $32-million marine research and education campus in East Boothbay, Maine, which opened in 2012, along with a $6-million residence facility that will open in spring 2017.
“Graham was an accomplished scientist, a visionary leader, and a kind and compassionate human being who changed our organization and our lives,” said Ben Twining, a vice president and senior research scientist at Bigelow Laboratory who is now serving as acting executive director. “We were very lucky to have him at the helm for the last nine years.”
Shimmield published more than 70 peer-reviewed scientific articles, earning recognition as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology, and a recipient of the prestigious Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership Medal. He held an array of leadership positions with national and international groups during his career, including president and vice president of the European Federation of Marine Sciences and Technology Societies; chairman of the European Census of Marine Life; member of the board of trustees and executive committee for the Consortium for Ocean Leadership; and chairman of the International Science Advisory Board for the Decommissioning of Man-Made Structures in the North Sea, Oil & Gas.
Since arriving in Maine in 2008, he served on the boards of the Maine Innovation Economy Advisory Board, Maine Space Grant, Maine Sea Grant, and advisory boards for Maine Maritime Academy and Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory. In 2013, he was elected to the Board of Trustees for the Consortium for Ocean Leadership in Washington, DC. In July 2015, he was named as one of the top 50 “Bold Visionaries Defining Our State” by Maine Magazine.
“Graham's vision, knowledge, and devotion to Bigelow Laboratory along with his ability to manage many challenges with care and gentleness defined him as a leader,” said Herbert Paris, chair of the Bigelow Laboratory Board of Trustees. “Graham enriched all of us who had the privilege of working with him. He was the guiding force that brought Bigelow Laboratory to international recognition. His passing is tragic, and it has left us deeply saddened.”
Shimmield was born in Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad, on Dec 1, 1958. A citizen of the United Kingdom, he received a Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. His research focused on identifying indicators of climate change and examining human impacts on the ocean. Throughout his career, his work took him to every ocean on the planet, from Pacific coral reefs impacted by El Niño to polar regions affected by melting sea ice.
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In 1997, Shimmield became managing director of the Scottish Association for Marine Science, where he served until moving to the United States to assume his role at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences. There he led the independent, not-for-profit research institution that studies the ocean and how it is changing – from the biology and ecology of marine microorganisms to large- scale ocean processes that affect the global environment.
“Under Graham's leadership, Bigelow Laboratory has nearly doubled in size, developed significant education programs, launched a successful philanthropy program to support our work, and increased the reach and impact of our science through expanded outreach and our Centers for Venture Research,” Twining said. “Graham was committed to contributing to innovation and growth in Maine's economy through our research and partnerships around the state.”
Bigelow Laboratory plans to arrange a celebration of Shimmield’s life in the spring, and it will provide the details of that event to its email mailing list at a later date: https://www.bigelow.org/news/subscribe.html. To help support his legacy, the Laboratory has established an endowment fund in Shimmield’s honor. Contributions to the Dr. Graham Shimmield Endowment Fund may be sent to Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, PO Box 380, East Boothbay, ME, 04544.
Theodore J. Smayda
Role in SCOR: Full Member of WG 33 on Phytoplankton Methods, Full Member of WG 97 on Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms, and Associate Member of WG 137 on Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Coastal Ecosystems: Comparative Analysis of Time Series Observation
In memoriam
2017-04-14
Ted Smayda passed away on April 5, 2017
A week ago today, the HAB and research community lost another giant intellect. Professor Theodore J. Smayda, (Ted as he preferred to be called) passed away after a period of illness.
A graduate of the Braarud School of phytoplankton ecology of Oslo, Norway, Ted held unique skills and insights into phytoplankton dynamics including those of HAB species. Author of over 150 peer reviewed publications and numerous book chapters, he remained a prolific writer and active researchers until the last days. His command of the literature in all languages was legendary and his ability to synthesize information from disparate sources was truly a skill few mastered with his proficiency. His inquisitive mind probed continually for major principles governing the dynamics of phytoplankton which were constantly used to stimulate his many
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students and colleagues alike. Always willing to listen, Ted developed ideas, questions and testable hypotheses with novice students to well established colleagues. Generous with his thoughts and ideas, he freely shared these through his many presentations at meetings, symposia and invited seminars.
Among his many scientific accomplishments, Ted took pride in the excellent library holdings at the GSO Pell Library in which he personally scoured sources for pertinent literature. This was in keeping with an overriding philosophy of providing an environment where the mind was the limiting factor and all else was provided. Another scientific accomplishment he was particularly proud of was the long term Narragansett Bay Time Series, a data set beginning in 1959 and continuing weekly into the late 1990’s. These data, obtained for various stations in Narragansett Bay but specifically for Station 2 that was sampled weekly over the entire period, remains one of the most complete phytoplankton data sets to date. Unlike other long-term data sets, this was one conducted on whole water samples, detailed species observations to a significant level and included physical chemical data. The legacy of this data set will be available to all in the near future. The data set was also a cohesive element for his students who all contributed to its completion and often generated the hypotheses realized in their thesis research and subsequent publications. Analysis of these data resulted in Ted’s understanding of the open niches provided for HAB species development, phytoplankton patterns occurring over unexpected periods spanning several years and trends significant to understanding effects of climate change.
Ted’s unique view of looking at HAB events as “Rosetta Stones” giving us insights into functioning of complex marine environments where we have few tools to dissect their elements rose from delving these data. He continuously looked through a microscope, knew the species and was able to document their changes in time and in various environments. This occurred at a time when skills at the taxonomic level were disappearing for more convenient but less informative and labor intensive methods. The foundation of these insights will provide stimulus for ideas for many years to come. In a personal vain, Ted was a happy family man, enormously proud of his children and their accomplishments and dearly loved nature including his beloved gardens and pond environment. His love for languages continued and was revealed in his private writing of poetry. A mentor, teacher, perpetual student and lover of knowledge, Ted will be sorely missed but deeply remembered through his enormous legacy of literature, ideas, and continued stimulus to know more. His contributions will continue for yet many years.
Carmelo Tomas
University of North Carolina Wilmington.
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Torben Wolff
Role in SCOR: Nominated Member from the Danish SCOR Committee and Vice-President of SCOR (1980-1984)
TORBEN WOLFF
IN MEMORIAM
21 July 1919 – 2 May 2017
Dr. Torben Wolff, known all over the world as just Torben, nestor of oceanography and carcinology, friend, colleague, mentor for three generations of marine scientists, and promoter of science to the public at all levels, died in his sleep 2 May 2017 at the age of 97. Torben got his cand.mag. degree from the University of Copenhagen in 1947 and was awarded the Dr.phil. degree in 1963. His career at the Zoological Museum started in 1953. He was Associate Professor and Curator of Crustacea from 1962 until he retired in 1989, from 1966 as Head of Department of Marine Invertebrates, with a break in 1980-83 as Director of the Danish Aquarium.
Before his permanent attachment at the Zoological Museum Torben took part in three cruises that defined his life ever after: the ‘Atlantide’ expedition to West Africa 1945-46, The Danish Rennell Expedition 1951, and first and foremost as second in command on the ‘Galathea’ Expedition around the world 1950-52. Later, in 1962, he led the ‘Noona Dan’ expedition to the Bismarck–and Solomon Islands. After these experiences he was invited to participate in American, Russian and French deep-sea expeditions incl. a 4000 m deep dive with a French bathyscaph off Madeira in 1966.
Torben authored about 70 scientific papers (and many hundred short articles in ‘popular’ media on oceanography in the widest sense). He wrote several taxonomic studies in the now famous Galathea Report, but his tour-de-force was the monumental ‘The systematics and biology of bathyal and abyssal Isopoda Asellota’ Galathea Report 6: 1-320, from 1962, in which he introduced his views on the taxonomy of the group and summarised all available systematic and geographic knowledge, thus establishing a comprehensive new platform for the study of asellote Isopoda.
Torben would not have been the Torben we knew without engaging himself wholeheartedly in many international and national organizations, committees and policy fora in oceanography and nature conservation. In this, he followed in the footsteps of his own mentor and dear friend Professor Anton Bruun.
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In November 2016 Torben, to his great pleasure, had an asteroid named after him as ‘Asteroid 6577 Torbenwolff’.
Torben was the ultimate extrovert. He will long be remembered for his all-encompassing freely aired enthusiasm that inspired many who worked with him or met him at conferences and meetings and at social gatherings (who can forget his rendition of the Mauri war dance the Haka).
Let our thoughts go to his wife Lisbeth who traveled with Torben all over the world and supported him (and not infrequently reined him in a bit!) throughout their 63 years together.
1.2 Approval of the Agenda (see Tab 0) Sicre The agenda can be rearranged at the meeting to accommodate the schedules of presenters and to add items to it.
1.3 Report of the SCOR President Sicre The SCOR President will present a report at the meeting that describes his activities on behalf of SCOR since the 2014 SCOR Annual Meeting in Bremen, Germany.
1.4 Report of SCOR Executive Director Urban The ongoing work through SCOR-supported projects and working groups has continued as usual this year, thanks to the many dedicated scientists and project staff. Additional activities of the SCOR Secretariat have involved creating documents and implementing actions to respond to the ICSU review of SCOR, as well as preparations and participation in the UN Ocean Conference in New York City in June 2017.
Finances—Dues income is on track for this time of year, although about one-third of dues income has not yet been received. Income from dues is important for funding the central administration of SCOR, namely the costs of the Secretariat and the annual SCOR meetings. Dues also fund some costs of working groups and other SCOR activities that are not funded from grants. SCOR depends on grant funding for large-scale research projects, ocean carbon activities, and some working groups. SCOR recently received the third year of funding as part of its three- year NSF science grant and a three-year renewal of its grant from NSF for capacity-building activities.
National Members—The number of countries involved in SCOR has remained stable this year, although one national member is in danger of removal for non-payment of dues. The issue will be discussed by the SCOR Executive Committee. There was some rotation of Nominated Members (see Tab 8).
Publications and Outreach—The SCOR Web site is the major vehicle for providing up-to-date information about SCOR to the international ocean science community and I make changes to
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the site several times each week, as I receive new information. The site is checked for “dead links” monthly.
SCOR activities yielded several publications in the primary literature and other venues this year, as noted in Tab 8. Because SCOR’s reputation is largely affected by the quality of documents resulting from SCOR activities, I spend a significant amount of my time writing, reviewing, and/or editing publications.
SCOR will have a booth at the Ocean Sciences meeting in Portland in February 2018. The booth provides an opportunity for SCOR-sponsored projects to gain visibility and for SCOR projects to distribute information and to meet with people who drop by the booth. Several SCOR working groups will meet in conjunction with the Ocean Sciences meeting, so I will able to help with logistics and/or attend meetings of these groups, including WGs 143 on Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N2O st and CH4, WG 145 on Chemical Speciation Modelling in Seawater to Meet 21 Century Needs (MARCHEMSPEC), WG 147: Towards Comparability of Global Oceanic Nutrient Data (COMPONUT), WG 150: Translation of Optical Measurements into particle Content, Aggregation & Transfer (TOMCAT), and WG 151: Iron Model Intercomparison Project (FeMIP). I don’t usually attend WG meetings, so this is a good opportunity for me to meet the members and provide a SCOR perspective, if needed. , The SCOR Twitter account has 268 followers (as of 29 July 2017), up from 137 followers in September 2016. I Tweet news items that I think would interest the broader community. There is almost no overlap between SCOR’s Twitter followers and people on the SCOR email list.
Meetings—In the 12 months between the 2016 and 2017 SCOR annual meetings, 7 SCOR working groups met (WGs 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152). The Scientific Steering Committees of GEOTRACES, GlobalHAB, IIOE-2, IMBER, IOCCP, IQOE, and SOOS also met.
Outreach to Scientists from Developing Nations and Capacity-Building Activities—SCOR continues to invest funding and effort in expanding our capacity-building activities. SCOR appointed five SCOR Visiting Scholars in 2017, up from the usual three. The fourth of four annual Research Camps was held at the University of Namibia (UNAM) campus in Henties Bay this year. This concept grew out of Kurt Hanselmann’s two visits to UNAM as a SCOR Visiting Scholar and a subsequent grant from the Agouron Institute to SCOR for this activity. We are in the process of reviewing the results of the first four years to decide whether to continue the activity and, if so, how it might be modified.
Service to International Ocean Research Projects—SCOR helps SCOR-sponsored research projects in many different ways, including providing funds from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and other sources, providing travel support for developing country scientists and scientists from countries with economies in transition to special events of the projects, providing IPO-type support until an IPO
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can be funded, providing access to the Conference Manager software for management of open science meetings, and leasing the GoToMeeting audio conferencing system for the projects.
Support of Project Offices—SCOR currently provides partial support for three project offices, as subawards to one of SCOR’s grants from NSF:
International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP)—This office is located in Sopot, Poland, at the Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. SCOR pays the salary and benefits for the project director, Dr. Maciej Telszewski, as well as activity funding. IOC helps support the cost of the office and provides activity funding for IOCCP, and the host institution provides in-kind support. GEOTRACES Data Assembly Centre—This office is located at the British Oceanographic Data Centre. SCOR pays for some salary support and other expenses related to the office, for the GEOTRACES Data Manager. The office receives occasional support from other countries whose scientists are involved in GEOTRACES. GEOTRACES International Project Office—This office is located in Toulouse, France at the Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, SCOR support pays for about half of the office cost, including some salary support for the GEOTRACES Executive Officer, Ms. Elena Masferrer-Dodas. SCOR funds are supplemented by funds from other countries whose scientists are involved in GEOTRACES.
Partnerships With Other Organizations—Maintaining existing partnerships and developing new ones depends on SCOR having the ability to commit funding to joint activities and to send representatives to partners’ meetings. We have strong partnerships with Future Earth, IOC, PICES, POGO, and SCAR. This year, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre and I represented SCOR at the IOC Executive Council in June and I represented SCOR at PICES 25th anniversary meeting in November 2016. I met with the U.S. and French SCOR Committees this year. I have also been involved in planning for an Ocean Knowledge-Action Network.
Staffing—Currently, I am working full-time for SCOR and Elizabeth Gross is working about one-third time as a contractor to handle many financial duties. I handle the regular duties related to the SCOR Secretariat each year, but this year I also did the following:
Served as the project coordinator for the International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE), which included planning and coordination of the second meeting of the IQOE Science Committee in January 2017, and helping develop the project’s working groups. (Two working groups have been approved and two more are nearly approval.) Created Web site for the project (www.iqoe.org). Served as the one of the project coordinators, with Henrik Enevoldsen of IOC, for the new GlobalHAB project, whose Scientific Steering Committee met in March 2017. Worked on two articles for the special GEOHAB issue of Oceanography magazine.1
1Berdalet, E., R. Kudela, E. Urban, H. Enevoldsen, N.S. Banas, E. Bresnan, M. Burford, K. Davidson, C.J. Gobler, B. Karlson, P.T. Lim, L. Mackenzie, M. Montresor, V.L. Trainer, G. Usup, and K. Yin. 2017. GlobalHAB: A new program to promote international research, observations, and modeling of harmful algal blooms in aquatic systems. Oceanography 30(1):70–81, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.111.
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Developed a variety of documents to implement recommendations from the ICSU review of SCOR, including a SurveyMonkey questionnaire regarding SCOR communication approaches. Produced three SCOR Newsletters and the 2016 SCOR Proceedings. Worked with Marie-Alexandrine Sicre on preparations for the UN Ocean Conference, including presentations in three side events and leadership of one of these side events, on capacity building for ocean science.
I am working on two other publications as time allows, one on the outcomes of the U.S. Program in Biology of the first International Indian Ocean Expedition and the other (with Sophie Seeyave of POGO) on the outcomes of the Visiting Scholar/Professor programs of SCOR and POGO.
I continue to manage all SCOR Secretariat activities and oversee the finances of SCOR activities, pursue new funding for SCOR activities, represent SCOR at various meetings, help edit various publications, and work on the SCOR Web site and Newsletter.
1.5 Appointment of an ad hoc Finance Committee Sicre The Executive Committee appointed the 2018 Ad Hoc SCOR Finance Committee before the meeting, so the committee members can receive and review SCOR financial information in advance. Participation on the Finance Committee is limited to Nominated Members who are attending the meeting, but who are not members of the SCOR Executive Committee. This ensures that a group independent from the Executive Committee and SCOR Secretariat staff can make recommendations to the Executive Committee about SCOR finances. The members of this year’s Finance Committee are Annalisa Griffa (Italy), Jing Zhang (Japan), and Sinjae Yoo (Korea).
1.6 2018 Elections for SCOR Officers Burkill The election process for 2018 SCOR officers will begin after the SCOR meeting in Cape Town.
Kudela, R.M., E. Berdalet, H. Enevoldsen, G. Pitcher, R. Raine, and E. Urban. 2017. GEOHAB–The Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms Program: Motivation, goals, and legacy. Oceanography 30(1):12–21, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.106.
2.0 WORKING GROUPS
2.1 Current Working Groups The Executive Committee Reporter for each working group will present an update on working group activities and progress, and will make recommendations on actions to be taken. Working groups expire at each General Meeting, but can be renewed at the meeting and can be disbanded whenever appropriate.
2.1.1 SCOR/InterRidge WG 135 on Hydrothermal energy transfer and its impact on the ocean carbon cycles, p. 2-1 Smythe-Wright 2.1.2 SCOR/IGBP WG 138: Modern Planktic Foraminifera and Ocean Changes, p. 2-2 Brussaard 2.1.3 WG 139: Organic Ligands – A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean, p. 2-3 Devey 2.1.4 WG 141 on Sea-Surface Microlayers, p. 2-10 Burkill 2.1.5 WG 142 on Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders, p. 2-14 Burkill 2.1.6 WG 143 on Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N2O and CH4, p. 2-18 Turner 2.1.7 WG 144 on Microbial Community Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation, p. 2-21 Miloslavich 2.1.8 WG 145 on Chemical Speciation Modelling in Seawater to Meet 21st Century Needs (MARCHEMSPEC), p. 2-35 Sicre 2.1.9 WG 146 on Radioactivity in the Ocean, 5 decades later (RiO5), p. 2-39 Smythe-Wright 2.1.10 WG 147: Towards comparability of global oceanic nutrient data (COMPONUT), p. 2-40 Sicre 2.1.11 WG 148 on International Quality Controlled Ocean Database: Subsurface temperature Profiles (IQuOD), p. 2-47 Shapovalov 2.1.12 WG 149 on Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS): how will biota respond to a changing ocean?, p. 2-53 Miloslavich 2.1.13 WG 150 on Translation of Optical Measurements into particle Content, Aggregation & Transfer (TOMCAT), p. 2-58 Burkill 2.1.14 WG 151: Iron Model Intercomparison Project (FeMIP), p 2-63 Devey 2.1.15 WG 152 on Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice), p. 2-66 Turner
2.2 Working Group Proposals 2.2.1 Integration of Plankton-Observing Sensor Systems to Existing Global Sampling Programs (P-OBS), p. 2-75 Burkill 2.2.2 Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to climate change, p. 2-89 Shapovalov 2.2.3 International Network for the Study of How Organisms Respond to Environmental change (INSHORE), p. 2-111 Miloslavich 2.2.4 Expanding Regional Application of Dynamic Ocean Management (ERADOM), p. 2-131 Devey 2.2.5 Floating Litter and its Oceanic TranSport Analysis and Modelling (FLOTSAM), p. 2-149 Halpern 2-1
2.1 Current Working Groups
2.1.1 SCOR/InterRidge WG 135 on Hydrothermal energy transfer and its impact on the ocean carbon cycles Smythe-Wright
Terms of Reference: Synthesize current knowledge of chemical substrates, mechanisms and rates of chemosynthetic carbon fixation at hydrothermal systems as well as the transfer of phytoplankton-limiting micronutrients from these systems to the open ocean. Integrate these findings into conceptual models of energy transfer and carbon cycling through hydrothermal systems which would lead to quantification of primary production in view of a future assessment of the contribution of these systems to the global-ocean carbon cycle. Identify critical gaps in current knowledge and proposing a strategy for future field, laboratory, experimental and/or theoretical studies to bridge these gaps and better constrain the impact of deep-sea hydrothermal systems on ocean carbon cycles.
Co-chairs: Nadine Le Bris (France) and Chris German (USA)
Other Full Members: Wolfgang Bach (Germany), Loka Bharathi (India), Nicole Dubilier (Germany), Peter Girguis (USA), Xiqiu Han (China-Beijing), Louis Legendre (France), and Ken Takai (Japan)
Associate Members: Philip Boyd (New Zealand), Thorsten Dittmar (Germany), Françoise Gaill (France), Toshitaka Gamo (Japan), Julie Huber (USA), Bob Lowell (USA), George Luther (USA), Tom McCollom (USA), W.E. Seyfried, Jr. (USA), Stefan Sievert (USA), Margaret K. Tivey (USA), and Andreas Thurnherr (USA)
Executive Committee Reporter: Denise Smythe-Wright
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2.1.2 SCOR/IGBP WG 138 on Modern Planktic Foraminifera and Ocean Changes (2010) Brussaard
Terms of Reference: 1. Synthesize the state of the science of modern planktic foraminifera, from pioneering to ongoing research including their spatial and temporal distribution in the world ocean their calcification mechanisms and shell chemistry and their eco-phenotypical and genotypical variability as a peer-reviewed publication in an open-access journal (deliverable 1). 2. Provide guidelines (cookbooks) in terms of species identification, experimental setup for culture studies, laboratory treatment prior to geochemical analysis (deliverable 2) by identifying existing gaps in the available knowledge in order to direct future research. 3. Establish an active Web-based network in cooperation with ongoing (inter)national research programmes and projects to guarantee an open-access world-wide dissemination of results, data and research plans (deliverable 3). 4. Document the work of the group in a special issue of an open-access journal (deliverable 5) in connection with a specialized symposium with special emphasis on modern ocean change i.e. thermohaline circulation and ocean acidification, during one of the AGU or EGU conferences, ideally held at the joint EGU/AGU meeting (envisaged for 2013 or 2014) and/or at the FORAMS 2014 meeting in Chile (deliverable 4).
Co-chairs: Gerald Ganssen (Netherlands) and Michal Kucera (Germany)
Other Full Members: Jelle Bijma (Germany), Jonathan Erez (Israel), Elena Ivanova (Russia), Margarita Marchant (Chile), Divakar Naidu (India), Daniela Schmidt (UK), Howard Spero (USA), and Richard Zeebe (USA)
Associate Members: Caroline Cleroux (USA/France), Kate Darling ( UK), Lennart de Nooijer (Netherlands), Steve Eggins (Australia), Baerbel Hoenisch (USA), Sangmin Hyun (Korea), Zhimin Jian (China-Beijing), Thorsten Kiefer (Switzerland), Dirk Kroon (UK), Stefan Mulitza (Germany), Frank Peeters (Netherlands), Michael Schulz (Germany), Kazuyo Tachikawa (France), Rashieda Toefy (South Africa), and Jaroslaw Tyszka (Poland)
Executive Committee Reporter: Corina Brussaard
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Report for WG138
Note: This report is submitted late for the final year of the WG138 (2014-2015). The WG asked to submit this report later because the final activity took place in fall 2015 and because we hoped to complete a synthesis product in 2016. We are now submitting this annual report for 2014-2015 including information on publications and results that were achieved until summer 2017. This is the final annual report of the WG138. A final report for the entire funded period is being submitted at the same time.
1. Name of group
SCOR/IGBP Working Group 138: Modern Planktonic Foraminifera and Ocean Changes
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words The main activity of the reporting period has been the Final Workshop & Short Course on Culturing of Planktonic Foraminifera held on Catalina Island, California, 30.8.-4.9.2015. It was co-organized by Howie Spero and Michal Kucera (both WG members) and attended by 10 WG members and associates and 38 early-career researchers and guests, including 17 PhD and MSc students. Due to substantial additional funding from NSF, we were able to facilitate the participation by a large contingent of U.S. early-career researchers, who were joined by colleagues from 11 countries. The meeting consisted of a short course on modern planktonic foraminifera, combining two days of lectures in the morning with four days of labwork in the afternoons, where participants were able to collect, cultivate, observe and manipulate live foraminifera collected on the site by the UC Davis team. The WG work was concentrated to the evenings and on the last two days, combining open discussions with talks by the participants. A detailed program of the meeting is attached to this report. Due to funding from SCOR and NSF, we were able to offer a uniquely attractive logistical arrangement and scientific and training program. The event was so popular (but capacity limited due to on-site logistical limitations) that we had to reject some applicants. The program containing hands-on training with living planktonic foraminifera, learning from a broad range of experts and networking within such large and international group is deemed by us as a once-in-a-decade opportunity. The meeting was received most enthusiastically by the early-career researchers and we are already seeing the results of the networking in new research projects, collaborations and joint publications.
Besides the final meeting, the WG members and associates made progress during the reporting periods in the envisaged individual publications, including method reviews and data syntheses. These are to a large degree published (due to the unusually long reporting period).
In parallel, Jelle Bijma and Michal Kucera pursued the envisaged eBook project with Copernicus. This is progressing slower than expected, due to differential rate of progress in the individual areas and substantial progress has fallen victim to our ambition to generate a comprehensive resource. We are not abandoning this project but realizing that the time horizon will be too long, we have decided to ask SCOR to sunset the WG now. 2-2b
There are two positive developments that resulted from the efforts of the WG138 and are entirely in line with the envisaged terms of reference to identify research priorities and stimulate new projects.
First, a shiptime proposal (lead proponent Michal Kucera) for the German vessel METEOR for a cruise dedicated to solving remaining “mysteries” of the ecology of planktonic foraminifera, has been accepted and the cruise (M140) will take place in the central Atlantic between 11 August and 5 Sept. 2017, with 10 early-career researcher participants from six countries, that represent the broader WG 138 community. Further information for the cruise can be found in the expedition brochure: https://www.ldf.uni- hamburg.de/meteor/wochenberichte/wochenberichte-meteor/m139-m141/m139-141-- expeditionsheft.pdf.
The principal aim of the cruise is to provide data and samples that are needed to characterise the biology and ecology of planktonic foraminifera, and their coupling with biogenic and mineral particle flux. To this end, the research will combine three approaches. Sampling of the water column by filtration and by plankton tows, combined with physical water property profiles and water sampling will be used to determine horizontal and vertical species distribution, diversity and physiology of planktonic foraminifera. The sampling will be carried out using a vertically resolving plankton sampler (modified multiple closing plankton net) along transects between the mooring stations and in a replicated full-day continuous sampling scheme. Plankton samples will be processed for genetic analysis, for TEM study of digestive content and symbiont content and the photosynthetic activity of the symbionts will be measured on board. Short-term particle flux and particle composition in the water column will be studied by deployment of drifting particle traps, marine snow catchers and in situ cameras. Long-term particle flux will be studied by analysis of samples from sediment traps. To resolve the short-term (reproduction related) component of shell flux, the sediment traps operate at 3-4 day resolution. To achieve this, we are using a serial design of 3 traps on one mooring, providing 120 cups per deployment.
Second, a project led by WG 138 associate Thibault de Garidel Thoron (CEREGE, France), aiming to synthesize data on species distribution and densities in the plankton over the last 50 years in an attempt to identify trends of population change due to anthropogenic stress, is progressing and will have its first formal meeting on 10-12 November 2017. A flyer is attached to this report.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support In chronological order, all papers and other resources published in 2015 and later:
Jonkers, L., Kucera, M., 2015. Global analysis of seasonality in the shell flux of extant planktonic foraminifera. Biogeosciences, 12, 2207-2226. doi: 10.5194/bg-12-2207- 2015. 2-2c
Morard, R., Darling, K., Mahé, F., Audic, S., Ujiié, Y., Weiner, A., André, A., Seears, H., Wade, C., Quillévéré, F., Douady, C., Escarguel, G., de Garidel-Thoron, T., Siccha, M., Kucera, M., de Vargas, C., 2015. PFR²: a curated database of planktonic Foraminifera 18S ribosomal DNA as a resource for studies of plankton ecology, biogeography, and evolution. Molecular Ecology Resources, 15, 1472–1485. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12410
The above is associated with an online resource, acknowledging SCOR: http://pfr2.sb-roscoff.fr/
Spezzaferri, S., Kucera, M., Pearson, P.N., Wade, B., Rappo, S., Poole, C., Morard, R., Stalder, C., 2015. Fossil and genetic evidence for the polyphyletic nature of the planktonic foraminifera "Globigerinoides", and description of the new genus Trilobatus. PLoS ONE, 10(5): e0128108. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128108. Caromel, A.G.M., Schmidt, D.N., Fletcher, I., Rayfield, E.J., 2015. Morphological change during the ontogeny of the planktic foraminifera. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 35: 2- 19. doi:10.1144/jmpaleo2014-017. Morard, R., Escarguel, G., Weiner, A., André, A., Douady, C. J., Wade, C. M., Darling, K. F., Ujiié, Y., Seears, H. A., Quillévéré, F., de Garidel-Thoron, T., de Vargas, C., Kucera, M., 2016. Nomenclature for the nameless: a proposal for an integrative molecular taxonomy of cryptic diversity exemplified by planktonic foraminifera. Systematic Biology, 65(5):925-940. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syw031. Weiner, A.K.M., Morard, R., Weinkauf, M.F.G., Darling, K.F., André, A., Quillévéré, F., Ujiie, Y., Douady, C.J, de Vargas, C., Kucera, M., 2016. Methodology for single-cell genetic analysis of planktonic foraminifera for studies of protist diversity and evolution. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3:255. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00255. Siccha, M., Kucera, M., (accepted). A curated database of planktonic foraminifera census counts in marine surface sediment samples (ForCenS). Scientific Data. SDATA-17- 00102A.
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
The terms of reference of WG138 state: The main goal of the proposed WG is to synthesize the existing knowledge of modern planktic foraminifera, to build on this knowledge for identifying priority research and to transfer expertise to the generation of young researchers.
Specifically, we aim to:
1. Synthesize the state of the science of modern planktonic foraminifera, from pioneering to ongoing research including as a peer-reviewed publication in an open-access journal (deliverable 1).
The WG138 efforts allowed the community working on genetic studies on planktonic foraminifera to get together and produce a comprehensive synthesis of existing genetic resources (Morard et al., 2015), devise a scheme on implementing stable nomenclature to genetically delimitated taxa (Morard et al., 2016) and provided a comprehensive synthesis and 2-2d
analysis of methods used to obtain genetic information from single-cell extractions (Weiner et al., 2016). In addition, the WG138 effort facilitated the development of a new comprehensive database on the distribution of species identified by their shells in surface sediments (Siccha and Kucera, accepted).
2. Provide guidelines (cookbooks) in terms of species identification, experimental setup for culture studies, laboratory treatment prior to geochemical analysis (deliverable 2).
Advanced draft version of a revised taxonomy including essential formal taxonomic amendments (Spezzaferri et al., 2015) now exists and includes an identification key which has passed several rounds of review (including during the Catalina meeting) and is already starting to be in use (cited and implemented in e.g. Meilland J., Fabri-Ruiz S., Koubbi P., LoMonaco C., Cotte C., Hosie G.W., Sanchez S., Howa H., 2016. Planktonic foraminiferal biogeography in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean: Contribution from CPR data. Deep- Sea Research I, 110, 75–89.)
3. Establish an active Web-based network in cooperation with ongoing (inter)national research programs and projects to guarantee an open-access world-wide dissemination of results, data and research plans (deliverable 3).
An online resource has been developed associated with the synthesis of data on single-cell DNA extraction and sequencing of planktonic foraminifera: http://pfr2.sb-roscoff.fr/
4. Document the work of the group in a special issue of an open-access journal (deliverable 5) in connection with a specialized symposium with special emphasis on modern ocean change i.e. thermohaline circulation and ocean acidification, during one of the AGU or EGU conferences, ideally held at the joint EGU/AGU meeting (envisaged for 2013 or 2014) and/or at the FORAMS 2014 meeting in Chile (deliverable 4).
Jelle Bijma and Michal Kucera pursued the envisaged eBook project with Copernicus in the form of two meetings at the headquarters of Copernicus. This project is progressing slower than expected.
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words The WG is formally sunsetting, but we still keep our ambition to work on the eBook and the community that resulted from the WG 138 will continue pursuing collaborative research projects, such as that associated with the dedicated cruise M140 and the FORCIS project (see details under 2) or other projects inspired by and related to the WG 138 activities and lead by colleagues from the wider WG 138 community (for example automated identification of foraminifera: https://research.ece.ncsu.edu/aros/foram-identification/)
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words All terms of reference of the WG have been met, except the envisaged comprehensive eBook as a resource containing authoritative reviews of all aspects of modern planktonic foraminifera 2-2e
taxonomy, ecology and biomineralisation. We are not abandoning this project, but its time horizon will be longer than expected, due to our ambition to be comprehensive (we have not been successful in populating every aspect of the synthesis with potential authors).
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words. We thank SCOR and IGBP for their support over the funding period and beyond and kindly ask the committee to sunset the WG138.
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
Additional information submitted with this report: Program of WG138 final meeting FORCIS workshop flyer
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SCOR/IGBP Working Group 138 Modern Planktonic Foraminifera and Ocean Changes
Co-chairs: Gerald Ganssen (Amsterdam) and Michal Kucera (Bremen)
Promoting community building, knowledge synthesis and knowledge transfer on modern planktonic foraminifera
Final report 2011 – 2017
SCOR/IGBP Working Group 138: Timeline
29 August – 1 September 2011, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Kick-off meeting and Focus symposium for early career researchers organised by Gerald Ganssen and Michal Kucera
Ganssen, G.M., Kucera, M., 2012. SCOR/IGBP working group on modern planktonic foraminifera kicked off. PAGES news, 20(1): 6.
24 – 27 June 2013, Prague, Czech Republic Workshops on Collection Methods and Taxonomy (in association with TMS spring meeting) organised by Michal Kucera
19 – 24 January 2014, Concepción, Chile SCOR/IGBP WG138 @ FORAMS 2014, including keynote lectures by Howard Spero and Michal Kucera and a SCOR special session on Ecology of planktonic foraminifera: from present to past co-chaired by WG members Kate Darling and Michal Kucera
26 June 2014, NIOZ, Texel, The Netherlands Workshop on Foraminifera Geochemistry, (in association with TMS spring meeting) organised by Lennart de Nooijer
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30 August – 4 September 2015, Santa Catalina Island, California, USA Final Workshop & Short Course on Culturing of Planktonic Foraminifera organised by Howard Spero and Michal Kucera
SCOR/IGBP Working Group 138: Products
Documentaries
A Foram's Tale - Culturing process https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MakjP6MkdE A Foram's Tale - Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfZ_9UWcAB8 A Foram's Tale (Short version) for 2012 Ocean Sciences Meeting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EldBtOjGBpw A Foram's Tale – Documentary of Focus symposium (not available on youtube) Website with resources http://www.eforams.org/index.php/WG138_Startpage
Gallery of images: http://foraminiferaimagedatabase.marum.de/gallery2/main.php
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PFR2: DNA library with curated taxonomy: http://pfr2.sb-roscoff.fr/
SCOR/IGBP Working Group 138: Publications
Publications acknowledging SCOR support (WG members and associates in bold) (WG-associated early career researchers are highlighted in green)
Gajardo, N., Marchant, M., 2012. Variaciones estacionales de los foraminíferos planctónicos durante 2005-2006 frente a Iquique (20ºS) y Concepción (36ºS), Chile. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 40(2): 376-388. Gajardo, N., González, H.E., Marchant, M., 2013. Characterization of El Niño, La Niña, and normal conditions through planktonic foraminifera (2006–2007) in the southeastern Pacific. Ciencias Marinas (2013), 39(3): 253–264. Gajardo, N., Marchant, M., Hebbeln, D., 2013. Variación temporal de los afloramientos costeros frente a Chile central (36ºS; 74ºW), mediante los isótopos estables de oxígeno de foraminíferos planctónicos, durante El Niño 2006. Gayana 77(1): 10-20. de Nooijer, L.J., Spero, H.J., Erez, J., Bijma, J., Reichart, G.J., 2014. Biomineralization in perforate foraminifera. Earth Science Reviews, 135, 48–58. Jonkers, L., Kucera, M., 2015. Global analysis of seasonality in the shell flux of extant planktonic foraminifera. Biogeosciences, 12, 2207-2226. doi: 10.5194/bg-12-2207-2015. Morard, R., Darling, K., Mahé, F., Audic, S., Ujiié, Y., Weiner, A., André, A., Seears, H., Wade, C., Quillévéré, F., Douady, C., Escarguel, G., de Garidel-Thoron, T., Siccha, M., Kucera, M., de Vargas, C., 2015. PFR²: a curated database of planktonic Foraminifera 18S ribosomal DNA as a resource for studies of plankton ecology, biogeography, and evolution. Molecular Ecology Resources, 15, 1472–1485. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12410 Siccha, M., Kucera, M., (accepted). A curated database of planktonic foraminifera census counts in marine surface sediment samples (ForCenS). Scientific Data. SDATA-17- 00102A. Spezzaferri, S., Kucera, M., Pearson, P.N., Wade, B., Rappo, S., Poole, C., Morard, R., Stalder, C., 2015. Fossil and genetic evidence for the polyphyletic nature of the planktonic foraminifera "Globigerinoides", and description of the new genus Trilobatus. PLoS ONE, 10(5): e0128108. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128108. Caromel, A.G.M., Schmidt, D.N., Fletcher, I., Rayfield, E.J., 2015. Morphological change during the ontogeny of the planktic foraminifera. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 35: 2-19. doi:10.1144/jmpaleo2014-017. Morard, R., Escarguel, G., Weiner, A., André, A., Douady, C. J., Wade, C. M., Darling, K. F., Ujiié, Y., Seears, H. A., Quillévéré, F., de Garidel-Thoron, T., de Vargas, C., Kucera, M., 2016. Nomenclature for the nameless: a proposal for an integrative molecular taxonomy of cryptic diversity exemplified by planktonic foraminifera. Systematic Biology, 65(5):925- 940. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syw031. 2-2i
Weiner, A.K.M., Morard, R., Weinkauf, M.F.G., Darling, K.F., André, A., Quillévéré, F., Ujiie, Y., Douady, C.J, de Vargas, C., Kucera, M., 2016. Methodology for single-cell genetic analysis of planktonic foraminifera for studies of protist diversity and evolution. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3:255. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00255.
Selection of further publications by WG members and associates in the reporting period:
Allen, K, Hoenisch, B, Eggins, S, Haynes, Laura L.; Rosenthal, Yair; Yu, Jimin, 2016, 'Trace element proxies for surface ocean conditions: A synthesis of culture calibrations with planktic foraminifera', Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 193, pp. 197-221. Allen, KA , B Hönisch, SM Eggins, J Yu, HJ Spero, H Elderfield, 2011. Controls on boron incorporation in cultured tests of the planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 309 (3), 291-301. Birch, H., Coxall, H. K., Pearson, P. N., Kroon, D. & O'Regan, M. May, 2013, Planktonic foraminifera stable isotopes and water column structure: Disentangling ecological signals. Marine Micropaleontology. 101, p. 127-145. Dueñas-Bohórquez, A. , da Rocha, R. E. , Kuroyanagi, A. , de Nooijer, L. J. , Bijma, J. and Reichart, G. J., 2011. Interindividual variability and ontogenetic effects on Mg and Sr incorporation in the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75 (2), pp. 520-532 . Fehrenbacher, JS , AD Russell, CV Davis, AC Gagnon, HJ Spero, JB Cliff, Zihua Zhu, Pamela Martin, 2017. Link between light-triggered Mg-banding and chamber formation in the planktic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina dutertrei. Nature Communications 8, 15441. Feldmeijer, W., Metcalfe, B., Brummer, G.J.A. & Ganssen, G.M., 2015. Reconstructing the depth of the permanent thermocline through the morphology and geochemistry of the deep dwelling planktonic foraminifer Globorotalia truncatulinoides. Paleoceanography, 30 (1), 1-22. doi: 10.1002/2014PA002687 Ganssen, G.M., Peeters, F.J.C., Metcalfe, B., Anand, P., Jung, S.J.A., Kroon, D. & Brummer, G.J.A., 2011. Quantifying sea surface temperature ranges of the Arabian Sea for the past 20 000 years. Climate of the Past, 7, 1337-1349. doi: 10.5194/cp-7-1337-2011 Gibson, KA , RC Thunell, ML Machain-Castillo, J Fehrenbacher, HJ Spero, Kate Wejnert, Xinantecatl Nava-Fernández, Eric J Tappa, 2015. Evaluating controls on planktonic foraminiferal geochemistry in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 452, 90-103. Henehan, MJ, JWB Rae, GL Foster, J Erez, KC Prentice, M Kucera, Helen C Bostock, Miguel A Martínez-Botí, J Andy Milton, Paul A Wilson, Brittney J Marshall, Tim Elliott, 2015. Calibration of the boron isotope proxy in the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber for use in palaeo-CO2 reconstruction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 364, 111- 122. Henehan, MJ , GL Foster, JWB Rae, KC Prentice, J Erez, HC Bostock, Brittney J Marshall, Paul A Wilson. Evaluating the utility of B/Ca ratios in planktic foraminifera as a proxy for the carbonate system: A case study of Globigerinoides ruber. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 16 (4), 1052-1069, 2015. 2-2j
Howes, E., Kaczmarek, K. , Raitzsch, M. , Mewes, A. , Bijma, N. , Horn, I. , Misra, S. , Gattuso, J. P. and Bijma, J., 2017. Decoupled carbonate chemistry controls on the incorporation of boron into Orbulina universa , Biogeosciences, 14 , pp. 415-430 . Hönisch, B. , Allen, K. A. , Russell, A. D. , Eggins, S. M. , Bijma, J. , Spero, H. J. , Lea, D. W. and Yu, J. 2011. Planktic foraminifers as recorders of seawater Ba/Ca, Marine Micropaleontology, 79 (1), pp. 52-57. Hönisch, B., Katherine A Allen, David W Lea, Howard J Spero, Stephen M Eggins, Jennifer Arbuszewski, Yair Rosenthal, Ann D Russell, Henry Elderfield, 2013. The influence of salinity on Mg/Ca in planktic foraminifers–Evidence from cultures, core-top sediments and complementary δ 18 O. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 121, 196-213. Hyun, S., Kimoto, K., Cho, S-H., 2013. Occurrence of modern planktonic foraminiferal species and their seasonal variations around the Jeju Island, Korea. Ocean and Polar Research, 35, 181-191 (Korean with English abstract). Johnstone, H.J.H., Lee W., and Schulz, M., 2016. Effect of preservation state of planktonic fo- raminifera tests on the decrease in Mg/Ca due to reductive cleaning and on sample loss during cleaning. Chemical Geology, 420, 23-36. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.10.045 Keul, N. , Langer, G. , Thoms, S. , de Nooijer, L. , Reichart, G. J. and Bijma, J., 2016. Exploring foraminiferal Sr/Ca as a new carbonate system proxy , Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.11.022 Kuroyanagi, A , RE da Rocha, J Bijma, HJ Spero, AD Russell, SM Eggins, H Kawahata, 2013. Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on planktonic foraminifera through laboratory culture experiments and implications for oceanic anoxic events. Marine Micropaleontology 101, 28-32. Marshall, BJ , RC Thunell, HJ Spero, MJ Henehan, L Lorenzoni, Y Astor, 2015. Morphometric and stable isotopic differentiation of Orbulina universa morphotypes from the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, Marine Micropaleontology 120, 46-64. Martinez-Botí, M., Mortyn, P. G., Schmidt, D. N., Vance, D. & Field, D. B. Jul 2011. Mg/Ca in foraminfera from plankton tows: evaluation of proxy controls and comparison with core- tops. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 307, p.113 – 125 Naik, SS , SP Godad, PD Naidu, V Ramaswamy, 2013. A comparison of Globigerinoides ruber calcification between upwelling and non-upwelling regions in the Arabian Sea. Journal of Earth System Science 122 (4), 1153-1159. Rebotim, A., Voelker, A. H. L., Jonkers, L., Waniek, J. J., Meggers, H., Schiebel, R., Fraile, I., Schulz, M., and Kucera, M., 2017. Factors controlling the depth habitat of planktonic foraminifera in the subtropical eastern North Atlantic, Biogeosciences, 14, 827-859, doi:10.5194/bg-14-827-2017, 2017. Rippert, N., Nürnberg, D. , Raddatz, J. , Maier, E. , Hathorne, E. C. , Bijma, J. and Tiedemann, R.,2016. Constraining foraminiferal calcification depths in the western Pacific warm pool , Marine Micropaleontology, 128 , pp. 14-27. Sadekov, AY, Darling, KF, Ishimura, T, Wade, CM, Kimoto, K, Singh, AD, Anand, P, Kroon, D, Jung, S, Ganssen, G, Ganeshram, R, Tsunogai, U & Elderfield, H, 2016. Geochemical imprints of genotypic variants of Globigerina bulloides in the Arabian Sea. Paleoceanography, 31, 1440-1452. Spero, HJ , SM Eggins, AD Russell, L Vetter, MR Kilburn, B Hoenisch, 2015. Timing and mechanism for intratest Mg/Ca variability in a living planktic foraminifer. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters 409, 32-42. 2-2k
Steinhardt, J., Cléroux, C., De Nooijer, J.L., Brummer, G.J.A., Zahn, R., Ganssen, G.M. & Reichart, G.-J., 2015. Reconciling single-chamber Mg/Ca with whole-shell δ18O in surface to deep-dwelling planktonic foraminifera from the Mozambique Channel. Biogeosciences, 2411-2429. Toyofuku, T.; Matsuo, M.Y.; de Nooijer, L.J.; Nagai, Y.; Kawada, S.; Fujita, K.; Reichart, G.- J.; Nomaki, H.; Tsuchiya, M.; Sakaguchi, H.; Kitazato, H., 2017. Proton pumping accompanies calcification in foraminifera. Nature Comm. 8(14145): 11 pp. dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14145 van Dijk, I.; de Nooijer, L.J.; Boer, W.; Reichart, G.-J., 2017. Sulfur in foraminiferal calcite as a potential proxy for seawater carbonate ion concentration. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 470: 64- 72. 2− van Dijk, I.; de Nooijer, L.J.; Wolthers, M.; Reichart, G.-J., 2017. Impacts of pH and [CO3 ] on the incorporation of Zn in foraminiferal calcite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 197: 263-277. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.031 Venancio, I., Franco, D.R., Belem, A.L., Mulitza, S., Siccha, M., Albuquerque, A.L.S., Schulz, M., Kucera, M., 2016. Planktonic foraminifera shell fluxes from a weekly resolved sediment trap record in the southwestern Atlantic: Evidence for synchronized reproduction. Marine Micropaleontology, 125: 25–35. Vetter, L, R Kozdon, CI Mora, SM Eggins, JW Valley, B Hönisch, HJ Spero, 2013. Micron- scale intrashell oxygen isotope variation in cultured planktic foraminifers. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 107, 267-278 Vetter, L, R Kozdon, JW Valley, CI Mora, HJ Spero, 2014. SIMS measurements of intrashell δ 13 C in the cultured planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 139, 527-539
SCOR/IGBP Working Group 138: Initiated new network projects
1) An expedition lead by Michal Kucera on the German vessel METEOR dedicated to solving remaining “mysteries” of the ecology of planktonic foraminifera will take place in the central Atlantic will take place between 11 August and 5 Sept. 2017, with 10 early-career researcher participants from six countries that represent the broader WG138 community. The cruise has been organized by the WG138 community and motivated by WG138 efforts. The results will provide the basis for substantial advancement in the understanding of planktonic foraminifera ecology. https://www.ldf.uni-hamburg.de/meteor/wochenberichte/wochenberichte-meteor/m139- m141/m139-141--expeditionsheft.pdf.
The principal aim of the cruise is to provide data and samples that are needed to characterise the biology and ecology of planktonic foraminifera, and their coupling with biogenic and mineral particle flux. To this end, the research will combine three approaches. Sampling of the water column by filtration and by plankton tows, combined with physical water properties profiles and water sampling will be used to determine horizontal and vertical species distribution, diversity and physiology of planktonic foraminifera. The sampling will be carried out using a vertically resolving plankton sampler (modified multiple closing plankton net) along transects between the mooring stations and in a replicated full day continuous sampling scheme. Plankton samples will 2-2l be processed for genetic analysis, for TEM study of digestive content and symbiont content and the photosynthetic activity of the symbionts will be measured on board. Short-term particle flux and particle composition in the water column will be studied by deployment of drifting particle traps, marine snow catchers and in situ cameras. Long-term particle flux will be studied by analysis of samples from sediment traps. To resolve the short-term (reproduction related) component of shell flux, the sediment traps operate at 3-4 days resolution. To achieve this, we are using a serial design of 3 traps on one mooring, providing 120 cups per deployment.
2) The international network FORCIS lead by WG138 associate Thibault de Garidel Thoron (CEREGE, France) has been established, aiming to synthesize data on species distribution and densities in the plankton over the last 50 years in an attempt to identify trends of population change due to anthropogenic stress. Its first meeting takes place in November 2017 in Aix en Provence.
SCOR/IGBP Working Group 138: Reflection on deliverables
The main goal of the proposed WG was to synthesize the existing knowledge of modern planktic foraminifera, to build on this knowledge for identifying priority research and to transfer expertise to the generation of young researchers.
We believe we met all of these objectives: the efforts of the WG facilitated several key synthesis products, including a benchmark synthesis and analysis of planktonic foraminifera seasonality (Jonkers and Kucera, 2015), their distribution in the sediments (Siccha and Kucera, accepted) and their genetic diversity (Morard et al., 2015, 2016; Weiner et al., 2016). It helped to identify key open questions in their biomineralisation (de Nooijer et al., 2014) and stimulated the development of revised taxonomy and of standardized identification key (work in progress). The identified gaps in knowledge have been used to formulate and realise new projects and networks (see previous section) and the first meeting in Amsterdam and final meeting on Catalina Island brought together much of the international community of students and young postdocs. The legacy of WG138 will live in the form of several documentaries, explaining the importance of planktonic foraminifera and showing how the research on these organisms is carried out.
In addition to the progress on individual research and syntheses of individual types of data, the WG138 community envisaged to deliver a comprehensive eBook as an open resource containing authoritative reviews of all aspects of modern planktonic foraminifera taxonomy, ecology and biomineralisation. To this end, we have made an agreement with a publisher (Copernicus) and are setting up the structure of the eBook and working on the modalities of including content. The time horizon of this enterprise be longer than expected, due to our ambition to be comprehensive (we have not been successful in populating every aspect of the synthesis with potential authors) and so whilst we are not abandoning the project, this particular deliverable has not yet been met. First circular – Forcis Workshop 10-12 november 2017
Workshop on foraminiferal response to multiple climatic stressors
Living planktonic foraminifera, marine protists that build a carbonate shell, play a key role in the ocean and in enabling a better understanding of ocean processes. (1) they play a critical role in marine carbon pumps, through organic and mineral export of carbon; (2) their assemblages are widely used for paleo-ecological reconstructions, e.g. in the CLIMAP study of LGM temperatures, or the Pliocene compilation, PlioMap; (3) the geochemical composition of their shells is widely recognized as a good marker of past climatic change; (4) they are one of the most extensively studied taxa in the open ocean to inform the relationship between morphological and genetic diversity, and to study evolution and adaptation processes at long time scales. Fundamental to solving the response of these protists to natural (biotic and abiotic) and anthopogenic (e.g. warming, acidification, stratification changes) forcings is good documentation of the spatial and temporal distribution of living planktonic foraminifera. To date, there are no standards or centralized sources for reporting abundance information, and to our knowledge no significant effort has been made to rectify this. Within the SCOR WG 138 on planktonic foraminifera, some guidance has been provided on the taxonomical framework, but no compilation has been achieved. We plan to change this at the first FORCIS workshop in Aicx en Provence, in the French biodiversity analysis and synthesis centre (FRB-CESAB) in collaboration with Labex OT Med. All micropaleontologists interested in modern planktonic foraminifera, and willing to contribute their own datasets are welcome to participate in this new collaborative endeavour. Objectives of the workshop: #1 to put together the standards to define the database; #2 to assemble a first version of the database with the help of OT-Med and CESAB; and #3 to write a proposal to be submitted to the EU – COST and/or CESAB call for international collaborations. Registration: 15th of october Grants for early career scientists Labex OTMed supports the funding of 2 to 3 early career scientists from Mediterranean countries willing to attend the workshop. Those grants will support travel and accommodation costs, and will be limited to 500€ per scientist. PhD students and post-docs (less than 2 years after PhD defense) can apply by sending a CV and a letter of motivation explaining their choice to attend the workshop to [email protected]. Deadline for grants: 30th of September. First circular – Forcis Workshop 10-12 november 2017
Venue : CESAB, Centre de Synthèse et d’Analyse de la Biodiversité (Centre for the synthesis and analysis of biodiversity) Technopôle de l’Environnement Arbois Méditerranée Getting here : http://www.cesab.org/index.php/en/localisation
Provisional schedule : Wednesday 8th November : 2 pm welcome 2.30 pm Introductory talks 3 to 6 pm Short presentation talks 7 pm Tour in Aix en Provence
Thursday 9th November 9 to 12 am : Discussions on data-base structure (ontology) 1.30 to 3.30 pm : Taxonomic framework 4 to 6 pm : Technical assignments Dinner
Friday, 10th November 8.30 to 12 am : Writing session 1.30 to 4 am: Writing session 3 to 4 pm: Wrap-up session
Accommodation Hotels nearby : (15 minutes walk or 5 minutes bus ride) Hotel Best Western de l’Arbois http://www.hotelarbois.com/fr/ Hotel Appartcity – La Duranne https://www.appartcity.com/fr/appart-hotel/aix-en-provence-la-duranne-a-la-duranne.html
Hotels downtown (25 minutes bus ride) Hotel Saint Christophe http://www.hotel-saintchristophe.com/ Hotel Cardinal http://www.hotel-cardinal-aix.com/en/ Find all practical matters on your stay (accommodation, tourism, etc…) here http://www.aixenprovencetourism.com/en/plan-your-trip/search-accommodation/
Sponsors : This meeting is supported by the Labex OTMed, the FRB-CESAB and CEREGE.
Contacts : T. de Garidel-Thoron, CEREGE, [email protected], +33-685-027-143 X. Giraud, CEREGE, [email protected]
SCOR/IGBP Working Group 138: Planktonic foraminifera and ocean changes
Final Workshop & Short Course on Culturing of Planktonic Foraminifera
Second Circular & Meeting Program July 21, 2015
Costs: As advertised, the majority of on-site costs (all meals, coffee breaks, accommodation, bench fees and charter transportation) will be covered upfront – you will not be asked to pay for these items. The costs above do not cover soft drinks and alcoholic beverages. Please note that Wrigley Marine Station is a 20-30 minutes hike to the nearest shop – we highly recommend that you bring all you need, including all toiletries, with you. Please also note that due to water shortage in California, no laundry facilities are available for participants.
Venue: Wrigley Marine Science Center (https://dornsife.usc.edu/wrigley/) is located on a scenic bay overlooking the Pacific Ocean. It is surrounded by pristine waters protected as a nature reserve and thus featuring spectacular marine wildlife, offering excellent opportunities for underwater photography. There will be ample time available during the meeting to explore the coast. There is easy access to hiking, swimming and kayaking. Kayaks, mask, snorkels, fins and wet suits are available at no charge. If you prefer you own snorkeling equipment, or use masks with prescription glasses, please bring these with you. Unfortunately, scuba diving will not be available for participants of the workshop.
Accommodation and meals will be all on site, within ~200m of the lecture theatre, labs and the cafeteria. Accommodation will be in comfortable shared apartments. While towels will be provided, we suggest you bring your own ‘beach’ type towel for waterfront activities. Alternatively, you can buy a ‘souvenir’ towel in Two Harbors. Meals will be served in the cafeteria of the station, which also has a lounge area for informal meetings. Meal times are set.
All participants MUST bring their own water bottles. Tap water is not potable, but there is free potable water provided on the station. You are advised to bring sturdy shoes for hiking (the hiking trials could be demanding and the vegetation is rich in cactus). When working in the wet lab, your clothing and shoes may get in contact with seawater, so bring suitable comfortable open shoes and T-shirts/shorts.
Weather: The temperature in August ranges from 15°C in the night (you will need long-sleeve fleece and trousers) to 18°C in the morning, reaching 24-28°C and strong sun during the day. You will need strong sunglasses, sunhat and sunblock. Water temperature will be a pleasant 20-22°C.
Organiser: Howard Spero, University of California Davis, [email protected] Program: Michal Kucera, MARUM, University of Bremen, [email protected]
SCOR/IGBP Working Group 138: Planktonic foraminifera and ocean changes
Final Workshop & Short Course on Culturing of Planktonic Foraminifera
Second Circular & Meeting Program
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 30.8. 31.8. 1.9. 2.9. 3.9. 4.9. 7:30-8:00 Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast 8:30-9:00 Introduction Lecture 4 Talks 1-3 Talks 7-9 Closing 9:00-9:30 Lecture 1 Lecture 5 Session 9:30-10:00 Break Break Break Break Break 10:00-10:30 Lecture 2 Lecture 6 Talks 4-6 Talks 10-15 Checking 10:30-11:00 Lecture 3 Lecture 7 out 11:00-12:00 Depart Discussion Discussion SCOR WG 12:00-13:00 14:30; Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch 13:30-15:30 Arrive Labwork Labwork Labwork Labwork Shuttle ~16:30 boat to 16:00-17:30 Free time Free time Free time Free time San 18:00-18:30 Dinner Dinner Dinner Dinner Welcome Pedro right 19:00-20:00 Dinner; Keynote 1 Keynote 2 Posters Social after orientation evening 20:00 - SCOR WG SCOR WG SCOR WG lunch
Keynote – 35 minutes plus 5 minutes for discussion Lecture – 25 minutes plus 5 minutes for discussion Talk – 15 minutes plus 5 minutes for discussion Posters – A0 vertical layout. Please put posters up in the dining room on Monday evening.
Discussions: serve to collective consider the key open questions and identify need for knowledge transfer. On 1.9. an extensive discussion on geochemistry and proxies is expected, guided by the “12 key open questions” document that has been distributed among the participants.
Labwork on each day will include in different groups: collection of plankton, sorting and identification, setting up cultures, observations and imaging of feeding, growth. In parallel on every day there will be a taxonomy workshop – you are most welcome to bring your own specimens or samples to discuss.
Free time includes opportunity to explore the coast or hike in the mountains.
SCOR WG informal meetings take place each evening and serve to coordinate future publications and other WG products, as well as to discuss strategy for future joint work on the topic of ecology, biology and geochemistry of planktonic foraminifera.
SCOR/IGBP Working Group 138: Planktonic foraminifera and ocean changes
Second Circular & Meeting Program
Keynote 1 Zachos, James C. Major advances and challenges in Cenozoic paleoceanography as inferred from marine microfossils Keynote 2 Bijma, Jelle Biomineralization as the basis to understand proxy incorporation Lecture 1 Kucera, Michal The diversity of modern planktonic foraminifera Lecture 2 Spero, Howard J. Laboratory culturing and the study of living planktonic foraminifera Lecture 3 Brummer, Geert-Jan Sampling of planktonic foraminifera by plankton tows and sediment traps Lecture 4 Tyszka, Jarosław Shell morphogenesis from the planktonic foraminiferal perspective Lecture 5 Zeebe, Richard E. Seawater carbonate chemistry and foraminifera Lecture 6 Gagnon, Alexander The role of cation transport during biomineralization in foraminifera Lecture 7 Hönisch, Bärbel Shell geochemistry and proxies
Talk 1 Weiner, Agnes K. M. Genetic diversity and species concepts in foraminifera Talk 2 Morard, Raphaël The potential of Next Generation Sequencing to constrain the global biodiversity of planktonic foraminifera Talk 3 Ivanova, Elena Planktonic foraminifera biogeography: what can we learn from the Russian data and publications? Talk 4 Edgar, Kirsty M. Modelling approaches to understand planktic foraminiferal ecology in our past, present and future oceans Talk 5 Bird, Clare Towards understanding the microbiome of planktonic foraminifera Talk 6 Brombacher, Anieke Disentangling synergistic climate drivers on the anagenetic evolution and extinction of planktonic foraminifera Talk 7 Weinkauf, Manuel F. G. Stabilisation and disruption as indicator of terminal stress and extinction in planktonic foraminifera Talk 8 Naidu, P. Divakar Planktonic foraminifera as a tracer of monsoon in the geological past Talk 9 Hathorne, Ed Can individual foraminifer shell Mg/Ca provide information about past seawater temperature variability? Talk 10 Kozdon, Reinhard Getting the big picture from a small spot: Multi-proxy, multi- instrument in situ measurements in foraminifera Talk 11 Metcalfe, Brett Depth, growth or season: Investigating oxygen and carbon isotope distributions in coretop sediments from the North Atlantic Talk 12 Mikis, Anna The use of individual planktonic foraminifera from sediment traps to assess seasonal variability along the West Antarctic Peninsula Talk 13 Davis, Catherine V. Effects of seawater pH on respiration and calcification in cultured Globigerina bulloides Talk 14 Fehrenbacher, Jennifer S. Insights into the ecology and controls on trace metal geochemistry in the planktic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina dutertrei from laboratory culture experiments Talk 15 Meilland, Julie Planktonic foraminifera individual protein-biomass affected by trophic conditions in the southern Indian Ocean SCOR/IGBP Working Group 138: Planktonic foraminifera and ocean changes
Second Circular & Meeting Program
Poster 1 Aze, Tracy Testing Cope’s rule in planktonic foraminifera Poster 2 Bonnin, Elisa A. Systematic sub-micron Na/Ca banding in Orbulina universa and bilobata Poster 3 Branson, Oscar Atom-scale insights into POM function Poster 4 Burke, Janet Exploring variation in modern planktonic foraminiferal test porosity Poster 5 Edgar, Kirsty M. Can shared evolutionary history open the vital-effect “black box”? Poster 6 Le Kieffre, Charlotte Carbon integration and transfer by the photosynthetic symbiotic dinoflagellates of the planktonic foraminifer Orbulina universa observed by TEM-nanoSIMS techniques Poster 7 Marchant, Margarita Planktonic foraminifera in the Humboldt current and upwelling regime off Chile Poster 8 Marchitto, Thomas M. Mg/Ca measurements on individual planktonic foraminifera using a ‘wet chemistry’ approach Poster 9 Osborne, Emily B. Planktonic foraminiferal shell thickness as a carbonate ion concentration proxy Poster 10 Rebotim, Andreia Environmental control on vertical distribution of planktonic foraminifera in the eastern North Atlantic Poster 11 Siccha, Michael New global database of planktonic foraminifera census counts in surface sediments Poster 12 Tyszka, Jarosław Planktonic foraminifera as agents in eVolutus model Poster 13 Venancio, Igor M. Lunar cyclicity in planktonic foraminifera shell fluxes in the southwestern Atlantic Poster 14 Weimin, Si Mosaic evolution of middle-Miocene Globorotalia (Fohsella) lineage Poster 15 Withacre, Katherine Status of amino acid geochronology applied to foraminifera
Poster 16 Ezat, Mohamed M. A 135 kyr record of subsurface pCO2, nutrient levels and ventilation in the Norwegian Sea Poster 17 Praetorius, Summer K. North Pacific deglacial hypoxic events linked to abrupt ocean warming Poster 18 Zamelczyk, Kasia Planktonic foraminifera response to climate and ocean chemistry changes during the past two millennia in the Fram Strait
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2.1.3 SCOR WG 139 on Organic Ligands – A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean Devey (2011)
Terms of Reference: 1. To inform the Ocean Sciences community of this WG and related objectives via a widely distributed publication in EOS or analogous journal. 2. To summarize published results on all aspects of metal-binding ligands in the oceans (e.g., distributions, chemical structure, sources, sinks, stability constants), and to contribute to the organic ligand database for use in biogeochemical models and for those working in the field (including results from ongoing GEOTRACES, SOLAS and CLIVAR efforts). The summary will be included in a review paper published after year 2, as well as in the database on the proposed website. 3. To expand upon the ligand intercalibration programme, initiated by GEOTRACES, to evaluate key analytical issues with currently employed methodologies and determine how to best link ongoing efforts in trace metal and organic geochemistry to assess natural metal- binding ligand.In a recent intercalibration the preservation of samples for Fe and Cu- organic speciation by freezing at -20°C as been found suitable and will enable to make samples taken during GEOTRACES cruises available to interested scientists. A large intercalibration will thus be possible in the future without additional joint cruises or sampling exercises, but could be performed with samples from several ‘normal stations’ of a GEOTRACES leg. Results from intercalibration efforts will be presented in a manual available via download from the proposed WG website. 4. To identify how best to incorporate published and future data into biogeochemical models. 5. To debate the nature of sampling strategies and experimental approaches employed in laboratory and field efforts in workshops and meeting discussions that are needed to enhance our understanding of the links between the provenance, fate, distribution, and chemistry and biological functions of these organic metal-binding ligands in the oceans. 6. To recommend future approaches to ligand biogeochemistry in a designated symposium, including ongoing GEOTRACES field efforts (i.e., regional surveys and process studies), integration of CLE-ACSV and organic geochemistry techniques, and the need for rapid incorporation of this research in biogeochemical models. Such future recommendations will also be included in the aforementioned downloadable manual on the WG website. 7. To establish a webpage for this SCOR working group, to promote a forum for discussion of ideas and results in form of a blog, soliciting input from the trace metal biogeochemistry, organic geochemistry and modeling communities and provide a platform to propose special sessions on trace metal-binding ligands at international meetings such as Ocean Sciences, AGU and/or EGU. 8. To produce conclusions resulting from the outcome of the above objectives in the form of a Website, a journal special issue or book, and a report to SCOR.
Co-chairs: Sylvia Sander (New Zealand), Kristen Buck (USA), and Maeve Lohan (UK)
Other Full Members: Kathy Barbeau (USA), Ronald Benner (USA), Martha Gledhill (UK), Katsumi Hirose (Japan), Ivanka Pizeta (Croatia), Alessandro Tagliabue (UK), and Rujun Yang (China-Beijing) 2-4
Associate Members: Philip Boyd (New Zealand), Ken Bruland (USA), Peter Croot (UK), Jay Cullen (Canada), Thorsten Dittmar (Germany), Christine Hassler (Australia), Rick Keil (USA), James Moffett (USA), François Morel (USA), Micha Rijkenberg (Netherlands), Mak Saito (USA), Barbara Sulzenberger (Switzerland), and Stan van den Berg (UK)
Executive Committee Reporter: Colin Devey
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1. Name of group
SCOR WG 139: Organic Ligands – A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words 1. Special Session at the 2016 ASLO/TOS/AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana 2. Second special issue, Frontiers in Marine Science/Chemistry, completed May 2017
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support In 2017, a series of 21 peer-reviewed articles were published in a second special issue at Frontiers in Marine Science/Chemistry related to activities of this SCOR WG. An editorial for this special issue is currently being written by the WG chairs and will acknowledge SCOR support for this effort.
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
1. To inform the Ocean Sciences community of this WG and related objectives via a widely distributed publication in Eos or analogous journal.
The initiation of this SCOR Working Group, including the terms of reference and overall objectives of this working group, was announced in two publications in 2012:
S.G. Sander, K.N. Buck, and M.C. Lohan. 26 June 2012. Improving understanding of organic metal-binding ligands in the ocean. Eos, 93(26): 244.
K.N. Buck, M.C. Lohan, and S.G. Sander. July 2012. Metal-binding organic ligands. IUPAC Chemistry International, 34(4): 23.
2. To summarize published results on all aspects of metal-binding ligands in the oceans (e.g., distributions, chemical structure, sources, sinks, stability constants), and to contribute to the organic ligand database for use in biogeochemical models and for those working in the field (including results from ongoing GEOTRACES, SOLAS and CLIVAR efforts). The summary will be included in a review paper published after year 2, as well as in the database on the proposed website.
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Databases for metal-binding ligand measurements have been compiled by members of the working group for Co (Mak Saito), Cu (Jim Moffett), Fe (Alessandro Tagliabue) and Zn (Maeve Lohan). The iron-binding ligand database is the most developed and an additional database for the raw titration data (Micha Rijkenberg) used to calculate iron-binding ligands has also been initiated. A compilation review of iron-binding ligands based on these databases was published in the Frontiers in Marine Science special issue for this working group (http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2016.00221/full).
3. To expand upon the ligand intercalibration programme, initiated by GEOTRACES, to evaluate key analytical issues with currently employed methodologies and determine how to best link ongoing efforts in trace metal and organic geochemistry to assess natural metal-binding ligands.
A large intercalibration of the interpretation techniques routinely used for determining ligand concentrations and conditional stability constants from titration data was conducted, and results were published (Pizeta et al. 2015) in the first WG139 special issue. Powerful new interpretation tools developed by participants in this working group were also presented in the special issue and evaluated in the intercalibration, all of which are now freely available to download from the SCOR WG139 website (http://neon.otago.ac.nz/research/scor/achievements.html).
For field-based intercalibration efforts, large volumes of filtered seawater have been collected for this purpose from the Gulf of Mexico and from the Southern Ocean, initial analyses of these samples for dissolved metals are underway in the host lab, and samples for ligand analyses will be made available to the community in late summer 2017.
A manual detailing intercalibration results and best practices for measurements is in the planning stages. This manual is expected to be continually updated and will be made publicly available online at the SCOR WG 139 website.
4. To identify how best to incorporate published and future data into biogeochemical models.
The working group discussed several aspects of incorporating ligands into models, including how analysts can provide ligand concentrations, their sources and sinks and complexation kinetics such as the variability in conditional stability constants of iron, how to distinguish between different iron-binding ligand classes, and if trace metals compete for the same class of ligands. A paper published by Volker and Tagliabue (2015) in first special issue examined how organic iron-binding ligands could be represented in a biogeochemical ocean model. This effort is ongoing and will be part of a new SCOR Working Group, WG151: Iron Model Intercomparison Project.
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5. To debate the nature of sampling strategies and experimental approaches employed in laboratory and field efforts from different communities in workshops and meeting discussions to foster cross-fertilization of ideas across groups, capitalize on joint expertise between specialties and ultimately enhance our understanding of the links between the provenance, fate, distribution, and chemistry and biological functions of these organic metal-binding ligands in the oceans.
This working group met annually from 2012-2014 coinciding with the February Ocean/Aquatic Sciences Meetings. Notes from each of these meetings are posted on our website. The co-chairs of this Working Group have also chaired a special session related to the working group at each of the conferences in 2012-2014, 2016. A Town Hall Meeting during the 2014 Ocean Sciences meeting was attended by 47 people and served to highlight accomplishments of the working group to date and to engage broader community participation in working group activities. These meetings have fostered discussions on the need for improved modeling of trace metal speciation in seawater and have led to a new SCOR Working Group, WG145: Modeling Chemical Speciation in Seawater to Meet 21st Century Needs. Several members of SCOR WG139 are also members of WG145 and the new model will incorporate trace metal-organic ligand interactions across marine environments.
6. To recommend future approaches to ligand biogeochemistry in a designated symposium, including ongoing GEOTRACES field efforts (i.e., regional surveys and process studies), integration of CLE-ACSV and organic geochemistry techniques, and the need for rapid incorporation of this research in biogeochemical models. Such future recommendations will also be included in the aforementioned downloadable manual. It will also include a series of recommended downloadable digital products on multiple platforms for interpreting ACSV data.
A final two-day symposium was held for SCOR WG139 in Sibenik, Croatia. This symposium was open to the broader scientific community and was used as a platform to recommend future approaches to ligand measurements and highlight results from intercalibration and field activities. A total of 51 people attended the symposium, including 24 students and postdocs, who were each allotted time to present their research results in the field of ligand biogeochemistry. Twenty of the 51 symposium attendees also participated in a training workshop held the day before the symposium. This workshop was held at the Martinska Marine Station in Sibenik, and consisted of hands-on training in analyzing samples for metal- binding ligands and in using the state-of-the-art interpretation techniques developed (in part) through the activities of the working group.
7. To establish a webpage for this SCOR working group, to promote a forum for discussion of ideas and results in form of a blog, soliciting input from the trace metal biogeochemistry, organic geochemistry and modelling communities and provide a
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platform to propose special sessions on trace metal-binding ligands at international meetings such as Ocean Sciences, AGU and/or EGU.
A webpage has been created for this SCOR working group (http://neon.otago.ac.nz/research/scor/). An email list for the WG members and another for those interested in following the working group’s activities is hosted at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences ([email protected] and [email protected]). The ‘all’ email list for this SCOR WG currently has 188 followers and will remain active for continued use in discussing accomplishments and activities of the working group.
8. To produce conclusions resulting from the outcome of the above objectives in the form of a Website, a journal special issue or book, and a report to SCOR.
A website for this SCOR WG has been created and is currently being maintained at the University of Otago (http://neon.otago.ac.nz/research/scor/). The first special issue resulting from this WG’s activities was published in July 2015 in Marine Chemistry, and included 28 research articles plus an editorial (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03044203/173). The second special issue will be published in Frontiers in Marine Science/Chemistry in June 2017 with a total of 21 research articles and an additional editorial (http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/3981/organic-ligands---a-key-control-on-trace- metal-biogeochemistry-in-the-ocean#articles). This second special issue will be published as an open-access e-book in summer 2017 and will be made available from the SCOR WG 139 website.
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words WG139 activities are expected to continue in the coming year. These include continued progress on the best practices manual for ligand measurements, and completion of speciation analyses on the intercalibration samples collected from the Gulf of Mexico and Southern Ocean.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words WG139 has met most of their goals under each of the original Terms of Reference and will continue to make progress on remaining goals moving forward. The field-based intercalibration activities have proven challenging due to the logistics of achieving funding for shiptime and collection, verification and distribution of samples. Samples for these efforts have, however, now been collected and are in the process of verification for total dissolved metal concentrations prior to distributing to participants for analyses.
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7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words. Thank you for your support!
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.4 WG 141 on Sea-Surface Microlayers Burkill (2012)
Terms of Reference: 1. Review sampling techniques and provide best practice sampling protocols. Such protocols will support new scientists entering the field of SML research to produce reliable and comparable data among different research groups/oceanic regions. The best practice sampling document will be made freely available online. 2. Create a consensus definition of the SML in terms of physical, chemical and biological perspectives for a better understanding within the ocean science community, and discuss the SML’s role in a changing ocean. This will be delivered as an opinion/position paper in a peer-reviewed journal and will support future international projects concerning the SML and ocean change. 3. Initiate sessions on SML research during major meetings (e.g., Ocean Sciences Meetings), to increase the awareness of the importance of the SML within the general ocean science community. 4. Summarize and publish the latest advances in microlayer research in a special issue of a peer-reviewed journal, including consolidation of existing sea surface microlayer datasets among different disciplines (chemistry, biology, atmospheric, physics). The publication will promote new research ideas and projects at an interdisciplinary level.
Co-chairs: Michael Cunliffe (UK) and Oliver Wurl (Germany)
Other Full Members: Anja Engel (Germany), Sanja Frka (Croatia), Sonia Giasenella (Brazil), Bill Landing (USA), Mohd T. Latif (Malaysia), Caroline Leck (Sweden), Gui-Peng Yang (China-Beijing), and Christopher Zappa (USA)
Associate Members: David Carlson (UK), Alina Ebling (USA), Werner Ekau (Germany), Blaženka Gašparović (Croatia), Karstan Laß (Germany), Miguel Leal (USA), Anna Lindroos (Finland), Kenneth Mopper (USA), Alexander Soloviev (USA), Robert Upstill-Goddard (UK), and Svein Vagle (Canada)
Executive Committee Reporter: Peter Burkill
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1. Name of group
SCOR Working Group 141 Sea Surface Microlayers (SML)
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words
SCOR SML Working Group members (Cunliffe, Landing, Wurl & Zappa) have been engaged in the preparation and execution of the multi-disciplinary SML research cruise on the R/V Falkor (Schmidt Ocean Institute) in 2016. The cruise started in Darwin, Australia and finished in Guam, sampling the SML and underlying water at over 17 stations, performing on-board ship experiments and aerial ROV deployments. The research cruise interlinked exchange of bio-limiting trace elements and organic compounds between the atmosphere and the sea surface (Landing), technological advancement of in situ techniques to characterize sea surfaces (Zappa), new parameterization for air-sea exchange of climate-relevant gases and heat (Wurl), and assessed the sea surface as a unique habitat for complex microbial communities (Cunliffe). The cruise was used as a ‘hand-on’ teaching platform for several PhD students and allowed for the continued refinement of the ‘Guide to best practices to study the ocean’s surface’ (see TOR 1). See https://schmidtocean.org/cruise/study-of-the- sea-surface-microlayer/.
SCOR SML Working Group has initiated a special issue in the journal Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. The journal was selected because it is a trans-disciplinary, open-access journal committed to the facilitation of collaborative, peer-reviewed research. The SML special issue will report the latest research on the sea surface microlayer. The deadline was extended to 14 March 2017 (originally 28 February 2017). A list of committed contribution includes at least 12 papers from SCOR group members and others.
Following the Ocean Surface Microlayer and Biogeochemical Feedbacks in the Earth System conference organized by GEOMAR/Kiel University in July 2015, several members of SCOR SML Working Group have written a perspectives and option paper on the SML (see section 3). The paper promotes the move towards an integrated understating of the SML and suggests future research directions.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
Anja Engel, Hermann W. Bange, Michael Cunliffe, Susannah M. Burrows, Gernot Friedrichs, Luisa Galgani, Hartmut Herrmann, Norbert Hertkorn, Martin Johnson, Peter S. Liss, Patricia K. Quinn, Markus Schartau, Alexander Soloviev, Christian Stolle, Robert C. Upstill-Goddard, Manuela van Pinxteren & Birthe Zäncker (2017) The Ocean’s Vital Skin: Toward an Integrated Understanding of the Sea Surface Microlayer. Frontiers in Marine Science 4:165. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00165
Inter-collaborative Study on the Sea-Surface Microlayer and Air-Sea Interaction http://www.iioe- 2.incois.gov.in/IIOE-2/Germany.jsp
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4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
TOR 1 Review sampling techniques and provide best practice sampling protocols. Such protocols will support new scientists entering the field of SML research to produce reliable and comparable data among different research groups/oceanic regions. The best practice sampling document will be made freely available online.
COMPLETED. The ‘Guide to best practices to study the ocean’s surface’ was published online in September 2014. To ensure that the document will be accessible beyond the lifetime of the SCOR SML WG, the document will be held by the Plymouth Marine Science Electronic Repository (managed by the Marine Biological Association), ensuring a permanent and free download link. http://plymsea.ac.uk/6523/
TOR 2 Create a consensus definition of the SML in terms of physical, chemical and biological perspectives for a better understanding within the ocean science community, and discuss the SML’s role in a changing ocean. This will be delivered as opinion/position paper in a peer-reviewed journal and will support future international projects concerning the SML and ocean change.
PARTIALLY COMPLETE. The recent publication including members of the SCOR SML WG in Frontiers in Marine Science (see section 3) fulfills TOR 2. A second short communication published in the upcoming special issue in the journal Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene will complete TOR 2.
TOR 3 Initiate sessions on SML research during major meetings (e.g., Ocean Sciences Meetings), to increase the awareness of the importance of the SML within the general ocean science community.
COMPLETED. The working group has been engaged in several major meetings; ‐ Special session at Ocean Sciences Meeting 2016 in New Orleans ‘Linking the Ocean with the Atmosphere - Exploring the Importance of the Ocean-Atmosphere Interface and Near Surface Waters in Global Scale Processes’ (February 2016). ‐ Session at Surface-Ocean/Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) Open Science Conference in Kiel, Germany on ‘Microbial life at the air-sea interface’ (September 2015). ‐ The Ocean Surface Microlayer and Biogeochemical Feedbacks in the Earth System conference, GEOMAR/ Kiel University, Germany (July 2015).
TOR 4 Summarize and publish the latest advances in microlayer research in a special issue of a peer-reviewed journal, including consolidation of existing sea surface microlayer datasets among different disciplines (chemistry, biology, atmospheric, physics). The publication will promote new research ideas and projects at an interdisciplinary level.
. IN PROGRESS. The special issue in the journal Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene deadline for submission of manuscripts was the 14 March 2017; 13 papers under review now.
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words
Publication of the Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene special issue (TOR 2 & TOR 4). A post-SML cruise meeting will be held in summer/autumn 2017 to co-compare the multi- disciplinary data sets and synthesize an integrated understanding of the SML and the role of the SML in global scale processes. Part of the meeting will consider the refinement of the ‘Guide to best practices to study the ocean’s surface’ based on sampling experiences from the cruise and any updates to the best practice sampling document will be made if needed. 2-13
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words
Due to the undefined and probably widely varying thickness of the SML, finding a consensus definition of the SML is challenging. Hunter’s (1997) original definition seems to be most appropriate. We have re-iterated Hunter’s definition in a short communication paper submitted to the special issue.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words.
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.5 WG 142 on Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders (2012) Burkill
Terms of Reference: 1. Summarize and assess the current status of biogeochemical sensor technology with particular emphasis on float-/glider-readiness (pressure and temperature dependence, long- term stability, calibration accuracy, measurements time constant, etc.). 2. Develop pre- and post-deployment quality control metrics and procedures for oxygen and other biogeochemical sensors deployed on floats and gliders providing a research-quality synthesis data product. 3. Collaborate with Argo and other data centers to implement these procedures in their standard routines. 4. Disseminate procedures widely to ensure rapid adoption in the community. Develop ideas for capacity building in this context.
Co-chairs: Arne Körtzinger (Germany) and Ken Johnson (USA)
Other Full Members: Herve Claustre ( France), Denis Gilbert (Canada), Wajih Naqvi (India), Steven Riser (USA), Virginie Thierry (France), Bronte Tilbrook (Australia), Hiroshi Uchida (Japan), and Xiaogang Xing (China-Beijing)
Associate Members: Steve Emerson (USA), Katja Fennel (Canada), Hernan Garcia (USA), Nicolas Gruber (Switzerland), Dong-Jin Kang (Korea), Satya Prakash (India), and Osvaldo Ulloa (Chile)
Executive Committee Reporter: Peter Burkill
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1. Name of group
SCOR Working Group 142 Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words The last in-person meeting of SCOR WG 142 was held on Feb. 27, 2016 and a report of that meeting is included in the 2016 Annual Report. The WG has focused on reporting its major findings since that time. The working group published two recommendations (Bittig et al., 2015, 2016) through the Argo Data Management System. The first recommends that all profiling floats make air oxygen measurements to track sensor accuracy and possible drift. That recommendation enables measurements of such high quality that it required the second recommendation on the conversion of oxygen concentrations between various units. This ensures that errors in unit conversion are not a problem if the recommendations are followed.
The committee is now preparing a manuscript (Bittig et al., in preparation) that summarizes the protocols for successful operation of oxygen sensors on profiling floats. This manuscript is largely competed and undergoing final review by authors. We also note that the efforts of WG142 are being successfully transferred to a broader community, including operators of gliders (Nicholson and Feen, 2017, Air calibration of an oxygen optode on an underwater glider. Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods, 15: 495–502. doi:10.1002/lom3.10177). The committee work has also played a seminal role in planning for a global array of Biogeochemical-Argo floats (Biogeochemical-Argo Planning Group, 2016; Johnson and Claustre, 2016), as well as the development of data processing protocols for the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) profiling float array (Johnson et al., 2017). The contributions of the Working Group are acknowledged in each of these publications.
The next meeting of the WG is tentatively set for the Argo Data Management Team meeting in Hamburg, Germany during late November 2017. A focus of this meeting would be passing much of the Working Groups findings on to the Argo Data Management Team.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support Biogeochemical-Argo Planning Group (2016), The scientific rationale, design and Implementation Plan for a Biogeochemical-Argo float array. Eds., K. S. Johnson and H. Claustre. doi:10.13155/46601.
Bittig, H. C., Körtzinger, A., Johnson, K. S., Claustre, H., Emerson, S., Fennel, K., et al. (2015). SCOR WG 142: Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders. Recommendation for oxygen measurements from Argo floats,
2-16 implementation of in-air measurement routine to assure highest long-term accuracy. doi:10.13155/45917.
Bittig, H. C., Körtzinger, A., Johnson, K. S., Claustre, H., Emerson, S., Fennel, K., et al. (2016). SCOR WG 142: Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders. Recommendations on the conversion between oxygen quantities for Bio-Argo floats and other autonomous sensor platforms. doi:10.13155/45915.
Bittig, H. C., A. Körtzinger, C. Neill, E. van Ooijen, J. N. Plant, J. Hahn, K. S. Johnson, B. Yang, and S. R. Emerson. In preparation. (Almost) everything you always wanted to know about oxygen optodes but were afraid to ask. Frontiers in Marine Science.
Johnson, K.S., and H. Claustre. (2016), Bringing biogeochemistry into the Argo age. Eos, 97, https://doi.org/10.1029/2016EO062427. Published on 8 November 2016.
Johnson, K. S., et al. (2017), Biogeochemical sensor performance in the SOCCOM profiling float array, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 122, doi:10.1002/2017JC012838.
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
1. Summarize and assess the current status of biogeochemical sensor technology with particular emphasis on float-/glider-readiness (pressure and temperature dependence, long- term stability, calibration accuracy, measurements time constant, etc.).
The Working Group activities have been remarkably successful in influencing community understanding of the role of air oxygen calibration. This includes a publication that summarizes the improvements of air oxygen calibrations on a large array of U.S, and Canadian profiling floats (Johnson, Kenneth S., Joshua N. Plant, Stephen C. Riser and Denis Gilbert. 2015. Air oxygen calibration of oxygen optodes on a profiling float array. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. 32, 2160-2172.), as well as publications summarized in the 2016 report. The publication by Bittig et al. will bring the Working Group’s effort on oxygen sensors to completion.
2. Develop pre- and post-deployment quality control metrics and procedures for oxygen and other biogeochemical sensors deployed on floats and gliders providing a research-quality synthesis data product.
These metrics are encapsulated in the Bittig (2015, 2016) recommendations and further expanded on in the Bittig (in preparation) manuscript.
3. Collaborate with Argo and other data centers to implement these procedures in their standard routines.
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Working Group members have attended every Argo Data Management Team meeting since 2012 and reported on Working Group findings. These reports have shaped the ADMT document, “Processing Argo Oxygen Data at the Data Assembly Center Level”.
4.Disseminate procedures widely to ensure rapid adoption in the community. Develop ideas for capacity building in this context.
The Working Group activities have been highlighted in several publications (Biogeochemical- Argo Planning Group, 2016; Bittig et al., in prep., Johnson and Claustre, 2016; Johnson et al., 2017), as well as numerous presentations.
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words The primary effort is to finish development of Working Group publications and extend these efforts to sensors for nitrate and pH, as outlined in Johnson et al. (2017).
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words None.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words. We greatly appreciate the opportunity to have participated in this Working Group and we believe that it has been extremely successful.
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.6 WG 143 on Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N2O and CH4 Turner (2013)
Terms of Reference: 1. Establish the analytical reporting procedures to be used for N2O and CH4 2. Adopt an appropriate standard to be used by the scientific community 3. Conduct an intercalibration exercise between the time series programs 4. Host at least two international meetings 5. Establish framework for an N2O/CH4 ocean time series network 6. Write a global oceanic N2O/CH4 summary paper for publication in Annual Review of Marine Science or an equivalent journal.
Co-chairs: Herman Bange (Germany) and Sam Wilson (USA)
Other Full Members: Mercedes de la Paz Arándiga (Spain), Laura Farias (Chile), Cliff Law (New Zealand), Wajih Naqvi (India), Gregor Rehder (Germany), Philippe Tortell (Canada), Rob Upstill-Goddard (UK), and Guiling Zhang (China-Beijing)
Associate Members: John Bullister (USA), Jan Kaiser (UK), Annette Kock (Germany), Sunyoung Park (Korea), Andy Rees (UK), and Alyson Santoro (USA)
Executive Committee Reporter: John Turner
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1. Name of group
Working Group #143: Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N2O and CH4
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words
1. Intercalibration cruise for continuous and discrete measurements of methane and nitrous oxide. The expedition was organized by Gregor Rehder (Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research) and took place in the Baltic Sea from 15 to 22 October 2016.
2. Second intercomparison of seawater samples collected from the North Pacific Ocean with discrete samples collected from two depths and distributed to twenty laboratories globally.
3. Two webconferences: 17 January 2017 and 10 May 2017. The webconferences are occurring every 2-4 months throughout 2017 to maintain momentum with the data exchange and analysis from the intercalibration cruise and the exchange of seawater samples.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
1. Technical Report: The production of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Gas Standards for Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Working Group #143. The Technical Report is attached separately to this email for posting onto the SCOR website (see http://www.scor- int.org/Publications/SCOR_WG_143_Technical_Report.pdf).
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
1. Conduct an intercalibration exercise between the time series programs (for methane and nitrous oxide) This is completed, with data analysis and publication pending. We have conducted three intercomparison exercises of discrete seawater samples and one intercomparison of underway equilibrator systems. We are receiving the data for the most recent intercomparisons and will start formally analyzing the data next month when at least half the datasets will have been received.
2. Establish the appropriate standards to be used by the scientific community This is completed and the Technical Report is posted at http://www.scor- int.org/Publications/SCOR_WG_143_Technical_Report.pdf. Gas standards have been manufactured by John Bullister at NOAA PMEL and distributed to twelve groups around the globe. Every recipient is working with other scientists in their own respective countries to cross-calibrate their own standards, where necessary.
3. Recommend the analytical reporting procedures to be used for N2O and CH4 An outcome of the Terms of Reference #1 will include best practice recommendations for sample collection and analysis as well as data reporting. This activity has not occurred yet, but will be completed by the end of 2017.
4. Establish framework for an N2O/CH4 ocean time series network and write a global oceanic N2O/CH4 summary paper for publication in an open-access journal. This task is still pending. The GEOMAR group (H. Bange, A. Kock, D. Arevalo) will take the lead for this. Manuscript writing will start when the terms of references 1-3 are completed. Potential open-access journals for publication of the SCOR WG overview paper include Biogeosciences, Ocean Science, Frontiers in Marine Science, or Environmental Research Letters.
Further, SCOR WG#143-related articles that include results of the SCOR WG#143 include the following:
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1) A manuscript about the MEMENTO database is currently being written by Annette Kock for submission to Earth System Science Data. 2) An overview article about the application of cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy for measurements of dissolved trace gases (including N2O and CH4) in ocean science is currently in preparation for the open-access journals Ocean Science or Frontiers in Marine Science.
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words
1. Data synthesis and manuscript writing for the intercomparison of methane and nitrous oxide in seawater.
2. Cruise report for the Baltic Sea expedition
3. The two activities will be facilitated by continuing to hold webconferences every 2-3 months. We are using a BlueJeans webconferencing unit which is working very well for everyone calling in from around the world. Our next webconference is in July 2017, and then two more before the end of the calendar year (September and December).
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words
Our final year as a Working Group is a crucial one as we need to synthesize the data and produce a scientific publication on the findings with all the working group members as coauthors. We do not foresee any barrier to this being achieved, but it will take the remainder of the year which is the formal ending for us as a working group. We are in very good shape for this to be a high-quality document, as we have conducted three intercomparison exercises of discrete samples and also distributed common gas standards to participating lab groups.
One of the hold-ups for the working group was the delay in the synthesis of gas standards which meant that the Year 2 for the Working Group was very quiet.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words.
We have already requested to use the remainder of our budget to have a final face-to-face meeting piggy-backing on the Ocean Sciences meeting in Portland on 11-16 February 2018. It is possible that we also hold an additional meeting in 2017 for a subgroup of people who compared underway equilibrator systems (5 laboratory groups). This would be most productive if it was a face-to-face meeting and we are looking into possibilities for hosting this.
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.7 WG 144 on Microbial Community Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation Miloslavich (2013)
Terms of Reference:
1. Convene a practical workshop in Saanich Inlet, a seasonally anoxic fjord off the coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, to ground truth common standards for process rate and molecular measurements and identify model ecosystems for future cross-scale comparative analyses. 2. Convene a meeting at the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research in Warnemünde, Germany to codify standards of best practice, and compose a white paper describing said standards and opportunities. 3. Sponsor a workshop at the marine lab of the University of Concepcion, Chile, to disseminate the best practices described in the white paper, and to provide hands-on experience to international participants, and local students and scientists, with those practices. 4. Convene a meeting at the National Institute of Oceanography in Goa, India, engaging local students and scientists in the project. The goal of this meeting is to compile a peer-reviewed monograph, which will be published as an electronic book in an open-access journal such as Frontiers or PLoS to ensure both visibility and long-term access.
Leadership Coordinator: Bess Ward (USA)
Other Full Members: Sean Crowe (Canada), Virginia Edgcomb (USA), Veronique Garcon (France), Steven Hallam (Canada), Klaus Juergens (Germany), Elsabe Julies (Namibia), Phyllis Lam (UK), Nagappa Ramaiah (India), and Osvaldo Ulloa (Chile)Associate Members: Mark Altabet (USA), Annie Bourbonnais (Canada), Karen Casciotti (USA), Francis Chan (USA), David Conley (Sweden), Robinson (Wally) Fulweiler (USA), Jung-Ho Hyun (Korea), David Karl (USA), John Kaye (USA), SWA Naqvi (India), Nancy Rabalais (USA), Mak Saito (USA), Frank Stewart (USA), Matt Sullivan (USA), and Jody Wright (Canada)
Executive Committee Reporter: Patricia Miloslavich
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2016 Annual report for SCOR Working Group 144: Microbial Community Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation
Report for the period September 2015 – December 2016
Executive Summary SCOR Working Group 144 Microbial Community Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation, is wrapping up its activities after three years. Our first unofficial inaugural meeting was held at the ASLO Ocean Sciences meeting in Hawaii in late February 2014. At that meeting, we planned a practical workshop, which was held at Saanich Inlet/UBC in British Columbia, Canada 13-18 July 2014. The workshop included a short cruise, incubation experiments and sample collection, and was hosted by WG members Sean Crowe and Stephen Hallam. The report of that workshop can be found at the WG 144 website (http://omz.microbiology.ubc.ca/index.html).
The second official meeting of WG-144 took place on 30 August–4 September at the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research in Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany and was hosted by WG member Klaus Jürgens. WG 144 submitted a proposal to the Schmidt Ocean Institute to request ship time for a cruise to one of the Pacific OMZs in 2018. We have been notified that the full proposal will not be funded.
The third official meeting was held in Goa, on India 2-5 Dec. 2016. The 2016 SCOR workshop was joint with The International Symposium on Microbial Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation, held to honor Wajih Naqvi. Dr. Naqvi is an associate member of SCOR WG 144, the former director of the National Institute of Oceanography in Goa, and world leader in research in the chemistry of oxygen minimum zones. A special issue of Deep-Sea Research containing the symposium papers is planned.
International Symposium on Microbial Response to Ocean Deoxygenation The main event of year three of SCOR WG 144 was the International Symposium on Microbial Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation, which was held at the National Institute of Oceanography in Goa, India in December 2016. The symposium focused on SCOR OMZ topics and was held in Goa to honor Wajih Naqvi. Naqvi is a leader in the field of chemical oceanography of OMZ systems and served as director of the National Institute of Oceanography in Goa for about a decade. Ward and Ramaiah were co-conveners of the symposium. The program of speakers is attached (Appendix I).
It was a truly international gathering, with participants from India, Japan, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, Canada, UK and USA. The visitors were housed at the International Center, which was very pleasant, and transportation was provided to NIO for the meeting. The symposium was funded through a combination of sources: NIO contributed the housing and food for all attendees. WG member Nagappa Ramaiah served as the local host and worked tirelessly in the months preceding the symposium to secure Indian Government support for it, 2-23
and to schedule the scientific and cultural sessions and activities. SCOR supported the travel of some of the non-U.S. attendees. A grant from the Ocean Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Program (US NSF) supported the travel for U.S. participants. Many of our European colleagues paid for their own travel to India. Most of the Indian participants also traveled at their own expense (many, but not all of them, were located at NIO). The list of attendees at the symposium is attached (Appendix II).
Goa Symposium attendees in front of the seminar building at NIO.
We plan to publish a symposium volume as the major output from the Goa Symposium. Ward submitted a proposal to Deep-Sea Research (DSR II) for a Special Issue on Ocean Deoxygenation in December 2016 immediately after the meeting. The proposal was accepted, with Ramaiah, Crowe, Edgcomb and Ward as editors. All of the editors received training from EVISE in how to handle the manuscript submission and review process. To date, nine manuscripts have been submitted and are under review. Several more manuscripts have been promised and are underway, so we expect a total of about 15 papers for the Special Issue. DSR II estimates a time line from initial submission to publication of about 1.5 years so we expect to publish some time in 2018. A tentative list of authors and titles, compiled at the time of the symposium, is attached (Appendix III).
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Immediately after the Goa symposium, Hallam, Crowe and Jurgens prepared a Correspondence for Nature on the urgency of the issue of ocean deoxygenation. The letter was submitted to Nature in February 2017.
SCOR-WG-144 Goa Meeting, 3 Dec 2016
WG-144 Members Attending
Sean Crowe Virginia Edgcomb Stephen Hallam Veronique Garcon Klaus Jürgens Nagappa Ramaiah Osvaldo Ulloa Bess Ward
The annual meeting of SCOR SG-144 took place on 4 December at NIO in Goa, India. The main items of business were as follows.
1. Update on the Warnemünde meeting: As outlined in last year’s report, a white paper is planned to provide guidelines for experimental design, sampling and analysis of oxygen- depleted waters in order to minimize artefacts and to maximize comparability between studies. The outline and tentative authorship for the sections remains as initially planned:
1. Introduction and Goals (Jürgens) 2. OMZ models: General considerations, models and data (Garcon, Oschlies) 3. Incubation-independent sampling: Chemistry (nutrients, gases, sulfur compounds, stable isotopes etc.) (Schulz-Vogt, Revsbech, Bange, Bottcher) 4. Incubation-independent sampling: Biology (viruses, prokaryotes, protists, DNA/RNA, transcripts) (Brum, Lam, Edgcomb, Ramaiah, Hallam, Ulloa, Jürgens) 5. Incubation-dependent sampling: Activities, rates, processes (Ward, Thamdrup, Ramaiah, Jürgens, Crowe, Lam, Brum, Edgcomb) 6. Identification of core parameter/measurements to characterize OMZs: (Lam, Revsbech) 7. Current status of in situ incubation/fixation systems: (Edgcomb, Taylor) 8. Genomic data and sample archiving: (Hallam, Ulloa)
Klaus Jürgens is the lead author on the white paper and he has received draft contributions from several of the authors. The discussion focused on how to move the project forward. Renewed efforts are needed to obtain text from those who have not yet contributed, but it might be wise to proceed with the materials in hand. Jürgens was urged to proceed to compile the material he has already received and to edit it into a publishable document.
2. Falkor ship time proposal: Ward submitted an Expression of Interest to the Schmidt 2-25
Ocean Institute in December 2015 to request ship time on the R/V Falkor. The goal of the cruise was to develop and demonstrate in situ devices for unperturbed measurement of biogeochemical processes, and assessment of microbial community composition and activity in the ocean. The expression of interest was approved for further development and a full proposal was prepared by Hallam and Crowe for work in the North Pacific and submitted in June 2016. We were notified in November 2016 that the proposal would not be funded. The main reason for the lack of success appears to be uncertainty about the new in situ devices that we planned to deploy.
3. Hands-on workshop in Chile: For January 2018, we are planning a workshop to be held in conjunction with ECODIM in Concepcion, Chile. At the minimum, the SCOR members will attend and the students of the ECODIM course will be the “beneficiaries” of a hands-on workshop applying the best practice methods we have described in the Warnemünde white paper. We will plan to use the Concepcion research vessel for day trips to collect samples and will perform the incubations and some analysis at the Concepcion lab. (Update on the Chile workshop: This endeavor is somewhat beyond the means and the time frame of the original WG 144 mandate. In the absence of serious fundraising and buy-in from our Chilean collaborators, it seems unlikely that this event will take place.)
Progress towards goals of the Terms of Reference The Saanich Inlet workshop was completed as planned during the first year of the program. The Warnemünde meeting was held as planned during the second year of the program and the white paper is in draft form at this time and although final version was expected at the Goa workshop, which has still not progressed. The Goa workshop, originally planned for the fourth year of the program, was moved to the third year and was successfully completed. The special journal issue planned for the output of the Goa workshop is in progress at DSR II. The workshop in Chile has been moved to the fourth year and planning and fundraising for that event are still underway. However, given the lack of funds and the expense of the effort, it seems likely that this event will not take place.
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Schedule of Sessions International Symposium on Microbial Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation December 03-05, 2016 ------Day 1; Dec 3, 2016, Saturday
Registration 08.30-09.00 Inaugural Session +Distinguished Lecture by Dr SWA Naqvi 09.00-10.45 Tea Break 10.45-11.15
Session I Biogeochemical Processes 11.20-13.10 Time Presenting Author Title of the Presentation 11.20-11.45 Bess Ward Biogeochemistry and Nitrogen Cycling in Oxygen Minimum Zone Regions of the Ocean 11.45-12.10 Hermann Bange Trace Gases in Low Oxygen Environments in the Open and Coastal Oceans 12.10-12.30 Karen Casciotti Paired N and O Isotopic Analysis of Nitrate, Nitrite, and Nitrous Oxide from the Arabian Sea Oxygen Deficient Zone 12.30-12.50 Damodar Shenoy Variation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Oxygen Minimum Zone of the Arabian Sea 12.50-13.10 Arvind Singh Time-series Analysis of Dissolved Oxygen and Inorganic Nutrients in the Eastern Arabian Sea 13.10-14.00 Lunch Session II Biogeochemical Processes 14.00-15.50 Time Presenting Author Title of the Presentation 14.00-14.25 Donald E. Canfield The Bay of Bengal, an Oxygen Minimum Zone at a Tipping Point 14.25-14.50 Bo Thamdrup The Biogeochemistry of Golfo Dulce, an OMZ- like Coastal Basin 14.50-15.10 Siby Kurian Fate of Organic Matter in the OMZ Sediments of Central West Coast of India during late Holocene 15.10-15.30 Aurélien Paulmier Remineralization versus Preservation in the Oxygen Minimum Zone off Peru 15.30-15.50 Aninda Mazumdar Sediment Pore Fluid Chemistry in the Oxygen Minimum Zone of the Eastern Arabian Sea
Tea Break + Poster Session (7 Posters) 15.50-16.50 2-27
Session III Biogeochemical Processes 16.50-18. 00
Time Presenting Author Title of the Presentation 16.50-17.15 Virginia Edgcomb Evidence for needed New Sampling Technology for In Situ Water Sample Collection and Preservation 17.15-17.40 Allan Devol An N-isotope Mass Balance of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific Oxygen Minimum Zone 17.40-18.00 Carolyn Buchwald Using Natural Abundance Stable Isotopes of Nitrate and Nitrite as Tracers for Nitrogen Cycling in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific
Poster Presentations for Day 1:
Poster Presenting Author Title of the Presentation D1-P1 Jovitha Lincy V J Prevalence of ‘Candidatus’ Bacterial Communities, the Major Component of “Microbial Dark Matter” from the Bay of Bengal, Oxygen Minimum Zone D1-P2 Larissa D Menezes Diversity of Chemolitotrophic Bacteria in the Oxygen- depleted Waters of the Northern Indian Ocean D1-P3 Kausar F Bepari Dynamics of Dimethylsulphide and Associated Sulphur Compounds at the Sediment Water Interface: An Experimental Approach D1-P4 Svetlana Fernandes A Comparative Study of Sulfur-Carbon-Iron Systematics in Sediments Underlying the Perennial and Seasonal OMZs of the Arabian Sea, West Coast of India D1-P5 Rishmita Mukherjee Bacterioplankton Abundance, Community Composition, Oxygen and other Physico-Chemical Parameters from Sundarban Estuaries D1-P6 AV Chandrasekhararao Phytoplankton Response to the Contrasting Physical Features in the Eastern Arabian Sea during late North East Monsoon D1-P7 Genevieve Fernandes Influence of pH change on Bacterial Community Structure in the OMZ of the Bay of Bengal: a Microcosm Study 2-28
Day 2; December 4, 2016, Sunday
Session IV Microbial Ecology and Communities 09.00-13.05 Time Presenting Author Title of the Presentation 09.00-09.25 Steven J. Hallam Size Matters: Describing Changes Associated to Filter Size Cutoff in the Microbial Community Structure of a Seasonally Anoxic Fjord, Saanich Inlet. 09.25-09.45 Sean Crowe High Affinity Microbial Sulfide Uptake and Marine Sulfur Cycling 09.45-10.05 Steven/Monica TBA 10.05-10.25 Parvathi Ammini Responses of Viruses in the Deoxygenated Waters of the Northern Indian Ocean 10.25-10.45 Mandar Bandekar Temporally Stable but Diverse Bacterial Community in the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone 10.45-11.05 Andrew Babbin Bess Ward Presented Title: Anaerobic nitrite oxidation exceeds fixed nitrogen loss in the Pacific oxygen deficient zones 11.05-11.25 Tea 11.25-11.45 Koji Hamasaki Distribution and Phylogeny of Anaerobic Anammoniu-Oxidizing (Anammox) Bacteria in a Water Column of the Central Pacific Ocean 11.45-12.05 12.05-12.25 Montserrat Aldunate Nitrogen Assimilation in Prochlorococcus Inhabiting the Anoxic Marine Zone of the Eastern Tropical South Pacific. 12.25-12.45 Mónica Beltrán Exploring Methanotrophic Community Composition and Dynamics along Redox Gradients in a Seasonally Anoxic Fjord, Saanich Inlet. 12.45-13.05 Samir Damare A comparison of Bacterial Communities from the OMZs of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal 13.05-14.00 Lunch 2-29
Session V Omics of Deoxygenated Waters 14.00-15.45 Time Presenting Author Title of the Presentation 14.00-14.25 Klaus Jürgens Prokaryotic Activities in the Suboxic Zone of the Black Sea as revealed by a Metatranscriptomic analysis 14.25-14.45 Osvaldo Ulloa Metabolic Potential of Uncultivated Microorganisms from Anoxic Marine Zones as revealed by Single-cell Genomics 14.45-15.05 Amal Jayakumar Diversity, Distribution and Gene Expression of Diazotrophs (nifH) in Oxygen Deficient Waters 15.05-15.25 Michael Beman Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling Processes, Genes, and Organisms along Oxygen Gradients within and across (model) Oxygen Minimum Zones: Consistent, Inconsistent, or Consistently Inconsistent? 15.25-15.45 G V M Gupta Variation in Deoxygenation and its Controlling Factors over the Western Indian Shelf 15.45-16.00 Skalar Presentation 16.00-16.45 Tea + Poster Session (5 posters) Session VI Modelling 16.45-17.50 Time Presenting Author Title of the Presentation 16.45-17.10 Véronique Garçon Multi-scale Interactions in the OMZ off Peru: AMOP Observations and Modelling 17.10-17.30 Laura A. Bristow Putting the Puzzle Pieces together: How Substrate Kinetics and Oxygen Inhibition Control N Loss in Oxygen Minimum Zones 17.30-17.50 Andreas Oschlies Patterns of Deoxygenation - How Reliable are Model Projections? Presented via Video Conferencing
Poster Presentations for Day 2: Poster Presenting Author Title of the Presentation D2-P1 Amara Begum Nitrate-Reducing Bacterial Diversity from the Arabian Mulla Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone D2-P2 Jovitha Lincy V J Exploring Sediment Bacterial Diversity of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Mone through Phylogenomics D2-P3 Jasmine Gomes Denitrification Potential of Culturable Bacterial Population from a Seasonal Hypoxic Coastal location 2-30
D2-P4 Mandar Bandekar Molecular Detection of Nitrite Reducing (nirS) and Anammox (hzo) Bacteria from the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone D2-P5 Ujwala Amberkar Phylogenetic Diversity of Culturable Bacteria from the Coastal Sediments of Oxygen Minimum Zone in the Arabian Sea and their Role in Nitrate Reduction
Day 3, December 5, 2016, Monday
Session VII Societal Impacts of Marine Deoxygenation 09.00-10.50 Time Presenting Author Title of the Presentation 09.00-09.25 Gordon T. Taylor Lessons from a Natural Laboratory for Ocean Deoxygenation: The Cariaco Basin 09.25-09.50 Sudhakar Maratadu Consequence of Ocean Deoxygenation on Bioresources in Areas Beyond National Jurisdictions 09.50-10.10 Judith Gonsalves Ecological Characterization of Microbial Groups as Drivers and Responders in the Oxygen Minimum Zone of the Arabian Sea 10.10-10.30 Venkatesan Ramasamy Challenges to have Real Time Ocean Data Collection - Microbial Deterioration of Structures 10.30-10.50 Ramaiah Nagappa Coastal Hypoxia and Blue Economy 10.50-11.40 Tea + Poster Session (6 posters) 11.40-13.00 Valedictory Function and Closing
Poster Presentations for Day 3: Poster Presenting Author Title of the Presentation D3-P1 Anirudh Ram Impact of Hypoxia/Anoxia in a Tropical Indian Estuary receiving Urban Wastewater D3-P2 Bhagyashri Naik Variation in Phytoplankton at the CaTS Time Series Site (Off Goa): Implication to DMS Production D3-P3 Jabir T Vipindas T V Nitrogen Fixation by Sulfate Reducing Bacterial Communities of a Tropical (Cochin) Estuary D3-P4 Mamatha S S Role of Nitrate Reducers in Bioremediation of Waste Water from Shrimp Pond D3-P5 Mangesh Gauns Spatial Discrepancy of Mesozooplankton over the Continental Realm in the Eastern Arabian Sea Preceding the Arrival of Southwest Monsoon 2-31
D3-P6 Asha Devi Micro and Mesozooplankton Community Dynamics in Eastern Arabian Sea Ecosystems
International Symposium on Microbial Response to Ocean SCOR Goa attendees list
Speakers Senior Scientists Institution Country Parvathi Ammini NIO India Mandar Bandekar NIO India Hermann Bange GEOMAR Germany Don Canfield Southern Denmark University Denmark Karen Casciotti Stanford University USA Allan Devol University of Washington USA Judith Gonsalves NIO India G V M Gupta CMLRE India Koji Hamasaki AORI Japan Amal Jayakumar Princeton University USA Siby Kurian NIO India Sudhakar Maratadu CMLRE India Aninda Mazumdar NIO India Aninda Mazumdar NIO India Wajih Naqvi NIO Indai Andreas Oschlies GEOMAR Germany Aurelien Paulmier CNRS France Venkatesan Ramasamy NIOT India Damodar Shenoy NIO India Gordon Taylor Stonybrook SUNY USA Bo Thamdrup Southern Denmark University Denmark
Junior/Early Career Montserrat Aldunate Universidad Concepcion Chile Mike Beman UC Merced USA Laura Bristow MPI- Germany Carly Buchwald Dalhousie Canada Samir Damare NIO India Joitha Lincy India Arvind Singh India Parvathi Venu NIO India 2-32
Poster Presentations Uujwala Amberkar NIO India Kausar Bepari NIO India AV Chandrasekhara NIO India Asha Devi CMLRE India Genevieve Fernandes NIO India Svetlana Fernandez NIO India Mangesh Gauns NIO India Jasmine Gomes NIO India Joitha Lincy NIO India S S Mamatha NIO India Larissa Menezes NIO India Rishmita Mukherjee University of Calcutta India Amara Mulla NIO India Bhagyashri Naik NIO India Anirudh Ram NIO India Jabir T Vipindas T V CUSAT India Monica Beltran Torres UBC Canada
SCOR WG-144 members Sean Crowe UBC Canada Veronique Garcon CNRS France Ginny Edgcomb WHOI USA Jung-Ho Hyun Hanyang University Korea unable to attend Elsabe Julies University of Namibia Namibia unable to attend Klaus Jurgens Leibniz Institute for Baltic SeaRGermany Stephen Hallam UBC Canada Phyllis Lam Southampton UK unable to attend Osvaldo Ulloa Universidad Concepcion Chile Nagappa Ramaiah NIO India Bess Ward Princeton University USA 2-33
Partial list of authors and tentative/draft titles of papers to be included in the DSR II Special Issue on Ocean Deoxygenation
1. Carolin Löscher, Don Canfield et al.: on N2 fixation in the Bay of Bengal. 2. Hannah Lutterbeck, Hermann W. Bange et al: Nitric oxide (NO) in the oxygen minimum zone off Peru 3. Ryuki Shishikura, Shotaro Suzuki, Takuhei Shiozaki, Tomotaka Nakamura, Yuichi Suwa, Koji Hamasaki: Distribution of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria in a water column of the central Pacific Ocean 4. Arvind Singh and Anna Godhe: Time-series analysis of dissolved oxygen and inorganic nutrients in the eastern Arabian Sea 5. Parvathi A, Jasna V, Aparna S, Aswathy VK, Muraleedharan KR, Gireesh Kumar TR, Pradeep Ram and Sime-Ngando T: Is lysogeny a survival strategy for viruses in the deoxygenated waters of Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone? 6. M. Hannig, S. Beckmann, G. Lavik, G. Jost, M. Labrenz, K. Jürgens: Impact of experimental bottle incubations on the composition and activity of marine denitrifying bacterial communities 7. Mandar Bandekar, Ram Murti Meena and N Ramaiah: Predominant denitrification via Annamox and DNR in Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone 8. Jasmine Gomes, Mandar Bandekar, Rakhee Khandeparker, Ram Murti Meena and N Ramaiah: Diversity of Denitrification bacterial community from a seasonally hypoxic tropical coastal region: qPCR based approach 9. Laura Bristow, Cory Padilla, Neha Sarode, Frank Stewart, Bo Thamdrup: Size fractionation of microbial nitrogen transformations in the tropical anoxic basin Golfo Dulce 10. Kausar F. Bepari, Sidhesh Borker, Anil K. Pratihary and Damodar M. Shenoy: Dynamics of dimethylsulphide and associated sulphur compounds at the sediment water interface: An experimental approach 11. Analiza Maria D’souza and Mangesh Gauns: Spatial changes in mesozooplankton over the continental realm in the eastern Arabian Sea preceding the arrival of southwest monsoon 12. Matthew Forbes, Jagruti Vedamati, Brian Peters, and Karen Casciotti: Nitrous oxide cycling in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific as inferred from isotopic and isotopomeric data 13. C.R. Asha Devi, Vimalkumar, K.G., Padmakumar, K.B., Lathika Cicily Thomas, Maneesh, T.P., Anilkumar Vijayan, Gupta, G.V.M and Sudhakar, M: Understanding the microzooplankton mediated food web of the winter- spring Noctiluca bloom in the perennial oxygen deficient North Eastern Arabian Sea Ecosystem 14. Monica Torres Beltran, Taylor Sehein, Steven Hallam and Virginia Edgcomb: Parasitic protest interactions and dynamics along oxygen gradients in a seasonally anoxic fjord: Saanich Inlet, British Columbia 15. Gordon Taylor: Microbial community response to ocean deoxygenation in the Cariaco Basin 16. Amal Jayakumar, A. P. Rees. P. J. Kearns, J. L. Bowen and B. B. Ward. Biogeography of denitrification on the basis of nosZ gene community composition 2-34
17. Aurelier Paulmier, et al.: Remineralization versus preservation in the Oxygen Minimum Zone off Peru 18. Carly Buchwald et al.: Using Natural Abundance Stable Isotopes of Nitrate and Nitrite as Tracers for Nitrogen Cycling in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific
Others expected to contribute but who have not yet committed: Stephen Hallam, Sean Crowe, Montserrat Aldunate, Osvaldo Ulloa, Michael Beman
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2.1.8 WG 145 on Chemical Speciation Modelling in Seawater to Meet 21st Century Needs (MARCHEMSPEC) (2014) Sicre
Terms of Reference: 1. To document the current status, and basis in laboratory measurements, of Pitzer models of seawater and estuarine water focusing on the chemistry of ocean acidification and micronutrient trace metals (including, but not limited to, Fe, Cu, Cd, Co, Mn, and Zn). Current capabilities and limitations for oceanographic and biogeochemical calculations will be defined, and future needs established. Important gaps in knowledge, which should have high priority for new measurements, will be identified. The components to be covered will include the seawater electrolytes, the selected trace metals, and buffer solutions and key organic ligands such as those used in CLE-CSV titrations. 2. To publish the results of the first term of reference in the refereed scientific literature, and to introduce the conclusions and recommendations to the oceanographic community at a “town hall” event or special session at an international ocean sciences meeting. 3. To specify the functions and capability for a web-based modelling tool that will make chemical speciation calculations easily accessible for a wide range of applications in oceanography research and teaching, and thus improve understanding and spread best practice in modelling. 4. To implement the web-based tool for chemical speciation calculations, based upon the specification developed in the third term of reference which will also be used to obtain external funding to develop the programs, documentation, and site.
Chair: David Turner (Sweden)
Vice-Chairs: Simon Clegg (UK) and Sylvia Sander (New Zealand)
Other Full Members: Heather Benway (USA), Arthur Chen (China-Taipei), Andrew Dickson (USA), Vanessa Hatje (Brazil), Maite Maldonado (Canada), Alessandro Tagliabue (UK), and Rodrigo Torres (Chile)
Associate Members: Eric Achterberg (Germany), Yuri Artioli (UK), Parthasarathi Chakraborty (India), Peter Croot (Ireland), Martha Gledhill (Germany), Giles Marion (USA), Peter May (Australia), Frank Millero (USA), Ivanka Pizeta (Croatia), Darren Rowland (Australia), Pavel Tishchenko (Russia), Stan van den Berg (UK), Wolfgang Voigt (Germany), Christoph Völker (Germany), Feiyue Wang (Canada), and Mona Wells (China)
Executive Committee Reporter: Marie-Alexandrine Sicre
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1. Name of group
WG145: Chemical Speciation Modelling in Seawater to meet 21st Century Needs
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words The major effort in the past year has been devoted to seeking research funding for carrying out the fourth term of reference. Group members Simon Clegg, Andrew Dickson and Heather Benway have been awarded a research grant within the NERC/NSF (UK/US) joint program. This project is closely aligned with the Working Group objectives and will run for 3 years, with an expected start date in July 2017. In addition, four laboratories have offered to fund and carry out complementary measurements: GEOMAR (Kiel, Germany) and the national standards laboratories in France, Germany and Japan.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support Turner, D.R., E.P. Achterberg, C.-T.A. Chen, S.L. Clegg, V. Hatje, M.T. Maldonado, S.G. Sander, C.M.G. van den Berg, M. Wells. 2016. Toward a Quality-Controlled and Accessible Pitzer Model for Seawater and Related Systems. Frontiers in Marine Science 3: doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00139.
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
1) To document the current status, and basis in laboratory measurements, of Pitzer models of seawater and estuarine water focusing on the chemistry of ocean acidification and micronutrient trace metals (including, but not limited to, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cd, and Zn). Current capabilities and limitations for oceanographic and biogeochemical calculations will be defined, and future needs established. Important gaps in knowledge, which should have high priority for new measurements, will be identified. The components to be covered will include the seawater electrolytes, the selected trace metals, and buffer solutions and key organic ligands such as those used in CLE-CSV titrations. The Working Group’s review has been published in Frontiers in Marine Science, see section 3 above.
2) To publish the results of the first term of reference in the refereed scientific literature, and to introduce the conclusions and recommendations to the oceanographic community at a “town hall” event or special session at an international ocean sciences meeting. 2-37
The Working Group’s overview of current model status and development needs has been published, see section 3 above. The WG's plans have been presented at a Town Hall meeting at Ocean Sciences 2016, where the WG also co-sponsored a session. 3) To specify the functions and capability for a web-based modelling tool that will make chemical speciation calculations easily accessible for a wide range of applications in oceanography research and teaching, and thus improve understanding and spread best practice in modelling. The Working Group considers that the functionality should be based on user’s needs, and has therefore taken steps to consult with user communities. User needs were discussed at the 2016 Town Hall, and were followed up by a Survey Monkey questionnaire aimed at academic users (thanks to Ed Urban for help with this). A second Survey Monkey aimed at users outside the academic community was started in April 2017. 4) To implement the web-based tool for chemical speciation calculations, based upon the specification developed in the third term of reference which will also be used to obtain external funding to develop the programs, documentation, and site. This term of reference involves significant effort, both in program code development, and in new measurements. External funding has now been secured through the NERC/NSF grant described under section 2 above
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words The NERC/NSF research project is expected to start in July 2017. The initial focus of the work will be a full characterization of the chemistry of TRIS buffers in artificial seawater over the full range of relevant salinities and temperatures. These buffers are used for calibration of seawater pH, a measurement that is central to monitoring and understanding of ongoing ocean acidification. New measurements complementing those made by the U.S. project partner will be carried out at GEOMAR (Kiel, Germany) and at the French, German and Japanese national standards laboratories.
Once the second Survey Monkey aimed at non-academic users has been completed, an analysis and summary of the results of both surveys will be prepared for publication.
The next WG meeting is planned for February 2018 in conjunction with the Ocean Sciences Meeting.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words The Working Group has made good progress with the first three terms of reference. Research funding for the fourth term of reference has been secured for the period 2017-2020, which
2-38 means that the Working Group would need to continue its activities beyond the planned 4-year period in order to complete the Terms of Reference. Since the major effort during the past year has focused on fundraising, the Working Group will not meet during 2017. The Working Group asks SCOR to reallocate the funding for a 2017 meeting to later years so that the WG can meet to discuss priorities and review progress through the period of the NERC/NSF project.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words.
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2.1.9 WG 146 on Radioactivity in the Ocean, 5 decades later (RiO5) Smythe-Wright (2014)
Terms of Reference 1. Combine and build upon existing global and individual databases of natural and artificial radionuclide distributions to make an user friendly and easily accessible on line product. 2. Summarize and publish review papers on these global radionuclide datasets and provide examples of how these can help improve our understanding of ocean processes and contaminant fate and transport. 3. Identify gaps in scientific knowledge in relation to radioactivity in the marine environment. 4. Bring together academic, nuclear industry and national laboratory expertise for an international symposium on radionuclides in the ocean. 5. Provide a warehouse of education materials to assist in the education and training of the next generation of marine radiochemists and radioecologists. 6. Develop tools to enhance public understanding of radioactivity, in particular in the ocean.
Co-chairs: Ken Buesseler (USA) and Minhan Dai (China-Beijing)
Other Full Members: Michio Aoyama (Japan), Claudia Benitez-Nelson (USA), Sabine Charmasson (France), Roberta Delfanti (Italy), Pere Masqué (Spain), Paul Morris (Monaco), Deborah Oughton (Norway), and John Smith (Canada)
Associate Members: Andy Johnson (USA), Reiner Schlitzer (Germany), Gary Hancock (Australia), José Godoy (Brazil), Nuria Casacuberta (Switzerland), Jordi Vives i Batlle (Belgium), Vladimer Maderich (Ukraine), and Sandor Muslow (Chile)
Executive Committee Reporter: Denise Smythe-Wright
Note: The 2017 Meeting of WG 146 will occur after the background papers for the SCOR meeting are distributed, so a report from WG 146 will be distributed later.
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2.1.10 WG 147: Towards comparability of global oceanic nutrient data (COMPONUT) (2014) Sicre
Terms of Reference 1. To establish mechanisms to ensure comparability of oceanic nutrient data in collaboration with International organisations such as ICES and PICES. 2. To assess the homogeneity and stability of currently available RMs/CRMs: The group needs to determine whether the current producers are achieving a level of precision within and between laboratories which is comparable to or better than 1 %. 3. To develop standardized data-handling procedures with common data vocabularies and formats, across producers and users, and will include the future linking of national and international data archives. The group will seek to involve international data center representatives to contribute to and lead this task. 4. To promote the wider global use of RM’s by arranging workshops to actively encourage their use, and to provide training in analytical protocols and best practices, including sample preservation protocols, particularly targeted towards developing countries. 5. To continue regular global inter-comparison studies, following on from the previous exercises in 2003, 2006, 2008 and 2012, with collaboration of IOCCP-SSG and RCGC- JAMSTEC. 6. To update the GO-SHIP nutrient measurement manual, which was originally a product of the IOC-ICES SGONS, (Study Group on Nutrient Standards). 7. To publish reports on this WG’s activities and workshops.
Co-chairs: Michio Aoyama (Japan) and E. Malcolm S. Woodward (UK)
Other Full Members: Susan Becker (USA), Karin Bjorkman (USA), Anne Daniel (France), Claire Mahaffey (UK), Hema Naik (India), Raymond Roman (South Africa), Bernadette Sloyan (Australia), and Toste Tanhua (Germany)
Associate Members: Karel Bakker (Netherlands), Minhan Dai (China-Beijing), Andrew Dickson (USA), Akiharu Hioki (Japan), Alex Kozyr (USA), Akihiko Murata (Japan), TaeKeun Rho (Korea), Sophie Seeyave (UK), Jonathan Sharp (USA), Winnie van Vark (Netherlands), and Takeshi Yoshimura (Japan)
Executive Committee Reporter: Marie-Alexandrine Sicre
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Annual SCOR Working Group 147 Report to SCOR By Michio Aoyama and Malcolm Woodward on 22 June 2017 1. Name of group
SCOR WG#147 “Towards comparability of global oceanic nutrient data”
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words (873words) We held the WG#147 second annual meeting in Qingdao, China, in September 2016, alongside the CLIVAR annual meeting, where our SCOR group contributed to a poster cluster presentation. There were 7 Full Members, 3 Associate Members and 4 observers present at the meeting. During this second annual meeting, we confirmed and congratulated TaeKeun as he had been accepted onto the official Associate Member list for WG #147, following the resignation of Jonathan Sharp. We had two teleconferences with all Full and Associate members, on Feb. 2016 and July 2016, respectively. During the meeting/teleconferences and follow up discussions after the second meeting, we made recommendations and decided on the actions and future anticipated progress as outlined below. The actions for the WG into 2017 are described in section 5.
1. Follow up questionnaire of the IOCCP-JAMSTEC inter-laboratory comparison study in 2014/15: It was agreed that we should write to all the laboratories that did not do well in the last intercomparison exercise in an effort to help them improve their analysis. This was given general approval by all members. We would also write to all of the labs who did not report any results in the last exercise, telling them there would be another exercise in 2017/18, but asking them why they did not submit results in 2015. It was noted that there were cross agreements with results from the last intercomparison exercise: 30 labs were in good agreement with the values. Dr. Aoyama prepared a questionnaire covering the above discussions and sent it out for comment to labs on the 2015 list. In June 2017, we had received only 8 replies, so we will ask the labs again to reply with the information.
2. About the SCOR- JAMSTEC CRM’s: The Website went live in November 2016 and JAMSTEC started to provide nutrient CRMs with the SCOR-JAMSTEC logo, and these were available to the global scientific community. At the time of this report, June 2017, 16 laboratories in 12 countries ordered 314 bottles of CRMs over the first 8 months. There was a long discussion on the certification and methods of carrying this out, which was at NMIJ, KANSO and JAMSTEC. Based on these discussions, details of certification and SI traceability of the CRMs were up on the website at JAMSTEC, http://www.jamstec.go.jp/scor/. A description of the specification for the CRMs is below.
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1) SCOR-JAMSTEC CRMs are certified reference materials (CRM) for inorganic nutrients in seawater. These were produced by the KANSO Company Ltd. on a commission basis, using the state-of-the-art facility at KANSO, and this certified reference material has been produced using autoclaved natural seawater on the basis of a quality control system under ISO Guide 34 (JIS Q 0034). 2) The certified values are arithmetic means of the results of a randomly selected sub-set of 30 bottles from each batch (measured in duplicates), and analysed by KANSO, and the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), using the classical colorimetric analytical methods (continuous flow analysis, CFA method). 3) For metrological traceability of the CRMs, the certified values of nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate of SCOR-JAMSTEC CRM are traceable to the International System of Units (SI) through an unbroken chain of calibrations, JCSS, CERI and NMIJ solutions, each having stated uncertainties. The certified values of silicate for the SCOR-JAMSTEC CRMs are traceable to the International System of Units (SI) through an unbroken chain of calibrations, Merck KGaA and NIST SRM3150 solutions, each having stated uncertainties.
After much discussion it was decided we would not move into coastal water CRMs, but that we would advise KANSO to look into producing, in the future, high-salinity ~ 39psu, Mediterranean/Black Sea waters as it would be advantageous to many laboratories to have a Med reference material.
3. Continuation of WG#147 at the end of the 3 years of SCOR funding – thoughts and options: It is very important for the global community that the production of the Reference materials is continued, and also that the International Intercalibration exercises should also continue as they are an important guide to how well laboratories are improving their analytical quality globally. It is crucially important to improve the quality of analysis around the world, and the subsequent data outputs, and hence inputs to global databases. Generally, it was agreed that is very important that the work of this group needs to be continued in some format. Informal discussions have continued with SCOR how this may be achieved into the future once the 3 years of International working group status has expired.
4. Poster cluster session at the CLIVAR Open Science conference, 2016: WG #147 submitted a poster ‘cluster’ session at the CLIVAR Open Science conference “Charting the course for climate and ocean research” (Qingdao, China) in September 2016. We had 15 posters at the site and 14 of them can be viewed at the SCOR WG 147 web page at: http://www.scor-int.org/SCOR_WGs_WG147.htm.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support Poster Cluster Community White paper entitled “Comparability of Oceanic nutrient data” has been published. This was presented to the CLIVAR Open Science conference, 2016 and now is at SCOR WG 147 web page at http://www.scor-int.org/SCOR_WGs_WG147.htm.
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4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words (831words)
ToR 1: To establish mechanisms to ensure comparability of oceanic nutrient data in collaboration with International organisations such as ICES and PICES.
WG 147 collaborated with JAMSTEC and has provided SI traceable CRMs of nutrients for the global community since November 2016. WG 147 also collaborated with IOCCP and JAMSTEC to conduct the IOCCP-JAMSTEC Inter-laboratory calibration exercise of CRM/RMNS in 2014/15. There will be a further international calibrations exercise in 2017/2018.
ToR 2: To assess the homogeneity and stability of currently available RMs/CRMs: The group needs to determine whether the current producers are achieving a level of precision within and between laboratories which is comparable to or better than 1 %.
In the IOCCP-JAMSTEC Inter-laboratory calibration exercise of CRM/RMNS in 2014/15, NMIJ CRM, KANSO CRM and KIOST RM were used. The results of the KANSO CRMs, of which the analytical concentrations were the highest among the samples, and with homogeneities of 0.2 %: the consensus standard deviation in terms of percentage for nitrate was 1.5%, for phosphate was 1.6% and for silicate was 1.2%. This indicated that a level of precision among 30 core laboratories who reported values were in agreement close to 1% for nitrate, phosphate and silicate. These results also confirmed that the homogeneity of currently available KANSO CRMs should be better than 1% because consensus of standard deviation in terms of percent is an expanded uncertainty of homogeneity of the CRMs, and analytical precision of the core laboratories.
For MOOS-3 by NRC Canada, Dr. Aoyama confirmed an unacceptable decrease of phosphate and nitrate concentrations of 7 bottles of MOOS-3 in 2015. For nitrate the certified value was 22.31 +- 0.30 μmol kg-1, however, the measured values actually ranged from 11.03 to 17.90μmol kg-1. For phosphate, the certified value was 3.430 +- 0.060 μmol kg-1; however, the measured values ranged from 3.030 to 3.245μmol kg-1. For silicate, measured values were within the certified value and the stated uncertainty. Filamentous fungi was found in several bottle of MOOS-3. This was reported to the manufacturer and the MOOS-3 samples were not used as part of the global intercalibration exercise.
ToR 3: To develop standardized data-handling procedures with common data vocabularies and formats, across producers and users, and will include the future linking of national and international data archives. The group will seek to involve international data center representatives to contribute to and lead this task.
No specific progress during this period. A part of this ToR3 might be included in the updated GO-SHIP nutrients manual, discussed in ToR 6.
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ToR 4: To promote the wider global use of RM’s by arranging workshops to actively encourage their use, and to provide training in analytical protocols and best practices, including sample preservation protocols, particularly targeted towards developing countries.
WG 147 is currently arranging an ‘International training workshop on Nutrient analysis’, which will be held at the NIOZ laboratory in November 2017. This is being co-organised by NIOZ and PML. Generous sponsorship has been awarded from grant applications through both SCOR & POGO. This workshop is specifically for nutrient scientists from developing countries, who will have the opportunity to work alongside and learn techniques from a group of the world’s leading nutrient chemists, who are members of SCOR 147. Extra funding for the trainers and lecturers, and also for the actual running of the workshop, has also been obtained separately by the WG 147. We are also very grateful to have co-sponsorship from JAMSTEC, PML and NIOZ. The plan is to have a nutrient training workshop for the successful applicants from developing countries for the first 4 days of the week, and then have a specific workshop on silicate analysis, where the ‘experts’/‘trainers’ will stay on to continue this effort. We will also try to target all the developing countries who submitted results to the last intercalibration exercise and more specifically those who were over 10% in error from the mean values of others and away from the consensus means of the majority.
The workshop Website is being hosted by NIOZ under their Marine Matters pages with the ‘Flyer’ being sent to potential applicants at the end of June 2017: The deadline for the applications is early August 2017, with the successful applicants being informed by the end of August. https://www.nioz.nl/en/education/marine-studies ToR 5: To continue regular global inter-comparison studies, following on from the previous exercises in 2003, 2006, 2008 and 2012, with collaboration of IOCCP-SSG and RCGC- JAMSTEC.
WG 147 collaborated with IOCCP and JAMSTEC and helped to conduct the IOCCP- JAMSTEC Inter-laboratory calibration exercise of CRM/RMNS in 2014/15. WG 147 will collaborate with the IOCCP-JAMSTEC Inter-laboratory calibration exercise of CRM in 2017/18 through the WG network of the global nutrients community.
ToR 6: To update the GO-SHIP nutrient measurement manual, which was originally a product of the IOC-ICES SGONS, (Study Group on Nutrient Standards).
WG 147 has drafted a new manual which is an update of the GO-SHIP nutrient measurement manual, and this draft was sent to Members for comments in February 2017. WG 147 is continuing this work to finalise this update.
ToR 7: To publish reports on this WG’s activities and workshops.
Updates have been communicated to the other WG members and for the workshop the advertisement/flyer will be sent globally.
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5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words (486words) 1. The third and final annual meeting will be held at OSM 2018, at Portland, USA, in February 2018. After discussions it was decided that the most apt meeting to end with would be the Ocean Sciences Meeting at Portland in February 2018. Agreement would be sought from Ed to extend the end dates of the WG until after that meeting (Note: Malcolm consulted Ed and this was agreed).
2. NIOZ training workshop in November 2017: The WG 147 workshop in November 2017, organized by NIOZ and PML will be financially sponsored by SCOR & POGO, with co-sponsorship by JASMTEC for the nutrient CRMs, and PML and NIOZ. The plan is to have a nutrient training workshop for developing country scientists for the first 4 days of the week, and then have a specific workshop on silicate analysis, where the ‘experts’/‘trainers’ will stay on to continue this effort. We have already secured some funding from SCOR for 5000 Euros and from POGO for 8250 Euros to support travel etc. for scientists from developing countries. Plus we have £7000, through WG 147 activities, to support the trainers/ experts/workshop. We will also try to target all the developing countries who submitted results to the last intercalibration exercise, and more specifically those who were identified as being greater than 10% from the norm for their analytical results, with the aim to improve those laboratories analysis and data quality output. The first call of this workshop was done in June 2017 and the web site of this workshop is at NIOZ web site at https://www.nioz.nl/en/education/marine-studies
3. Production of new lots of CRMs: We have already decided to provide the final two nutrient concentration levels which fit Atlantic waters. This will happen during the ZIPLOc north Atlantic cruise, at sea between June and August 2017, Malcolm and Claire will collect the seawater materials for the Atlantic deep and mid-depth waters, which will complete the remaining 2 lots of Atlantic waters for CRMs production, making 3 lots of CRMs (low, medium and high nutrient concentrations) available to all global scientists for both Atlantic and Pacific waters.
4. GO-SHIP manual revision: A draft of a new updated manual was completed by Susan Becker (Scripps Institution) in Feb. 2017 and this is in discussion now within the group. Once the document is worked on and agreed by SCOR WG 147, it was suggested there could be a public consultation/review phase with the draft document up on the GO-SHIP Website as well as the IOCCP nutrients web page. The suggested name for the Manual is “The precise and accurate determination of dissolved inorganic nutrients in seawater; CFA Methods and Laboratory practice”. (Note : See the Susan Becker GO-SHIP poster presentation, which is the outline of the new manual at http://www.scor-int.org/Working_Groups/WG147/Poster_3.pdf).
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5. A workshop at OSM 2018: We have submitted a proposal for a session at OSM 2018: “Biogeochemistry and Nutrients in open ocean waters: Sustainable Ocean Observations and Time Series Efforts" This is to highlight and finalise the outputs of the working group and to invite other scientists to submit talks and posters also.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words (144 words) To establish mechanisms to ensure comparability of oceanic nutrient data, production and distribution of nutrients CRMs are one of the key issues. WG 147 has tried to have a UV cleaning system to pasteurize the resource seawater collected from the deep and mid-layer water column in order to stop any biological activity within the seawater during the transfer from ship to CRM producer in Japan. It has taken much longer than expected, and it is NOT finalized yet. This made a delay about one year from original schedule of CRM production. We decided instead to carry out pasteurization instead, plus 0.2 micron filtration, and will collect the final resource seawater in June-August 2017. Therefore, two lots of CRMs will be available around January-February in 2018 for purchase, and after we get these Atlantic level CRMs, SCOR-JASMTEC CRMs will cover the whole range of nutrient concentrations from the world oceans.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words. WG#147 would like to request to get permission to use SCOR logo on SCOR-JAMSTEC CRMs after WG 147’s third and final meeting.
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.11 WG 148 on International Quality Controlled Ocean Database: Subsurface temperature profiles (IQuOD) Shapovalov (2015)
Terms of Reference
1. To develop, implement and document algorithms for assignment of “intelligent” metadata – i.e. an informed guess as to likely values for missing information – for temperature profiles where crucial metadata is missing. 2. To evaluate and document the most effective combination of automated quality control (AutoQC) procedures for temperature profile observations. International collaboration will be required for the design and coordination of benchmarking experiments using high quality reference datasets. 3. To establish and implement a set of optimal automated quality control procedures, by reaching international community consensus and using the knowledge gained in the benchmarking tests from ToR-2 (above); to produce and publish a reference guide for best practices in automated quality control of ocean temperature profiles; and to develop and freely distribute an open-source quality control software toolkit to promote wide and rapid adoption of best practices by the oceanographic community. 4. To examine and document the feasibility of machine learning and other novel computational methods for enhanced quality control, to potentially minimize labor costs associated with human expert quality control procedures. 5. To develop, implement and document internationally agreed best practice methods for assignment of uncertainty estimates to each temperature observation. 6. To freely disseminate (interim) versions of the IQuOD global temperature profile database (and added value-products) as it evolves over the next 3 years, in user-friendly file formats. 7. To share knowledge and transfer skills in instrumentation, regional oceanography, quality control procedures and data stewardship with international scientists in both developed and developing nations.
Co-chairs: Catia Domingues (Australia) and Matt Palmer (UK)
Other Full Members: TVS Udaya Bhaskar (India), Tim Boyer (USA), Marcela Charo (Argentina), Christine Coatanoan (France), Viktor Gouretski (Germany), Shoichi Kizu (Japan), Alison Macdonald (USA), and Ann (Gronell) Thresher (Australia)
Associate Members: Lijing Cheng (China-Beijing), Mauro Cirano (Brazil), Rebecca Cowley (Australia), Sergey Gladyshev (Russia), Simon Good (UK), Francis Bringas Gutierrez (USA), Katherine Hutchinson (South Africa), Gabriel Jorda (Spain), Sergio Larios (Mexico), and Toru Suzuki (Japan)
Executive Committee Reporter: Sergey Shapovalov
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1. Name of group
IQuOD - SCOR Working Group 148 (since April 2016)
International Quality Controlled Ocean Database: Subsurface temperature profiles
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words 3.
Email exchange (various)
6 video-conference meetings with 3-5 participants (via Skype, Zoom or Webex)
1 in-person meeting (Diggs, Cowley, Domingues, King, Maze | 14/03/2017, Hobart, Tasmania)
3 oral presentations by Domingues at the CLIVAR Open Science Conference: “Charting the course for climate and ocean research”, 18-25 September 2016, Qingdao, China. - Global Synthesis and Observations Panel meeting (on IQuOD) ‐ Townhall on sustained observations (including IQuOD) ‐ CLIVAR Scientific Steering Group (including IQuOD)
6th Session WCRP Data Advisory Council (WDAC) presentation by P-P Mathieu (including IQuOD) https://www.wcrp-climate.org/WDAC-6/presentations/3a1.CLIVAR_WDAC6.pdf
1 oral presentation on IQuOD by Domingues at the 24th Session of the IOC Committee on International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE), 27-31 March 2017, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
1 oral presentation on IQuOD by Palmer at the 9th Session of the JCOMM Ship Observations Team meeting, 27-31 March 2017, London, United Kingdom
Annual IQuOD workshop with 46 participants (hosted by Suzuki, Kizu and Ishii) 1st SCOR-IQuOD WG 148 along with 5th XBT Science Team workshop, 3-7 October 2016, JAMSTEC, Tokyo, Japan
Agendas: http://tokyo2016.xbt-japan.org/document/4th_iquod_agenda.pdf http://tokyo2016.xbt-japan.org/document/XBT_Science_Agenda.pdf
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4. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
IQuOD website (Ricardo Domingues webmaster): http://www.iquod.org Annual workshop report 1st SCOR-IQuOD WG 148, 3-7 October 2016, JAMSTEC, Tokyo, Japan http://www.iquod.org//documents/iquod_4thWkshp_meeting_report_final.pdf 24th session IODE report (including summary IQuOD activities | keyword IQuOD) 27-31 March 2017, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia http://www.iode.org/components/com_oe/oe.php?task=download&id=34433&version=1. 0&lang=1&format=1 Github software repository (led by S. Good, B. Mills and G. Castelao) https://github.com/IQuOD ‐ Automated Quality Control (from various international groups) benchmarking framework ‐ Machine learning for XBT data ‐ Wodpy Peer-reviewed journal articles in preparation: ‐ Cowley et al. on observational uncertainties ‐ Palmer et al. on intelligent metadata for XBT measurements
5. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
Our major aim for 2016/2017 was to carry out a number of activities for the delivery of the first IQuOD interim product (IQuOD v0.1). This interim product has now been implemented by Tim Boyer as part of the next World Ocean Database version and is currently in the verification phase.
Major activities included: Duplicates: exact duplicates flagged (led by Thresher and King) Intelligent-metadata: “first cut” algorithms for unknown XBTs, advancing the work of Cowley et al. (2013) and coded in open-source Python (Palmer et al. draft in preparation) Uncertainty: “first cut” random error attached to each discrete observation (Cowley et al. draft in preparation) Format: ASCII and netCDF ragged array (CF compliant) (led by Boyer, Coatanoan and Hidas) • GDAC: distribution via US NCEI (currently under verification phase at NCEI for format and data presentation, led by Boyer)
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ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/WOD/SELECT/iquod Other potential distribution sites: UK MetOffice, French Coriolis, and Australian IMOS.
Terms of reference:
1. To develop, implement and document algorithms for assignment of “intelligent” metadata – i.e. an informed guess as to likely values for missing information – for temperature profiles where crucial metadata is missing.
First-cut algorithms developed by Palmer et al. and implemented by Boyer for unknown XBT observations (a major platform type over the historical period). Draft paper in preparation for peer-reviewed journal (Palmer et al.).
2. To evaluate and document the most effective combination of automated quality control (AutoQC) procedures for temperature profile observations. International collaboration will be required for the design and coordination of benchmarking experiments using high quality reference datasets.
‐ About 50 AutoQC tests implemented on IQuOD’s github repository ‐ AutoQC benchmarking code is ready to run. ‐ Some high-quality reference datasets made available for benchmarking exercise. ‐ Preliminary work completed on developing software to find the optimum set. The above activities are being led by Good, Mills and Castelao.
3. To establish and implement a set of optimal automated quality control procedures, by reaching international community consensus and using the knowledge gained in the benchmarking tests from ToR-2 (above); to produce and publish a reference guide for best practices in automated quality control of ocean temperature profiles; and to develop and freely distribute an open-source quality control software toolkit to promote wide and rapid adoption of best practices by the oceanographic community.
Activities to complete the above TORs are to be undertaken over 2017-2018/2019-2020.
4. To examine and document the feasibility of machine learning and other novel computational methods for enhanced quality control, to potentially minimize labor costs associated with human expert quality control procedures.
Gui Castelao has started development of a prototype web-based site to quality control ocean temperature/salinity profiles using machine learning (https://expertqc.castelao.net)
Bec Cowley supervised a summer student (Austin, January 2017) to explore machine learning techniques for quality control of XBT data, with a focus on hit-bottom events 2-51
(as an initial test). Outputs depend on probability distributions and decision tree. Some promising/preliminary results were obtained (e.g., false positive detection rate ~1%).
Bec Cowley and Edward King are exploring the possibility to adapt & adopt the SQUIDLE web-based platform (https://squidle.acfr.usyd.edu.au/). Some initial discussions have been carried out with Stefan Williams and Ariell Friedman (March, 2017)
Guillaume Maze is a new IQuOD member since March 2017 and will contribute with his proved expertise in machine learning for quality control of modern ocean data.
5. To develop, implement and document internationally agreed best practice methods for assignment of uncertainty estimates to each temperature observation.
First-cut table for random uncertainty for various platform types developed by Cowley et al. and implemented by Boyer. Draft paper in preparation for peer-reviewed journal (Cowley et al.).
6. To freely disseminate (interim) versions of the IQuOD global temperature profile database (and added value-products) as it evolves over the next 3 years, in user- friendly file formats.
First interim product IQuOD v0.1 has been implemented by Boyer as part of the next release of the World Ocean Database. Implementation is currently under verification phase. Public release to be expected during 2017.
7. To share knowledge and transfer skills in instrumentation, regional oceanography, quality control procedures and data stewardship with international scientists in both developed and developing nations.
Knowledge transfer activities have centered on the workshop in Tokyo. Other activities to progress during 2017-2018/2019-2020, possibly with joint involvement from CLIVAR, SCOR and IODE.
6. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words
A session on “Scientific data rescue of ocean data with a focus on climate analysis” proposed for the AGU Ocean Sciences meeting (Ocean Data Management Theme) to be held during 11-16 February, 2018, Portland, Oregon, USA. Chairs: Tim Boyer (NESDIS/NOAA), Catia Domingues (UTAS), Rebecca Cowley (CSIRO), Matt Palmer (UK Met Office). Session ID#: 28722.
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Annual IQuOD-SCOR WG148 workshop. Tentative: April 2018 @ UK Met Office (piggy-backing on EGU meeting), being organized by Matt Palmer. Major objectives: ‐ AutoQC benchmarking exercise ‐ Refinements to i-metadata, uncertainty and duplicates flagging ‐ Coordinating machine learning activities ‐ Discussion of potential outreach activities
7. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words
Progress on AutoQC activities are being transferred from Amazon cloud server to a virtual machine with docker install (to be set up at the UK Met Office) due large number of sensitivity tests and large data volumes.
IQuOD v0.1 verification phase is taking longer than expected due to some continued discussions, but is very near completion. A virtual meeting will take place in the next 2-3 weeks to expedite progress.
We are seeking potential funding options to help support/speed up some programming tasks.
8. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words.
1. If feasible, SCOR representative to facilitate a request for joint sponsorship from IAPSO for SCOR WG 148 during IAPSO-IAMAS-IAGA meeting in Cape Town in late August 2017.
2. Suggestions for effective dissemination strategies for public release IQuOD v0.1 for maximum impact with ocean observational/reanalyses/modelling communities.
3. Virtual meeting/email exchange with SCOR representative to discuss potential avenues for developing capacity-building activities related to WG148/IQuOD activities, jointly with IODE (Claudia Delgado, training coordinator) and CLIVAR (Nico Caltabiano).
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat. 2-53
2.1.13 WG 149 on Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS): how will biota respond to a changing ocean? Miloslavich (2015)
Chair: Philip Boyd (Australia)
Other Full Members: Aurea Ciotti (Brazil), Sinead Collins (UK), Kunshan Gao (China- Beijing), Jean-Pierre Gattuso (France), Marion Gehlen (France), David Hutchins (USA), Christina McGraw (Australia), Jorge Navarro (Chile), and Ulf Riebesell (Germany)
Associate Members: Haimanti Biswas (India), Sam Dupont (Sweden), Katharina Fabricius (Australia), Jonathan Havenhand (Sweden), Catriona Hurd (Australia), Haruko Kurihara (Japan), Gorann Nilsson (Norway), Uta Passow (USA), Hans-Otto Pörtner (Germany), and Marcello Vichi (Italy)
Terms of Reference
1. Assess the current status of emerging research themes 1-3 by reviewing the literature to assess the dominant research foci, their relative coverage, and identify any major gaps and/or limitations. Publish this review in an open-access peer-reviewed journal. 2. Raise awareness across different scientific communities (evolutionary experimental biologists, ecologists, physiologists, chemists, modelers) to initiate better alignment and integration of research efforts. 3. Co-ordinate thematic transdisciplinary sessions to attract and assemble experts from other fields such as paleoceanography and marine ecotoxicology to learn from the successful approaches their fields have developed to address multiple drivers. 4. Develop a multi-driver Best-Practice Guide (BPG, or other tools) as one potentially valuable way to help this research field move forward in a cohesive manner. 5. Mentor early career scientists in the design process for complex multiple driver manipulation experiments, familiarize them with BPG, and teach them practical methodologies for the analysis of their experimental findings. 6. Publish a series of short articles in both the scientific media and with scientific journalists to disseminate the challenges and opportunities surrounding multiple drivers and ecosystems. 7. Engage with policy-makers and science communication experts to produce a glossary of terms and an implementation guide for policy-makers to better understand the role of multiple drivers in altering marine living resources and ecosystem services.
Executive Committee Reporter: Patricia Miloslavich
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Template for Annual SCOR Working Group Reports to SCOR
1. Name of group
WG149 Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS)
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words There have been three meetings of WG members since our first annual report in mid-2016.
The Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) co-organized a technical meeting of this Working Group at the IAEA in Monaco, 12-14 June 2017, focusing on the development of best practices for multiple-stressor manipulation experiments on marine organisms (our ToR #4). IAEA funding along with SCOR funding (for the 2nd annual WG149 meeting in nearby Villefranche-sur-mer in 15-16 June 2017) enabled most of the Full and Associate members to attend these two events. Several early-career researchers were also invited to the IAEA meeting to provide feedback on the development of a Best Practice Guide (BPG).
The 2nd annual WG meeting on 16-17 June continued discussions on the BPG, but also focused on other terms of reference, and in particular TOR #1, 2, 3 and 5.
The third meeting took place in Gothenberg on 22-25 June, when WG members Philip Boyd, Sinead Collins and Sam Dupont met (joined by David Hutchins and Marcello Vichi by video link) to finalise the development of the BPG theme 2 – the www-based Virtual Marine Scientist 2 (for which the group raised > 30 K USD to fund the coding of this VMS2). Sam Dupont has subsequently met with the programmer, who will commence work on this development in September 2017.
There have been ongoing email discussions throughout 2016-2017 to develop the Review manuscript for ToR1.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support We have set up and maintained the following website for WG149. https://scor149-ocean.com/
It is linked to the SCOR website http://www.scor-int.org/SCOR_WGs_WG149.htm And features a new topical publication every 3 months, and also houses a suite of links to closely related projects. It will be updated again in a few weeks. We have also recently 2-55 contributed a short meeting report to the IAEA which summarized our June 2017 in Monaco (see above).
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
1. Assess the current status of emerging research themes 1-3 by reviewing the literature to assess the dominant research foci, their relative coverage, and identify any major gaps and/or limitations. Publish this review in an open-access peer-reviewed journal.
We have finalised the figures and most of the text (now in a penultimate draft for a Research Review for Global Change Biology (we made a pre-submission enquiry in late 2016 which was successful). The Review is entitled
Experimental approaches to assess the biological ramifications of multiple drivers of global ocean change
We will submit this manuscript by mid-August 2017.
2. Raise awareness across different scientific communities (evolutionary experimental biologists, ecologists, physiologists, chemists, modelers) to initiate better alignment and integration of research efforts.
The above manuscript (for ToR1) has 10 sub-sections which integrate many of the above themes in ToR 2. Our WG comprises expertise across all of the above themes and so we were able to incorporate state-of-the-art knowledge about each theme and how best to better link them. Furthermore, our WG membership are publicising the holistic approach being taken by WG149 within their own communities.
3. Co-ordinate thematic transdisciplinary sessions to attract and assemble experts from other fields such as paleoceanography and marine ecotoxicology to learn from the successful approaches their fields have developed to address multiple drivers.
In the last 12 months we have set up reciprocal links to a wide range of other projects that are tackling aspects of changing ocean biological systems (https://scor149- ocean.com/partners/). They include the fisheries-based Nereus Program - Predicting Future Oceans, and the IOC GO2NE programme on hypoxia. We also recently featured an end-to-end foodweb paper on the website (https://scor149- ocean.com/#meetings-section) to again try to learn more from other research fields. We have a successful working relationship with the IMBER programme and recently submitted a joint session with IMBER entitled:
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‘Multiple stressors at multiple scales’
to the 4th Symposium on the Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans (June 2018 in Washington D.C.). We will find out about the session in early August 2017.
4. Develop a multi-driver Best-Practice Guide (BPG, or other tools) as one potentially valuable way to help this research field move forward in a cohesive manner.
The group has taken a three-tiered approach to develop a web-based best practice resource which will be made available to the global community by summer 2018: (1) initial decision support to navigate through this complex research topic via flow charts and questionnaires; (2) a "Virtual Marine Scientist” experimental design tutorial to assist researchers with the selection and refinement of the most suitable design for their research question(s) and locale(s); and (3) a series of webinars by field-leading scientists to enable researchers to further hone their skillset. A course book that provides links between each of these three strands, along with other information, will also be available as an open-access pdf.
Strands 1 and 3 will be developed inter-sessionally with Katharina Fabricius and Jon Havenhand leading strand 1; Strand 2 being led by Boyd, Dupont, Vichi and Collins; Strand 3 by Christina McGraw and Marion Gehlen. The pdf ‘course book’ is being structured by Boyd, Jean-Pierre Gattuso and Ulf Riebesell.
5. Mentor early career scientists in the design process for complex multiple driver manipulation experiments, familiarize them with BPG, and teach them practical methodologies for the analysis of their experimental findings.
The IAEA – through the OA-ICC – will fund a further workshop in Monaco in mid- 2018. This workshop will be used to roll out the multiple drivers BPG to early-career scientists. As of 2017, we will hold our 3rd annual workshop several days after this Monaco workshop, which will maximize the WG participation in this hands-on training event on how to get the most from the www-based BPG.
We also plan to roll out the BPG in North America in mid-July at the early-career Gordon Research Seminar which precedes the Ocean Global Change Gordon Research Conference.
National representatives of WG149 will be encouraged to publicise the BPG at events in their countries – for example, Boyd will give a presentation on the Principles behind the BPG at the 5th annual Ocean Acidification workshop in September in Hobart, Australia. Christina McGraw gave a similar presentation at the recently held New Zealand 10th annual Ocean Acidification workshop
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5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words A workshop in Monaco in mid-2018 to introduce the multiple drivers BPG to early-career scientists.
Mid-2018 - our 3rd annual workshop several days after the Monaco workshop.
Introduction to the BPG in North America in mid-July 2018 at the early-career Gordon Research Seminar which precedes the Ocean Global Change Gordon Research Conference.
Potential joint IMBER/SCOR WG149 session at the 4th Symposium on the Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans (June 2018 in Washington D.C.)
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words No
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words. Thanks to Ed Urban and SCOR for continued support of the WG in 2016-2017 and also for assistance with holding funds raised to develop the multiple driver BPG.
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.14 WG 150: Translation of Optical Measurements into particle Content, Aggregation and Transfer (TOMCAT) Burkill (2015)
Chair: Sari Giering (UK)
Other Full Members1: Klas Ove Möller (Germany), Sünnje Basedow (Norway), Lionel Guidi (France), Morten Iversen (Germany), Andrew McDonnell (USA), Adrian Burd (USA), Catarina Marcolin (Brazil), Sandy Thomalla (South Africa), and Tom Trull (Australia)
Associate Members: Emma Cavan (UK), Uta Passow (USA), George Jackson (USA), Nathan Briggs (France), Dhugal Lindsay (Japan), and Lou Darroch (UK)
Terms of Reference2 1. Compare current devices that optically measure particles and document the advantages and disadvantages of each device. 2. Inter-calibrate the outputs of different devices and/or highlight calibration difficulties. 3. Define key parameters to use for interpretation of the optical information and decide which measurements are most important for characterizing particle export. 4. Improve techniques/algorithms for the conversion of optical observation into fluxes. 5. Decide on how to best analyse the increasingly larger data sets. 6. Develop software examples and codes, placed on a public repository. 7. Deposit optical particle data in an internationally recognised database that can be actively added to as new data is collected (to allow for large scale analysis and future data exchange) 8. Advise on future methods to maximize data collection and interpretation
Executive Committee Reporter: Peter Burkill
1 SCOR has asked the group to add another Full Member from a developing country and move one of the following Full Members to Associate Member status. 2 SCOR has asked that the group streamline its terms of reference. 2-59
1. Name of group
WG 150 - Translation of Optical Measurements into particle Content, Aggregation & Transfer (TOMCAT)
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words
Meeting Our first workshop/meeting was held on 12-14 Sept. 2016 at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK. 11 Members attended, and the meeting was a combination of presentations and discussions, addressing four main topics:
1. Current technologies – what is ‘out there’ (advantages/disadvantages), how do they compare, what can we do for intercalibration? 2. From image to flux estimates – what is the state of the art, how can we improve these efforts? 3. Global data sets, data repository and standardization – what is the best way to collate data, share code, make recommendations? 4. Next steps for TOMCAT – get the ball rolling for the review paper(s), opportunities for intercalibration, data repository and software codes
A full agenda of the 3-day meeting can be found on our website: https://tomcat- scor.org/activities/1st-tomcat-workshop/
Eos Meeting Report Our meeting report was published in Eos. Citation: Giering, S. L. C. (2017), Optical sensors can shed light on particle dynamics in the ocean, Eos, 98, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017EO072123. Published on 2 May 2017.
Literature Review We since have been working on a literature review, currently entitled: “Particles in the ocean - what can we learn from optical devices?” The thorough review explores the cutting-edge technologies that are currently available—including some of their exciting discoveries—and highlight the potential for future research and development. We aim to submit the review by the end of July.
Conference Session We have submitted a conference session to the Ocean Sciences Meeting, 11-16 Feb. 2018 with the title “We shed light: optical and imaging insights into the biological carbon pump”, chaired by Emma Cavan, Sari Giering, Emmanuel Laurenceau-Cornec and Andrew McDonnell. We will receive information about the status of our proposal in early July 2017.
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Website Our website is now online and is regularly updated: www.tomcat-scor.org. We have an average of 20 visitors per month (since May 2016) from a total of 17 countries.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
Website: www.tomcat-scor.org
Eos meeting report: https://eos.org/meeting-reports/optical-sensors-can-shed-light-on- particle-dynamics-in-the-ocean (Giering, S. L. C. (2017), Optical sensors can shed light on particle dynamics in the ocean, Eos, 98, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017EO072123)
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
TOR: 1. Review current devices that optically measure particles, and document the capabilities and limitations of each device.
We reviewed and discussed current devices during the meeting in September and are now documenting and discussing their capabilities and limitations within the literature review, which will serve as a benchmark for future optical work.
2. Make vocabularies more transparent and interoperable using international standards.
We discussed and made a list of key terms and essential variables. We are working on formal definitions now. We are currently looking into ways of making these freely accessible (it looks like we would have to pay for a wiki).
3. Define key parameters for interpretation of optical information, and recommend which optical measurements are useful for characterizing particle type, interactions and export.
As above. We discussed the key variables, but will refine our recommendations within the literature review and in the future. This will include an effort to secure funding for dedicated modelling and the organization of autumn schools to disseminate this knowledge.
4. Evaluate various techniques and algorithms for the conversion of optical observation into particle type, size, concentration, mass, composition, and fluxes, 2-61
and recommend ways of improving our understanding of the relationships between these properties. We will focus on this step after we retrieve the calibration data (target summer/autumn 2018).
5. Promote sharing of software examples and codes, placed on a public repository.
As above. We will focus on this step after we retrieve the calibration data (target summer/autumn 2018).
6. Improve the visibility and usage of data by hosting an inventory of published datasets.
We are currently discussing the options with the British Oceanographic Data Centre and potential need for financial support. In addition we promote TOMCAT during conferences and meetings and have received increasing interest.
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words
Fieldwork We will be carrying out intercalibrations between in situ camera system, LOPC and backscatter sensors during the UK COMICS cruises (http://comics.ac.uk/) in the Southern Ocean (Nov-Dec 2017) and Benguela (Apr-May 2018).
Autumn school We are planning an international autumn school, likely hosted at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, in late 2018. We will secure external financial support for catering, travel and subsistence of participants (particularly focusing on early-career researchers and developing countries).
Conference Session We plan to host a dedicated session during the Ocean Science Meeting in Feb 2018. We will further promote TOMCAT’s work here and advertise the autumn school.
Publication of essential variables We will finalize the list of essential variables and publish these freely available online.
First example codes We will decide on a public depository and publish the first set of example data and codes.
Next meeting
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The next meeting is planned in conjunction with Ocean Sciences Meeting, 11-16 Feb. 2018, in Oregon, US. Most members will be able to attend.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words
We had a delay in our working group by approximately 6 months owing to a later first meeting than planned and a delay in the cruises planned for intercomparison. Nonetheless, overall we believe we are on target.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words.
We would welcome some support/advice on how to increase capacity building and involvement of developing countries.
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.15 WG 151: Iron Model Intercomparison Project (FeMIP) Devey (2016)
Co-chairs: Alessandro Tagliabue (UK) and Stephanie Dutkiewicz (USA)
Other Full Members: Tatiana Ilyina (Germany), Kazuhiro Misumi (Japan), Fanny Monteiro (UK), J. Keith Moore (USA), Yeala Shaked (Israel), Marcello Vichi (South Africa), Christoph Völker (Germany), Mustafa Yücel (Turkey)
Associate Members: Olivier Aumont (France), Alex Baker (UK), Philip Boyd (Australia), Fei Chai (China-Beijing), Peter Croot (Ireland), Christel Hassler (Switzerland), Eun Young Kwon (Korea), Jun Nishioka (Japan), Maite Maldonado (Canada), Mark Moore (UK), Andy Ridgwell (USA), Benjamin Twining (USA)
Terms of Reference To identify best practices for minimum complexity representations of the iron cycle in models, with options given for more advanced aspects, and publish the guidance in a peer- reviewed paper. To develop tools for a wide variety of platforms to validate global model results in a standardised way and make these available via a peer-reviewed publication and a website. To facilitate a focussed intercomparison of iron models to constrain the impact of varying residence times and a consensus dust deposition scheme and publish the results in a peer- reviewed journal. To review how to represent biological interactions in the iron cycle, the linkages to key phytoplankton species and the interactions with zooplankton and bacteria, as well as broader connections with other biogeochemical cycles and publish the results in a peer- reviewed journal.
Executive Committee Reporter: Colin Devey
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1. Name of group
Iron Model intercomparison project (FeMIP), SCOR WG 151
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words
WG151 formally began its activities in January 2017. We decided to wait until the February 2018 Ocean Sciences meeting to hold our first in-person meeting. In the meantime, we have set up an FeMIP “slack group” (an online platform for group work, which is facilitating the interaction between Full and Associate members. All Full and Associate members have joined the FeMIP slack group, which has become the primary focus for WG activities. We do not engage in discussion via email.
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
https://femip.slack.com active by invitation since 25 January 2017
WordPress WG website will be active by Dec. 2017 (Action item for co-chair Tagliabue)
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. Limit 1000 words
Objective 1: Three main processes of importance in modelling the ocean iron cycle have been identified by discussion: external input, biological cycling (incl. uptake and regeneration) and speciation/scavenging (incl. ligand aspects). Each main process has been assigned a WG champion who is, alongside observational WG members, collating information on the ways in which models represent these processes and how they reflect understanding from an observational standpoint. Outcomes will be delivered here by July and discussed within the objective 1 slack channel with input from all Full and Associate members.
Objective 2: The main issues regarding the development of model assessment tools have been identified, linked to the choice of assessment platforms, choice of the assessment metrics, value of additional metrics, and format of model inputs have been discussed within the objective 2 slack channel. Work is now moving forward to develop test cases for model skill metrics for the different platforms (volunteers have come forward from the WG to represent all major programming platforms).
Objective 3 and Objective 4 to be discussed at the kick off meeting in February 2018.
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5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Limit 500 words
During the coming year, we will be moving forward on objectives 1 and 2. Alessandro Tagliabue and Marcello Vichi are heading up O1 and O2 activities, respectively. Results from O1 and O2 to be presented at Feb 2018 meeting and publicised during a Town Hall session during Ocean Sciences 2018.
Outcome of O1 is planned to be a publication and release of code for different process closures.
Outcome of O2 is planned to be a release of evaluation tools and consensus values via the website, plus a companion paper.
Champions and preliminary plans will be developed for O3 and O4 during the kick off meeting.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties Limit 200 words
None.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. Limit 100 words.
None
Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat.
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2.1.16 WG 152: Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice) Turner (2016)
Co-chairs: Daiki Nomura (Japan), François Fripiat (Belgium), and Brent Else (Canada)
Other Full Members: Bruno Delille (Belgium), Mar Fernandez-Méndez (Norway), Lisa Miller (Canada), Ilka Peeken (Germany), Janne Markus Rintala (Finland), Maria van Leeuwe (Netherlands), and Fan Zhang (China-Beijing)
Associate Members: Katarina Abrahamsson (Sweden), Jeff Bowman (USA), James France (UK), Agneta Fransson (Norway), Delphine Lannuzel (Australia), Brice Loose (USA), Klaus Meiners (Australia), Christopher J. Mundy (Canada), Hyoung Chul Shin (Korea), and Jean-Louis Tison (Belgium)
Terms of Reference
Publish synthetic reviews compiled from measurements demonstrating large, unresolved discrepancies, with a special emphasis on primary production, gas concentrations and fluxes. These detailed reviews will draw on both the literature and unpublished studies to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses related to each methodology. Design and coordinate intercalibration experiments to evaluate different methods for key parameters. In addition to organizing field experiments, we will pursue use of ice tank facilities and stimulate and support applications for funding, at both national and international levels, to further facilite the experiments. If successful, manuscripts will be written and the outcomes will be presented in the guide of best practice to support the recommendations. Design intercomparison studies to facilitate validation and adoption of new technologies for assessing the complexity and heterogeneity of sea ice at various spatial and temporal scales. Create a guide of best practices for biological and biogeochemical studies in the sea-ice environment. This will be accomplished using a web-based forum for compiling and disseminating the outcomes of past and new intercomparison studies.
Executive Committee Reporter: John Turner
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1. Name of group
Working Group 152, Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice)
2. Activities since previous report to SCOR (e.g., virtual or in-person meetings, email discussions, special sessions). Limit 1000 words
Virtual meeting #1: 26 October 2016, 23:00-24:00 UTC through Skype. Fripiat, Else, Miller and Nomura. We discussed working plan.
Virtual meeting #2: 1 February 2017, 23:00-24:00 UTC through Skype. Fripiat, Else and Nomura.We discussed agenda for first ECV-Ice meeting at Scripps institute of Oceanography.
In-person meeting #1: 3-5 April 2017, BEPSII and ECV-Ice Meeting, Scripps institute of Oceanography. Total 23 people: 11 ECV-ice members: Fripiat, Nomura, Else, Miller, Rintala, Bowman, France, Fransson, Lannuzel (Skype), Meiners, Mundy. We finalized working plan (see minutes in appendix A or at https://onedrive.live.com/?authkey=%21AA6LGarO1noXp6g&cid=AE56CCC94525FE0 5&id=AE56CCC94525FE05%21392&parId=root&o=OneUp).
3. Documents published since previous report to SCOR (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, Web pages) and should be limited to publications that resulted directly from WG activities and which acknowledge SCOR support
Peer-reviewed journal articles #1: Roukaerts A., Nomura D., Fripiat F., Hattori H., Dehairs F. No significant effect of the melting protocol for the assessment of biomass and nutrients in sea ice (Saroma-ko lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan), In preparation. Web pages: B. Delille and M. Thomas will set up a webpage, related to the website of BEPSII. Bruno Delille is currently in Antarctica. To be done in the upcoming months.
4. Progress toward achieving group’s terms of reference. List each term of reference separately and describe progress on each one. This working group gathers international experts on chemical and biological measurements in sea ice to design and coordinate required intercomparison and intercalibration experiments. The group is synthesizing the results of past experiments, identifying what types of new experiments are needed, and supporting the community in executing those experiments.
Term of reference (TR) #1: Publish synthetic reviews compiled from measurements demonstrating large, unresolved discrepancies.
We have started to collect various datasets (raw data, methodologies and associated protocols for data correction, instruments, and sampling design) for each target parameter (sea ice-air CO2 flux, ocean-air CO2 fluxes in the seasonal ice zone, primary production, light transmission, etc.) from the global polar sea-ice and ocean research communities.
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Planned reviews include: Sea ice-air gas fluxes. Coordinating lead authors: D. Nomura and B. Else. Data are currently being collated, to be presented during the next annual meeting. Air-sea gas flux parameterizations in the marginal ice zone. Coordinating lead authors: B. Loose and B. Else. Data are currently being collated, to be presented during the next annual meeting. Primary production. Coordinating lead authors: F. Fripiat, M. Fernandez-Méndez and C.J. Mundy Data are currently being collated, to be presented during the next annual meeting. Light transmission through sea ice. Coordinating lead author: J. Ehn. A plan to collate available data will be discussed during the upcoming year.
TR #2: Design and coordinate intercalibration experiments to evaluate different methods for key parameters.
We have started to seek funding for various intercalibration experiments (gas concentrations, primary production, trace metals, etc).
Gas concentrations Date: summer 2018 Location: University of East Anglia (UEA) ice tank facility Participants: B. Delille (lead), M. Kotovich, L. Miller, B. Else, M. Thomas, J. France, D. Nomura, A. Fransson, K. Ambrahamsson, E. Damm, J. Verdugo, C. Uhlig, J.-L. Tison, etc.
The purpose is to compare all the techniques available to date to measure gas concentration in sea ice (sampling, processing, storage, analysis): peepers, sackholes, ice crushing, equilibrating method, melting-refreezing method, bulk melt for DIC/TA. The following gases will be tested (N2O, CH4, CO2), but with a special emphasis on pCO2.
EUROCHAMP 2020 transnational access funding is available to cover facility access and travel for 1-3 international participants. Additional funding is being pursued for more participants.
Primary production Date: Spring 2019 Location: Cambridge Bay (Canada) Participants: Brent Else (co-lead), F. Fripiat (co-lead), J. Stefels, M. Van Leeuwe, J. Bowman, C.J. Mundy, J.-M. Rintala, M. Fernandez-Mendez, F. Deman, A.-J. Cavagna, D. Nomura, etc.
The purpose of this experiment is to compare all the techniques available to date to measure primary production (GPP, NPP, NCP) in sea ice (2-3 weeks): biomass/chl-a accumulation, under-ice eddy covariance, under-ice microelectrodes, isotopic tracer incubations (14C & 13C), O2:Ar ratio, PI curve, and PAM fluorescence. We will also 2-69
assess the most suitable tracer incubation protocols for general metabolic rate determinations in sea ice (e.g., bacterial production, nutrient transformations). That is, how to collect a representative in-situ sea-ice microbial community and to ensure tracer homogenization within the brine network prior incubation (e.g., direct vs. buffered melting, …). It was also noted that the experiment could be extended to include other inter-calibrations. Other suggested intercalibration include bacterial production, DNA/RNA, bacterial abundance, light measurements, nutrients, biomass, taxonomy, storage of ice cores for later analysis. A special emphasis will be also dedicated to solve the nutrient-chlorophyll paradox in productive sea ice. We are open to accommodating this, although we may run into logistical problems if there are too many people.
Trace metals Date: Fall 2017 and follow up in 2019 Location: Ross Sea (PIPERS voyage) and TBD People involved: D. Lannuzel and A. Aguilar-Islas (co-leads), J. de Jong, etc.
To test the existing methods and devices to sample, process, store, and analyze trace metal concentrations in sea ice. An initial experiment will most likely take place in the Ross Sea during a voyage in austral fall 2017. Duplicate cores will be collected using 3 different coring devices. Based on the results from this first experiment, the group will decide where and when the next phase of the experiment will take place.
TR #3: Design intercomparison studies to facilitate validation and adoption of new technologies for assessing the complexity and heterogeneity of sea ice at various spatial and temporal scales.
Because we were not able to identify opportunities for true international intercalibrations, we have not yet begun to focus on this activity. New technologies will be tested alongside conventional techniques for calibration.
TR #4: Create a guide of best practices for biological and biogeochemical studies in the sea- ice environment.
Based on the information available at this time, we will start to create a guide of best practices hosted on the ECV-Ice website as a living document. The first entry will be the Miller et al. (2015) methodological review from SCOR WG 140, and the results of additional methods evaluations and intercalibrations will be added, as they become available.
5. WG activities planned for the coming year. Virtual meetings: two planned for summer/fall 2017. Fripiat, Else, Miller and Nomura. We will discuss planning of the upcoming intercalibration experiments as part of TR #1 and the next in-person meeting. We will also update advancements in TR #2.
Intercalibration experiment on primary production and gas concentrations: We will examine a small intercalibration experiment at the Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan in
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winter 2018 during the field course of the International Antarctic Institute (IAI) organized by Hokkaido University and the University of Tasmania. A small amount of funding will be available for this intercalibration experiments from JSPS research fund from Nomura. Therefore, few ECV-ice members will join and examine the intercalibration experiment.
In-person meeting: June 2018, ECV-Ice Meeting with BEPSII, MOSAiC and CATCH during the 2018 SCAR/IASC POLAR 2018 Conference, in Davos, Switzerland. ECV-Ice members and others. We will discuss review progress on the Terms of reference (present the data collations (TR #2), pursue the elaboration of intercalibration experiments (TR #1 and #3), including reviewing results of primary production experiment in Saroma and finalizing plans for the gas concentration experiment at UEA.
Intercalibration experiment on gas concentrations: We will conduct an intercalibration experiment at the UEA ice-tank facility in summer 2017. EUROCHAMP 2020 funding will available for this intercalibration experiment. The funding will cover travel expenses for 1-3 international participants, and the costs of operating the facility. We will run at least one ice growth experiment (~10 days). If feasible, a second experiment at a different temperature will be conducted.
6. Is the group having difficulties expected in achieving terms of reference or meeting original time schedule? If so, why, and what is being done to address the difficulties At this point, we appear to be on track, with a number of activities to forward the terms of reference.
7. Any special comments or requests to SCOR. We would like to express heartfelt thanks for financial and technical supports. We would be very interested in any advice SCOR could provide on additional possible sources of support for more scientists to be able to directly participate in the intercalibration experiments.
8. Additional information can be submitted and will be included in the background book for the SCOR meeting at the discretion of the SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the WG and the SCOR Secretariat. Please see attached minutes (Appendix A) from the first ECV-Ice annual meeting in La Jolla, California, on April 3-5, 2017.
Minutes SCOR-WG ECV-ice meeting April 3-5, 2017, San Diego Scripps institution of Oceanography
Participants: ECV-ice members : François Fripiat, Daiki Nomura, Brent Else, Lisa Miller, Janne-Markus Rintala, Jeff Bowman, James France, Agneta Fransson, Delphine Lannuzel (Skype), Klaus Meiners, Christopher J. Mundy.
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Others: Melissa Chierici, Florian Deman, Marie Kotovich, Marion Lebrun, Lynn Russel, Jacqueline Stefels, Nadja Steiner, Letizia Tedesco, Martin Vancoppenolle, Bonnie Raffel, Oliver Legge, Max Thomas, Ana Aguilar-Islas.
Monday April 3 François Fripiat, Daiki Nomura & Brent Else: Welcome with a brief introduction on the goals (terms of reference and deliverables) that we would like to achieve with this working group in the upcoming four years. The aim of this first meeting was to start the working group, to attribute tasks and leadership, and to elaborate an agenda. This meeting has been organized jointly with the BEPSII research community (CLIC, SCAR, and SOLAS). Here only the tasks related to ECV-ice will be described.
Task group 2-3: Intercalibration experiments and validation of new technologies.
Primary production and ancillary biogeochemical parameters: Target Date/Location: Cambridge Bay (Canada) has been discussed as a good location, because we know there will be sea ice there, and there should be good access to logistics (accommodations, laboratory space) and the new Canadian high Arctic Research Station. Saroma-Ko (Japan) is another potential location. It may be less expensive, but ice is less reliable. We focused most of our discussion assuming Cambridge bay. We’ll attempt to do this experiment in 2019 (late March-early April), in order to target the sea-ice algal bloom in an ascending phase.
Funding: Brent Else thinks we can get good in-kind support from POLAR (they may provide accommodation/laboratory space at no cost). We would still need funds for some logistics (guides, fuel, food), but Brent Else has some ideas of where we could get funding for this in Canada. Everyone would have to find money to get themselves/equipment there. COST-action is one potential avenue for European supports. In order to be attractive for a COST-action and to promote our capacity building, we’ll try to organize a sea-ice training school together with the intercalibration experiment in Cambridge Bay (last week). The link with the upcoming MOSAIC field trip (i.e., support in the sampling design) will be clearly highlighted in the COST-action. NSF could possibly provide support for Americans.
Experimental design: The purpose of this experiment is to compare all the techniques available to date to measure primary production (GPP, NPP, NCP) in sea ice (2-3 weeks): biomass/chl-a accumulation, under- ice eddy covariance, under-ice microelectrodes, isotopic tracer (14 13 incubations C & C), O2:Ar ratio, PI curve, and PAM fluorescence. We will also assess the most suitable tracer incubation protocols for general metabolic rate determinations in sea ice (e.g., bacterial production, nutrient transformations). That is, how to collect a representative in- situ sea-ice microbial community and to ensure tracer homogenization within the brine network prior incubation (e.g., direct vs. buffered melting, …). It was also noted that if we are doing this, there are many things we could ‘’intercalibrate’’. We open to accommodating this, although we may run into logistical problems if there are too many people. Other suggested intercalibration include: bacterial production, DNA/RNA, bacterial abundance, light measurements, nutrients, biomass, taxonomy, storage of ice cores for later analysis. A special emphasis will be also dedicated to solve the nutrient-chlorophyll paradox in productive sea ice.
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People involve: Brent Else (co-lead), François Fripiat (co-lead), Jacqueline Stefels, Maria Van Leeuwe, Jeff Bowman, C.J. Mundy, Janne-Markus Rintala, Mar Fernandez-Mendez, Florian Deman, Anne-Julie Cavagna, and Daiki Nomura. We can always add people to this list, and we should of course not restrain ourselves to people who are in ECV-ice/BEPSII (although BEPSII research community probably covers pretty much everyone).
What to do next: Brent Else will ask around POLAR to assess their interest in this program, and look into potential funding avenues for Canada. Jacqueline Stefels will look if COST-action is suitable to fund short- term scientific missions and training schools outside Europe. François Fripiat will draft the overall experimental set-up. Klaus Meiners will contact Andrew McMinn to see if he is interested to take part (under-ice microelectrodes).
Gas concentration: Target Date/Location: We’ll attempt to this experiment in 2018. Possibly in summer (Late June, early July), possibly timed to coincided with the next BEPSII/ECV-ice/MOSAIC meeting in Davos. We’ll use the ice- tank facility at the University of East Anglia (James France).
Funding: Eurochamps funding is available for this intercalibration experiments. The funding will cover travel expenses for 1-3 international participants, and the costs of operating the facility. We will likely run one ice growth experiment (~10 days), although we could do longer (e.g. we could do two 10-day experiments, perhaps at different temperatures). The application for funding should be led by a European participant (we volunteered Bruno Delille to do this). Most participants (e.g. North American) will need to find their own funding get themselves and their equipment to University of East Anglia.
Experimental design: The purpose is to compare all the techniques available to date to measure gas concentration in sea ice (sampling, processing, storage, analysis): peepers, sackholes, ice crushing, equilibrating method, melting-refreezing method, bulk melt for DIC/TA. The following gases will be tested (N2O, CH4, CO2) but with a special emphasis on pCO2. The basic goal will be to grow ice to about 30cm thickness (at -18°C), and then collect samples for the various methods. After that, the ice will be melted, and we could do another sampling point in the warm ice. We could then (if we want) run another test where we grow ice to 30cm (at - 30°C) and do another sample collection point, to perhaps get ice with lower permeability.
People involve: Bruno Delille (lead), Marie Kotovich, Lisa Miller, Brent Else, Max Thomas, James France, Daiki Nomura, Agneta Fransson, Katarina Ambrahamsson, Ellen Dam, Josefa Verdugo, Christane Uhlig and Jean-Louis Tison. We can always add people to this list, and we should of course not restrain ourselves to people who are in ECV-ice/BEPSII (although BEPSII probably covers pretty much everyone)
What to do next: Determine timelines for Eurochamp application. Schedule a conference call to further specify experimental design. Submit the Eurochamp application. 2-73
Trace metals: Experimental design: To test the existing methods and devices to sample, process, store, and analyze trace metal concentrations in sea ice. An initial experiment will most likely take place in the Ross Sea during a voyage in austral fall 2017. Duplicate cores will be collected using 3 different coring devices.
People involved: Delphine Lannuzel and Ana Aguilar-Islas (co-leads), Jeroen de Jong.
What to do next: To continue discussion to determine course of action following the 2017 Ross Sea experiment.
Tuesday April 4 Task group 1: Synthetic review on existing methodological discrepancies. To write review on existing methodological discrepancies. The upcoming year will be mainly dedicated to collect the various dataset (raw data, used methodology, used instruments, data correction, and sampling design), with the goal to perform the data analysis and comparison the year after the second ECV-ice meeting (summer 2018). The following topic has been targeted as priorities:
Sea Ice-Air CO2 fluxes: Several intercomparison have already been made at several locations (e.g., Barrow, McMurdo Sound, and North of Svalbard) between chamber and eddy covariance techniques, giving results that differ by up to an order of magnitude. In addition to the different spatial scales of the two methods, specific technical limitations of both methods impact the measurements. These methodological gaps are still not yet fully understood and effort will be made in the ECV-ice working group to develop a mechanistic understanding.
People involve: Daiki Nomura (co-lead), Brent Else (co-lead), Bruno Delille, Lisa Miller, Kristina Brown, Katarina Ambrahamsson.
What to do next: Daiki Nomura is in charge to collect chamber’s data and Brent Else the eddy covariance’s data.
Ocean-Air CO2 fluxes in the seasonal ice zone: This intercomparison has been suggested by Brice Loose as differences is expected between eddy covariance and geochemical tracers (e.g., Rn). From what we’re aware, no intercalibration experiments exist to date (i.e., tested at the same location). The goal here will be to collect the data and see if clear differences are reported between methodologies.
People involve: Brice Loose (lead), Brent Else, and John Prytherch. What to do next: Brice Loose is in charge to collect the data and ask to John Prytherch if he is interested to participate.
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Primary Production: Sea-ice primary production measurements are scarce, span three orders of magnitude, and have used numerous, distinctively different methods ranging from in-situ sensors to in-vitro isotope labeling studies, for which largely varying results are reported. From what we’re aware, no intercalibration experiments exist to date (i.e., tested at the same location). The goal here will be to collect the data and see if clear differences are reported between methodologies.
People involved: François Fripiat (lead), C.J. Mundy, Florian Deman, Mar Fernandez-Mendez, Maria Van Leeuwe, Anne-Julie Cavagna, and Janne-Markus Rintala.
What to do next: François Fripiat and Florian Deman will be dedicated to collect the data in Antarctic sea ice, C.J. Mundy the Arctic fast ice, and Mar Fernandez-Mendez the Arctic pack ice (to ask her).
Light transmission through sea ice: As being a key parameter to assess primary production and no clear protocol exists to date, it has been suggested that a review should be written.
People involve: Jens Ehn (lead), Bonnie Raffel, C.J. Mundy, Klaus Meiners, and James France What to do next: This will be initiated only after the next ECV-ice meeting in 2018.
Wednesday April 4 Website It has been decided to merge ECV-ice with BEPSII website. François Fripiat sent an email to Max Thomas and Bruno Delille to keep us inform about the upcoming updates on the BEPSII website.
Scientists from emerging countries SCOR recommended to add 1-2 associated members from emerging countries. Marcello Vichi (University of Cape Town) is interested to be an associated member.
Capacity building Together with the intercalibration experiment in Cambridge Bay, we’ll look to the possibility to train people from the Arctic communities in order to repeat small intercalibration experiments (e.g., nutrients or biomass) at different seasons and locations. The associated sea-ice training school will allow us to pass this consolidated expertise to new scientists interested in sea ice. We’ll try to allocate some funds to support the venue of young scientists coming from emerging countries.
What to do next: To first check if it is possible in term of funding to perform an intercalibration experiment in Cambridge Bay.
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2.2 Working Group Proposals
2.2.1 Integration of Plankton-Observing Sensor Systems to Existing Global Sampling Programs (P-OBS) Burkill
Integration of Plankton-Observing Sensor Systems to Existing Global Sampling Programs (proposed acronym: P-OBS)
1. Summary/Abstract
Measurements to characterize life in the ocean—including its composition, abundance, and changes in distribution—are fundamental to our understanding of marine ecosystems. The abundance of many fish species, sea birds, and marine mammals is critically tied to fluctuations in the abundance of smaller planktonic organisms. Similarly, plankton mediate the cycles of many chemical elements in the ocean that are critical for life, including oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, and many others.
The primary goal of this proposed SCOR Working Group (WG) is to identify measurements that can expand the number of observations of biological stocks, diversity, and rates or fluxes of planktonic organisms. The objective is to identify methods and technologies that can be incorporated into large-scale sampling programs such as GO-SHIP and OceanSITES as well as other similar programs from around the world. Emphasis of the WG would be on methods and technologies that can be implemented in the short term without disruption to established observing programs, and identifying gaps and opportunities that can significantly increase the number of routine and sustained observations of life in the ocean in the longer term. A document produced by this WG will identify the rationale for each measurement, associated costs and human investment (e.g., technical expertise and time needed), and data collection, quality control (QC), and data archival protocols.
2. Scientific Background and Rationale
2.1 Why do we need sustained biological observations? Oceanic plankton, the base of the marine food web, are extremely under-sampled. Their diversity, abundance, and variability are largely unknown at high spatial and temporal resolution. There is a need to establish a baseline of distribution and phenology (change in seasonal timing) in different regions of the ocean. As of today, there is still no clear consensus regarding the processes responsible for phytoplankton and zooplankton phenology. There are incompatible top-down and bottom-up arguments brought to describe the same phenomena (e.g., the North Atlantic spring bloom, or changes in the abundance and make-up of phytoplankton and zooplankton in any region).
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Higher-resolution information on changes in phytoplankton and zooplankton is fundamental to constrain ecosystem and biogeochemical models. These models are used to forecast the success and recruitment of organisms such as fish, the efficiency of food webs in cycling elements and transferring energy from one trophic level to another, and understanding and forecasting of water quality and other changes that affect rates and composition of biological stocks. These models require proper parameterization of plankton and their functions at appropriate temporal and spatial resolution, and are important because they help develop fundamental understanding about life in the ocean and its biogeochemical consequences. Models are the only way to evaluate large-scale processes such as the potential expansion of hypoxic areas in the ocean, the modulation of air-ocean exchange of gases (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide), and the amount of organic matter that may be sinking to the bottom of the ocean, where food for deep ocean life is otherwise limited. Models are also a powerful tool to predict the response of plankton to climate change, with possible feedbacks to the ecological and biogeochemical functioning of the ocean.
2.2 Emerging technologies to maximize investments in ocean observing Large investments have been made in long-term ocean measurement infrastructure (e.g., Global Ocean Observing System, GOOS). These include the development of long-term ecological monitoring stations, coordination for repeated observations on ship lines, sustained moorings, deployment of autonomous vehicles, and various other remote data-collection technologies, such as cabled observatories. Many of these are deployed over large geographical domains and are intended for long-term observations. Important developments in technologies to measure physical and chemical parameters (e.g., salinity, temperature, oxygen, pH, currents) have meant that these parameters tend to make up the majority of the observations collected from automated platforms today. Adding the capability to measure biological parameters (e.g., stock, diversity, rates and fluxes) to these existing platforms and programs would fill critical gaps in our knowledge of ecosystem function. Linking such multidisciplinary measurements to ocean color radiometry, other remote sensing technologies, and other global observing systems (e.g., BGC- Argo, CPR surveys) will assist in better characterizing and explaining synoptic changes of life in the ocean. Developments in biological and bio-optical sensors, including genetic analyses, automated microscopy and flow cytometry, provide a pathway for the development and implementation of biological observations as part of global and regional ocean observing systems.
2.3 Benefits: SCOR can foster progress in a number of areas by convening a Working Group focused on developing a strategy for automated, sustained, and widespread plankton observations. Specifically:
Science: increased biological data are critical to quantify variability of known plankton in space and time, discover and quantify new life forms, constrain models, and better characterize processes leading to ecosystem changes. 2-77
Society: data on plankton are critical to quantify marine food webs, detect harmful algal/cyanobacterial blooms, and sustain ecosystem services such as fisheries and nutrient cycling. Observing systems: increasing the value of these assets to science and society, including developing markets of technology and information transfer. The outcomes from our WG will benefit many other national and international programs (e.g. OOI, bioGEOTRACES) that have similar platforms and interest in sampling biological properties. Conservation: Establishment of ecosystem-based approaches to marine resource management critically depends on sufficient data to quantify ecosystem members and functions.
Ultimately, developing the strategy to incorporate plankton observations into global observing systems, using well-described and robust protocols, facilitates the development of technology and incorporation of observations in a framework spanning from viruses to fish.
2.4 The challenge: We propose to develop sets of detailed recommendations to augment existing, large-scale sampling programs with feasible observations of phytoplankton and zooplankton. The recommendations will be prioritized based on science and information content. A strategy will be developed to prioritize the technology so that observations can be ramped up by the systematic incorporation into various Global Ocean Observing System elements. The assessment will include realistic costs and the requirement for capacity development.
The incorporation of biological measurements into regional ecosystem status and trend assessments is not trivial. Scientists, modelers, and resource managers are often not aware of the data available, methods of collection, or other limitations of biological measurements (Everett et al., 2017). Hence, it is critical that data disseminated follow standardized protocols for collection and quality control. Dissemination is incomplete without adequate metadata. Recommendations for the community also need to include suggestions for data repositories, descriptions of what the data represent, and examples of how such data have been used. These examples will help promote the collection of additional observations and will facilitate the application of ocean biology information in research, management, and sustainable development.
This SCOR WG would address the following goals:
1. Provide recommendations to GO-SHIP and OceanSITES regarding instrumentation and water-sample analysis that should be added to their protocols together with their scientific relevance and resource requirements (both in funds and people time). The recommendations would be broadly applicable to other national, regional, and global observing systems. 2. Deliver the appropriate protocol and provide appropriate points of contact for each recommended measurement. 3. Identify databases to curate the data and the associated requirements. 2-78
4. Identify synergies with other programs (e.g., BGC-Argo, spaced-based measurements, Continuous Plankton Recorder surveys) to provide complementary measurements and cross-validation. 5. Build capacity in the access to, and use of, biological oceanographic datasets
2.5 The Role of SCOR SCOR is uniquely positioned to provide credibility, weight, and support to this international and diverse group of experts to trace a viable path to increased observations of life in the ocean.
3.1 Terms of reference General: To identify best practices (technologies and sampling protocols) and technical feasibility to incorporate plankton measurements into global ocean observing platforms (initially GO-SHIP and for expansion into the mooring array of OceanSITES).
Specific: 1. Identify current technologies (sensors as well as water sample analysis) that can be integrated into existing observing infrastructure to provide input and guide studies of plankton for marine ecosystem and biogeochemistry studies. 2. Provide the necessary details associated with every technology/measurement proposed (e.g., power, cost, and human effort). 3. Document potential applications, including science case studies and lists of publications, and document measurement protocols. Develop adequate protocols when these are not available. 4. Identify synergies with specific measurements done from other observing programs (e.g., BGC-Argo, space-based measurements, Continuous Plankton Recorder surveys) to provide cross-calibration and a better representation of the 4-D distribution of the parameter measured. 5. Identify technological limitations and/or gaps, and identify areas of priority investments to develop and implement the required observation technologies and tools for specific needs. 6. Increase awareness of the availability of biological oceanographic datasets internationally and identify barriers to their access and use, particularly in developing nations.
4.0 Work Plan The group is planning to convene three times by meeting in conjunction with major ocean science conferences so that some Full Members will be able to self-fund their travel costs and to maximize the likelihood that Associate Members will attend.
Month 1-6: Sep. 2017-Feb. 2018. Focus on planning; Find champions to review existing measurements (Bio-optics, flow-cytometry, genetics, Bio-Acoustics, imaging, HPLC). Contact experts for input and references. 2-79
Month 6: Kick off meeting (in conjunction with the Ocean Sciences 2018). Draft an Eos article advertising the WG (Deliverable a). Work on chapters associated with above measurements.
Month 6-14: Setup of website with content. Submit Eos article. Prepare presentations for OceanObs’19 about adding plankton measurements to GO-SHIP. Work on chapters for manual, website content and identify gaps and people in the community able to contribute relevant expertise. Draft of manual to GO-SHIP.
Month 14: 2nd meeting (in conjunction with the OceanObs’19). Preset draft of manual to GO- SHIP, ask community for feedback. Outline work on OceanSITES manual. Identify community members who could contribute their relevant expertise.
Month 14-27: Answer feedback by month 20Final editing of manual for plankton measurements for GO-SHIP (Deliverable b). Identify gaps in OceanSITES manual.
Month 27 or 32: 3rd (final) meeting (in conjunction with Fall AGU or Ocean Sciences 2020 or spring EGU). Capacity-building workshop for early-career researchers (deliverable e). Final editing of OceanSITES manual (deliverable c) and website (deliverable d). Work on Report to SCOR office.
5.1 Deliverables a. An Eos-type article after the first meeting reporting to the community about the activity and inviting input. b. A manual with the protocols for plankton measurements on board research vessels (initially GO-SHIP but expandable to Ships of Opportunities). c. A manual with the protocols for plankton measurements with research buoys (initially OceanSITES but expandable to other programs, including cabled observatories). d. A website where our findings will be disseminated. The website will include information on ALL the specifics outlined above. e. A workshop supporting capacity-building for early career researchers. f. Present progress at conferences associated with the meetings.
We will contact scientific societies and scientific agencies (e.g. IOC) to see if they will be willing to publish the reports we will produce (including assignment a doi), so that the reports’ future use could be tracked.
6.0 Capacity Building The product of this working group will allow observing systems and programs throughout the world to identify measurements that can be added to their infrastructure. The deliverables will help the community understand the expanded scope of the science that the observations will 2-80
support, the cost and effort associated with the measurements, databases where data could/should be submitted to, and experts available for consultation.
We plan a specific capacity-building workshop for early career researchers (ECRs) in conjunction with the Ocean Sciences meeting in 2020, particularly encouraging participation from developing nations. The workshop will support broader awareness of the availability of bio-oceanographic datasets, and identify specific communication and infrastructure gaps limiting their wider dissemination. We will approach SCOR requesting support for attendance by two ECRs from developing nations, from its grant for travel of developing country scientists. The WG will also ask SCOR to encourage its national committees (from developing and developed countries) to send their early-career scientists to the workshop. The workshop will be modeled on the ECR workshop held at the SCOR-sponsored Goa symposium in December 2015, which was assisted by one of the WG co-chairs (Anya Waite).
7.1 Working Group composition
7.2 Full members (responsible to produce the deliverables)
Name Gender Place of work Expertise Emmanuel M University of Optical oceanography and the use of optics to study Boss (co- Maine, USA ocean biogeochemistry and ecology, in-situ chair) observing systems, BGC-Argo, Ocean Color, Sea- going. Anya F Alfred Wegener Ocean biogeochemistry; particle dynamics; Waite (co- Institute, marine food webs; biophysical coupling; chair) Germany mesoscale dynamics; Sea-going. Silvia F Spanish National Microbial ecology, flow cytometery, microbial Acinas Research Council, genomics, Sea-going. Spain Ilana F Bar-Ilan Phytoplankton photosynthesis and eco- physiology, Berman- University, Israel aquatic microbial ecology, biological oceanography, Frank marine N2 fixation, in-situ flow cytometry, Anthropogenic impacts, Sea-going Marcela F Pontificia Biological rates and biogeochemistry, seagoing. Cornejo Universidad Católica de Katja F Dalhousie Coupled physical- biogeochemical and ecosystem Fennel University, modeling, Data assimilation. Heidi F Woods Hole Phytoplankton ecology and photophysiology, Sosik Oceanographic automated flow cytometry, automated microscopic Institution imaging, ocean color, biological oceanography, single cell to ecosystem. Sea-going. 2-81
Sandy F Southern Ocean Biological carbon pump and primary productivity Thomalla Carbon and and their relation to physical and biogeochemical Climate controls. Observatory Sea-going. CSIR, South Julia Uitz F CNRS, Phytoplankton functional types, optics, HPLC, Laborato Ocean Color, BGC-Argo. Sea- going. ire d’Ocean Hidekatsu M Tokyo Bio-Physical interaction, Optical measurements of Yamazaki University of plankton/aggregates, Microstructures. Sea-going. Marine Science and Technology,
7.3 Associate members
Name Gender Place of work Expertise Sonia F SAHFOS, Canada Plankton dynamics, Continuous Plankton Recorder, Batten Ship of Opportunity plankton sampling, Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS) Chair. Jørgen M UiT The Arctic Arctic marine biology, polar night, zooplankton, Berge University of organisms associated with the Arctic sea ice, effects Norway of climate change
Herve M CNRS, Phytoplankton ecology and pigments. Co-chair Claustre Laboratoire BGC- Argo. Sea going. d’Oceanographie Johannes M GEOMAR | Physical interaction with biogeochemical, biological Karstensen Helmholtz Centre and meteorological processes. Co-chair OceanSITES. for Ocean Research, Frank M University of Phytoplankton dynamics, marine biodiversity, Muller- South Florida, US marine policy, public outreach, in- situ observing Karger systems, ocean color, coastal and pelagic, Sea-going. Anthony M CSIRO, Australia Climate change ecology, plankton dynamics and Richardson ocean observations. Bernadette F CSIRO, Australia Physical Oceanography, Climate, air-sea flux, Sloyan GO- SHIP co-chair, in-situ observing systems, Sea- going. Rik M NOAA, Miami, Chemical Oceanography, Climate, air-sea flux, Wanninkhof USA GO- SHIP co-chair, in-situ observing systems, Sea- going. 2-82
7.4 Working Group contributions Emmanuel Boss: 20 years of using commercial instrumentation on ships and fixed platforms. Physical-Biological interactions from micro-scale to basin scales.
Anya Waite is a biological oceanographer with extensive laboratory and field experience in integrating and interpreting large multidisciplinary datasets across arrays of biological and physical sensors, field sampling at a wide range of time and space scales as well as analytical experience in flow cytometry, image analysis, confocal and conventional microscopy.
Silvia Acinas is a microbial ecologist who is coordinator of the prokaryotic consortium of the Tara Oceans expedition and responsible also for microbial genomics analyses of the Malaspina 2010 global circumnavigation. Her team has been involved of deliver alternative approaches for exploring diversity and community structure of microbial communities and analyses of marine microbial metagenomics.
Ilana Berman-Frank has extensive experience on phytoplankton ecophysiology and specifically on marine N2 fixation focusing for the past 15 years on the contribution of diazotrophs to production in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS) and northern Red Sea. Has recently set up the first deep-moored station in the Levantine Basin (1500 m depth) to measure production and export and targeted as an ocean observatory platform to provide data for the ultraoligotrophic EMS.
Marcela Cornejo is a biogeochemical oceanographer with interest in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in the surface and subsurface waters and the main physical and biological driving factors such as upwelling, phytoplankton bloom, and the shallowing of the oxygen minimum zone. Her work is mainly focused in the upwelling regions and the mesoscale structures.
Katja Fennel has developed and applied numerical models of marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry for over two decades with particular focus on the cycling of nitrogen, carbon and oxygen. In addition, she has developed and applied methods for the assimilation of observations into models in order to improve their predictive capabilities.
Heidi Sosik is a plankton ecologist with extensive experience developing automated instrumentation, in particular submersible flow cytometry and imaging-in-flow cytometry; developing open-source analysis workflows and web-service based information systems to advance accessibility and use of the big data streams resulting from these technologies; serving as coastal ocean observatory science director; and promoting long-term ecological research in the oceans.
Sandy Thomalla is a biogeochemical oceanographer whose research focuses on using bio- optical approaches to parametrize the particle field (dominated by phytoplankton). The primary objective of her work is to develop and apply emerging techniques to derive optimized and regionally robust information from autonomous platforms and satellite ocean colour products in the Southern Ocean.
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Julia Uitz is a biogeochemical oceanographer with strong interest in deriving information on phytoplankton diversity based on optical observations from a variety of research platforms such as vessels, profiling floats or ocean color satellites. Her research has mostly focused on the global open ocean and more recently on specific atypical regions (Mediterranean Sea, Southern Ocean).
Hidekatsu Yamazaki is a physical oceanographer. His research interests focus on examining the physical environment of phytoplankton and zooplankton. He is also investigating the relationship between turbulence and other phenomena (internal waves, ocean currents).
8.0 Relationship to other international program and SCOR working groups
GO-SHIP & OceanSITES– We will provide recommendations to GO-SHIP and OceanSITES regarding instrumentation and water-sample analysis that should be added to their protocols together with their scientific relevance and resource requirements (both in funds and people time). Associate Members Sloyan and Wanninkhof are the co-chairs of GO-SHIP and Associate Member Karstensen is the co-chair of OceanSITES.
SOLAS – data to be collected would directly link atmospheric measurements done on research vessels and buoys to plankton-related parameters and rates, providing data to constrain processes at the interface of ocean and atmosphere (Boss is on SOLAS SSC).
IOCCG - data to be collected will provide validation for algorithms using space-based measurements. (Boss is on the IOCCG SSC).
BGC-Argo – Synergies with BGC-Argo are in providing a platform to deploy floats where relevant biogeochemical parameters are collected near to the deployment location to assess measurement accuracy (e.g., many SOCCOM floats have been deployed from GO-SHIP cruises and POC and HPLC pigments have been collected in conjunction as well as oxygen, nitrate, and carbonate chemistry). When float trajectory are in vicinity of cruise tracks or moorings, cross- calibration can be done to assess presence and magnitude of sensor drift. Proposed WG Associate Member Claustre is the co-chair of BGC-Argo.
Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS) – Synergies with GACS are in relating our proposed plankton measurements to their past and present efforts in quantifying global plankton biomass and diversity and lesson learned in curation and dissemination of data. Associate member Batten is the chair of GACS.
SCOR WG 150, translation of Optical Measurements into particle Content, Aggregation & Transfer (TOMCAT) – Optical technologies that will be evaluated by this WG (optical sensors, automated microscopes, cameras) are the same TOMCAT is reviewing. Proposed WG Full Member Thomalla is also a member of WG 150. 2-84
Appendix: 5 relevant publication by each Full Member
Boss: 1. Boss, E. L. Guidi, M. J. Richardson, L. Stemmann, W. Gardner, J. K. B. Bishop, R. F Anderson, and R. M Sherrell, 2015. Optical techniques for remote and in-situ characterization of particles pertinent to GEOTRACES. Progress in Oceanography, 133, 43-54, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.09.007. 2. Slade, W. H. and E. Boss, 2015. Spectral attenuation and backscattering as indicators of average particle size. Applied Optics, 54, 24, 7264-7277, http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.54.007264. 3. Behrenfeld, M. and E. Boss, 2014. Resurrecting the ecological underpinnings of ocean plankton blooms. Annual Review of Marine Science, 6, 167-194, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-052913- 021325. 4. Boss, E., M. Picheral, T. Leeuw, A. Chase, E. Karsenti, G. Gorsky, L. Taylor, W. Slade, J. Ras, and H. Claustre, 2013. The characteristics of particulate absorption, scattering and attenuation coefficients in the surface ocean; Contribution of the Tara Oceans expedition. Methods in Oceanography, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mio.2013.11.002. 5. Russo, C.R. and E.S. Boss, 2012. An evaluation of acoustic doppler velocimeters as sensors to obtain the concentration of suspended mass in water, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 29, 755-761.
Waite: 1. M. A. Janout, J. Hölemann, A. M. Waite, T. Krumpen, W. von Appen, F. Martynov. 2016. Sea- ice retreat controls timing of summer plankton blooms in the Eastern Arctic Ocean. In press, Geophysical Research Letters. Accepted 1.12.2017 2. Waite, Anya M., L. Stemmann, L. Guidi, P. H. R. Calil, A. Mc. Hogg, M. Feng, P. A. Thompson, M. Picheral, G. Gorsky. 2016. The wine glass effect shapes particle export to the deep ocean in mesoscale eddies. Geophysical Research Letters DOI:1002/2015GL066463 3. Davies, C.H., A. Coughlan, G. Hallegraeff (& 49 authors + Anya M. Waite) 2016. A database of marine phytoplankton abundance, biomass and species composition in Australian Waters. Nature Scientific Data 3 4. McInnes, Allison Skinner, Shephard, A., Raes, E., Waite, A.M. and Quigg A. 2014. Carbon and nitrogen fixation: Simultaneous quantification of active communities and estimation of rates using in situ fluorescence hybridization and flow cytometry. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 80(21)6750-6759 5. Thompson, P.A., Bonham, P., Thomson, P., Rochester, W., Doblin, M.A., Waite A.M. Richardson, A., Rousseaux, C. 2014. Climate variability drives plankton community composition changes: The 2010-11 El Niño to La Niña transition around Australia. Journal of Plankton Research 37(5):966-984
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Acinas: 1. Acinas, SG Vanja Klepac-Ceraj, Dana E. Hunt, Chanathip Pharino, Ivica Ceraj, Daniel L. Distel and Martin F. Polz. 2004. Fine Scale Phylogenetic Architecture of a Complex Bacterial Community. Nature. 430:551-554. 2. Logares R, Shinichi Sunagawa, Guillem Salazar, Francisco M. Cornejo-Castillo, Isabel Ferrera, Hugo Sarmento, Pascal Hingamp, Hiroyuki Ogata, Colomban de Vargas, Gipsi Lima-Mendez, Jeroen Raes, Julie Poulain, Olivier Jaillon, Patrick Wincker, Stefanie Kandels-Lewis, Eric Karsenti, Peer Bork and Silvia G. Acinas. 2014. Metagenomic 16S rDNA Illumina-Tags as a powerful alternative to amplicon sequencing to explore diversity and structure of microbial communities. Environ Microbiol. 9:2659-71. 3. Sunagawa S, Coelho LP, Chaffron S, Kultima JR, Labadie K, Salazar G, Djahanschiri B, Zeller G, Mende DR, Alberti A, Cornejo-Castillo FM, Costea PI, Cruaud C, d'Ovidio F, Engelen S, Ferrera I, Gasol JM, Guidi L, Hildebrand F, Kokoszka F, Lepoivre C, Lima-Mendez G, Poulain J, Poulos BT, Royo-Llonch M, Sarmento H, Vieira-Silva S, Dimier C, Picheral M, Searson S, Kandels-Lewis S; Tara Oceans coordinators, Bowler C, de Vargas C, Gorsky G, Grimsley N, Hingamp P, Iudicone D, Jaillon O, Not F, Ogata H, Pesant S, Speich S, Stemmann L, Sullivan MB, Weissenbach J, Wincker P, Karsenti E*, Raes J*, Acinas SG*, Bork P*. 2015. Structure and Function of the Global Ocean Microbiome. Science . 348(6237):1261359. doi: 10.1126/science.1261359. (*lP leading and corresponding author). 4. Salazar G, Cornejo-Castillo FM, Benítez-Barrios V, Fraile-Nuez E, Álvarez-Salgado XA, Duarte CM, Gasol JM, Acinas SG. 2016. Global diversity and Biogeography of deep-sea pelagic prokaryotes. ISME J. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2015.137 5. Cornejo-Castillo FM, Ana M. Cabello, Guillem Salazar, Patricia Sánchez-Baracaldo, Gipsi Lima-Mendez, Pascal Hingamp, Adriana Alberti, Shinichi Sunagawa, Peer Bork, Colomban de Vargas, Jeroen Raes, Chris Bowler, Patrick Wincker, Jonathan P. Zehr, Josep M. Gasol, Ramon Massana, and Silvia G. Acinas. 2016. Cyanobacterial symbionts diverged in the late Cretaceous towards lineage specific nitrogen fixation factories in single-celled phytoplankton. Nat. Commun. 7:11071 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11071 (2016).
Berman-Frank: 1. Rahav, E., Herut, B., Levi, A., Mulholland, R.M. and Berman-Frank, I. 2013. Springtime contribution of dinitrogen fixation to primary production across the Mediterranean. Ocean Sciences, 9: 1-10, doi: 10.5194/os-9-1-2013. 2. Berman-Frank, I. and Rahav, E. 2012 Nitrogen fixation as a source for new production in the Mediterranean Sea: a review. In N. Stambler (Ed.). Life in the Mediterranean Sea. Nova Science Publishers. NY, Ch. 8, 199-226. 3. Rahav, E., Bar-Zeev, E., Ohayon, S., Elifantz, H., Belkin, N., Herut, B., Mulholland, M.R. and Berman-Frank, I. 2013. Dinitrogen fixation in aphotic oxygenated marine environments. Frontiers in Microbiology, 4:227. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00227.
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4. Rahav, E., Herut, B., Mulholland, M.R., Belkin, N., Elifantz, H. and Berman-Frank, I. 2015. Hetrotrophic and autotrophic contribution to dinitrogen fixation in the Gulf of Aqaba. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 522: 67-77
5. S. Bonnet, M. Baklouti, A. Gimenez, H. Berthelot, I. Berman-Frank. 2016 Biogeochemical and biological impacts of diazotroph blooms in a Low Nutrient Low Chlorophyll ecosystem: synthesis from the VAHINE mesocosm experiment (New Caledonia). Biogeosciences, doi:10.5194/bg-2015-668, 2016.
Cornejo: 1. Ruz, P, P Hidalgo, R Riquelme-Bugueño, B Franco-Cisterna, M Cornejo. 2017. Vertical distribution of copepod eggs in the oxygen minimum zone off Mejillones Bay (23°S) in the Humboldt Current System Marine Ecology Progresss Series, doi: 10.3354/meps12117 Accepted. 2. Cornejo, M, R Figueroa, O Parra. 2016. Seasonal N2O dynamic from the pristine to eutrophic zone in Chilean Mediterraneaner: Biobío River. Global and Planetary Change, submitted. 3. Cornejo, M, L Bravo, M Ramos, O Pizarro, J Karstensen, M Gallegos, M Correa- Ramírez, N Silva, L Farias, & L Karp-Boss. 2016. Biogeochemical characteristics of a long-lived anticyclonic eddy in the eastern South Pacific Ocean. Biogeosciences, 13, 2971-2979, doi:10.5194/bg-13-2971-2016. 4. Cornejo, M, A Murillo, & L Farías. 2015. An unaccounted for N2O sink in the surface water of the eastern subtropical South Pacific: Physical versus biological mechanisms. Prog. Oceanogr., doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.12.016 5. Farías, L, J Faúndez, C Fernández, M Cornejo, S Sanhueza & C Carrasco. 2013. Biological N2O fixation in the Eastern South Pacific Ocean and Marine Cyanobacterial Cultures. PLOS One, 8(5): e63956.
Fennel: 1. Bagniewski, W., Fennel, K., Perry, M.J., D’Asaro, E.A., Optimizing models of the North Atlantic spring bloom using physical, chemical and bio-optical observations from a Lagrangian float, Biogeosciences 8, 1291-1307, doi:10.5194/bg-8-1291-2011 (2011) 2. Fennel, K., A. Laurent, R. Hetland, D. Justić, D. S. Ko, J. Lehrter, M. Murrell, L. Wang, L. Yu, and W. Zhang, Effects of model physics on hypoxia simulations for the northern Gulf of Mexico: A model intercomparison, Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 121, doi:10.1002/2015JC011577 (2016) 3. Fennel, K., Cetinic, I., D'Asaro, E., Lee, C., Perry, M.J., Autonomous data describe North Atlantic spring bloom, EOS Transactions AGU, Vol. 92, No. 50, 465-466, doi:10.1029/2011EO500002 (2011) 4. Kuhn, A.M., Fennel, K., Mattern, J.P., Model investigations of the North Atlantic spring bloom initiation, Progress in Oceanography, 138:176-193 (2015) 5. Laurent, A., K. Fennel, W.-J. Cai, W.-J. Huang, L. Barbero, and R. Wanninkhof, Eutrophication- induced acidification of coastal waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 2-87
Insights into origin and processes from a coupled physical-biogeochemical model, Geophysical Research Letters, 44, doi:10.1002/2016GL071881 (2017)
Sosik: 1. Hunter-Cevera, K.R., M.G. Neubert, R.J. Olson, A.R. Solow, A. Shalapyonok and H.M. Sosik. 2016. Physiological and ecological drivers of early spring blooms of a coastal phytoplankter. Science. 354: 326-329. doi:10.1126/science.aaf8536 2. Campbell, L., R.J. Olson, H.M. Sosik, A. Abraham, D.W. Henrichs, C.J. Hyatt, E.J. Buskey. 2010. First harmful Dinophysis (DINOPHYCEAE, DINOPHYSIALES) bloom in the US is revealed by automated imaging flow cytometry. J. Phycol. 46: 66– 75. 3. Sosik, H.M. and R.J. Olson. 2007. Automated taxonomic classification of phytoplankton sampled with imaging-in-flow cytometry. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. 5: 204-216. 4. Olson, R.J. and H.M. Sosik. 2007. A submersible imaging-in-flow instrument to analyze nano- and microplankton: Imaging FlowCytobot. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. 5: 195- 203. 5. Sosik, H. M, R. J. Olson, M. G. Neubert, and A. R. Solow. 2003. Growth rates of coastal phytoplankton from time-series measurements with a submersible flow cytometer. Limnology and Oceanography. 48: 1756-1765.
Thomalla: 1. Thomalla, S.J., Ogunkoya, G., Vichi, M. and Swart, S., 2017. Using optical sensors on gliders to estimate phytoplankton carbon concentrations and chlorophyll-to-carbon ratios in the Southern Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, p.34. 2. Thomalla, S.J., Kean, E., Gibberd M-J, Lucas, M., Barlow, R. Photosynthesis versus irradiance relationships in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. African Journal of Marine Science. Accepted 3. Thomalla, S., Racault, M., Swart, S., Monteiro, P.M. 2014. High-resolution view of the spring bloom initiation and net community production in the Subantarctic Southern Ocean using glider data. ICES Journal of Marine Science: doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv105. 4. Swart, S., Thomalla, S.J., Monteiro, P.M.S. 2014. The seasonal cycle of mixed layer dynamics and phytoplankton biomass in the Sub-Antarctic Zone: a high resolution glider experiment. Journal of Marine Systems. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.06.002, 2014. 5. Thomalla, S.J. Fauchereau, N., Swart, S., Monteiro, P. 2011. Regional scale characteristics of the seasonal cycle of chlorophyll in the Southern Ocean. Biogeosciences 8, 2849-2866, doi:10.5194/bg-8-2849-2011.
Uitz: 1. Sauzède R, Claustre H, Uitz J, Jamet C, Dall'Olmo G, Gentili B, Poteau A, Schmechtig C (2016). A neural network-based method for merging ocean color and Argo data to
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extend surface bio-optical properties to depth: Retrieval of the particulate backscattering coefficient. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, doi: 10.1002/2015JC011408. 2. Uitz J, Stramski D, Reynolds RA, Dubranna J. (2015). Assessing phytoplankton community composition from hyperspectral measurements of phytoplankton absorption coefficient and remote-sensing reflectance in open-ocean environments. Remote Sensing of Environment, 171, 58-74, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2015.09.027. 3. Uitz J, Claustre H, Gentili B, Stramski D (2010). Phytoplankton class-specific primary production in the world’s oceans: Seasonal and interannual variability from satellite observations. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, doi: 10.1029/2009GB003680. 4. Uitz J, Huot Y, Bruyant F, Babin M, Claustre H (2008). Relating phytoplankton photophysiological properties to community structure on large scales. Limnology and Oceanography, 53: 614-630, doi: 10.4319/lo.2008.53.2.0614. 5. Uitz J, Claustre H, Morel A, Hooker S (2006). Vertical distribution of phytoplankton communities in open ocean: an assessment based on surface chlorophyll. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, doi: 10.1029/2005JC003207
Yamazaki: 1. Yamazaki, H., D. Mackas and K. Denman 2002: Coupling small scale physical processes with biology, The Sea: Biological-Physical interaction in the Ocean, editted by A.R. Robinson, J.J. McCarthy and B.J. Rothschild, Chapter 3, 51-112 2. Yamazaki, H. J.G. Mitchell, L. Seuront, F. Wolk and H. Li 2006: Phytoplankton microstructure in fully developed oceanic turbulence, Geophysical Res. Lett., 33, L01603, doi:10.1029/2005GL024103. 3. Doubell, M.J., H. Yamazaki, H. Li and Y. Kokubu 2009: An advanced laser-based fluorescence microstructure profiler (TurboMAP-L) for measuring bio-physical coupling in aquatic systems, J. Plank. Res., 31 (12), 1441-1452. 4. Yamazaki, H., C. Locke, L. Umlauf, H. Burchard, T. Ishimaru and D. Kamykowski 2014: A Lagrangian model for phototaxis-induced thin layer formation, Deep-Sea Res. II, 101, 193-206, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.12.010. 5. Masunaga, E. and H.Yamazaki 2014: A new tow-yo instrument to observe high- resolution coastal phenomena. J. Mar. Sys., 129, 425-436, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.09.005
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2.2.2 Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to climate change Shapovalov
Title: Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to climate change
Acronym: EBUS
Summary/Abstract Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) (California, Humboldt, Benguela and Canary Current System) are characterized by complex dynamical processes spanning a wide range of spatio-temporal variability due to the strong coupling between the ocean and atmosphere. They are among the most productive marine ecosystems in the world supporting some of the world’s major fisheries, yet occupying only 0.1% of the global surface. Trade winds drive coastal upwelling, which brings cold and nutrient-rich waters to the surface, where favorable light conditions sustain high phytoplankton growth. Below the surface, Oxygen Minimum Zones develop due to high organic matter export. When these waters upwell, they release CO2 and N2O, potent greenhouse gases, to the atmosphere. Locally, the mesoscale low-level atmospheric circulation is affected by air-sea-land interactions, which impact the upwelling and productivity, while remote forcing can modulate upwelling at timescales from intraseasonal (e.g. Kelvin waves) to interdecadal (e.g. gyre circulation) and longer. EBUS are natural laboratories for studying the breadth of interactive processes between land, ocean and atmosphere at the regional scale. This SCOR WG will focus on the integration of existing knowledge on EBUS to formulate a strategic recommendation white paper for setting up regional observational systems and climate modeling approaches to monitor and understand physical and biogeochemical ocean- atmosphere interactions. These observational systems will be instrumental in improving the performance and reliability of climate models in these socio-economically relevant regions of the world ocean. This WG will also review and critically evaluate the different "hard science" approaches that are pursued with respect to the socio-economic benefits they could bring.
Scientific Background and Rationale The Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) are the most productive areas of the world’s oceans (Pauly and Christensen, 1995), supporting large populations of commercially important fish species (Bakun et al., 2015). In these regions the equatorward alongshore winds drive offshore Ekman transport of the surface layers of the ocean and, cold, nutrient-rich deeper waters outcrop to re-establish the geostrophic equilibrium in eastern boundaries, developing the so-called Coastal Upwelling Systems. These areas (California, Peru-Chile, Benguela and Canary Current, Sumatra-Java Systems) are characterized by equatorward alongshore boundary currents, poleward undercurrents, filaments, squirts, mesoscale eddies and internal waves, also driven, triggered and modulated by the local-to-regional wind field (e.g., Chelton et al., 2007).
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These processes interact at different timescales influencing a wide variety of processes including marine fishery production (e.g., Mbaye et al., 2015), phytoplankton cell size (e.g. Van der Lingen et al., 2009), plankton and fish community structure (e.g. Van der Lingen et al., 2006) and biogeochemical cycling (e.g. Woodson and Litvin, 2015). High biological productivity in the surface layer drives elevated rates of downward vertical flux of organic matter that in combination with sluggish circulation results in the development of the Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs). The four EBUS display varying levels of OMZ development from the shallow, anoxic Peru-Chile system to the deeper hypoxic California system (Chavez and Messié, 2009). Low-oxygen areas strongly influence the distribution of macroorganisms that are displaced by oxygen-poor conditions. Deoxygenation may also modify plankton regimes that can have profound consequences on ecosystem structure (e.g. Gomes et al., 2014). Extreme anoxic events can reduce habitat (for instance in Peru-Chile by creating a shallow habitat leading to increased catchability) or increase mortality (rock-lobster walkouts in the Benguela are well documented). Specific biogeochemical processes (denitrification, anammox, methanogenesis) which only occur at low oxygen concentrations influence global ocean nutrient cycles as well as production of greenhouse gases (e.g. Stramma et al., 2010). The impact of oceanic trace gases on atmospheric chemistry is also yet to be determined (e.g. Rees et al., 2011).
The basic forcing mechanisms are similar across the different EBUS and establish similarities in physical dynamics and ecosystem structure, and progress has been achieved in understanding the EBUS dynamics from an integrative and comparative perspective (e.g., Pegliasco et al., 2015; Capet et al., 2014; Lachkar and Gruber, 2012; Gruber et al. 2011; Chavez and Messié, 2009; Capet et al., 2008; Carr and Kearns, 2003). However, owing to differences in the relative strength of the potential stressors (e.g. the strength of the equatorial oceanic teleconnection or subtropical pressure system), a unified view is yet to be established and challenges to understanding the sensitivity of individual EBUS to climate variability and change remain (e.g. Wang et al., 2015; Bakun et al., 2015; Mackas et al., 2006). From a global climate perspective, some EBUS are also thought to influence large-scale climate modes. For instance, the EBUS in the Indian Ocean, the Sumatra-Java upwelling system, is relatively less studied, although it plays an important role in the development of the Indian Ocean Dipole (Saji et al., 1999). The difference in their latitudinal positions implies that some EBUS or EBUS sub-components are more wind- driven (those at high-latitudes) while others experience more tropical oceanic teleconnections, although the Benguela EBUS is also influenced by the Agulhas leakage. Therefore while commonalities in the nature of the forcing have suggested that a common theory of the circulation and its role on biogeochemical properties (e.g. OMZs) could be drawn, the characteristics of the forcing (amplitude, frequency, persistence, asymmetry) linked to inherent non-linearities of the systems call for a revision of this paradigm. In addition, progress in regional modeling has shed light on potentially important processes that were only inferred until recently (e.g. effect of the wind-drop off on upwelling dynamics (Capet et al., 2004; Renault et al., 2015, 2016); current-wind coupling (Chelton et al., 2007); eddy-induced transport (Bettencourt et al., 2015; Vergara et al., 2016; Gruber et al., 2011; Rossi et al., 2008) and that are, so far, difficult to tackle only with observations or from global models. The latter in particular still suffer persistent warm biases (Richter, 2015; Zuidema et al., 2016) that have limited our predictive capability of the EBUS evolution at various timescales (intraseasonal to 2-91
climatic timescales) (Cabré et al., 2015; Stramma et al., 2012). While most regional modeling studies have been process-oriented, some long-term regional hindcast simulations are becoming available (Dewitte et al., 2012; Franks et al., 2013; Combes et al., 2015) and regional model simulations with data assimilation are becoming available (Neveu et al., 2016). Although not yet including all relevant processes (e.g. air-sea coupling at the mesoscale) and mostly limited to the physical component of the system, they however allow the investigation of processes at low-frequency time scales and within a climate framework, overcoming some of the limitations of the observational studies and modeling studies based on low-resolution global models. So far the focus has been on the four major EBUS (California, Canary, Humboldt, Benguela). However it is also of interest to contrast the EBUS with the weak upwelling/less productive eastern boundary current systems such as the Iberian Current and Leeuwin Current systems, so as to better understand transient processes in the context of global warming.
The challenge for better understanding EBUS dynamics as a whole has spurred, in recent years, a number of joint efforts from an observational and modeling perspective, e.g., the international CLIVAR program VOCALS (VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study) was implemented to develop and promote scientific activities leading to an improved understanding of the South Eastern Pacific coupled ocean-atmosphere-land system on diurnal to interannual timescales (Mechoso et al., 2014). VOCALS also motivated research on the Benguela upwelling system (e.g. European projects MEECE and PREFACE). The transdisciplinary AMOP (Activities of research dedicated to the Minimum of Oxygen in the eastern Pacific) project was launched to investigate the mechanisms leading to the formation of the OMZ off Peru and its variability from hourly to centennial timescales. The German initiative SFB754 ‘Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the tropical Ocean’ addressed the relatively newly recognized threat of ocean deoxygenation, its possible impact on tropical OMZs and implications for the global climate biogeochemistry system. The recently initiated TPOS 2020 project (http://tpos2020.org/) aims at designing a future tropical Pacific observing system including monitoring the Eastern boundary and addressing coastal upwelling dynamics (Takahashi et al., 2014). A CLIVAR/SOLAS/IMBER Research Focus on upwelling systems has also been initiated recently that is aimed at making progress in our understanding of EBUS dynamics from physics to fisheries.
These observing programs along with recent progress in regional coupled modeling offer a new perspective for understanding EBUS and can revitalize the intercomparison approach. In particular, the perspective of long-term regional simulations (not just climatological) is an asset for addressing temporal and spatial scale interactions (upscaling, rectification processes) and their sensitivity to low-frequency changes in the environmental conditions, providing material for revisiting the interpretation of historical data. The on- going international effort for intensifying the ocean observing systems (e.g. Argo, IOCCP, SWOT mission, Sentinel missions) in order to address small spatial scales of variability also sets favorable conditions for documenting quantitatively the continuum of small scales (from mesoscale to submesocale) and its impact on the ecosystem dynamics. In that sense the context is favorable for launching a working group on related issues. Its aims will be in particular to stimulate the interactions between the modelers and experts in observations interested in EBUS.
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There are a number of regional processes in EBUS that modeling studies suggest to be key but that have been undocumented by observations (e.g. impacts of coastal mesoscale atmospheric jets, transports of water properties by eddies, deep zonal oceanic jets, air-sea interactions at mesoscales, etc). This calls first for more quantitative evaluations of the role of such processes in EBUS dynamics from integrated modeling platforms, i.e., that take into account the complexity of feedbacks and scale interactions, and within a climate perspective, i.e., from long-term (multidecadal) simulations. Second, it motivates the design of dedicated observing programs in order to document these processes in nature and in return evaluate the realism of the coupled models. The socio-economic importance of EBUS (0.1% of global ocean area that sustains 20% of the world’s fish catch) further urges the investigation of the role of these regional processes in the biogeochemistry of the OMZs. This is a prerequisite for improving our predictive capabilities of the evolution of marine ecosystems in these key economic regions and for anticipating changes in the nature of extreme events (e.g. hypoxia). This will require the design and implementation of efficient and cost effective observing systems, which are motivated by adequate scientific objectives. The activities that will be carried out within this proposed working group are thus also oriented towards providing guidance for the design of such observation systems based on modeling and process studies and synthesis of existing knowledge. It will build upon current initiatives both at national and international levels (e.g. TPOS2020, GOOS IMSOO (Implementation of Multi-Disciplinary Sustained Ocean Observations) panel on Oxygen Minimum Zones) while providing a synthetic view through looking at all upwelling systems.
The EBUS WG will address the knowledge gaps outlined above by making recommendations as to how better and more cost-effectively observe these regions in both the ocean and atmosphere simultaneously. It will first provide a comprehensive evaluation of current knowledge regarding control mechanisms, impacts on biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks derived from all published observational and modeling approaches, and will then develop a strategic recommendation white paper to fill these gaps. This WG will thus have material for conducting a socio-economic exercise to review and critically evaluate the different "hard science" approaches that are pursued with respect to the socio-economic benefits they could bring (at what scales, what level of complexity on the physics, what level of complexity on the ecosystem, what precise applications, what are the enduring challenges, inter alia). While the latter is not in the main scope of the WG, the objective is to take advantage of the rich networks of collaboration of the WG participants to identify relevant experts during the course of the project, and invite them to collaborate on a recommendation paper. As well this will be coordinated with relevant programs (CLIVAR RF on EBUS, GEF (Global Environment Facility), Future Earth Oceans KAN, etc).
To achieve these goals, a unique group of early career scientists and more senior scientists, all experts in different EBUS of the world ocean and involved in relevant national and international programs, has been invited to participate in this working group. This group is composed so as to cover issues of both observations and modeling, and gather scientists originating from a range of developed and developing countries and disciplines, which shall ensure communication of 2-93 the outcomes to the wider research community, and alignment with national and global research platforms.
Terms of Reference 1. Synthesize existing knowledge on the different physical mechanisms occurring over different time scales (i.e., diurnal, intraseasonal, interannual, decadal, multidecadal) and their implications on water column properties, biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity/ecosystem structure and functioning and the regional climate, to identify the key feedback processes, establish similarities, differences and the knowledge gaps. 2. Conduct a regional database initiative to hold a web-based platform for graphically querying integrated information of observational systems (e.g. including data access, available timescale, papers published, associated databases) and numerical outputs (e.g. including configuration details as well as associated scientific production and responsible scientists together with their contact details) as well as protocols for measuring key properties and indicators in EBUS. Such a database will be used in particular to explore the processes that are difficult to tackle with just observational datasets (e.g. submesocale processes and their role in structuring the biological environment) 3. Produce a comparative analysis from modeling validated/published results, presented as a high impact factor review paper. While such an analysis will have mostly a regional focus, it will also attempt to address subregional scales building upon past and on-going research programs on specific upwelling centers (e.g. Bay of Hann near Dakar (Senegal), Bay of Monterey (USA), Bay of Concepcion (Chile)), which will help linking to the socio-economic exercise (see Term of Reference 5). 4. Provide a strategic recommendation brief for setting up regional observational systems to monitor and understand physical and biogeochemical ocean-atmosphere interactions. These observational systems will be designed so as to be instrumental in improving the performance and reliability of climate models in these socio- economically relevant regions of the world ocean. Such a recommendation brief will also address needs for fostering interactions between the observational and modeling communities (e.g. coordinated experiments with common forcing; recommendations on resolution of specific processes or a specific scale, etc). 5. Conduct a socio-economic exercise to review and critically evaluate the different hard science approaches that are pursued with respect to the socio-economic benefits they could bring, that will provide useful information about scales, level of complexity on the physics and on the ecosystem, precise applications, among others. This document, prepared as a report (printed and online) for diverse target audiences including the scientific community, policy-makers and stakeholders, will present the basis on which to assess changes across EBUS and will be useful for governance activities.
Working plan Year 1 (2018) The first year will be focused on organizing the working group and assembling the information needed to achieve terms of references 1, 2 and 3. This will be discussed initially via email and
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coordinated at a first meeting where full and associate members will attend together with their PhD students, postdocs or early career scientists (at least one each). The meeting will be developed in two parts, the first where full and associate members will (1) agree on a clear plan of the strategies required to achieve the goals and (2) organize the structure of the peer-reviewed publication that will be submitted and published in an open-access journal at the end of the first year (Deliverable 1). The second part will be devoted to capacity building and activities in which early career scientists will be involved, and would look for to be linked with the IMBER early career Network of socio- ecologists and CLIVAR and SOLAS initiatives. The first meeting will be organized four months after the SCOR WG is implemented.
Year 2 (2019) The second year will be dedicated to organizing the regional database initiative and summer school. This will be developed in a second meeting/workshop where full and associate members will attend together with some invited stakeholders from the scientific community and decision-makers. Following the second meeting, a summer school will be organized either in Senegal and/or Peru involving PhD students and early career scientists mostly from Africa and South America, having the objective to ‘Provide an overview of the main processes occurring in EBUS (including physical, biogeochemical, biological, fish and fisheries processes and trends), in order to understand ocean-atmosphere interactions, combining lectures and hands-on sessions, and practical lessons’ as well as ‘to identify potential students to integrate the capacity building strategy’ (i.e., create an early career network from alumni of the summer school). All experts and younger scientists will participate giving lectures and tutorials. The WG will request funding from SCOR and other sources to facilitate the participation of students and early-career scientists. Classes given during the summer school will be recorded and available from the SCOR WG EBUS webpage that will be provided and supported by the Computational Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory at IGP (Geophysical Institute of Peru).
The regional database initiative (Deliverable 2) will be developed in close collaboration with the early career scientists, with the aim to involve graduate students from different developing countries and disciplines (some of them identified in the summer school) to prepare a web based graphical platform where the compilation of regional observational systems and numerical simulations will be available for the scientific community and stakeholders. Also, it will serve as material for preparing and submitting a high impact factor review paper (Deliverable 3) compiling modeling results, addressing the comparison between EBUS, and establishing the strengths and weaknesses of regional coupled models, and directions for the future.
Year 3 (2020) The third year will be oriented towards organizing the Open Science Conference composed of three parts: Day 1: Objective ‘Organize the strategic recommendation brief to be presented as a short paper to the Executive Panel (i.e. defined as a representative group of decision makers, stakeholders and scientific experts from different areas)’, where only full and associated 2-95
members will participate. Days 2-3: Objective ‘Bring together all interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary ocean and atmospheric science communities involving modelers and observationalists studying EBUS and related topics’. Day 4: Executive Panel. Objective ‘Bring together decision makers, stakeholders and the scientific community to present and highlight the main findings, suggest first priority topics, offer suitable and cost-effective alternatives to approach solutions to further understand EBUS dynamics’. It will be developed just after the Open Science Conference.
During this year a strategic recommendation brief (Deliverable 4) on how to best set up regional observational systems to monitor and understand physical and biogeochemical ocean- atmosphere interactions in the EBUS will be presented. Note that the Executive Panel discussion will feed the strategic recommendation brief.
Year 4 (2021) The fourth year will be focused on preparing the report of the socio-economic exercise (Deliverable 5) which will be developed in a meeting where full and associate members will attend, together with some invited stakeholders from the scientific community and decision- makers. In addition, the final report of the SCOR WG will be delivered.
Deliverables Deliverable 1. A multidisciplinary synthesis peer-reviewed publication, with the existing knowledge about the different physical and biogeochemical mechanisms developed over different time scales on EBUS as well establishing similarities and differences. Deliverable 2. A web-based platform, where graphically the EBUS databases will be queried and useful information about measurements and protocols Deliverable 3. A high impact factor review paper (e.g., Nature Geoscience), wherein a comparative analysis based on modeling results from both the ocean and atmosphere is presented Deliverable 4. A short recommendation paper for stakeholders and policy makers where a strategic recommendation on how to more cost effectively design and improve regional observational systems with the overarching goal to improve the performance and reliability of global climate models. Deliverable 5. A report where a socio-economic exercise for EBUS is conducted.
Capacity Building (How will this WG build long-lasting capacity for practicing and understanding this area of marine science globally) The WG is planning to hold an international summer school focused on PhD students and young post-docs mainly (but not exclusively) from Africa and South America and other developing countries. The objective will be to provide the young scientists with an integrative
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view of the land-atmosphere-ocean continuum in their modeling coupled physical/biogeochemical approach. The basics of atmospheric physics and chemistry and associated coupled and modeling platforms will be presented. An introduction to regional weather and climate systems off the EBUS will be given, as well as basic concepts in physical oceanography and biogeochemistry and hands-on practicals with the ROMS-BIOEBUS1 modeling platform. Statistics applied to climatology and challenges of regional climate downscaling for performing regional climatic projections will be taught. We will try to explore a new, innovative capacity-building concept: the Network of Early Career Scientists (NECS). This will combine traditional capacity- building of individual early career scientists with a new level of institutional networking. The ultimate goal is to build long lasting capacity through training and by interconnecting the next generation of scientists, and to develop enduring institutional interactions that will help address the scientific challenges facing the EBUS. We will also encourage and facilitate other training and professional development workshops and programs, such as those funded by the Marie Skłodowska Curie Innovative Training Network. Funding for sustaining our NECS will be sought from a range of sources and stakeholders supporting training and networking measures worldwide. We will collaborate with START, IAI, POGO and APN, so that their fellowship schemes and other mechanisms can be used for capacity development.
Several of the scientists involved in the consortium are dedicated to supervise students from southern countries, therefore this WG proposal will also serve as a platform for networking and increasing the critical mass of young researchers hence reinforcing capacity in oceanic sciences in these developing countries. The co-chair of the Working Group is a female early career scientist originating from a developing country, thus guaranteeing the attention given to capacity building and to gender equity.
Additionally, the web-based platform will be the key element to build a young multidisciplinary team from different disciplines and countries to work on EBUS to provide synthetic material for students and local researchers from the developing countries, as well as for decision-makers around the world. In this sense, since the database will provide comprehensive information including observational and numerical data as well as their respective owners and associated scientific production, students and local researchers would be in direct contact with the ocean science community reinforcing their capacity building in these topics and at the same time initiating and expanding their international collaborations.
1 This model is chosen for its relative versatility and simplicity, which is convenient for capacity building. 2-97
Working Group composition
Full Members Name Gender Place of work Expertise relevant to
proposal 1. Francisco Chavez Male Monterey Bay Aquarium Biological Oceanography/ (United States of Research Institute, USA California, Peru America) 2. Enrique Curchitser Male Institute of Marine and Physical oceanography (United States of Coastal Sciences, Modeling / CLIVAR America) Rutgers University, USA
3. Boris Dewitte Male IRD-LEGOS, CEAZA- Physical Oceanographer, (France) Chile EBUS Dynamics, Air-sea interactions, ENSO dynamics 4. Ruben Escribano Male Department of Biological Oceanography, (Chile) Oceanography, Chile/ IMBeR/CLIVAR Co-chair Universidad de Concepción, Chile 5. Sara Fawcett Female Department of Biogeochemical (South Africa) Oceanography, Oceanographer University of Cape Town, South Africa 6. Salvador Lluch- Male Programa de Ecología Fishery/Socio-economist Cota (Mexico) Pesquera. CIBNOR- ecology CONACYT, México 7. Baye Cheikh Male Laboratoire de Physique Physical/biological Mbaye (Senegal) de l’Atmosphère et de Oceanography - l’Océan Simeon Senegalese- Mauritanian Fongang (LPAOSF), coastal upwelling within University Cheikh Anta the Canary upwelling Diop of Dakar (UCAD), system off North-West Senegal Africa 8. Ivonne Montes Female Instituto Geofísico del Physical Oceanographer, (Peru) Perú (IGP) biogeochemical coupled Co-chair modeling and dynamics of the Peru/Chile System 9. Andreas Oschlies Male Helmholtz-Zentrum für Physical Oceanography, (Germany) Ozeanforschung Kiel Marine Biogeochemical (GEOMAR) Modeling 10. Parv Female University of East Oceanographer, Suntharalingam (UK) Anglia (UEA) biogeochemical modeling/SOLAS
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Associate Member Name Gender Place of work Expertise relevant to proposal 1. Edward Allison Male School of Marine & Interdisciplinary marine (United States of Environmental Affairs, scientist focus on climate, America) University of social science and Washington, USA resource management 2. Javier Aristegui Male Instituto de Oceanografía Biological Oceanography/ (Spain) y Cambio Global Canary Current EBUE (IOCAG) at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) 3. Xavier Capet Male CNRS-LOCEAN, Paris Physical Oceanographer - (France) modeler 4. Iris Kriest Female Helmholtz-Zentrum für Biogeochemical modeller (Germany) Ozeanforschung Kiel (GEOMAR) 5. Eric Machu Male IRD – LPAO-SF, ESP, Oceanographer, (France) Université Cheikh Anta structuration of plankton Diop, Dakar Sénégal communities from coupled approaches (observation & modeling) 6. Beatriz Yanicelli Female Centro de Estudios Oceanographer, Chile (Chile) Avanzados de Zonas Coastal Upwelling System Aridas (CEAZA) 7. Damodar Shenoy Male National Institute of Biogeochemistry/Bay of (India) Oceanography, Goa, Bengal/Arabian Sea India 8. Ryan Rykaczewski Male University of Southern Biological Oceanography (USA) California of EBUS – California System/CLIVAR 9. Lynne Shannon Female Marine Research Fishery/Socio-economist (South Africa) Institute, University of ecosystem EBUE Cape Town 10. Ming Feng Male CSIRO Marine and Physical oceanographer (Australia) Atmospheric Research specialized in the Leeuwin Current dynamics
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Working Group contributions The full and associated members involved in this SCOR WG have been invited due to their field of expertise and past works, coming from various countries and disciplines; these are:
Dr. Francisco Chavez has published extensively on climate variability and EBUS, worked for many decades on the California and Humboldt EBUE, and has broad interests in oceanography, biogeochemistry, ecology, modeling, and new technology. He has led several synthesis efforts, edited multiple special issues and is active in national and international programs.
Dr. Enrique Curchitser is a physical oceanographer with interests in the dynamics of eastern boundary currents and shelf circulation and coupled bio-physical and numeric modeling. He is leading the CLIVAR Eastern Boundary Upwelling Research Focus that is trying to better understand the very large biases that climate models have in EBUS.
Dr. Boris Dewitte is a physical oceanographer involved in numerous projects dedicated to the study of Humboldt Current System; with wide experience on ENSO events and their impacts. He is currently a member of the CLIVAR Scientific Steering Group and of the Task Team “Eastern Boundary” of the international program TPOS2020. He was an associate member of the SCOR group 128 on Natural and Human-Induced Hypoxia and Consequences for Coastal Areas (2006-2008).
Dr. Ruben Escribano is a biological oceanographer who specializes in zooplankton, was active in the GLOBEC program and is presently on the IMBeR Scientific Steering Committee, working extensively on the Humboldt.
Dr. Sara Fawcett is dedicated to understanding the complex relationships between biogeochemical fluxes (particularly nitrogen) and primary productivity in the ocean, with implications for past and future climate, ecosystem structure and function, ocean fertility, and global biogeochemical cycles.
Dr. Salvador Lluch-Cota has interests in climate variability and change and its effects on living marine resources; he was one of the six lead authors of the IPCC chapter on Ocean Systems. He has worked extensively in the California Current System particularly off Baja California, Mexico and has led synthesis efforts to uncover and better understand the variability of small pelagic fish in Atlantic and Pacific EBUS.
Dr. Baye Cheikh Mbaye is specializing in the Senegalese-Mauritanian coastal upwelling within the Canary upwelling system off North-West Africa. His main focus is to analyze how both physical and biological factors affect the survival of fish early life stage (eggs and larvae), and how this ecological understanding could help improve policies for marine conservation and fisheries management of eastern boundary upwelling systems; his approach integrates both modeling and observation (remote sensing).
Dr. Ivonne Montes is specialized on coupled physical-biogeochemical modeling applied to Eastern boundary current system (Guinea Gulf, Mexico and Peru/Chile) to study the role of the
2-100 ocean in climate, the investigation of processes maintaining the Oxygen Minimum Zone off Peru, and the impact of remote and local air-sea interactions over the upwelling systems.
Dr. Andreas Oschlies is an expert on marine biogeochemical Modeling dedicated to study the physical, biogeochemical, and ecological constraints on the oceanic carbon uptake and its climate sensitivity as well as interested on mixing processes and their representation in numerical models.
Dr. Parv Suntharalingam is focused on biogeochemical cycles of climatically important species in the atmosphere and ocean.
Relationship to other international programs and SCOR Working groups This EBUS theme is an integral part of the integrated topics in the new SOLAS Science Plan 2015-20252 . Moreover, CLIVAR (Climate and Ocean: Variability, Predictability and Change), IMBeR (Integrated Marine Biosphere Research) and SOLAS have a joint Research Focus on Upwelling systems. In addition, there is a strong link between this SCOR WG proposal and the new initiative from IOC-UNESCO called GO2NE (Global Ocean Oxygen NETwork), an interdisciplinary network concerned about the low oxygen concentrations in both the open ocean and coastal areas, which will be involved in the regional database initiative. This working group is also timely since it fits with the concerns of the program TPOS2020 that is aimed at designing the future of the observing system in the Pacific (http://tpos2020.org/). Interactions with the Task Team “Eastern Pacific” of the TPOS2020 program will be encouraged during the course of the SCOR group. It will also link with the GOOS IMSOO (Implementation of Multi- Disciplinary Sustained Ocean Observations) panel on Oxygen Minimum Zones. This SCOR WG will also have the opportunity to start with standards, datasets and comparative analysis of the oxygen deficient systems being generated by the SCOR Working Group 144 on Microbial Community Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation, developed for the world ocean to the wider oceanographic and Earth system science communities and the public. This SCOR WG will also strive to integrate in its synthesis outcomes of relevant regional modeling and observational projects (e.g. CORDEX) through collaborations of its members.
Key References Bakun, A., et al. (2015) Anticipated Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems, Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 1, 85–93. Bettencourt, J.H., et al. (2015) Boundaries of the Peruvian Oxygen Minimum Zone shaped bycoherent mesoscale dynamics, Nature Geosci., 8, 937–940. Cabré, A., et al. (2015) OMZs in the tropical Pacific across CMIP5 models: mean state differences and climate change trends, Biogeosciences, 12, 6525-6587.
2 http://www.solas‐int.org/files/solas- int/content/downloads/About/Future%20SOLAS/Revised_SOLAS%20Science%20Plan.pdf *By inversions we mean inversions to obtain information on the properties of materials in the ocean and the atmosphere (gas, particles, dissolved materials, drops etc') as well as at the interface (waves, bubbles). By properties we mean concentration, composition, size and shape, lifetime, optical properties. 2-101
Capet, A., et al. (2014), Implications of refined altimetry on estimates of meso-scale activity and eddy-driven offshore transport in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7602–7610. Capet, X., et al. (2008) Mesoscale to Submesoscale Transition in the California Current System. Part I: Flow Structure, Eddy Flux, and Observational Tests, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 29–43. Capet, X.J., et al. (2004) Upwelling response to coastal wind profiles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L13311. Carr, M.-E., and E. J. Kearns (2003) Production regimes in four Eastern Boundary Current systems, Deep Sea Res. PartII, 50(22–26), 3199–3221. Chavez, F.P., and M. Messie (2009) A comparison of Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems, Prog. Oceanogr., 83(1–4), 80–96. Chelton, D.B., et al. (2007) Summertime coupling between sea surface temperature and wind stress in the California Current System, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 495–517. Combes, V., et al. (2015) Interannual variability of the subsurface eddy field in the Southeast Pacific, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, 4907–4924, doi:10.1002/2014JC010265. Dewitte B., et al. (2012) Change in El Niño flavours over 1958-2008: Implications for the long- term trend of the upwelling off Peru, Deep Sea Research II, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.04.011. Franks, P.J.S., et al. (2013), Modeling Physical-Biological Responses to Climate Change in the California Current System, Oceanography, 26(3), 26-33. Gomes, H.D.R., et al. (2014) Massive outbreaks of Noctiluca scintillans blooms in the Arabian Sea due to spread of hypoxia, Nature communications, 5, 4862, doi:10.1038/ncomms5862. Gruber, N., et al. (2011) Eddy-induced reduction of biological production in eastern boundary upwelling systems, Nature Geosci., 4, 787–792. Lachkar, Z., and N. Gruber (2012) A comparative study of biological production in eastern boundary upwelling systems using an artificial neural network, Biogeosciences, 9, 293-308. Mbaye, et al. (2015) Do Sardinella aurita spawning seasons match local retention patterns in the Senegalese–Mauritanian upwelling region?, Fisheries Oceanography, 24(1), 69-89. Mackas, D.L., et al. (2006) Eastern ocean boundaries – pan regional overview. In: The Global Coastal Ocean: Interdisciplinary Regional Studies and Syntheses – PanRegional Syntheses and the Coasts of North and South America and Asia, The Sea, vol 14A. Robinson, A. R., and K. H. Brink (eds.), Harvard University Press., 2, 21-60. Mechoso, C.R., et al. (2014) Ocean–Cloud–Atmosphere–Land Interactions in the Southeastern Pacific: The VOCALS Program, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95, 357–375, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D- 11-00246.1. Neveu, E., et al. (2016), An historical analysis of the California Current circulation using ROMS 4D-Var: System configuration and diagnostics, Ocean Modelling, 99, 133-151. Pauly, D., and V. Christensen (1995) Primary production required to sustain global fisheries, Nature, 374, 255-257. Pegliasco, C., et al. (2015) Main eddy vertical structures observed in the four major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 6008-6033. Rees, A.P., et al. (2011) The Lagrangian progression of nitrous oxide within filaments formed in the Mauritanian upwelling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21606, doi:10.1029/2011GL049322. Renault, L., et al. (2016). Partial decoupling of primary productivity from upwelling in the California Current system, Nature Geosci., 9, 505–508 doi:10.1038/ngeo2722
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Renault, L., et al. (2015) Orographic shaping of US West Coast wind profiles during the upwelling season, Clim Dyn, 46(1-2), pp.273-289. Richter, I. (2015), Climate model biases in the eastern tropical oceans: causes, impacts and ways forward, WIREs Clim Change, 6, 345–358. Rossi, V., et al. (2008) Comparative study of mixing and biological activity of the Benguela and Canary upwelling systems, Geophys. Res. Let., 35, L11602. Saji, N.H., et al. (1999) A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean, Nature, 401, 360-363 Stramma, L., et al. (2010) Ocean oxygen minima expansions and their biological impacts, Deep-Sea Res.Part I-Oceanographic Res. Papers, 57, 587-595. Stramma, L., et al. (2012) Mistmatch between observed and modeled trends in dissolved upper- ocean oxygen over the last 50 yr, Biogeosciences, 9(10), 4045–4057, doi:10.5194/bg-9– 4045- 2012. Takahashi K., et al. (2014) TPOS White Paper #8a – Regional applications of observations in the eastern Pacific: White Paper #8a- Report of the Tropical Pacific Observing System 2020 Workshop (TPOS 2020) GCOS-184, 2, 171–205, http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-184_II.pdf. Van der Lingen, C.D., et al. (2009) Chapter 8: Trophic dynamics of small pelagic fish. In: Checkley DM Jr, Roy C, Alheit J, Oozeki Y (Eds) Climate Change and Small Pelagic Fish. Cambridge University Press, 112-157. Van der Lingen, C.D., et al. (2006) Comparative trophodynamics of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus and sardine Sardinops sagax in the southern Benguela: are species alternations between small pelagic fish trophodynamically mediated?, African Journal Of Marine Science, 28 (3-4), 465-477, http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/18142320609504199. Vergara, O., et al. (2016) Seasonal Variability of the Oxygen Minimum Zone off Peru in a high- resolution regional coupled, Biogeosciences, 13, 4389-4410, doi:10.5194/bg-13-4389-2016. Woodson, C.B. and S.Y. Litvin (2015) Ocean fronts drive marine fishery production and biogeochemical cycling, PNAS, 112 (6), 1710–1715, doi:10.1073/pnas.1417143112. Wang, D., et al. (2015) Intensification and spatial homogenization of coastal upwelling under climate change, Nature, 518(7539), 390-394. Zuidema et al. (2016) Challenges and Prospects for Reducing Coupled Climate Model SST Biases in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: The U.S. CLIVAR Eastern Tropical Oceans Synthesis Working Group. Bull, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 97, 2305–2328, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-15- 00274.1.
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Appendix (For each Full Member, indicate 5 publications related to proposal) Dr. Francisco Chavez 1. Chavez, F.P., J.P. Ryan, S. Lluch-Cota, and M. Ñiquen (2003) From anchovies to sardines and back-Multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean, Science, 299, 217-221. 2. Chavez, F.P., A. Bertrand, R. Guevara, P. Soler, and J. Csirke (2008) The northern Humboldt Current System: brief history, present status and a view towards the future, Progress in Oceanography, 79, 95-105. 3. Chavez, F.P. and M. Messie (2009) A comparison of eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems, Progress in Oceanography, doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.032. 4. Chavez, F.P., M. Messié, and J.T. Pennington (2011) Marine primary production in relation to climate variability and change, Annual Review of Marine Science, 3, 227–60, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163917. 5. Chavez, F. P. (2012) Climate Change and Marine Ecosystems, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 47, 19045-19046, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1217112109.
Dr. Enrique Curchitser 1. Small, R.J., E.N. Curchitser, K.S. Hedstrom, B. Kaufman, and W. Large (2015) The Benguela Upwelling System: Quantifying the Sensitivity to Resolution and Coastal Wind Representation in a Global Climate Mode, Journal of Climate, 28, 9409-9432, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0192.1. 2. Curchitser, E.N., K.A. Rose, S-I. Ito, M.A. Peck, and M.J. Kishi (2015) Combining modeling and observations to better understand marine ecosystem dynamics, Progress in Oceanography, 138, Part B, 327-330, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.11.001. 3. Fiechter, J., K.A. Rose, E.N. Curchitser and K.S. Hedstrom (2015) The role of environmental controls in determining sardine and anchovy population cycles in the California Current: Analysis of an end-to-end model, Progress in Oceanography, 138, Part B, 381-398, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.11.013. 4. Rose, K.A., J. Fiechter, E.N. Curchitser, K. Hedstrom, M. Bernal, S. Creekmore, A. Haynie, S-I. Ito, S. Lluch-Cota, B.A. Megrey, C.A. Edwards, D. Checkley, T. Koslow, S. McClatchie, F. Werner, A. MacCall, and V. Agostini (2015) Demonstration of a fully-coupled end-to-end model for small pelagic fish using sardine and anchovy in the California Current, Progress in Oceanography, 138, Part B, 348-380, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.01.012. 5. Fiechter, J., E.N. Curchitser, C.A. Edwards, F. Chai, N.L. Goebel, and F.P. Chavez (2014) Air-sea CO2 fluxes in the California Current: Impacts of model resolution and coastal topography, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 28, 371–385, doi:10.1002/2013GB004683.
Dr. Boris Dewitte 1. Vergara, O., B. Dewitte, I. Montes, V. Garçon, M. Ramos, A. Paulmier, and O. Pizarro (2016) Seasonal Variability of the Oxygen Minimum Zone off Peru in a high-resolution regional coupled, Biogeosciences, 13, 4389-4410, doi:10.5194/bg-13-4389-2016.
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2. Bettencourt J., C. López, E. Hernández-García, I. Montes, J. Sudre, B. Dewitte, A. Paulmier, and V. Garçon (2015) Boundaries of the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone shaped by coherent mesoscale dynamics, Nature Geoscience, 8 (12), 937-940. 3. Dewitte B., J. Vazquez-Cuervo, K. Goubanova, S. Illig, K. Takahashi, G. Cambon, S. Purca, D. Correa, D. Gutierrez, A. Sifeddine and L. Ortlieb (2012) Change in El Nino flavours over 1958- 2008: Implications for the long-term trend of the upwelling off Peru, Deep Sea Research II, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.04.011. 4. Monteiro P. M. S., B. Dewitte, M.I. Scranton, A. Paulmier and A. van der Plas (2011) The role of open ocean boundary forcing on seasonal to decadal-scale variability and long-term change of natural shelf hypoxia, Environ. Res. Lett., 6, 025002, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/2/025002. 5. Dewitte B., S. Illig, L. Renault, K. Goubanova, K. Takahashi, D. Gushchina, K. Mosquera, and S. Purca (2011) Modes of covariability between sea surface temperature and wind stress intraseasonal anomalies along the coast of Peru from satellite observations (2000-2008), J. Geophys. Research, 116, C04028, doi:10.1029/2010JC006495.
Dr. Ruben Escribano 1. Riquelme-Bugueño, R., M. Correa-Ramírez, R. Escribano, S. Nuñez, and S. Hormazabal (2015) Mesoscale variability in the habitat of the Humboldt Current krill, spring 2007, Journal of Geophysical Research, 120, 2769–2783. 2. Escribano, R., and C.E Morales (2012) Spatial and temporal scales of variability in the coastal upwelling and coastal transition zone off central-southern Chile (35-40°S), Progress in Oceanography, 92-95, 1-7. 3. Escribano, R., and W. Schneider (2007) The Sructure and Functioning of the Coastal Upwelling System off Central/south of Chile, Progress in Oceanography, 75, 343-346. 4. Escribano, R., P. Hidalgo, H.E. González, R. Giesecke, R. Riquelme-Bugueño, and K. Manríquez (2007) Interannual and seasonal variability of metazooplankton in the Central/south upwelling region off Chile, Progress in Oceanography, 75, 470-485. 5. Escribano, R., D. Daneri, L. Farías, V.A. Gallardo, and H.E. González, D. Gutierrez, C. Lange, C.E. Morales, O. Pizarro, O. Ulloa, and M. Braun (2004) Biological and chemical consequences of the 1997-98 el niño in the Chilean coastal upwelling system: a synthesis, Deep-Sea Research Part II, 51, 20-21, 2389-2411.
Dr. Sarah Fawcett 1. Altieri, K.E., S.E. Fawcett, A.J. Peters, D.M. Sigman, M.G. Hastings (2016) Marine biogenic source of atmospheric organic nitrogen in the subtropical North Atlantic, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 925-930, doi/10.1073/pnas.1516847113. 2. Knapp, A.N., S.E. Fawcett, A. Martínez-Garcia, N. Leblond, T. Moutin, and S. Bonnet (2015) Nitrogen isotopic evidence for a shift from nitrate- to diazotroph-fueled export production in VAHINE mesocosm experiments, Biogeosciences Discussions,12, 19901- 19939 (www.biogeosciences- discuss.net/12/19901/2015/bgd-12-19901-2015.html). 2-105
3. Van Oostende, N., J.P. Dunne, S.E. Fawcett, and B.B. Ward (2015) Phytoplankton succession and acclimation explains nitrate uptake following an upwelling event. Journal of Marine Systems, 148, 14-25. 4. Fripiat, F., D.M. Sigman, S.E. Fawcett, P., Rafter, M. Weigand, and J.L. Tison (2014) New insights on sea ice nitrogen biogeochemical dynamics and paleoceanography implications from nitrogen isotopes, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 28, 115-13 5. Fawcett, S.E., and B.B. Ward (2011) Phytoplankton succession and nitrogen utilization during the development of an upwelling bloom, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 428, 13-31, http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v428/p13-31/.
Dr. Salvador Lluch-Cota 1. Chavez, F.P., J. Ryan, S.E. Lluch-Cota, and M. Ñiquen (2003) From Anchovies to Sardines and Back: Multidecadal Change in the Pacific Ocean, Science, 299 (5604), 217-221. 2. Schwartzlose, R.A., J. Alheit, A. Bakun, TR Baumgartner, R Cloete, R.J.M. Crawford, WJ Fletcher, Y. Green-Ruiz, E. Hagen, T. Kawasaki, D. Lluch-Belda, SE Lluch-Cota, AD MacCall, Y. Matsuura, MO Nevárez-Martínez, R.H. Parrish, C. Roy, R. Serra, K.V. Shust, M.N. Ward, and J.Z. Zuzunaga (1999) Worldwide large-scale fluctuations of sardine and anchovy populations, South African Journal of Marine Science, 21 (1), 289- 347. 3. Lluch-Cota, SE (2000) Coastal upwelling in the eastern Gulf of California, Oceanologica Acta, 23 (6), 731-740 4. Pörtner, H.O., D.M. Karl, P.W. Boyd, W. Cheung, SE Lluch-Cota, Y Nojiri, D.N. Schmidt, P.O. Zavialov (2014) Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 411- 484, Cambridge University Press. 5. Bakun, A., C. Roy, and SE Lluch-Cota (1998) Coastal upwelling and other processes regulating ecosystem productivity and fish production in the Western Indian ocean. In: Sherman K. (ed.), Okemwa EN (ed.), Ntiba MJ (ed.) Large marine ecosystems of the Indian ocean: assessment, sustainability and management (103-141). Blackwell
Dr. Baye Cheikh Mbaye 1. Mbaye, B.C., T. Brochier, V. Echevin, A. Lazar, M. Levy, E. Mason, and E. Machu (2015) Do Sardinella aurita spawning seasons match local retention patterns in the Senegalese–Mauritanian upwelling region?, Fisheries Oceanography, 24(1), 69-89. 2. Brochier T., P.A. Auger, L. Pecquerie, M. Thiaw, E, Machu, B.C. Mbaye, C.B. Braham, O. Ettahiri, N. Charouki, P. Brehmer (2015) Virtual monitoring of small pelagic fish spatial structure dynamics: the case of Sardinella aurita in the Canary Upwelling System, Fish and Fisheries (submitted, ID is FaF-15-Dec-OA-229) 3. Mbaye B. C., E. Machu, V. Echevin, and T. Brochier. Modelling Sardinella aurita spawning habitat and larvae dynamic off Senegalese-Mauritanian upwelling. In prep.
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Dr. Ivonne Montes 1. Vergara, O., B. Dewitte, I. Montes, V. Garçon, M. Ramos, A. Paulmier, and O. Pizarro (2016) Seasonal Variability of the Oxygen Minimum Zone off Peru in a high-resolution regional coupled, Biogeosciences, 13, 4389-4410, doi:10.5194/bg-13-4389-2016. 2. Bettencourt J., C. López, E. Hernández-García, I. Montes, J. Sudre, B. Dewitte, A. Paulmier, and V. Garçon (2015) Boundaries of the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone shaped by coherent mesoscale dynamics, Nature Geoscience, 8 (12), 937-940. 3. Montes, I., B. Dewitte, E. Gutknecht, A. Paulmier, I. Dadou, A. Oschlies, and V. Garçon, (2014) High-resolution modeling of the Eastern Tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zone: Sensitivity to the tropical oceanic circulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oc., 119 (8), 5515-5532. 4. Montes I., W. Schneider, F. Colas and B. Blanke (2011) Subsurface connections in the Eastern Tropical Pacific during La Niña 1999-2001 and El Niño 2002-2003, J. Geophys. Res., 116 (C12022), doi:10.1029/2011JC007624. 5. Montes I., F. Colas, X. Capet, and W. Schneider (2010) On the pathways of the Equatorial Subsurface Currents in the Eastern equatorial Pacific and their contributions to the Peru-Chile Undercurrent, J. Geophys. Res., 115 (C09003), doi:10.1029/2009JC005710.
Dr. Andreas Oschlies 1. Getzlaff, J., H. Dietze, and A. Oschlies (2016) Simulated effects of southern hemispheric wind changes on the Pacific oxygen minimum zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 728–734, doi:10.1002/2015GL066841. 2. Kriest, I. and A. Oschlies (2015) MOPS-1.0: modelling the regulation of the global oceanic nitrogen budget by marine biogeochemical processes, Geoscientific Model Development, 8, 2929-2957, doi:10.5194/gmd-8-2929-2015. 3. Su, B., M. Pahlow, H. Wagner, and A. Oschlies (2015) What prevents nitrogen depletion in the oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical South Pacific?, Biogeosciences, 12, 1113-1130, doi:10.5194/bg-12-1113-2015. 4. Duteil, O., F.U. Schwarzkopf, C.W. Böning, and A. Oschlies (2014) Major role of the equatorial current system in setting oxygen levels in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean: a high-resolution model study, Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 2033-2040. doi:10.1002/2013GL058888. 5. Getzlaff, J., G. Nurser, and A. Oschlies (2012) Diagnostics of diapycnal diffusion in z- level ocean models, Part II: 3-Dimensional OGCM Ocean Modelling, 45-46, 27-36, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.11.006.
Dr. Parv Suntharalingam 1. Suntharalingam, P., Buitenhuis, E., Le Quere, C., Dentener, F., Nevison, C., Butler, J., Bange, H., and Forster, G. (2012) Quantifying the Impact of Anthropogenic Nitrogen Deposition on Oceanic Nitrous Oxide, Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L07605, doi:10.1029/2011GL050778 2-107
2. Thomas, M., P. Suntharalingam, L. Pozzoli, A. Devasthale, S. Kloster, S. Rast, J. Feichter, and T. Lenton (2011) Non-linearity in DMS aerosol-cloud-climate interactions, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 11, 15227-15253. 3. Thomas, M., P. Suntharalingam, L. Pozzoli, S. Rast, S., Devasthale, A., Kloster, S., J. Feichter, and T. Lenton (2010) Quantification of DMS aerosol-cloud-climate interactions using ECHAM5-HAMMOZ model in current climate scenario, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 10, 3087-3187. 4. Suntharalingam, P., Sarmiento, and J. (2000) Factors governing the oceanic nitrous oxide distribution: Simulations with an ocean general circulation model, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14, 429-454.
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Memorandum to: Dr Ed Urban Executive Director
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment Robinson Hall
University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 USA
Kiel, 11 April 2017
Subject: SOLAS support for SCOR Working Group on ‘Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to climate change’
Dear Ed,
With this letter SOLAS expresses strong support for the proposal to establish a SCOR Working Group on ‘Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to climate change’, submitted by Ivonne Montes, Ruben Escribano and others. The proposal is a response to the need for integrating existing knowledge on EBUS to formulate a strategic recommendation white paper for setting up regional observational systems to monitor and understand physical and biogeochemical ocean-atmosphere interactions. This is a frontier issue scientifically and one of the scientific priorities for SOLAS as detailed in the SOLAS 2015- 2015 Science Plan and Organisation. Observational systems will be instrumental in improving the performance and reliability of climate models in these socio-economically relevant regions of the world ocean.
The SOLAS International Project Office (IPO), as you know, has limited financial resources with which it must support activities across the full scope of the SOLAS science plan. As a result, there are insufficient resources available for SOLAS to fund the proposed activity. SOLAS will support the group to the best of its ability, ensure access to the communications and organisational capabilities of the IPO, and help link the Working Group’s activities to other ongoing SOLAS planning activities and scientific meetings. We expect that regular communiqués on the group’s activities can be published via the SOLAS report series and E-news.
The international team assembled for this Working Group is well qualified to carry out its mission and we hope that SCOR will be able to support the proposal. We look forward to this becoming one more area in which SOLAS and SCOR can continue our productive cooperation.
With very best regards,
Dr. Véronique Garçon Dr. Emilie Brévière
Chair, SOLAS Scientific Executive Director,
Committee Steering SOLAS International Project Office
The Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) International Project Office
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany Tel: +49 431 600 4153 | [email protected] | www.solas-int.org 2-109
Integrated Marine Biosphere Research
www.imber.info
Robinson Hall, University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 USA
Dr. Ed Urban Executive Director 15 April 2017 Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research College of Earth, Ocean and Environment
Dear Ed,
I am writing to confirm that IMBeR strongly supports the proposal for a SCOR Working Group on ‘’Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to climate change”, which would be co-chaired by Ivonne Montes, a physical oceanographer working at the Instituto Geofisico del Perú, and Rubén Escribano, a biological oceanographer at the University of Concepción, Chile.
The objectives of EBUS, to synthesise, compare, make accessible and recommend future observational and modelling approaches to monitor and understand the physical and biogeochemical feedbacks occurring in eastern boundary upwelling systems align well with the IMBeR research goal as outlined in the Science Plan and Implementation Strategy (2016- 2025). In particular, this includes the IMBeR objectives to improve the quantitative understanding of ocean variability and change in order to provide the basis for scenarios, projections and predictions of the future, and to enable the acquisition and provision of evidence-based advice for marine managers, policy makers and other end-users for sustainable marine governance. IMBeR also has a commitment to supporting early career researchers, so we would be particularly pleased to link the EBUS summer school participants with our Early Career Network of socio-ecologists, which developed from our own series of biennial ClimEco summer schools.
If funded, IMBeR will support the SCOR working group in terms of ensuring networking opportunities within the IMBeR community, for example through collaboration with the CLIVAR/SOLAS/IMBeR upwelling Working Group, and access to the logistical and organizational expertise of the IMBeR International and Regional Project Offices in Bergen and Shanghai. The interdisciplinary activities of the IMBeR Human Dimensions and Continental Margins Working Groups would be a particular source of expertise for the EBUS socio-economic exercise.
We look forward to the opportunity to work closely with this potential new SCOR Working Group.
IMBeR International Project Office (IPO) Chair: Carol Robinson Institute of Marine Research Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes School of Environmental Sciences University of 5817 Bergen East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
Norway Tel: +44 1603 593174
Tel: +47 953 65 708 E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
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Yours sincerely,
Dr. Carol Robinson
Chair, IMBeR Scientific Steering Committee
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2.2.3 International Network for the Study of How Organisms Respond to Environmental change (INSHORE) Miloslavich
Proposal for a SCOR Working Group to form the International Network for the Study of How Organisms Respond to Environmental change
Acronym: INSHORE
Abstract
Climate change and ocean acidification are the greatest global threats facing the world’s ecosystems, significantly altering the structure and functioning of coastal systems around the globe1,2. The financial cost of not undertaking adaptive management in coastal areas is estimated at $1 trillion by 21003. In this era of unprecedented anthropogenic pressures, limitations in basic and applied knowledge on the distribution of organisms, and the paucity of multiple stressor research programmes impedes our ability to predict change and responsibly manage coastal systems.
INSHORE will use an interdisciplinary approach to understand and predictively model responses of ecosystem engineer species, including commercially farmed and Non-Indigenous Species to climate change and ocean acidification (OA). The Working Group will focus on ten species of mussels; Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis (Europe), Brachydontes pharaonis (invasive to Mediterranean Europe), Mytilus californianus and Mytilus trossulus (USA), Septifer virgatus (China & Hong Kong), Perna viridis (China & Hong Kong), Mytilopsis sallei (invasive to Hong Kong), Perna perna (South Africa) and Mytilus chilensis (Chile).
The Working Group objective is to develop an integrative framework and modelling tool that can be applied internationally to coastal marine ecosystems. This will be achieved by 1) creating a global database of relevant ecological, biological and environmental datasets 2) developing a biophysical model framework capable of operating over a range of spatial and temporal scales, 3) publishing a methodological best practice guide 4) hosting targeted workshops and a themed session at an international conference to engage the coastal research community in an integrated scientific approach.
Scientific Background and Rationale Global climate change is now the milieu within which all biological, ecological and socio- ecological interactions must be positioned. Understanding and predicting impacts of climate change and OA on the physiology, abundance and distribution of species have been highlighted as a ‘grand challenge’ for physiologists worldwide4, with a recognized need amongst the international research community to understand the organism’s role in organism–environment linkages and how organisms respond to change.
The importance of a quantitative understanding of biological and physiological impacts of global climate change and OA, and resultant changes to distributions and abundances of species
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within the marine environment is clear, with an emphasis on predicting “winners” and “losers” among commercially, ecologically and culturally important species. Understanding how these stressors will alter resilience and sustainability of ecosystems is a priority for marine scientists working across molecular to ecosystem scales.
Species and ecosystems respond to stressors via multivariate changes in abiotic conditions and biotic interactions across a range of spatial and temporal scales, yet this is under-represented within current research programmes. Analyses of ecological responses to climate change are frequently communicated in generalized terms such as 'poleward range shifts', with drivers represented as trends in long-term averages across large spatial scales5,6, however, decadal-scale increases in mean climate are not the proximate drivers of organismal survival. Instead, vulnerability is through mortality or sub-lethal performance; species’ distributions respond more directly to shorter-term variation in environmental conditions including extreme 'climatic' events and anomalies7. Consequently, predictions may have little relevance for individual species, nor be appropriate for ecosystem status assessments at local to regional scales. In stark contrast, due to inherent difficulties in studying impacts within natural systems, research into ocean acidification has focused on detailed physiological- and organismal-scale experiments conducted in controlled mesocosms or natural experimental areas, although there is a recognized need for larger scale approaches.
Small-scale physiological studies provide yardsticks to gauge the sensitivity of organisms to changes in their environment, but their applicability to observable patterns in nature is difficult to assess due to the often single-species approach taken, and discipline-specific narrow focus adopted. Importantly, the stressors of greatest concern resulting from changing climatic conditions, temperature and ocean acidification frequently interact with one another and with other non-climatic stressors, subsequently altering sublethal responses for a species9. To avoid potential misinterpretations we propose that expectations of how climate and OA are likely to affect ecologically important species should be based on ecologically-functional trait-based metrics over appropriate spatio-temporal scales10-12. Such predictions should emphasize how multiple stressors interact to drive local-scale processes, and acknowledge the importance of biological responses and interactions in determining patterns of vulnerability over multiple spatio-temporal scales.
INSHORE will employ a multidisciplinary approach, integrating analyses of functional mechanisms and ecological processes with climatic and ocean chemistry data to provide realistic insights into the effects of global change on marine biological systems. We will scale up from organismal to biogeographic processes, identifying biological mechanisms underpinning the responses of ecosystem engineer species to climate change and OA, and link organism physiological performance to changes in population abundances and productivity. INSHORE will develop a dynamic energy budget model (DEB) and associated mechanistic species distribution model (SDM), and produce a methodological best practice guide for data collection and analysis to enhance our understanding of the most important and appropriate aspects of the responses of ecologically and commercially important coastal marine species to global change. INSHORE will focus on species of mussel to assist with future management objectives, and progress the ability to predict invasions of pest species in coastal areas across the globe. 2-113
Scientists cannot account for every possible combination of environmental conditions when forecasting ecological responses to global change. Our central tenet is to determine what comprises an appropriate test of model skill and stationarity, meaning that models constructed from contemporary observations can effectively predict responses under future, often novel, environments. To be effective, forecasts need to capture bio/eco-logically relevant stressor metrics10-19, over appropriate spatio-temporal scales (10-100 km) applicable to the scientific research agenda and national and international policy drivers.
INSHORE will review existing climate and OA models alongside published experimental research and methodologies for climate change and ocean acidification experiments and studies for rocky intertidal systems. From this review and expert knowledge within the group a best practice guide to designing and carrying out experimental and observational studies to deliver fit-for-purpose data for use in multiple stressor modeling will be prepared and submitted for publication in PLOS Biology.
We will integrate detailed information on the mechanistic biology of species from experimental studies with molecular, physiological and ecological data, biogeographical time-series and environmental datasets using DEB and SDM models, sensu15. The DEB will use these data to simultaneously estimate impacts of temperature and pH on physiological performance, and the SDM will generate predictions of the impacts on the future biogeographic distributions of the target species. SDM outputs will be created at a regional scale (100s km) within areas of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans for which physiological, ecological, biogeographical and environmental data exist.
Rocky intertidal systems provide a highly tractable, data-rich system in which to develop and test such models. An important component of coastal habitats globally, they underpin both benthic and pelagic food webs, represent an important carbon pathway and support many species of both commercial and conservation value. The rocky intertidal also represents some of the most extreme and dynamic habitats in the marine realm. Organisms inhabiting this highly variable system are subject to high selection pressure arising from diurnal, seasonal and interannual fluctuations in environmental drivers and biological interactions and are at high risk from multiple human-induced pressures, exhibiting some of the fastest responses to global change in any natural system.12,18,19
INSHORE comprise a multidisciplinary team of researchers with international track records on impacts of climate change and OA on marine species. Expertise spans time-series data collection and analysis (Mieszkowska, Krueger-Hadfield, Russell, Lima), biogeography, macroecology and population ecology (Mieszkowska, Helmuth, Harley, Williams, McQuaid, Broitman, Fawzi, Chan, Christopholetti), physiological experimentation (Russell, Sarà, Williams, Dong, McQuaid, Kroeker, Rilov) and modelling (Sarà, Helmuth, Williams, Mieszkowska), dynamic energy budget modeling (Sará, Helmuth, Williams), climate and OA modelling impacts modeling (Broitman, Helmuth, Lima, Fawzi, Harley). Some members have previously collaborated and published together as evidenced by the cited research in this proposal.
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A SCOR Working Group grant will provide a unique mechanism by which world-leading researchers with complementary cross-cutting, multi-disciplinary expertise can develop a novel, standardized multidisciplinary approach to research on multiple stressor impacts. This scope does not fall within the remit of national research council funding, given the variety of biological, spatial and temporal scales at which such questions need to be addressed. The wide geographical spread of expertise and datasets, and the global distribution of rocky intertidal systems far exceeds geographical boundaries defining existing regional or bi-national funding schemes (e.g. NSF, EU Horizons 2020).
The proposed topic of advancing climate change and OA impacts research via an integrated, international approach is timely given the major findings of the 2014 IPCC Report on Impacts, 22 Adaptation and Vulnerability that CO2 emissions are driving unprecedented changes in global marine climate and ocean pH, and may be ‘irreversible in terms of possible futures’. This knowledge gap with respect to marine ecosystems will be addressed within the sixth IPCC Assessment Report, involving contributions from the Working Group team, and is also identified within the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Given these needs, this Working Group could be instrumental in leading a global, standardized approach to detecting, quantifying and predicting the impacts of climate change and OA on marine systems.
Terms of Reference INSHORE will pursue the following terms of reference:
1. Disseminate the Working Group activities and outputs via development of a website with associated blog and Twitter account; hosting targeted sessions on multiple-stressor impacts research at major international meetings to increase awareness and engage scientists from multiple countries with the need for a standardized, multi-disciplinary approach to address this complex problem. 2. Create a web-based platform of relevant biogeographical, ecological, biological and environmental datasets held by, and accessible to the group. 3. Review existing climate models and ecological, biological and physiological experimental research into climate change and ocean acidification to develop a best practice for integrated multiple stressor research protocols. These best-practice approaches will consolidate the international research effort into marine climate change and provide standard protocols by which scientists new to this research field can produce comparable, robust data across research groups and nations. 4. Produce a best practice methodology and a case study output for the region of each Working Group member using the multiple stressor model. 5. Develop and test a next generation multiple stressor impacts model using existing time- series, experimental and environmental datasets collated in ToR 2.
Working plan
(1) Form an international Working Group with expertise in physical, ecological, and physiological sciences, to develop a Dynamic Energy Budget model and associated mechanistic Species Distribution Model for ten species of commercial or invasive priority for coastal 2-115
systems globally. The DEB model will calculate organismal performance across thermal and OA environments, and the results will be input into the mechanistic SDM, which will model current distributions and forecast future impacts of climate change and OA.
(2) Tailor these models to the target species. The group will utilize their extensive collection of scientific and monitoring datasets, and those collected by the wider global research community including data repositories (e.g. ICES, PICES, OBIS, EMODnet, Redmap) and time-series such as the UK MarClim (Mieszkowska) and Pacific PISCO dataset (Broitman) and the NOAA Mussel Watch data to create a dataset of biogeographic distributions, traits, lifecycle and population dynamics for the target species. Data will be entered into a purpose-built database and used to derive best practice methodologies and to develop the models for all ten target species.
(3) Based on the outcomes from (2) the climate impacts modeling experts in the Working Group and Associate Members will lead a review of existing global change impacts models with input on novel methodologies and parameters necessary to develop next-generation predictive models provided by the Working Group and Associate experts.
(5) A Dynamic Energy Budget Model will be run for each of the ten target species, incorporating species-specific physiological performances and tolerances, and data on distributional range shifts and abundances. DEB outputs will be integrated with the IPCC AR-5 scenario climate models input into mechanistic Species Distribution Models. These will provide quantitative assessments of the future biogeographic distributions, and identify areas within the species ranges where the species will become highly vulnerable to climate change and OA.
(6) The SDM model outputs will be designed at spatio-temporal scales relevant to policy and management drivers including OSPAR Regions, EU Regional Seas and Marine Protected Areas (e.g. Australian Representative Network of MPAs, UK Marine Conservation Zones, EU MPA Network) and disseminated via the INSHORE website and direct communication from Working Group members to policymakers via existing science-policy groups such as the UK Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership, Australian National Climate Change Research Facility).
Understanding the impacts of climate change and OA on core ecological processes is an essential first step to mitigating their influence on ecosystem functioning, productivity and carbon sequestration, safeguarding species and communities, and adapting to changes in biodiversity and ecosystem service provision11,24. INSHORE will work closely with SNCBs providing fit-for-purpose data informing national marine policies. Outputs will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and press releases via Research Councils of the partner nations and partner institutes. Knowledge exchange workshops, IPCC, and MCCIP report cards will communicate the findings to policy makers and NGOs, with public engagement via national citizen science projects on which Working Group members are PIs or collaborators (e.g., the UK Capturing Our Coast Project).
The INSHORE imeline is detailed in Table 1. The first Working Group meeting will be held in January 2018 at the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, UK. Co-Chair Mieszkowska will host the four-day workshop, with venue costs covered as an 'in-kind' contribution. The existing
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DEB model for Mytilus galloprovincialis will be showcased and the Working Group will test and validate the model using the metadatabase collated by the Working Group prior to this meeting (ToR 5, Deliverable 5).
The second Working Group meeting will be a three-day workshop and themed session held at the 'Twelfth International Temperate Reefs Symposium’, January 2019 in Hong Kong and organized by Co-Chair Williams, from the conference host institute the University of Hong Kong, who will cover venue costs as an 'in kind' contribution. The workshop and themed session will be open to students from University of Hong Kong, SWIRE Institute of Marine Science and other conference participants. This meeting will involve presentations of working group members’ research activities and launch of a website (Term of Reference 1, Deliverables 1,2), the construction and population of a meta-database of relevant biogeographical, ecological, biological and environmental datasets (ToR 2, Deliverable 3), a review of existing climate models (ToR 3, Deliverable 4) and a best practice guide for climate change and OA impacts research drafted (ToR 4, Deliverable 4). Presentations on the state of climate impacts modeling and availability of datasets for climate and OA at ocean basin, national and regional scales will be given by Broitman, Helmuth, Lima, Kroeker, Harley, Fawzi, Lundquist and Mieszkowska who are world- leaders in this field. Ecological responses to multiple stressors will be presented by Williams, Krueger-Hadfield, Harley, McQuaid, Helmuth, Chan and Christofolettii. Williams, McQuaid, Dong, Sarà, Rilov and Mieszkowska will present work on molecular and physiological multiple stressors. Working Group discussions will include datasets to be incorporated into the new models and a time-line for remote participation and delivery of data to the modelers. An early career workshop will be held by the group alongside the Working Group workshop to allow international students and early career researchers to learn about the development of these new models, and potential applications to their own ecosystems and research.
Between workshops two and three the review manuscript of the status of the research field into climate change and OA impacts on ecosystem engineer species will be written by the Working Group using cloud file sharing and virtual group working methods successfully employed by some members for previous publications.
A third workshop will be held in January 2020 at the Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Chile, hosted by Working Group member Broitman. The DEB and SDM models will be run for all ten target species, with an extensive QA process carried out for each model by the relevant experts within the Working Group. Model runs will be carried out at regional scales relevant to invasive species management strategies and harvesting of commercial species. Manuscripts will be written on DEB and SDM models for submission to open access journals by the end of 2020 (Deliverable 6).
Deliverables The Working Group will provide a mechanistic approach to understanding how coastal marine species of ecological and commercial value and/or invasive concern will respond to climate change and ocean acidification. This will develop new, biologically realistic predictions based on existing time-series and physiological data from the ICES community and high resolution (10-100 kilometers) environmental data. 2-117
Specific outputs:
1) Launch a website and Twitter account providing information on project activities, model outputs and links to related ICES activities. 2) Present Working Group expertise in climate change and OA research and promote ongoing activities of the Working Group at international scientific meetings. 3) Create a database of biological and environmental datasets for use in developing and the best practice guide (4) and testing the DEB and SDM models (5). 4) Publish a review of existing climate models alongside a best practice guide of the multidisciplinary, integrated methodological approach to next generation multiple stressor profiling modeling in the open-access journal PLOS One. 5) Develop novel DEB models and mechanistic SDMs and make the codes available to the international marine research community. 6) Publish model codes and outputs in international journals including open-access journals (e.g., Ecological Modelling, Global Change Biology, PLOS Biology) highlighting the roles of climate and ocean acidification in shaping and changing ecosystem engineer and commercially important species. 7) Provide project outputs to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report and governmental policy bodies for implementation in international policy drivers including OSPAR and MSFD via existing science-policy knowledge exchange roles of the team.
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Table 1. Timeline of proposed INSHORE Working Group activities
19 18 18 19 18 18 19 18 18 19 19 ‐ 18 18 ‐ ‐ 19 18 19 18 ‐ ‐ 19 18 19 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 19 18 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Jan Sep Oct Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Jan Dec Nov Sep Oct Feb Mar Apr May Activity Deliverable Jun Jul Aug Website & Twitter 1 Workshop 1 Plymouth 2 Database construction 3 Database population 3 Review of existing research 4 Best Practice Gide developed 4 Development of DEB models 5 Development of SDM models 5 Workshop 2 Hong Kong 2 Early Career Workshop Hong Kong 2 Validation & testing of models 5 Workshop 3 Coquimbo Chile 2 Manuscripts writing 6 2-119
Capacity Building
Understanding responses to climate change and ocean acidification requires the study of organisms at multiple levels of biological organization, from organismal physiology, population dynamics to species distributions. This integrated approach requires a multi-disciplinary research programme integrating global experts in physiological, ecological, experimental, monitoring and modelling disciplines.
The INSHORE Working Group membership encompasses researchers from developing nations (Chile, South Africa, China, Iraq) and associate members from Brasil, Israel and Taiwan. INSHORE comprises ten Working Group members and five Associate members spanning early to mid-career international researchers (Mieszkowska, Krueger-Hadfield, Broitman, Harley, Russell, Sarà, Dong, Kroeker, Lima), and international experts in global change biology running research institutes and university departments (Helmuth, Williams, McQuaid, Fawzi).
The membership of leading scientists in global change impacts spans all major continents to ensure an international scope for the exchange of knowledge, data and expertise. The range of expertise from molecular genetics through physiology, biology, ecology to climate modeling will ensure exchange of knowledge and skills between participants and nations. SCOR Working Group funding would allow the individual members to foster long-term collaborative working relationships, and increase this collaborative research base to the wider Working Group and Associate Group members. The SCOR funding would facilitate exchange of skills and expertise across developed and developing nations that would not be possible under other existing funding opportunities (e.g., research council or regional networking grants), and establish long- term collaborative links across the globe.
The group will present their contributions to an integrated multiple-stressor research perspective at the Eleventh International Temperate Reefs Symposium in Hong Kong, and host workshops to develop the integrated methodology and associated multiple stressor profiling model in Hong Kong, Chile, the UK and China. The Hong Kong conference will be attended by PICES and ICES member nation researchers, ensuring an international scientific audience, as well as the international science-policy community via the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO). This global science-policy meeting is a high-profile venue for the dissemination of the Working Group’s activities and best practice integrated research programme. Students attending this conference will be invited to interact with the global Working Group during an early career workshop that the Working Group will hold at this event.
Working Group members will give presentations on this project at their host universities and associated research laboratories. These dissemination activities will promote the INSHORE project to the benthic research communities and early-career scientists and students associated with the Working Group members and workshop host institutes in South and North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia.
An INSHORE project website will be set up with an associated blog and Twitter account to provide continuous dissemination of project activities and outputs, including the DEB and SDM
2-120 model methodologies and codes and the best practice guide that will be promoted as an integrated standard approach within the global change research community. The website will be linked to the SCOR website and all Working Group and Associate Member laboratory websites. This will provide a lasting, open access record of achievements and activities, and facilitate exchange and sharing of experimental approaches developed across member countries.
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Working Group composition Full Members
Name Gender Place of work Expertise relevant to proposal 1 Nova Mieszkowska Female Research Fellow, Marine CoChair. PI, MarClim; most spatio-temporally Biological Association of extensive intertidal species time-series globally. the UK Macroecological responses to multiple stressors. Mesocosm and field experimental physiology; responses to climate, OA, nutrients. PI national research grants on climate change and OA impacts on marine biodiversity. 2 Gray Williams Male Director, The SWIRE CoChair. 20+year experience in tropical intertidal Institute of Marine ecology: field and laboratory approaches to Science, University of physiological responses and impacts on local and Hong Kong regional community dynamics. Large-scale latitudinal projects in Japan, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore. 3 Brian Helmuth Male Director, Sustainability Ecological forecasting, physiological mechanistic Science and Policy responses to climate, thermal engineering Initiative. technology, mathematical modeling. Species Distribution Modelling. Biomechanical modeling. Professor, College of Science, Northeastern University, USA 4 Bernardo Broitman Male Director, Centro de Community ecology, responses of coastal Estudios Avanzados en organisms to climate. Environmental modelling, Zonas Aridas, Santiago, coastal oceanography. PI most extensive coastal Chile observation network on the Southeast Pacific. Deputy Director, MUSELS multiple stressor Associate Professor, research centre. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Catolica del Norte, Chile. 5 Stacy Krueger-Hadfield Female Assistant Professor, Intertidal population dynamics, Seascape University of Alabama at genetics, microgeographic structure, connectivity Birmingham, USA of populations across biogeographic scales, invasive species. 6 Christopher McQuaid Male Chair of Zoology and Substantial track record in ecology of benthic SARCHI Research Chair ecosystems, species interactions, invasive in Marine Biology, species, climate change. Importance of multiple Rhodes University, South stressors through multiple spatial scale Africa experiments. 7 Gianluca Sará Male Associate Professor, Experimental estimation of functional traits under Department of Earth and multiple stressors to feed Dynamic Energy Budget Marine Science, models assessing life-history traits of bentho- University of Palermo, demersal organisms. Italy 8 Chris Harley Male Associate Professor, Impacts of climate and OA on coastal ecology. Department of Zoology, Physiological responses of intertidal invertebrates University of British and macroalgae. Columbia, Canada 9 Yunwei Dong Male Professor, State Key Physiological and molecular (transcriptomics, Laboratory of proteomics) responses of intertidal invertebrates Environmental Science, to multiple stressors. Xiamen University, China Female Head of Department, Impacts of anthropogenic stressors on coastal 10 Nadia Al-Mudaffar Biological and at Marine ecosystems. Eutrophication & water quality Fawzi Science Centre, research programme. University of Basra, Iraq
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Associate Members
Name Gender Place of work Expertise relevant to proposal 1 Fernando Lima Male Centro de Biogeography of intertidal Investigação em organisms, climatic Biodiversidade e reconstruction and analysis, 2 Kristy Kroeker Female R UC Santa Cruz, OAd impacts lli on marine USA invertebrates. Forecasting and managing the emergent effects of 3 Ronaldo Male Instituto do Trophicilhi interactions within Christofolettii Mar, intertidal ecosystems. Universidade 4 Benny Chan Male Principal Intertidal, supply-side and Scientist & larval ecology, biogeography Associate of tropical intertidal Professor, invertebrates. 5 Gil Rilov Male Senior Scientist, Community biodiversity, National biogeography, benthic-pelagic Institute of coupling Multiple stressor 6 Bayden Russell Male Associate Experimental assessment of Professor, physiological changes and University of resultant ecosystem functioning 7 Carolyn Lundquist Female HK National Institute BenthicdCO ecology. Invertebratehh of Water and larval dispersal. Restoration of Atmospheric shellfish habitats. RhN
Working Group Contributions
Mieszkowska. International track record spanning biogeographical to molecular impacts of global change on intertidal species and ecosystems. PI and primary data collector of world- leading UK MarClim Project and New Zealand, Australian and Icelandic sister projects with associated extensive experimental mesocosm and field datasets for physiological impacts of multiple stressors.
Williams. Established the first trans-Chinese field time-series of biophysical and environmental sensor network within rocky intertidal habitats, leads internationally renowned SWIRE Institute research programme into multiple stressor impacts on intertidal systems.
Helmuth. World leader in thermal engineering, energetics and bioclimate research using intertidal ecosystems as a testbed for NASA- and NSF-funded climate modeling projects. Leads biophysical experimental latitudinal research projects along Atlantic coastline of USA.
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Broitman. Internationally acclaimed bioclimate modeler, PI of most extensive Pacific intertidal time-series dataset, PI of Chilean research programme into multiple stressor impacts on marine systems.
Krueger-Hadfield. International research profile on population connectivity and marine ecosystem resilience, seascape genetics, biogeographic distributions of native and invasive species.
McQuaid. South African National Research Foundation ‘A rated’ researcher with a global profile in environmental impacts on intertidal systems, McQuaid has held posts including Director of the Southern Ocean Group (SOG) at Rhodes University for 20 years, South African Research Chair (SARChI) in Marine Ecosystem Research at Rhodes University. Holds extensive datasets for South African intertidal.
Sará. Developed dynamic energy budget models that have been adopted as the international standard for coastal marine invertebrate species. IPCC AR5 national reviewer and research co- ordinator for Italian-Asian binational research networks.
Harley. Leading expert in field experimental research into impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on species physiology and ecology, community structure and functioning.
Dong. Driving cutting-edge physiological and molecular techniques for application to mechanistic research into responses of marine intertidal species to environmental stress. Leading the Chinese research drive into climate change impacts.
Fawzi. Leading authority in Iraq for water quality and impacts on coastal ecosystems. Heads research efforts into eutrophication and pollution research in the Persian Gulf system.
Relationship to other international programmes and SCOR Working Groups
INSHORE will link to existing international working groups and research networks via the proposed Working Group and Associate members. This will ensure wider knowledge exchange, continued dialogue and ensure complementarity without overlap between the various networks. These include:
GRIEN Global Rocky Intertidal Ecology Network that involves field monitoring of intertidal biodiversity and environmental parameters, led by Dr Gil Rilov and involving Working Group members Mieszkowska, Williams, Helmuth, Sará, Harley and McQuaid. Ocean Acidification Network led by Dr Kristy Kroeker and involving Working Group members Russell and Harley. Millennium Nucleus Center for the study of multiple-drivers on marine socio-ecological systems - MUSELS, investigating the effects of environmental and socioeconomic drivers on the shellfish farming industry both in northern and southern Chile, PI Working Group
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member Broitman.
INSHORE will establish links to the SCOR WG149 Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS) to continue the theme of multiple stressor impacts on the global oceans within the SCOR Network and the wider international research community.
Key References
1. Pew Research Centre (2015). http://www.pewglobal.org/2015/07/14/climate-change- seen-as- top-global-threat/ 2. World Economic Forum (2016). Global Risks Report 2016 11th Edition. Geneva. Pp103 3. Kollipara (2014) Science Magazine http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/12/climate- change- could-cost-us-coasts-1-trillion-2100 4. Mykles, D.L. et al. (2010). Grand challenges in comparative physiology: integration across disciplines and across levels of biological organization. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 50(1), pp.6-16. 5. Burrows, M.T. et al. (2014). Geographical limits to species-range shifts are suggested by climate velocity. Nature, 507(7493), 492-495. 6. Wethey, D.S. et al. (2011). Response of intertidal populations to climate: Effects of extreme events versus long term change. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 400, 132-144. 7. Mieszkowska N. et al. 2014. Multidecadal signals within co-occuring intertidal barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Chthamalus spp. linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. J. Mar. Systems 133, 70-76. 8. Russell, B.D. et al. (2009). Synergistic effects of climate change and local stressors: CO2 and nutrient-driven change in subtidal rocky habitats. Global Change Biol. 15, 2153. 9. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et. al. (2007). Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science, 318(5857), 1737-1742. 10. Jentsch, A. et al. (2007). A new generation of climate-change experiments: events, not trends. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5, 365. 11. Helmuth, B. et al. (2010). Organismal climatology: analyzing environmental variability at scales relevant to physiological stress. J. Exp. Biol. 213(6), 995-1003. 12. Mieszkowska, N. et al. (2006). Changes in the range of some common rocky shore species in Britain - a response to climate change? Hydrobiologia 555, 241-251. 13. Craig, R.K., (2010). Stationarity is dead – long live transformation: five principles for climate change adaptation law. Harvard Environmental Law Review 34, 9. 14. Dong, Y. W., & Williams, G. A. (2011). Variations in cardiac performance and heat shock protein expression to thermal stress in two differently zoned limpets on a tropical rocky shore. Marine Biology 158(6), 1223-1231. 15. Sarà, G. et al. (2013). Parameterisation of bivalve functional traits for mechanistic eco- physiological dynamic energy budget (DEB) models. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 480, 99-117. 16. Russell, B.D. et al. (2013). Ocean acidification and rising temperatures may increase biofilm primary productivity but decrease grazer consumption: evidence from a mesocosm experiment. Phil. Trans. B 368, 1627. 2-125
17. Mieszkowska, N. et al. 2013. Dynamic species distribution models from categorical survey data. Journal of Animal Ecology 82(6) 1215-1226. 18. Harley, C.D.G. et al. (2012). Effects of climate change on global seaweed communities. Journal of Phycology 48, 1064-1078. 19. Broitman, B.R. et al. (2008). Climate and recruitment of rocky shore intertidal invertebrates in the eastern North Atlantic. Ecology 89(11 Suppl), S81–90. 20. Blanchette, C. et al. (2008). Biogeographical patterns of rocky intertidal communities along the Pacific coast of North America. J. Biogeography 35(9), 1593–1607. 21. Helmuth, B. et al. (2006). Living on the edge of two changing worlds: forecasting the impacts of climate change on rocky intertidal ecosystems. Ann. Review Ecology Systematics Evolution 37: 373-404. 22. IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report.
Appendix 1 Five key publications per Working Group Member (author and co-authors who are also WG members highlighted in bold):
Mieszkowska
1. Mieszkowska, N. & Sugden, H. (2016). Climate-Driven Range Shifts Within Benthic Habitats Across a Marine Biogeographic Transition Zone. Advances in Ecological Research 55: 325- 369. 2. Mieszkowska N., Burrows M., Pannacciulli, F. & Hawkins, S.J. (2014). Multidecadal signals within co-occuring intertidal barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Chthamalus spp. linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. 10.1016/j.jmarsys.201211008. 3. Mieszkowska, N., Sugden, H. Firth, L. & Hawkins, S.J. (2014). The role of sustained observations in tracking impacts of environmental change on marine biodiversity and ecosystems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, in press. 4. Mieszkowska, N., Milligan, G., Burrows, M.T., Freckleton, R. & Spencer, M. (2013). Dynamic species distribution models from categorical survey data. Journal of Animal Ecology 82(6) 1215-1226. 5. Mieszkowska, N., Kendall, M.A., Hawkins, S.J., Leaper, R., & A.J. Southward (2006). Changes in the range of some common rocky shore species in Britain - a response to climate change? Hydrobiologia 555: 241-251.
Williams
1. Ng, T.P., Cheng, M.C., Ho, K.K., Lui, G.C., Leung, K.M. & Williams, G.A. (2017). Hong Kong’s rich marine biodiversity: the unseen wealth of South China’s megalopolis. Biodiversity and Conservation 26(1), pp.23-36. 2. Giomi, F., Mandaglio, C., Ganmanee, M., Han, G.D., Dong, Y.W., Williams, G.A. and
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Sarà, G. (2016). The importance of thermal history: costs and benefits of heat exposure in a tropical, rocky shore oyster. Journal of Experimental Biology 219(5), pp. 686-694. 3. Cartwright, S.R. & Williams, G.A. (2014). How hot for how long? The potential role of heat intensity and duration in moderating the beneficial effects of an ecosystem engineer on rocky shores. Marine Biology 161(9), pp.2097-2105. 4. Marshall, D. J., Dong, Y. W., McQuaid, C.D., & Williams, G.A. (2011). Thermal adaptation in the intertidal snail Echinolittorina malaccana contradicts current theory by revealing the crucial roles of resting metabolism. The Journal of experimental biology, 214(21), 3649-3657. 5. Dong, Y.W., & Williams, G.A. (2011). Variations in cardiac performance and heat shock protein expression to thermal stress in two differently zoned limpets on a tropical rocky shore. Marine Biology, 158(6), 1223-1231.
Helmuth
1. Kroeker K.J., Sanford, E., Rose, J.M., Blanchette, C.A., Chan, F., Chavez, F.P., Gaylord, B., Helmuth, B., Hill, T.M., Hofmann, G.E., McManus, M.A., Menge, B.A., Nielsen, K.J., Raimondi, P.T., Russell, A.D. & Washburn, L. (2016). Interacting environmental mosaics drive geographic variation in mussel performance and predation vulnerability. Ecology letters DOI: 10.1111/ele.12613. 2. Matzelle, A., Sará, G., Montalto, V., Zippay, M. Trussell, G.C. & Helmuth, B. (2015). A biogenergeticks framework for integrating the effects of multiple stressors: opening a ‘black box’ in climate change research. American Malacological Bulletin 33(1):150-160. 3. Mislan, K. A. S., Helmuth, B., & Wethey, D. S. (2014). Geographical variation in climatic sensitivity of intertidal mussel zonation. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 4. Helmuth, B., Broitman, B.R., Yamane, L., Gilman, S.E., Mach, K., Mislan, K.A.S., & Denny, M. W. (2010). Organismal climatology: analyzing environmental variability at scales relevant to physiological stress. The Journal of experimental biology, 213(6), 995- 1003. 5. Helmuth, B., Mieszkowska, N., Moore, P., & Hawkins, S.J. (2006). Living on the edge of two changing worlds: forecasting the responses of rocky intertidal ecosystems to climate change. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37: 373-404.
Broitman
1. Broitman, B.R. Halpern, B.S., Gelcich, M.A., Lardies, S., Vargas, C.A., Vásquez-Lavín, F. Widdicombe, S. & Birchenough, S.N.R (2017) Dynamic interactions among boundaries and the expansion of sustainable aquaculture. Frontiers in Marine Science 4(15) doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00015 2. Aravena, G., Broitman, B.R. & Stenseth, N.C. (2014) Twelve years of change in coastal upwelling along the Central-Northern coast of Chile: Spatially heterogeneous responses to climatic variability. PLoS ONE 9(2): e90276. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090276 3. Valdivia, N., A.E. Gonzalez, A.E., Manzur, T. & Broitman, B.R. (2013) Mesoscale variation of mechanisms contributing to stability in rocky shore communities. PLoS 2-127
ONE 8(1) e54159. 4. Broitman, B.R., Szathmary, P.L., Mislan, K., Blanchette, C., & Helmuth, B. (2009). Predator-prey interactions under climate change: the importance of habitat vs body temperature.Oikos, 118(2), 219–224. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17075.x 5. Broitman, B.R., Mieszkowska, N., Helmuth, B., & Blanchette, C. (2008). Climate and recruitment of rocky shore intertidal invertebrates in the eastern North Atlantic. Ecology, 89(11 Suppl), S81–90.
Krueger-Hadfield
1. Krueger-Hadfield, S.A., Carmona, G.H., Terada, R., López-Vivas, J.M. & Riosmena- Rodríguez, R., (2016). New Record of the non-Native Seaweed Gracilaria parvispora in Baja California-A Note on Vergara-Rodarte et al.(2016). Cryptogamie, Algologie. 2. Krueger Hadfield, S.A. & Hoban, S.M., 2016. The importance of effective sampling for exploring the population dynamics of haploid–diploid seaweeds. Journal ofPphycology, 52(1), pp.1-9. 3. Krueger-Hadfield, S.A., Roze, D., Correa, J.A., Destombe, C. & Valero, M., 2015. O father where art thou? Paternity analyses in a natural population of the haploid–diploid seaweed Chondrus crispus. Heredity, 114(2), pp.185-194. 4. Krueger Hadfield, S.A., Kübler, J.E. & Dudgeon, S.R., 2013. Reproductive effort of Mastocarpus papillatus (Rhodophyta) along the California coast1. Journal of Phycology, 49(2), pp.271-281. 5. Dudgeon, S., Benes, K.M., Krueger Hadfield, S.A., Kübler, J., Mroz, P. and Slaughter, C.T., 2009. On the use of experimental diets for physiological studies of hydrozoans. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89(01), pp. 83-88.
McQuaid
1. Lathlean, J.A., Seuront, L., McQuaid, C.D., Ng, P.T.P., Zardi, G., Nicastro, K. (2016). Cheating the locals: invasive mussels steal and benefit from the cooling effect of indigenous mussels. PLoS One 11 (3):e0152556.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.oi52556 2. Tagliarolo, M. & McQuaid, C.D. (2016). Field measurements indicate unexpected, serious underestimation of mussel heart rates and thermal tolerance by laboratory studies. PloS one, 11(2), p.e0146341. 3. Baldanzi, S., McQuaid, C.D., Cannicci, S. & Porri, F. (2013). Environmental domains and range-limiting mechanisms: testing the Abundant Centre Hypothesis using Southern African sandhoppers. PLoS ONE 8(1): e54598. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054598 4. Teske, P.R., Zardi , G.I., McQuaid, C.D., Nicastro, K,R. (2013). Two sides of the same coin: extinctions and originations across the Atlantic/Indian Ocean boundary as consequences of the same climate oscillation. Front Biogeogr 5: 48-59 5. Teske, P.R., Papadopoulos, I., Barker, N.P., Beheregaray, L.B. & McQuaid, C.D. (2013). Dispersal barriers and stochastic reproductive success do not explain small-scale genetic structure in a broadcast spawning marine mussel. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 482: 133-140.
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Sarà
1. Giacoletti, A., Maricchiolo, G., Mirto, S., Genovese, L., Umani, M. & Sarà, G. (2017). Functional and energetic consequences of climate change on a predatory whelk. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 189, pp.66-73. 2. Montalto, V., Helmuth, B., Ruti, P.M., Dell’Aquila, A., Rinaldi, A. & Sarà, G. (2016). A mechanistic approach reveals non linear effects of climate warming on mussels throughout the Mediterranean sea. Climatic Change, 139(2), pp.293-306. 3. Montalto, V., Rinaldi, A. & Sarà, G. (2015). Life history traits to predict biogeographic species distributions in bivalves. The Science of Nature, 102(9-10), p.61. 4. Sarà, G., Rinaldi, A., & Montalto, V. (2014). Thinking beyond organism energy use: a trait based bioenergetic mechanistic approach for predictions of life history traits in marine organisms. Marine Ecology. 5. Matzelle, A., Montalto, V., Sarà, G., Zippay, M., & Helmuth, B. (2014). Dynamic Energy Budget model parameter estimation for the bivalve Mytilus californianus: Application of the covariation method. Journal of Sea Research.
Harley
1. Gilbert, B., Tunney, T.D., McCann, K.S., DeLong, J.P., Vasseur, D.A., Savage, V., Shurin, J.B., Dell, A.I., Barton, B.T., Harley, C.D.G., Kharouba, H.M., Kratina, P., Blanchard, J.L., Clements, C., Winder, M., Greig, H.S., & O’Connor, M.I. (2017). A bioenergetics framework for the temperature dependence of trophic interaction strength. Ecology Letters 17(8), pp.902-914. 2. Harley, C.D., Anderson, K.M., Lebreton, C.A.M., MacKay, A., Ayala-Díaz, M., Chong, S.L., Pond, L.M., Maddison, J.H.A., Hung, B.H., Iversen, S.L. and Wong, D.C., 2013. The introduction of Littorina littorea to British Columbia, Canada: potential impacts and the importance of biotic resistance by native predators. Marine Biology, 160(7), pp.1529- 1541. 3. Harley, C. D., Anderson, K. M., Demes, K. W., Jorve, J. P., Kordas, R. L., Coyle, T. A., & Graham, M. H. (2012). Effects of climate change on global seaweed communities. Journal of Phycology, 48(5), 1064-1078. 4. Harley, C.D.G. (2011). Climate change, keystone predation, and biodiversity loss. Science 334:1124-1127. 5. Kordas, R.L., Harley, C.D.G., & O’Connor, M.I. (2011). Community ecology in a warming world: the influence of temperature on interspecific interactions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 400:218-226.
Dong
1. Chen, N., Luo, X., Gu, Y., Han, G., Dong, Y., You, W. & Ke, C., (2016). Assessment of the thermal tolerance of abalone based on cardiac performance in Haliotis discus hannai, H. gigantea and their interspecific hybrid. Aquaculture, 465, pp.258-264. 2. Giomi, F., Mandaglio, C., Ganmanee, M., Han, G.D., Dong, Y.W., Williams, G.A. & 2-129
Sarà, G., 2016. The importance of thermal history: costs and benefits of heat exposure in a tropical, rocky shore oyster. Journal of Experimental Biology, 219(5), pp.686-694. 3. Zhang, S., Han, G. D., & Dong, Y. W. (2014). Temporal patterns of cardiac performance and genes encoding heat shock proteins and metabolic sensors of an intertidal limpet Cellana toreuma during sublethal heat stress. Journal of Thermal Biology. 4. Han, G. D., Zhang, S., Marshall, D. J., Ke, C. H., & Dong, Y. W. (2013). Metabolic energy sensors (AMPK and SIRT1), protein carbonylation and cardiac failure as biomarkers of thermal stress in an intertidal limpet: linking energetic allocation with environmental temperature during aerial emersion. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216(17), 3273-3282. 5. Marshall, D. J., Dong, Y. W., McQuaid, C. D., & Williams, G. A. (2011). Thermal adaptation in the intertidal snail Echinolittorina malaccana contradicts current theory by revealing the crucial roles of resting metabolism. The Journal of experimental biology, 214(21), 3649-3657.
Fawzi
1. Abdul, A., Al-Mudhafer Fawzi, N.A., Alhello, A.A., Al-Saad, H.T. Al-Maarofi, S.S.. (2012). Restoration versus Re-flooding: Mesopotamia Marshlands. Journal of Hydrology Current Research 3: 1-6. 2. Al-M Fawzi,N., Issam N. Fawzi & Hamid Al-Saad, (2010).Examining the condition of Iraq’s water ways and their impact on the water quality of the North-Western Arabian Gulf. World Conference on Middle Eastern Studies in Barcelona, Spain (WOCMES 2010). 3. Al-Saad, H., Al-M.Fawzi, Al-Hello, A. (2008). Is the restoration program working for the Southern Iraqi Marshes? Water quality of Southern Marshes of Iraq, for the year 2008. Environmental Protection Council, Ministry of Health, Iraq. 4. Marsden, I., Wong, C. & Fawzi, N. Al-M. (2001). Assessment of an estuarine amphipod (Paracorophium excavatum) as a bioindicator of a contaminated sediment. The Australian Journal of Ecotoxicology. 5. Ba-Issa, A.A., Fawzi, I.N. & Fawzi, N. Al-M. (1995). Groundwater Pollution in Sanaá Basin. Environmental Protection Council, Ministry of Health, Iraq.
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2.2.4 Expanding Regional Application of Dynamic Ocean Management (ERADOM) Devey
ERADOM
Expanding Regional Application of Dynamic Ocean Management
Prepared by co-chairs:
Alistair Hobday CSIRO, Australia Email: [email protected]
Stephanie Brodie University of California Santa Cruz, USA Email: [email protected]
1. Summary
Oceans are physically and biologically dynamic, yet strategies to manage oceans are often implemented at overly coarse spatiotemporal scales. Dynamic Ocean Management (DOM) is a management strategy that rapidly changes in space and time in response to changes in the ocean and its users. DOM is an emerging field of research that has been demonstrated to have wide application to ocean users around the globe. To date, DOM applications have rapidly expanded across a diverse range of timescales, biota, levels of data availability, and objectives, yet these applications have occurred as independent efforts which has resulted in limited application in regions lacking scientific and management capacity. Given ongoing sustainable ocean use challenges, approaches such as DOM are vital. This proposal aims to synthesize existing DOM applications, identify barriers to DOM implementation in areas with ocean use conflict, and develop a suite of tools to aid implementation of DOM. In addition to open-access primary publications, a major output of ERADOM will be a “How-To Guide” to facilitate implementation of DOM applications, particularly in novel regions. The working group outputs will enhance DOM uptake to minimize ocean conflict in the face of competing social, economic, and ecological objectives. The international experience required is expansive, and a SCOR working group provides the ideal mechanism to achieve our aims.
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2. Scientific Background and Rationale
2.1 Dynamic Ocean Management
Spatial management is one strategy to regulate ocean use and provide protection for vulnerable species and habitats. Traditionally, spatial management options are implemented as a static approach that seek to separate apparently incompatible activities, such as shipping, tourism, petroleum extraction, fisheries, and conservation zones. As an example, static boundaries for conservation purposes often need to encompass very large areas in order to ensure year-round protection for highly mobile and migratory species. With increasing pressure and ocean activities, this may be inefficient as some activities (e.g. fishing, shipping) can be excluded from areas at times when the protection is not needed, as the focal species needing protection is absent (Agardy et al. 2003). Seismic testing, as part of petroleum industries, is another activity that may need to be separated from fishing or tourism activities, but is not a permanent feature of the seascape (Carroll et al. 2016). There is often resistance to placing restrictions on ocean activities that provide significant economic and social benefits - evidence-based scientific solutions are needed to resolve often competing objectives. There is a clear need in both developed and developing economies for scientific development of management tools that offer flexibility and efficiency in ocean management.
Dynamic Ocean Management (DOM) is one such approach that allows management strategies to rapidly change in space and time in response to changes in the ocean and its users (Maxwell et al. 2015). DOM can offer a flexible alternative that allows trade-offs between competing objectives (e.g. harvest or conserve) to be met, and has potential application around the globe (Dunn et al. 2014). To date, the new field of DOM research has covered a diverse range of biota (e.g. from scallops to tuna to turtles (Maxwell et al. 2015)), objectives (e.g. conservation outcomes to industry adaptation to climate variability (e.g. Spillman & Hobday 2014)), spatiotemporal scales (e.g. from real-time observations to seasonal and decadal forecasts (e.g. Tommasi et al. 2017)), and levels of data availability (e.g. data poor to fishery-independent to satellite telemetry (e.g. Hazen et al. 2016)). To realize wider benefits there is a need to develop scientific capability and support for those seeking DOM as a solution to local resource use conflicts.
This need is also particularly urgent as climate change is affecting the distribution of marine activities (e.g. Arctic shipping) and species (e.g. range change). New and more variable environmental conditions are already creating novel challenges for ocean-users and managers (Pecl et al. 2017). DOM offers a strategy to allow ocean-users and managers to adapt to the challenges of a changing ocean. Historically DOM has been implemented on a near real-time basis, but improvements in ocean forecasting on time scales of weeks to decades offer additional opportunities to develop approaches to resolve ocean conflicts (Tommasi et al. 2017). For example, seasonal forecasting of ocean conditions and animal habitats has been used as a decision-support tool in marine industries adapting to climate variability (Hobday et al. 2016).
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There is opportunity to clarify, expand, and integrate more timescales and more applications under the definition of DOM, and as such likely improve future users understanding and uptake of DOM.
2.2 The Challenge
To date, published literature indicates that application of DOM has mostly been in developed nations. While reviews and syntheses on DOM and seasonal forecasting have been published (e.g. Hobday et al. 2014; Lewison et al. 2015; Maxwell et al. 2015), these reviews focus on DOM examples from developed nations. There is currently limited knowledge on if, or what, DOM strategies are appropriate in emerging economies, and how science can support these efforts.
There may be barriers that limit the uptake of DOM across new regions and in developing nations. Although investigation of barriers is required as part of the proposed working group activities, they are likely to include: 1) Knowledge - limited knowledge transfer between researchers and managers/policymakers (Cvitanovic et al. 2015); 2) Fiscal – potential DOM applications are expensive to research and implement (Hobday et al. 2014); 3) Expertise – DOM approaches can be diverse and complex, and difficulties can arise from limited expertise and issues with data (e.g. scarcity, biases, quality) ; 4) Communication - communication between users and managers needs to be possible and occur at timescales relevant to the management approach (e.g. cell phones, printed maps, email, website access).
2.3 The ERADOM initiative
Our vision is to provide a means to increase uptake of DOM globally. To do so we aim to understand and overcome barriers to DOM uptake by identifying and individually addressing the barriers, such as: 1) Knowledge – reviewing how existing DOM applications have become operational, which will inform guidelines on how to increase knowledge transfer and improve operationalization (Objective 1); 2) Fiscal – providing code and guidelines on how to access freely-accessible data sources, thus reducing many of the initial and ongoing costs of DOM (Objectives 2 and 3); 3) Expertise – creating a How-To Guide that provides instructional information on how to develop and apply DOM applications (Objectives 2, 3, and 4); 4) Communication – reviewing existing DOM applications and the levels of communication required to maintain an operational product (Objective 1). We will draw upon the existing knowledge of international partners, and seek to support and encourage implementation DOM in new regions and new applications.
2.4 Why a SCOR working group?
The work proposed here aims to understand the barriers to implementation of dynamic ocean management in areas with ocean use conflict. We seek to enable uptake of DOM by those seeking approaches that complement traditional spatial management approaches, particularly in areas where implementation of extensive static management areas, such as closed areas, will
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lead to considerable social and economic harm. This SCOR effort will bring together an interdisciplinary group of scientists with an established track record in development and application of DOM to unify disparate approaches and tools. A primary goal is to understand the success of existing applications and package the tools to allow wider uptake where useful. To date, perhaps as DOM is an emerging research field, independent efforts have been the norm which limits DOM applications in areas that may have limited capacity. Thus, a primary goal is to develop a “How-To Guide” to explain DOM as a management choice. The breadth of international collaboration proposed here is unique, yet without SCOR funding is unlikely to be realized. We believe the working group deliverables will support enduring DOM uptake, minimize ocean conflict, and support sustainable social, economic, and ecological objectives.
3. Terms of Reference
Objective 1: Review and synthesize the current state of operational ecology, including identifying how existing dynamic ocean management tools have become operational, and to publish the results in a peer-reviewed journal.
Objective 2: Develop a code library that provides freely accessible and easy ways to connect environmental data sets and specific local data sets.
Objective 3: Create a How-To Guide for dynamic ocean management, drawing on the general code library (Objective 2), which encompasses both operational (Objective 1) and research (Objective 4) aspects, and provide this Guide as an online open-access and updatable resource.
Objective 4: Demonstrate the applicability of the How-To Guide by creating case studies of dynamic ocean management in developing nations, including a data poor case study, and publish these case studies in a peer-reviewed journal.
4. Working plan
To deliver Objective 1 we will review and synthesize how existing dynamic ocean management applications transitioned from a research output to an operational tool. An operational tool is one that is ready or being used in a real-time application. The transition from a research output to an operational tool is often an obstacle when attempting to implement DOM. The synthesis will aim to include examples from developing nations and artisanal fisheries. This will help to summarize what formats DOM takes across a broad spectrum of ocean users, and will inform the scope of the proceeding objectives. As a part of this objective we will review levels of stakeholder involvement in planning and implementation of existing DOM applications, and identify barriers to DOM uptake. The synthesis will help new projects plan for and achieve the transition from a research output to an operational product, and ultimately support a greater implementation of DOM. The results of Objective 1 will be published in a peer-reviewed open access journal.
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To deliver Objective 2 we will use the group’s knowledge, experience, skills, and existing code to develop a code library. The code library will focus on ways in which to connect environmental data sets, environmental forecasts, and local data sets, and will be written in R language but can be expanded to include other software (e.g. Matlab, ArcGIS) should the need arise. The code library will be developed in conjunction with Objectives 3 and 4 so as to ensure useful linkages between code, the How-To Guide (Objective 3), and case studies (Objective 4). The code library will be hosted on a freely accessible public platform, such as an R vignette or on Github, and will be maintained beyond the lifetime of the SCOR working group.
Objective 3, entitled the How-To Guide, will be a guidance document to provide instructional information on how to apply DOM. The Guide will have a simplistic core structure, with complexity added incrementally to ensure that all levels of user-experience are able to effectively and constructively use the Guide. The Guide will be centered around 1) a decision tree (e.g. (Dunn, Boustany & Halpin 2011)); and 2) an idealized workflow (e.g. (Hobday et al. 2014)). The decision tree will step through various spatiotemporal scales of management interest, and will ultimately identify DOM approaches that best suit specific applications. The workflow will show an idealized step-wise approach to achieving DOM that will reference leaves on the decision tree. Each step within the workflow will be expanded upon, with a description of potential data sources and methods. For example, issues surrounding species data (e.g. data poor fisheries, data with inherent biases) will be summarized and potential solutions suggested.
The workflow will form the backbone of the How-To Guide, and will be targeted towards overcoming the barriers to DOM implementation. For example, the Guide will describe ways in which to source freely accessible environmental products for multiple time scales (e.g. historical, real-time, forecast); and outline methods for building species distribution models using freely accessible software (e.g. R, Maxent) and/or existing global habitat models (e.g. raquamaps).
The Guide will: integrate results from Objective 1 using examples of how to operationalize and communicate DOM; draw on the general code library (Objective 2); and outline examples of how to use the Guide to implement DOM (Objective 4). The Guide will be an online, updatable resource and will allow for updates as information changes and new products become available (e.g. links to access new global or regional environmental products; or links to new operational DOM tools and applications). We will explore options for an existing organization to host the Guide location (e.g. https://www.openchannels.org/; http://www.copernicus.eu/), which will extend the reach of this guide, as well as provide a long-term location beyond the lifetime of the SCOR working group.
To deliver Objective 4 we will seek additional partners to identify and collaborate on case studies in regions where DOM has not yet been applied. We will use the How-To Guide to implement a stepwise approach to creating DOM for these case studies, ultimately ending with an application of DOM that can be transitioned to an operational stage. Potential regions for case studies include southern Africa, south-east Asia, and South America, and working group members from these regions will help to cultivate collaborations. Collaborations will focus on a
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two-way knowledge exchange to ensure that knowledge of existing DOM applications in developing nations (part of Objective 1) is integrated into the How-To Guide (Objective 3). Case studies, in collaboration with regional partners from participating countries, will be published in a peer-reviewed open access journal and also integrated into the How-To Guide and code library.
Month 1: 1st WG meeting. The meeting will include planning for the entire project with a focus on Objective 1 and 4. Task oriented sub-groups will be organized to progress Objective 1 during and after the meeting. The meeting will aim to be held in a region where creation of a first case study can be supported (Objective 4), sub-groups will be allocated to progress Objective 4.
Months 2 - 11: Continue work on Objective 1 and submit to a peer-reviewed journal within this period. Continue work on Objective 4.
Month 12: 2nd WG meeting – discuss framework for Objectives 2 and 3. Use framework to create sub-groups to progress work during and after the meeting. The meeting will aim to be held in a region where creation of a second case study can be supported (Objective 4), as such sub-groups will be allocated to progress Objective 4.
Month 13 - 23: Continue work on Objectives 2, 3, and 4.
Months 24: 3rd WG meeting – discuss and plan the finalization of Objectives 2, 3, and 4. The meeting will aim to be held in a region where creation of a third case study can be supported (Objective 4), as such sub-groups will be allocated to progress Objective 4.
Months 25 - 36: Release code (Objective 2) and How-To Guide (Objective 3) as freely accessible resources online. Continue work on Objective 4 and submit to a peer-reviewed journal.
5. Deliverables
1. Publish a review/synthesis paper on operationalizing dynamic ocean management and stakeholder involvement (Objective 1) 2. Release a code library as a freely accessible resource (e.g. R vignette; Github) (Objective 2) 3. Release the DOM How-To Guide as a freely accessible online resource (Objective 3) 4. Collaboration with developing nations by completing case studies of dynamic ocean management implemented using the stepwise approach in the How-To Guide. To be published open-access in a peer-reviewed journal (Objective 4). 5. Coordinate a session and/or Town Hall meeting at an international conference to showcase the application and capacity of the website and the How-To Guide.
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6. Capacity Building
Dynamic ocean management has immense potential for current and future ocean management globally. However, one of the barriers to uptake of DOM is limited knowledge on how to create and implement DOM applications. The vision of our proposal is to remove the barriers to DOM implementation, and create better communication and applicability between researchers and stakeholders.
We believe our proposed code library and How-To Guide will be important in supporting global uptake of DOM. The WG will actively build capacity by seeking participants from developing nations in which to identify and create case studies for these regions. The working group meetings will be hosted in developing nations which will ultimately foster international collaborations into the future and also foster wider uptake of the How-To Guide and DOM by association. Furthermore, collaborations with these regions may identify existing DOM applications that are novel, and our proposed objectives will ensure such novel applications are communicated. Such collaborations are critical to developing and strengthening skills and expertise, which will ultimately support wider uptake of DOM. The proposed How-To Guide has global applications, and the online, updatable resource will ensure the WG outputs are recorded globally accessible into the future, and long lasting.
7. Working Group composition
7.1 Full Members
Name Gender Place of work Expertise relevant to proposal 1 Alistair M Commonwealth Dynamic ocean management; Hobday (co- Scientific and Industrial Ecological forecasting; chair) Research Organisation, climate adaptation 2 Stephanie Brodie F University of Spatial ecology; (co-chair) California Santa Cruz, ecological forecasting 3 Mark Payne M Technical University Statistical modelling; of Denmark, oceanography; fisheries. 4 Lynne Shannon F University of Cape Town, Ecosystem dynamics; fisheries South Africa management 5 Sei-Ichi Saitoh M Hokkaido University, Fisheries science; biological Japan oceanography; remote sensing 6 Priscila Lopes F Universidade Federal do Fisheries research; ecosystem Rio Grande do Norte, services Brazil 7 Kylie Scales F University of Spatial ecology; dynamic ocean the Sunshine management; statistical Coast, modelling; remote sensing
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8 Jon Lopez M AZTI-Tecnalia, Spain fisheries ecology; statistical modelling; bycatch 9 Desiree Tommasi F National Oceanic and Biological oceanography; Atmospheric dynamic ocean management Administration, USA 10 Jean-Noel Druon M European Commission, Spatial fisheries management; Italy remote sensing
7.2 Associate Members
Name Gender Place of work Expertise relevant to proposal 1 Jason Hartog M Commonwealth Ecological forecasting; Scientific and Industrial dynamic ocean management Research Organization, 2 Claire Spillman F Bureau of Meteorology, Seasonal forecasting; dynamic Australia ocean management; remote sensing 3 Michael Jacox M University of Oceanography; ocean California Santa Cruz, modeling; remote sensing 4 Kristin Kaschner F University of Freiburg, Spatial ecology; Conservation Germany biology
5 Haritz M AZTI-Tecnalia, Spain Fisheries management; Arrizabalag population dynamics 7 Daniel Dunn M Duke University, USA Dynamic Ocean Management
8 Marta Coll F Institute of Ecosystem functioning; Marine Science, Fisheries; Conservation Spain biology. 9 Ryo Kawabe M Nagasaki University, Fisheries management; animal Japan behaviour 10 Emmanuel M Institute of Research for Population dynamics; fisheries Chassot Development, ecology Seychelles
8. Working Group contributions
Alistair Hobday: lead developer of DOM applications, seasonal forecasting and adaptation approaches for fisheries and conservation. Expertise in risk assessment, climate change, management and policy. 2-139
Stephanie Brodie: marine ecologist with experience in species distribution modelling and seasonal forecasting. Her research has included working with data poor fisheries and citizen science programs.
Mark Payne: marine ecologist researching climate change and climate variability on marine life. Experience with forecasting and projecting distributions of multiple trophic levels and across multiple scales.
Lynne Shannon: expert in ecosystem dynamics and the application of the ecosystem approach to fishing in an African case study (Benguela upwelling system, South Africa) in an international context. Brings ecological indicator and food web modelling expertise to the group.
Sei-Ichi Saitoh: fisheries scientist with experience in remote sensing and species distribution modelling. He has researched fisheries ecology across multiple trophic levels.
Kylie Scales: marine ecologist, with expertise in spatial ecology, species distribution modelling, biologging, remote sensing, and DOM applications in the California current system. Her work is primarily focused on understanding the influence of heterogeneity and variability in the physical environment on habitat use by migratory marine vertebrates.
Priscila Lopes: ecologist working on interdisciplinary approaches to small-scale fisheries. Her work has focused on understanding fishers' behavior and their socio-ecological resilience to changes (e.g.: changes in fish stocks or in management), socioeconomic incentives to fisheries and to (non-)compliance, and also on providing solutions to co-management using local ecological knowledge and the ecosystem services approach. Her work relies on existent fishing databases and on direct contact with fishers from small villages in different environments (oceanic, coastal, semi-arid and Amazonian).
Jon Lopez: fisheries ecologist working on tropical tunas and has been involved in several EU projects of bycatch mitigation and tuna and tuna-like behavior and ecology, using both fisheries (VMS, logbooks, etc.) and unconventional data (local ecological knowledge, alternative acoustics platforms, etc.). He is currently member of various ICCAT and IOTC working groups, including the subcommittee on ecosystems and FAD groups, among others, and works towards the sustainability of tropical tuna fisheries.
Desiree Tommasi: fisheries oceanographer whose interdisciplinary research centers on understanding the impacts of climate variability on marine ecosystems and the development of environmentally-informed fisheries management frameworks. Her current work uses management strategies evaluations to assess the value of integrating seasonal to multi-annual climate forecasts into fisheries management decisions.
Jean-Noel Druon: marine ecologist working on dynamic and ecosystem-based management of fisheries. He has expertise in habitat modelling and ocean monitoring across multiple spatial scales.
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9. Relationship to other international programs and SCOR Working groups
9.1 IMBeR Activities
Science Plan and Implementation Strategy: Our proposed WG directly relates to the IMBeR SPIS, specifically Theme 4 “Responses of Society”. Our proposed WG deliverables will help clarify what human institutions can do to mitigate or adapt to anthropogenic impacts on ocean systems.
Working Groups: Our proposed WG complements two of the IMBeR working groups - the Capacity Building Task Team and the Human Dimensions Working Group (HDWG). Firstly, our proposed collaborations aim to enhance research capabilities in developing nations, and secondly our proposed deliverables can be informed by the integrated assessment framework developed by the HDWG.
Regional Programmes: The Climate Impacts on Top Ocean Predators (CLIOTOP) is an IMBeR regional programme, and currently has two task teams on seasonal forecasting, and operational oceanography. We anticipate that the task team outputs can directly contribute to the proposed code library and How-To Guide. The links between these task teams and the proposed WG will be supported by concurrent membership of certain WG members (Hobday, Scales, Arrizabalaga, Lopez).
9.2 WG149 Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS)
The proposed WG compliments WG149 by focusing on dynamic strategies to support management and industry adaptation to a changing ocean. The proposed WG can directly use the WG149 glossary of terms and implementation guide (TOR 8) to better align language and ensure greater uptake and understanding of DOM by manager and policy makers.
9.3 United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14: Life Below Water
The outputs of the proposed working group will be useful for, and directly contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14. Specifically, by facilitating the wider uptake of DOM globally we will support the 2020 targets of sustainable management (target 2), effective regulation of marine resources (target 4), and greater conservation of coastal regions (target 5). Our proposed collaboration with developing countries will also support increased economic benefits of ocean sustainability (target 7) and transfer of marine technology (target 8) to such countries.
9.4 ICES and PICES Working Groups on Seasonal to Decadal Predictability
Working groups within ICES and PICES are focusing on various levels of spatio-temporal ecosystem predictability. The ICES working group investigation of seasonal to decadal forecasts is directly relevant to this WG proposal, and links will be supported by concurrent membership (Payne and Jean-Noel). The PICES investigation into ocean products for use in 2-141
marine ecosystem predictions is relevant to the proposed WG and outputs can be integrated into the How-To Guide and case studies.
9.5 FiSCAO: Fish Stocks in the Central Arctic Ocean
FiSCAO is an international collaborative group to ensure sustainable commercial harvest in new and existing areas of the pan-Arctic ecosystem. There is potential for the proposed WG outputs to directly inform current and future management in the pan-Arctic ecosystem, and support dynamic ocean management at the initial stages of new management regimes.
9.6 ICCAT, IATTC, and IOTC groups on Ecosystems and Bycatch
ICCAT, IATTC, and IOTC Regional Fisheries Management Organizations are responsible of the conservation and management of tuna and tuna-like species in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, including target and non-target species. The application of DOM in regions of interest would provide key material to work towards the sustainability of both intentionally and unintentionally exploited resources.
10. Key References
Agardy, T., Bridgewater, P., Crosby, M.P., Day, J., Dayton, P.K., Kenchington, R., Laffoley, D., McConney, P., Murray, P.A. & Parks, J.E. (2003) Dangerous targets? Unresolved issues and ideological clashes around marine protected areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 13, 353-367. Carroll, A., Przeslawski, R., Duncan, A., Gunning, M. & Bruce, B. (2016) A critical review of the potential impacts of marine seismic surveys on fish & invertebrates. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Cvitanovic, C., Hobday, A., van Kerkhoff, L., Wilson, S., Dobbs, K. & Marshall, N. (2015) Improving knowledge exchange among scientists and decision-makers to facilitate the adaptive governance of marine resources: A review of knowledge and research needs. Ocean & Coastal Management, 112, 25-35. Dunn, D.C., Boustany, A.M. & Halpin, P.N. (2011) Spatio‐temporal management of fisheries to reduce by‐catch and increase fishing selectivity. Fish and Fisheries, 12, 110-119. Dunn, D.C., Boustany, A.M., Roberts, J.J., Brazer, E., Sanderson, M., Gardner, B. & Halpin, P.N. (2014) Empirical move‐on rules to inform fishing strategies: a New England case study. Fish and Fisheries, 15, 359-375. Hazen, E.L., Palacios, D.M., Forney, K.A., Howell, E.A., Becker, E., Hoover, A.L., Irvine, L., DeAngelis, M., Bograd, S.J. & Mate, B.R. (2016) WhaleWatch: a dynamic management tool for predicting blue whale density in the California Current. Journal of Applied Ecology. Hobday, A., Maxwell, S., Forgie, J., McDonald, J., Darby, M., Seto, K., Bailey, H., Bograd, S., Briscoe, D. & Costa, D. (2014) Dynamic Ocean Management: Integrating Scientific and Technological Capacity with Law, Policy and Management. Stanford Environmental Law Journal, 33, 125-168.
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Hobday, A.J., Spillman, C.M., Hartog, J.R. & Eveson, J.P. (2016) Seasonal forecasting for decision support in marine fisheries and aquaculture. Fisheries Oceanography. Lewison, R., Hobday, A.J., Maxwell, S., Hazen, E., Hartog, J.R., Dunn, D.C., Briscoe, D., Fossette, S., O'Keefe, C.E. & Barnes, M. (2015) Dynamic ocean management: identifying the critical ingredients of dynamic approaches to ocean resource management. Bioscience, biv018. Maxwell, S.M., Hazen, E.L., Lewison, R.L., Dunn, D.C., Bailey, H., Bograd, S.J., Briscoe, D.K., Fossette, S., Hobday, A.J. & Bennett, M. (2015) Dynamic ocean management: Defining and conceptualizing real-time management of the ocean. Marine Policy, 58, 42- 50. Pecl, G.T., Araújo, M.B., Bell, J.D., Blanchard, J., Bonebrake, T.C., Chen, I.-C., Clark, T.D., Colwell, R.K., Danielsen, F. & Evengård, B. (2017) Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Science, 355, eaai9214. Spillman, C.M. & Hobday, A.J. (2014) Dynamical seasonal ocean forecasts to aid salmon farm management in a climate hotspot. Climate Risk Management, 1, 25-38. Tommasi, D., Stock, C.A., Hobday, A.J., Methot, R., Kaplan, I.C., Eveson, J.P., Holsman, K., Miller, T.J., Gaichas, S. & Gehlen, M. (2017) Managing living marine resources in a dynamic environment: the role of seasonal to decadal climate forecasts. Progress in Oceanography. 2-143
Appendix
Alistair Hobday
1. Hobday, A.J. and Hartog, J.R. (2014). "Dynamic Ocean Features for use in Ocean Management." Oceanography 27(4): 134–145. 2. Hobday, A.J., Hartog, J., Spillman, C. and Alves, O. (2011). "Seasonal forecasting of tuna habitat for dynamic spatial management." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68: 898-911. 3. Hobday, A.J., Spillman, C.M., Eveson, J.P and Hartog, J.R. (2016). "Seasonal forecasting for decision support in marine fisheries and aquaculture." Fisheries Oceanography 25(S1): 45-56. 4. Hobday, A.J., Maxwell, S.M., Forgie, J., McDonald, J., Darby, M., Seto, K., Bailey, H., Bograd, S.J., Briscoe, D.K., Costa, D.P., Crowder, L.B., Dunn, D.C., Fossette, S., Halpin, P.N., Hartog, J.R., Hazen, E.L., Lascelles, B.G., Lewison, R.L., Poulos, G. and Powers, A. (2014). "Dynamic ocean management: Integrating scientific and technological capacity with law, policy and management." Stanford Environmental Law Journal 33(2): 125-165. 5. Lewison, R.L., Hobday, A.J., Maxwell, S.M., Hazen, E.L., Hartog, J.R., Dunn, D.C., Briscoe, D.K., Fossette, S., O'Keefe, C.E., Barnes, M., Abecassis, M., Bograd, S.J., Bethoney, N.D., Bailey, H., Wiley, D., Andrews, S., Hazen E.L., and Crowder, L.B. (2015). "Dynamic Ocean Management: Identifying the Critical Ingredients of Dynamic Approaches to Ocean Resource Management." BioScience 65: 486-498. doi:410.1093/biosci/biv1018.
Stephanie Brodie
1. Brodie, S., Hobday, A.J., Smith, J.A., Spillman, C.M., Hartog, J.R., Everett, J.D., Taylor, M.D., Gray, C.A. and Suthers, I.M. (2017). Seasonal forecasting of dolphinfish distribution in eastern Australia to aid recreational fishers and managers. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.03.004 2. Brodie, S., Taylor, M.D., Smith, J.A., Suthers, I.M., Gray, C.A. and Payne, N.L. (2016). Improving consumption rate estimates by incorporating wild activity into a bioenergetics model. Ecology and evolution 6(8): 2262-2274. 3. Brodie, S., Hobday, A.J., Smith, J.A., Everett, J.D., Taylor, M.D., Gray, C.A. and Suthers, I.M. (2015). Modelling the oceanic habitats of two pelagic species using recreational fisheries data. Fisheries Oceanography 24(5): 463-477.
Mark Payne
1. Payne, M.R., Barange, M., Cheung, W.W., MacKenzie, B.R., Batchelder, H.P., Cormon, X., Eddy, T.D., Fernandes, J.A., Hollowed, A.B., Jones, M.C. and Link, J.S. (2015). Uncertainties in projecting climate-change impacts in marine ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, p.fsv231. 2. MacKenzie, B.R., Payne, M.R., Boje, J., Høyer, J.L. and Siegstad, H., 2014. A
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cascade of warming impacts brings bluefin tuna to Greenland waters. Global change biology, 20(8): 2484-2491. 3. Payne, M.R., 2013. Fisheries: Climate change at the dinner table. Nature, 497(7449): 320-321. 4. Dickey-Collas, M., Payne, M.R., Trenkel, V.M. and Nash, R.D., (2014). Hazard warning: model misuse ahead. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 71(8): 2300- 2306. 5. Brun, P., Kiørboe, T., Licandro, P. and Payne, M.R., (2016). The predictive skill of species distribution models for plankton in a changing climate. Global change biology, 22(9): 3170-3181.
Lynne Shannon
1. Shannon, L.J., Coll, M., Neira, S., Cury, P.M. and Roux, J.-P. (2009). Impacts of fishing and climate change explored using trophic models. Chapter 8, pp. 158-190 in Checkley, D.M., C. Roy, J. Alheit, and Y. Oozeki (eds.), Climate Change and Small Pelagic Fish. Cambridge University Press 7. 2. Shannon, L.J., Jarre, A.C. and Petersen, S.L. (2010). Developing a science base for implementation of the ecosystem approach to fisheries in South Africa. In Perry, R.I., Barange, M., Hofmann, E., Moloney, C., Ottersen, G. and Sakurai, Y. (Editors). GLOBEC Special Issue, Progress in Oceanography 87(1-4): 289-303. 3. Shannon, L.J., Coll, M., Bundy, A., Gascuel, D., Heymans, J.J., Kleisner, K., Lynam, C., Piroddi, C., Tam, J., Travers, M. and Shin, Y.-J. Trophic level-based indicators to track fishing impacts across marine ecosystems. (2014). Marine Ecology Progress Series 512: 115–140. doi: 10.3354/meps10821 4. Shin, Y.-J., Shannon, L. J., Bundy, A., Coll, M., Aydin, K., Bez, N., Blanchard, J.L., Borges, M.-F., Diallo, I., Diaz, E., Heymans, J.J., Hill, L., Jogannesen, E., Jouffre, D., Kifani, S., Labrosse, P., Link, J., Mackinson, S., Masski, H., Mollmann, C., Neira, S., Ojaveer, H., Abdallahi, K.O.M., Perry, I., Thiao, D., Yemane, D. and Cury, P. (2010). Using indicators for evaluating, comparing and communicating the ecological status of exploited marine ecosystems. 2. Setting the scene. ICES Journal of Marine Science 67: 692-716. 5. Lockerbie, E., Shannon, L.J. and Jarre, A. (2016). The Use of Ecological, Fishing and Environmental Indicators in Support of Decision Making in Southern Benguela Fisheries. Ecological Modelling 69: 473-487.
Sei-Ichi Saitoh
1. Alabia, I. D., Saitoh, S.-I., Igarashi, H., Ishikawa, Y., Usui, N., Kamachi, M., Awaji, T. and Seito, M. (2016). Ensemble squid habitat model using three-dimensional ocean data. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsw075. 2. Liu Y., Saitoh, S.-I., Ihara, Y., Nakada, S., Kanamori, M., Zhang, X., Baba, K., Ishimawa, Y. and Hirawake, T. (2015). Development of a three-dimensional growth prediction model for the Japanese scallop in Funka Bay, Japan, using OGCM and MODIS, ICES Journal of Marine Science, fsv153 doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv153. 3. Mugo, R., Saitoh, S.-I., Takahashi, F., A. Nihira, A., and Kuroyama, T. (2014). 2-145
Evaluating the role of fronts in habitat overlaps between cold and warm water species in the western North Pacific: A proof of concept, Deep-Sea Research II, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.11.005. 4. Saitoh, S.-I., Mugo, R., Radiarta, I. N., Asaga, S., Takahashi, F., Hirawake, T., Ishikawa, Y., Awaji, T., In, T. and S. Shima. (2011). Some operational use of remote sensing and marine-GIS for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsq190 5. Saitoh, S.-I., Chassot, E., Dwivedi, R., Fonteneau, A., Kiyofuji, H., Kumari, B., Kuno, M., Matsumura, S., Platt, T., Raman, M., Sathyendranath, S., Solanki, H., Takahashi, F. (2009). Remote sensing applications to fish harvesting. In: Forget M- H., Stuart V., Platt T., (eds). Remote Sensing in Fisheries and Aquaculture. Dartmouth, Canada: IOCCG Report 8: 57–76.
Priscila Lopes
1. Silvano, R.A.M., Nora, V., Andreoli, T.B., Lopes, P.F.M. and Begossi, A. (2017). The “ghost of past fishing”: small-scale fisheries and conservation of threatened groupers in sub-tropical islands. Marine Policy 75: 125-132. 2. Damásio, L.M.A., Lopes, P.F.M., Pennino, M.G., Carvalho, A.R. and Sumaila, R. (2016). Size matters: fishing less and yielding more in smaller-scale fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science: fsw016. 3. Roos, N.C. Pennino, M.G., Lopes, P.F.M. and Carvalho, A.R. (2016). Multiple management strategies to control selectivity on parrotfishes harvesting. Ocean & Coastal Management 134: 20-29. 4. Lopes, P.F.M., Pacheco, S.S., Clauzet, M., Silvano, R.A.M. and Begossi, A. (2015). Fisheries, tourism, and marine protected areas: Conflicting or synergistic interactions? Ecosystem Services 16: 333-340. 5. Karper, M. and Lopes, P.F.M. (2014). Punishment and compliance: exploring scenarios to improve the legitimacy of small-scale fisheries management rules on the Brazilian coast. Marine Policy 44: 457-464.
Kylie Scales
1. Scales, K.L., Hazen, E.L., Maxwell, S.M., Dewar, H., Kohin, S., Jacox, M.G., Briscoe, D.K., Crowder. L., Lewison, R. and Bograd, S.J. (2017). Fit to predict? Ecoinformatics for modelling dynamic habitat suitability for highly migratory marine species. Ecological Applications, In Revision. 2. Scales, K.L., Schorr, G.S., Hazen, E.L., Bograd, S.J., Miller, P.I., Andrews, R.D., Zerbini, A.N. and Falcone, E.A. Should I stay or should I go? Modelling year-round habitat suitability and drivers of residency for fin whales in the California Current. Diversity & Distributions, In Revision. 3. Scales, K.L., Hazen, E.L., Jacox, M.G., Edwards, C.A., Boustany, A.M., Oliver, M.H. and Bograd, S.J. (2017). Scale of inference: On the sensitivity of habitat models for wide- ranging marine predators to the resolution of environmental data. Ecography 40: 210- 220. doi: 10.1111/ecog.02272
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4. Scales, K.L., Miller, P.I., Ingram, S.N., Hazen, E.L., Bograd, S.J. and Phillips, R.A. (2015). Identifying predictable foraging habitats for a wide-ranging marine predator using ensemble ecological niche models. Diversity & Distributions 22(2): 212-224. doi:10.1111/ddi.12389 5. Scales, K.L., Miller, P.I., Hawkes, L.A., Ingram, S.N., Sims, D.W. and Votier, S.C. (2014). On the Front Line: frontal zones as priority at-sea conservation areas for mobile marine vertebrates. Journal of Applied Ecology 51: 1575-1583. doi: 10.1111/1365- 2664.12330
Jon Lopez
1. Lopez, J., Moreno, G., Boyra, G. and Dagorn, L. (2016). A model based on data from echosounder buoys to estimate biomass of fish species associated with fish aggregating devices. Fishery Bulletin 114: 166-178 doi doi:10.7755/FB.114.2.4 2. Lopez, J., Moreno, G., Ibaibarriaga, L. and Dagorn, L. (2017). Diel behaviour of tuna and non-tuna species at drifting fish aggregating devices (DFADs) in the Western Indian Ocean, determined by fishers’ echo-sounder buoys. Marine Biology 164: 44 doi 10.1007/s00227-017-3075-3 3. Lopez, J., Moreno, G., Lennert-Cody, C., Maunder, M., Sancristobal, I., Caballero, A. and Dagorn, L. (2017). Environmental preferences of tuna and non-tuna species associated with drifting fish aggregating devices (DFADs) in the Atlantic Ocean, ascertained through fishers’ echo-sounder buoys. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.02.007 4. Lopez, J., Moreno, G., Sancristobal, I., Murua, J. (2014). Evolution and current state of the technology of echo-sounder buoys used by Spanish tropical tuna purse seiners in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Fisheries Research 155: 127-137 doihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2014.02.033 5. Moreno, G., Dagorn, L., Capello, M., Lopez, J., Filmalter, J., Forget, F., Sancristobal, I. and Holland, K. (2015) Fish aggregating devices (FADs) as scientific platforms. Fisheries Research doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.09.021
Desiree Tommasi
1. Tommasi, D., Stock, C., Pegion, K., Vecchi, G., Methot, R.D., Alexander, M., and Checkley, D. (2017). Improved management of small pelagic fisheries through seasonal climate prediction. Ecological Applications 27: 378-388. 2. Tommasi, D., Stock, C., Hobday, A.J., Methot, R., Kaplan, I.C., et al. (2017). Managing marine resources in a dynamic environment: the role of seasonal to decadal climate forecasts. Progress in Oceanography 152: 15-49. 3. Tommasi, D., Jacox, M.G., Alexander, M.A., Siedlecki, S., Werner, F.E., Stock, C.A., Bond, N.A. (2017). Seasonal forecasts of ocean conditions in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem. US CLIVAR Variations Newsletter 15, 41-46. 4. Stock, C. A., Pegion, K., Vecchi, G. A., Alexander, M.A., Tommasi, D., Bond, N. A., Fratantoni, P., Gudgel, R., Kristiansen, T., O'Brien, T., Xue, Y. and Yang, X. (2015). Seasonal sea surface temperature anomaly prediction for coastal ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography, 137: 219-236. 2-147
5. Tommasi, D., Nye, J. A., Stock, C.A., Hare, J. A., Alexander, M. and Drew, K. (2015). Effect of Environmental Conditions on Juvenile Recruitment of Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and Blueback Herring (A. aestivalis) in Freshwater: A Coastwide Perspective. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 72: 1037-1047.
Jean-Noel Druon
1. Druon, J.N., Fromentin, J.M., Hanke, A.R., Arrizabalaga, H., Damalas, D., Tičina, V., Quílez-Badia, G., Ramirez, K., Arregui, I., Tserpes, G. and Reglero, P. (2016). Habitat suitability of the Atlantic bluefin tuna by size class: An ecological niche approach. Progress in Oceanography, 142: 30-46. 2. Liquete, C., Piroddi, C., Macías, D., Druon, J.N. and Zulian, G. (2016). Ecosystem services sustainability in the Mediterranean Sea: assessment of status and trends using multiple modelling approaches. Scientific Reports, 6. 3. Druon, J.N., Fiorentino, F., Murenu, M., Knittweis, L., Colloca, F., Osio, C., Mérigot, B., Garofalo, G., Mannini, A., Jadaud, A. and Sbrana, M. (2015). Modelling of European hake nurseries in the Mediterranean Sea: an ecological niche approach. Progress in oceanography, 130: 188-204. 4. Druon, J.N. (2010). Habitat mapping of the Atlantic bluefin tuna derived from satellite data: Its potential as a tool for the sustainable management of pelagic fisheries. Marine Policy, 34(2): 293-297. 5. Druon, J.N., Panigada, S., David, L., Gannier, A., Mayol, P., Arcangeli, A., Cañadas, A., Laran, S., Di Méglio, N. and Gauffier, P. (2012). Potential feeding habitat of fin whales in the western Mediterranean Sea: an environmental niche model. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 464: 289-306.
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2.2.5 Floating Litter and its Oceanic TranSport Analysis and Modelling (FLOTSAM) Halpern
Prepared by:
Chair: Stefano Aliani Institute Marine Science CNR, Italy Email: [email protected]
Vice chair: Kara Lavender Law Sea Education Association, USA Email: [email protected]
Vice chair: Nikolai Maximenko University of Hawaii, USA Email: [email protected]
Vice chair: Erik Van Sebille Utrecht University, Netherlands Email: [email protected]
1. Summary In October 2015, the G73 Science Ministers highlighted marine debris as a major ocean health issue. A number of international working groups have focused on ocean plastics, although the amount of plastic floating at the sea surface remains an open question, including knowledge about its origins, where it is accumulating, and its transport pathways. It is a complex oceanographic problem for a variety of reasons, including challenges in sampling in situ and remotely, as well as in modelling at a variety of space and time scales.
In this working group (WG) we plan to address the problem of floating litter in the open ocean at global scale by disentangling coastal processes (with their short timescales) from the open ocean low-frequency processes. The major objectives of this WG are to:
● identify gaps in our knowledge of the near-surface ocean dynamics that may affect litter distribution and transport; ● improve future marine litter modelling capabilities; ● evaluate existing and emerging remote sensing technologies that can be applied to detect marine litter in the open ocean; ● improve awareness of the scientific understanding of marine debris, based on better observations and modelling results.
3 https://www.bmbf.de/files/English_version.pdf and http://www.icsu.org/news- centre/news/pdf/Report%20to%20G7%20SMins%20on%20FOSs.pdf
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Bringing together scientists with expertise in plastic marine debris with those focused on ocean observations, remote sensing, and numerical modelling will create a powerful collaboration for the understanding of marine debris.
We propose one chairperson and 3 vice chairs, each responsible for a specific objective. There are 10 Full members and 9 Associated members from a total of 13 different countries.
2. Background and motivation for the working group
2.1 The importance of environmental plastic pollution and current knowledge gaps
Contamination by man-made debris is increasingly reported in marine habitats around the world. An estimated 70-80% of marine litter is made of plastic polymers, and that percentage is probably much higher at the sea surface of the open ocean. Because they do not readily biodegrade, plastics may persist in the marine environment for years to decades or longer, longer than the time-scales of many of the ocean processes typically considered in physical oceanography. An estimated ~8 million metric tons of mismanaged plastic waste entered the oceans from land in 2010 (Jambeck et al. 2015), with additional sources including natural disasters (Maximenko et al., 2015) and accidents (Trinanes et al., 2016), and inputs are expected to rise with the continued acceleration in global plastics production (Plastics Europe 2016).
Marine litter poses a variety of environmental and socioeconomic risks, which will be mitigated only with a substantial, sustained and integrated effort from individuals, industry, governments, and intergovernmental organizations at local to regional and global scales. In October 2015 the G7 Science Ministers highlighted marine litter, especially plastics, as a major ocean health issue, and the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO) and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) published conclusions regarding those issues and recommendations for future action by G7 countries (Thompson and Maximenko, 2016).There is no single solution; rather, a variety of local and regional solutions will be required to effect change (Hardesty et al. 2017).
Marine litter occurs all over the world from densely inhabited to remote areas, from the seafloor to surface waters. However, our knowledge of the abundance and distribution of plastic in the open ocean is limited, with most prior work having focussed on floating microplastics (millimeter-sized particles and smaller) measured with plankton nets.
Floating microplastic debris is found in seas around the world, from oceanic subtropical gyres (e.g. the so-called ‘garbage patches’) where concentrations exceed 600,000 pieces per km2 (Law et al. 2010), to inner seas (e.g. Suaria et al. 2016, Chubarenko et al. 2016, Chubarenko and Stepanova, 2017) to more remote regions such as the waters of the Arctic (Cozar et al., 2017, Bergmann et al., 2016) and the Antarctic (Barnes et al., 2010; Ryan et al., 2014), where far fewer plastic particles are observed. It has become clear that humanity's discarded litter is spreading throughout our seas and oceans (e.g., Pham et al., 2014; Jambeck et al., 2015; GESAMP, 2016) and ocean models of surface transport predict that marine debris should ultimately be expected everywhere (Van Sebille et al., 2015). 2-151
A number of international working groups have focused on ocean plastics, but the focus is often on impacts of plastics to marine organisms and ecosystems. With the goal to assess the risks of plastic debris, they frequently highlight the need for increased knowledge about its abundance, distribution and transport. A necessary step is to get an estimate of the amount of plastic in the ocean, including knowledge about its origins, where it is accumulating, and its transport pathways. This is a complex problem for a variety of reasons, including challenges in sampling, both in situ and remotely, as well as in modelling.
If 8M tons of plastic are added to the ocean annually and plastic is expected to be around for decades or even centuries, why don't we find these large amounts in the ocean (e.g. Ryan, 2015)? Estimates of floating litter to date only tally up to order of 100,000 tons of floating microplastics (Cozar et al, 2014, Eriksen et al. 2014, van Sebille et al., 2015), with only an order of 10,000 tons removed by coastal clean-ups.4 What missing knowledge can explain this multiple order of magnitude mismatch? Emerging research in physical oceanography may help elucidate marine debris distribution patterns and transport processes. Bringing together scientists with expertise in plastic marine debris with those focused on ocean observations, remote sensing, and numerical modelling in a single SCOR working group will create a powerful collaboration that will advance our understanding of marine debris in the open ocean.
2.2 The Challenge
The major challenge of this WG is to explain the distribution patterns, trends, and pathways of plastics in the open ocean.
Limitations of our understanding of the transport of floating plastics result from technical gaps as well as gaps in our knowledge of the near-surface ocean dynamics. These gaps include:
● coarse vertical and time resolution of debris modelling ● high-frequency processes and their non-linear interactions (Stokes drift, inertial oscillations, diurnal cycle in the upper-ocean stratification), ● lack of data on critical parameters (e.g. fluxes) that could support next-generation models of plastics at sea, and limited observations of surface currents (remote or in situ) that could help calibrate/validate such models.
In addition, there is a dearth of knowledge on the typical features of marine debris, including floating lifetime, settling, fragmentation, degradation, and ingestion by organisms, which may alter the debris properties affecting its transport. Questions to be addressed include:
● How variable is marine litter composition in time? ● How big are the differences in the composition between different regions? ● What characteristics of plastic debris should be used in models (different degradation and fragmentation rates for different polymers, average particle size, etc.)?
4 http://www.oceanconservancy.org/our-work/marine-debris/2016-data-release/2016-data- release-1.pdf
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● How does the composition of microplastics correspond to the composition of macroplastics? ● How do the dispersion and physics that apply to floating debris differ between macroplastic, microplastic and nanoplastic? ● What are the roles and impacts of the biological pump on transfer of pollutants to deep waters at different scales? ● What are the temporal trends in composition of microplastics associated with changes in macroplastic production?
Drift models have been used to describe marine litter distribution and transport, but improvements are required to adequately simulate pathways of marine debris ranging in size from microplastics to large objects. This includes improved models of ocean motion and definition of the dynamics of buoyant objects in a turbulent sheared flow, together with characterization of properties of plastic debris.
Distribution of floating marine litter has been studied since the 1970s using plankton net tows and visual selection of plastic particles in collected samples. Preliminary efforts have been made to standardize collection procedures and sample analysis protocols. Yet global, or even regional, in situ sampling at high resolution is not feasible, which calls for development of remote sensing instruments. At present, only optical data are readily available and they are only capable of detecting very large debris items.
Prospective satellites and airborne sensors may be able to measure various indices related to plastics and other types of floating debris and quantify their abundance on the ocean surface. The scientific recognition on this topic is still in its infancy and the key issues to be addressed and the full potential of remote sensing are still to be fully discussed in the scientific community. In 2016, the European Space Agency (ESA) released a call for proposals on remote sensing of Marine Litter (RESMALI). In the same year, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sponsored a workshop on Mission Concepts for Marine Debris Sensing5 and included marine debris research in the scope of NASA’s Interdisciplinary Research in Earth Science (IDS) program.6 Satellite remote sensing can best contribute to the marine debris field through new missions to measure surface velocities, as well as implementation of existing and development of new sensors (optical, hyper-spectral, SAR, etc.) to track larger objects or detect the presence and quantify the concentration of smaller particles.
In the proposed WG we plan to:
● address the problem of floating litter at the global scale by disentangling coastal processes (with their short timescales) from the open ocean low-frequency processes. ● improve the application of ocean circulation models to the drift of debris at sea. ● assess and promote the use of remote sensing tools to study floating debris at sea.
5 http://iprc.soest.hawaii.edu/NASA_WS_MD2016/ 6 https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/viewrepositorydocument/cmdocumentid=498140/solicitationId=%7BE4A477E 6-5A41-B75E-5DA8-61724BC35768%7D/viewSolicitationDocument=1/A.28%20IDS%20Amend%2034.pdf 2-153
2.3 Why a SCOR Working Group?
This is the first effort to address the problem of marine litter in a SCOR WG. The proposed focus on debris in the open ocean from the physical oceanography perspective is new and makes this WG unique. The presence of a scientifically sound and competent voice on the topic is needed to fill knowledge gaps. By focusing expertise and resources into an international community effort, we will be able to deliver much-needed knowledge of marine debris in offshore waters that are mostly out of our sight, but in the heart of the global ocean.
We have already seen capability and willingness in the scientific community working on marine debris to work together in international WGs – some of the proposed members of this SCOR WG are also members of other, non-physics, international WGs – and we see SCOR as the proper environment to transform these recommendations into a more detailed, effective and cutting-edge improvement in knowledge.
This SCOR working group will assemble a diverse set of ocean scientists to work jointly towards delivering a set of clear objectives that will have wide impact and resonance across the larger ocean scientific communities.
These communities are diverse and include physical oceanographers specializing in relevant dynamics and using in situ observations and remote sensing, experts in marine plastic debris and modellers who attempt to synthesize the theory and the data and summarize the overall knowledge of the marine system.
Because of the broad involvement from several different disciplines and because of the specific focus on the marine litter problem, the multi-disciplinary and international work we propose would be difficult to support through national agencies, private foundations or other international organizations.
3. Terms of reference
(Objective 1) Identify gaps in our knowledge of the near-surface ocean dynamics that may affect litter distribution and transport. Vice Chair: Kara Lavender Law
Gaps that will be explored will include, but not be limited to, improved mixed layer parameterizations and refined vertical and time resolution of ocean circulation models, inclusion of high-frequency processes and their non-linear interactions (Stokes drift, inertial oscillations, and diurnal cycle in the upper-ocean stratification). The WG will address the absence of data on critical parameters (e.g., fluxes) that are needed to support next-generation models, as well as the shortage in observations of surface currents (remote or in situ) that could help calibrate/validate models. We will also discuss marine litter parameters that can characterize non-homogenous distribution and behaviour, floating lifetime, settling, fragmentation, degradation, and ingestion by marine life that can increase the power of debris
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drift modelling. The results of WG discussions will be presented in a synthetic paper in an open-access, peer-reviewed journal publication.
(Objective 2) Improve future marine litter modelling capabilities. Vice Chair: Erik Van Sebille
The group will select a set of software and computing platforms (e.g., Python, R, Matlab, Ferret etc.) and models (MITgcm, MOM, POM, NEMO, ROMS, etc.) in order to identify a platform to lead the development of new tracking tools, taking into account the very rapid development of ultra-fine-resolution global ocean hydrodynamics simulations (which will reach 1/60° global resolution within the foreseeable future). The group will then agree on a common set of model metrics and diagnostics required to evaluate model performance, as well as a reference database from the observations. Platform leaders will be responsible for writing the code, which will be tested against a common model. Open-source scripts and codes will be made available to the ocean science community.
(Objective 3) Evaluate existing and emerging remote sensing technologies that can be applied to marine litter in the open ocean. Vice Chair: Nikolai Maximenko
The working group will identify parameters important for understanding and modeling of the dynamics of marine litter that can be derived from variables measured by present satellite missions and from emerging remote sensing technologies. Inter-calibration of remote and in situ observations will be discussed in the context of a consolidated marine debris observing system.
(Objective 4) Improve awareness of the scientific understanding of marine debris, based on better observations and modelling results. Chair: Stefano Aliani
The working group will aim to advance awareness on the topic through open sessions at scientific meetings and through the WG webpage. Open access scientific papers will be delivered as well as outreach actions through the media.
4. Work Plan
To deliver Objective 1, we will identify gaps in knowledge of the near-surface ocean dynamics that may affect litter distribution and transport. We will utilize expertise within the working group to discuss key aspects of the state of plastic debris in the open ocean, especially focusing on those critical gaps in knowledge to understand the global distribution and transport of marine plastics. This will be expedited by close dialogue between modellers and observationalists within the working group. 2-155
A peer-reviewed paper will be published in an open-access journal to report WG recommendations for studying plastics in the ocean from a multidisciplinary perspective.
To deliver Objective 2, we will discuss governing equations in a unified mathematical notation and default parameter values or ranges necessary for parameterization, and test these across a subset of models. As part of this effort, we will produce consensus initialization fields that can be used by the global ocean modelling community, as well as open-source scripts and codes dedicated to marine litter modelling.
To deliver Objective 3, we will review existing and emerging remote sensing technologies that can be used to measure marine debris floating on the ocean surface or distributed in the upper ocean. We will also review relevant activity of national space agencies, as well as published research reports utilizing remotely sensed data to study marine debris, and we will formulate requirements for future satellite missions.
To deliver Objective 4, we will synthesize and publish our findings to improve awareness of scientists, the public, and policymakers. We will create a website and start social media dissemination. An open session at relevant international conferences dedicated to students, young scientists, journalists and NGO will be organized. This information will be helpful input to achieving the pollution sub-goal of Oceans 2030 Sustainable Development Goal #14.
Timeline
We expect that our Working Group will start working in September 2017, right after receiving the decision from SCOR.
As a part of our activity, we plan to hold annual WG meetings. To maximize impact of this SCOR WG and optimize costs for Associated Members, we will combine funding available from SCOR with other sources and will hold group discussions during other ocean science- related meetings.
Month 1-6: Sep 2017 - Feb 2018 Web meetings with Chair and Vice Chairs to define details and plans of year 1 activity. Discussions on web page design and subgroups (SG) structure.
Month 7-12: Mar - Aug 2018 The first SCOR working group meeting will focus on drafting an optimal roadmap to progression of all tasks. This meeting will involve all members in planning activities; selected experts will be tasked and sub-groups will be assembled.
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Our first meeting could be linked to the Sixth International Marine Debris Conference (6IMDC) that will be held in San Diego, California, USA from March 12-16, 2018. Locations for future meetings will be set at that time.
A first Writing Team (WT1) will be set up to write the short presentation article of this WG. (Deliverable 1 in Section 5). A second WT (WT2) will prepare the text for a web site and web discussion platform available for accredited worldwide students (Deliverable 2) and launch the site.
Month 13-18: Sep 2018 - Feb 2019 The second working group meeting will be timed to coincide with the 2018 AGU Fall Meeting or other similar major conference. During the meeting, a special discussion session open to students will be organized. Preliminary results from sub-group activities will be presented and reviewed by the entire WG. The website will be update (Deliverable 3).
Months 19-24: Mar - Aug 2019 The WG will continue remote work on all objectives.
Month 25-35: Sep 2019 - Jul 2020 The WG will finalize results and disseminate them to the broader scientific community. Remote discussion will continue on about the key processes controlling marine debris dynamics and phenomena identified in observations and models. Sub-groups write up the analysis of key processes. The website will be updated and meeting report written and submitted (Deliverable 4).
Month 36: Aug 2020 Final symposium. Co-sponsorship will be sought from other organizations identified in due course. The aim of the symposium will be to highlight progress made in the linking of observational work (satellite and in-situ) with modelling, and also including extending the theory of marine litter distribution and transport. We will complete final website updates and submit the meeting report publication (Deliverable 5 and 6). We will present results at scientific meetings and submit papers to peer-reviewed scientific journals (Deliverable 7).
5. List of Deliverables
(D1) Introduction of this SCOR WG in a short article in Eos or elsewhere. Contribution from WT1.
(D2) Construction of a website to manage contributions from all sub groups, including a web discussion platform for accredited worldwide students and experts. Contribution from WT2.
(D3) Annual meeting report (including session open to students) and update of the website.
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(D4) Peer reviewed paper(s) to disseminate results of WG sub-groups. (D5) Annual meeting report and update of website. (D6) Final symposium report and update of website.
(D7) Peer-reviewed papers and presentations at scientific meetings.
6. Capacity building
Skills and knowledge that will be shared in this WG pertain to a number of subjects: field sampling and marine instrumentation, data homogenization, oceanography, remote sensing and modelling. A large community of experts from different regions of the world will gather and share skills to enhance knowledge.
The partnerships include experts on plastics in the ocean as well as experts on specific ocean processes that affect ocean plastics. This results in a two-way capacity building between experts in oceanography and in plastic marine debris, and may encourage those who have not previously applied their ocean physics expertise to debris to continue this work beyond the WG itself. Our vision is also to broaden the dialogue between modellers and observationalists/ experimentalists by bringing together these groups in a focused forum of this working group.
A major tool for knowledge transfer will be through international workshops, a website and journal articles, but we expect to achieve longevity through fostering a new community of skilled ocean scientists from both developed and developing nations.
A global community of young scientist working on marine debris will be developed also via an open discussion session at one of the Ocean Sciences Meetings. We also believe that the open web discussion platform will enhance the development of a competent new generation of scientists working on open ocean marine debris.
A meeting will possibly be held in an emerging country, also including some basic training for local scientists. The POGO SCOR Visiting Fellowship program will be considered to support people from low-income countries to learn techniques related to marine debris in one of the institutions of WG members. We will also endorse the possibility for partners to include the POGO Fellowships for Shipboard Training in their activity at sea.
7. Composition of Working Group
This SCOR WG has 10 Full and 9 Associate members that combine together state-of- the-art skills in marine debris modelling and remote sensing as well as in situ experimental observations. Two associated members are experts in theoretical physical oceanography. The Full Members are responsible for the delivery of the four objectives (each led by an assigned vice-chair) and the Associate Members provide important input from the complementary fields.
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Our Full members represent 9 different nations, including emerging nations, with a total of 13 nations involved including Associated members. Moreover, we include one early career researcher as vice chair, and another as Associate member which will aid their career development.
We propose one chairman and 3 vice chairs from different disciplines, each of them being responsible for a specific WG objective.
7.1 Partnership:
Name Gender Place of work Expertize Status
Stefano Aliani M CNR ISMAR Chair – In situ FULL ITA observation Nikolai M Univ Hawaii Vice chair FULL Maximenko USA Remote sensing Bertrand M IFREMER Remote sensing FULL Chapron FRA Victor M Plymouth Remote sensing FULL Martinez- Marine Lab UK Vicente * Yi Chao M Remote Remote sensing Assoc. Sensing Solutions, Inc. USA Erik van Sebille M Univ. Utrecht Vice chair FULL * NED modelling Atsuhiko Isobe M Kyushu Univ modelling FULL JPN
Irina F Univ Moscow modelling Chubarenko RUS Assoc.
Laurent M modellinghouse modelling Lebreton * NZL Assoc.
Miguel M Univ modelling Assoc. Morales Newcastle Maqueda UK Christophe M LPO-IRD, modelling Maes Brest FRA Assoc. 2-159
Kara F Sea Vice chair In situ FULL Lavender Law Education observation Association USA Peter M Univ In situ FULL Ryan Cape Town observation RSU Won Joon M KIOST In situ FULL Shim KOR observation Martin M UCN CHL In situ FULL Thiel observation Melanie F AWI In situ Assoc. Bergmann GER observation Denise F CSIRO In situ Assoc. Hardesty AUS observation Tobias M Univ Theoretical Assoc. Kukulka Delaware physical USA oceanography Baylor Fox- M Brown Univ Theoretical Assoc. Kemper USA physical oceanography
* is for young scientists.
Observers/ stakeholders
Joao Sousa IUCN M [email protected] Georg Hanke EU-JRC M [email protected]
Nancy Wallace NOAA F [email protected] Paolo Corradi ESA M [email protected]
8. Working group contributions
Stefano Aliani is in charge of the coordination as chair of this WG and of Objective 4. He has experience on observational data on marine litter distribution and in situ measurements of oceanographic processes. He is section head at Institute Marine Science of CNR in Lerici, Italy.
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He led/participated to many cruises worldwide and has considerable experience in data collection. He is involved in developing new quality control methods and protocols for in situ marine litter assessment.
Kara Lavender Law is in charge of the objective on in situ observations of marine debris as vice chair (O1). She is Research Professor of Oceanography at Sea Education Association (SEA), where she has published analyses of SEA’s two long-term data sets on floating open ocean microplastics. She carries out research on SEA’s 30-year archive of microplastics to understand what the physical and chemical characteristics of the debris might reveal about the transformation and fate of ocean plastics. She is also the co-PI of the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) Marine Debris working group, which has published on the input of plastics to the ocean from land-based waste; on the global abundance of floating plastics; and a critical review of the biological and ecological impacts of debris.
Erik Van Sebille is in charge of the objective (O2) on modelling of plastic litter pathways as vice chair. He is an Early Career Scientist who has won the 2016 Outstanding Young Scientist Award from the European Geosciences Union’s Ocean Division, and has recently been awarded a European Research Council Starting Grant on a five-year project ‘Tracking Of Plastic In Our Seas’. He has worked extensively with marine ecologists to map the risk of plastic to marine life, and has been part of the GESAMP Working Group on microplastics. He has testified for UK Parliament on the impact of microbeads on the marine environment, and the effects of a potential ban of these materials.
Nikolai Maximenko is in charge of objective on remote sensing of marine debris as vice chair (O3). He is an established Oceanographer with expertise in ocean circulation and air-sea interaction physical dynamics and develops applications, such as drift models of marine debris. In his research, he combines in situ observations with satellite products to study multi-scale ocean debris. Maximenko is a member of NASA Ocean Surface Topography, Ocean Salinity and Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study Science Teams.
Bertrand Chapron will provide his multi-year experience on the combined use of space- borne ocean remote sensing measurements. He is senior scientist at Ifremer, co- responsible for the ESA Sentinel 1 (a and b) algorithms and scientific validation of ocean (wind, wave and current) products, co- and/or principal investigator in several other ESA (SMOS salinity mission, OceanGasFlux, GlobCurrent), member of NASA and CNES science and definition teams (SWOT and CFOSAT, Altika missions), and working on potential future space-borne instrument to provide ocean surface currents (Doppler off- nadir altimeter SKIM, multi-azimuth optical glitter GLISTERO).
Atsuhiko Isobe will provide a numerical model of microplastics using observed data for validation. He has been the principal investigator of three plastic-debris research projects sponsored by the Environmental Research and Technology Development Fund of Ministry of the Environment, Japan, and conducted field surveys of macroplastics and microplastics, around East Asian seas, North/South Pacific, and the Southern Ocean. Also, he and his group have conducted numerical modeling for pelagic marine debris including microplastics in these research projects. 2-161
Peter Ryan has studied marine plastics since the 1980s. He will provide his multi-year experience on field and laboratory assessments of the abundance, distribution and composition of macrolitter at sea, as well as experiments on the rates of sinking through biofouling.
Victor Martinez-Vicente will contribute the working group with a review on current techniques for plastic litter detection from satellites. He is principal scientist in the RESMALI proposal submitted by Plymouth Marine Laboratory to the European Space Agency. He is an Early Career scientist that focuses on validation of satellite observations and on developing new products from remote sensing. To do so, he has developed in-situ and laboratory techniques for characterising the optical properties of particles in the ocean, leading to novel phytoplankton Carbon algorithms.
Won Joon Shim will provide his expertise on distribution of microplastics in water and sediment and their fate including weathering and fragmentation in the environments. He is a principal research scientist at Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology and currently co-leads a national research project for environmental risk assessment of microplastics in coastal zone including microplastic monitoring in multi-media.
Martin Thiel will provide his 15 years’ experience on field and laboratory studies on marine litter, especially about its distribution and composition at sea. He will also contribute to capacity building through citizen science program Cientificos de la Basura (“litter scientists”, www.cientificosdelabasura.cl) in which schools from the entire Chilean coast are participating in scientific research on marine litter. He is Professor of Marine Biology at Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN).
9. Relationship to other programmes and SCOR working groups
9.1 Other SCOR Working Groups
This SCOR WG will interface well with current SCOR Working Group 149 (Changing Ocean Biological Systems - COBS) when they address the presence of multiple drivers altering marine living resources and ecosystem services. We will also interface on producing a glossary of terms and guide for policy-makers to better understand the role of plastics as one of the multiple drivers of change in biological systems.
We will also interface with SCOR Working Group 150 (Translation of Optical Measurements into particle Content, Aggregation & Transfer - TOMCAT) for the part about remote sensing of debris and polymer characterisation usually performed by FTIR or Raman spectroscopy.
9.2 Other Programmes
GESAMP WG40 GESAMP is the Group of Experts of the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protections and is sustained by UN, UNEP, FAO, UNESCO, IOC, UNIDO, WMO IMO IAEA and UNDP. Working Group 40 is about “sources, fate and effects of micro-plastics in the
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marine environment – a global assessment”. This SCOR WG is the obvious consequence of GESAMP recommendations when they address the importance to assess distribution and transport of microdebris. Some members of this WG are also members of GESAMP, and plan to bring those general recommendations into a more detailed and active stage.
SCAR The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) is a committee of International Council for Science dedicated to Antarctic science. Recently marine debris has been found in Antarctica. The source is necessarily from industrialized countries and this SCOR WG will interact with SCAR providing information about ocean transport and accumulation of debris, the ultimate challenge for Antarctic marine research. The possibility to create a SCAR WG dedicated to marine debris will be assessed as a product of this SCOR- WG.
MARPOL - IMO MARPOL 73/78 is one of the most important international marine environmental conventions. It was developed by the International Maritime Organization in an effort to minimize pollution of the oceans and seas, including dumping, oil and air pollution. The objective of this convention is to preserve the marine environment in an attempt to completely eliminate pollution by oil and other harmful substances and to minimize accidental spillage of such substances. This WG will interact with IMO exchanging information on ship-based plastic pollution.
10. Key references
Barnes, D. K., Galgani, F., Thompson, R. C., and Barlaz, M. (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 364, 1985–1998. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0205 Barnes, D. K., Walters, A., and Gonçalves, L. (2010). Macroplastics at sea around Antarctica. Mar. Environ. Res. 70, 250–252. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.05.006 Bergmann, M., Sandhop, N., Schewe, I., and D'Hert, D. (2016). Observations of floating anthropogenic litter in the Barents Sea and Fram Strait, Arctic. Polar Biol. Carlson, D.F., Suaria, G., Aliani, S., Fredj, E., Fortibuoni, T., Griffa, A., Russo, A., Melli, V. (2017). Combining litter observations with a regional ocean model to identify sources and sinks of floating debris in a semi- enclosed basin: the Adriatic Sea. Frontiers Marine Science 4:78. Chubarenko, I., Bagaev, A., Zobkov, M., Esiukova, E. (2016). On some physical and dynamical properties of microplastic particles in marine environment, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 108, Issues 1–2, 15 July 2016, Pages 105-112, ISSN 0025-326X, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.04.048. Chubarenko, I., Stepanova, N. (2017) Microplastics in sea coastal zone: Lessons learned from the Baltic amber, Environmental Pollution, Volume 224, May 2017, Pages 243-254, ISSN 0269-7491, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.085. Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L.C., Carson, H.S., Thiel, M., Moore, C. J., Borerro, J. C., et al. (2014). Plastic pollution in the world's oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PLoS ONE 9:e111913. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111913 2-163
GESAMP (2016). Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: part two of a global assessment, in IMO/FAO/UNESCO- IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, Report Studies GESAMP No 93, eds P. J. Kershaw and C.M. Rochman, 220. Hardesty, B.D., Lawson, T.J., van der Velde, T., Lansdell, M., and Wilcox, C. (2016). Estimating quantities and sources of marine debris at a continental scale. Front. Ecol. Environ. 15, 18–25. doi: 10.1002/fee.1447 Isobe, A., Kubo, K., Tamura, Y., Kako, S., Nakashima, E., and Fujii, N. (2014). Selective transport of microplastics and mesoplastics by drifting in coastal waters. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 89, 324–330. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.041 Isobe, A., Uchida, K., Tokai, T., and Iwasaki, S. (2015). East Asian seas: a hot spot of pelagic microplastics. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 101, 618–623. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.10.042 Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Rerryman, M., Andrady, A., et al. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science 347, 768–771. doi: 10.1126/science.1260352 Law, K. L., Morét-Ferguson, S., Maximenko, N. A., Proskurowski, G., Peacock, E. E., Hafner, J., et al. (2010). Plastic accumulation in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Science 329, 1185–1188. doi: 10.1126/science.1192321 Lebreton, L. C. M., and Borrero, J. C. (2013). Modeling the transport and accumulation floating debris generated by the 11 March 2011 Tohoku tsunami. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 66, 53– 58. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.013 Maximenko, N. A., Hafner, J., and Niiler, P. P. (2012). Pathways of marine debris derived from trajectories of Lagrangian drifters. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 65, 51–62. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.04.016 Maximenko, N., A. MacFadyen, and M. Kamachi, 2015: Modeling drift of marine debris from the Great Tohoku tsunami, PICES Press, Summer 2015, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 32-36. Martinez, E., Maamaatuaiahutapu, K., and Taillandier, V. (2009). Floating marine debris surface drift: convergence and accumulation toward the South Pacific subtropical gyre. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58, 1347–1355. Doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.022 Pham, C. K., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Alt, C. H., Amaro, T., Bergmann, M., Canals, M., et al. (2014). Marine litter distribution and density in European seas, from the shelves to deep basins. PLoS ONE 9:e95839. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095839 Suaria, G., Avio, C.G., Mineo, A. Lattin, G.L., Magaldi, M.G., Belmonte, G., Moore, C.J., Regoli, F. and Aliani S. (2016). The Mediterranean Plastic Soup: synthetic polymers in Mediterranean surface waters. Scientific Reports, 6:37551 EP Thompson, R., and N. Maximenko, 2016: Plastic pollution of the marine environment, In Williamson, P., Smythe-Wright, D., and Burkill, P., Eds. (2016) Future of the Ocean and its Seas: a non-governmental scientific perspective on seven marine research issues of G7 interest. ICSU-IAPSO-IUGG-SCOR, Paris.# Trinanes, J.A., M.J. Olascoaga, G.J. Goni, N.A. Maximenko, D.A. Griffin, and J. Hafner, 2016: Analysis of potential MH370 debris trajectories using ocean observations and numerical model results. Journal of Operational Oceanography, 9 (2), 126-138, doi:10.1080/1755876X.2016.1248149. Urban, E. and R. Boscolo (2013), Using Scientific Meetings to Enhance the Development of Early Career Scientists, Oceanography, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2013.16.
2-164 van Sebille, E. (2014). Adrift.org.au — a free, quick and easy tool to quantitatively study planktonic surface drift in the global ocean. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 461, 317–322. van Sebille, E., England, M. H., and Froyland, G. (2012). Origin, dynamics and evolution of ocean garbage patches from observed surface drifters. Environ. Res. Lett. 7:044040. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044040 van Sebille, E., Wilcox, C., Lebreton, L., Maximenko, N., Hardesty, B. D., Van Franeker, J. A., et al. (2015). A global inventory of small floating plastic debris. Environ. Res. Lett. 10:124006. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124006 2-165
Appendix 1 (5 papers per full member)
Stefano Aliani 1) D.F. Carlson, G. Suaria, G. Suaria, S. Aliani, E. Fredj, T. Fortibuoni, A. Griffa, A. Russo, V. Melli Combining litter observations with a regional ocean model to identify sources and sinks of floating debris in a semi- enclosed basin: the Adriatic Sea. 2017. Frontiers Marine Science 4:78. 2) G. Suaria, C.G. Avio, A. Mineo, G.L. Lattin, M. G. Magaldi, G. Belmonte, C.J. Moore, F. Regoli, and S. Aliani. 2016. The Mediterranean Plastic Soup: synthetic polymers in Mediterranean surface waters. Scientific Reports, 6:37551 EP, 3) G. Suaria, M.C. Melinte-Dobrinescu, G. Ion, and S. Aliani. 2015. First observations on the abundance and composition of floating debris in the North-western Black Sea. Marine Environmental Research, 107(0):45 – 49, 4) G. Suaria and S. Aliani. Floating debris in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 86(1):494–504, 2014 5) S. Aliani, A. Griffa, and A. Molcard. 2003. Floating debris in the Ligurian Sea, North Western Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46:1142–1149,
Erik van Sebille 1) B.D. Hardesty, J. Harari, A. Isobe, L. Lebreton, N. Maximenko, J. Potemra, E. van Sebille, D. Vethaak, and C. Wilcox, 2017. Using numerical model simulations to improve the understanding of microplastic distribution and pathways in the marine environment. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4:30. 2) E. van Sebille, C. Wilcox, L. Lebreton, N. Maximenko, B.D. Hardesty, J. van Franeker, M. Eriksen, D. Siegel, F. Galgani, and K.L. Law. 2015. A Global Inventory of Small Floating Plastic Debris. Environ. Res. Lett., 10. 3) C. Wilcox, E. van Sebille, and B.D. Hardesty. 2015. Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds is global, pervasive, and increasing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 112, 11899-11904. 4) E. van Sebille. 2015. The oceans’ accumulating plastic garbage. Physics Today, 68, 60- 61. 5) E. van Sebille, M.H. England, and G. Froyland. 2012. Origin, dynamics and evolution of ocean garbage patches from observed surface drifters. Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 044040.
Nikolai Maximenko 1. Maximenko, N.A., J. Hafner, and P. Niiler, 2012: Pathways of marine debris from trajectories of Lagrangian drifters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 65 (1-3), 51-62, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.04.016. 2. Duhec, A.V., R.F. Jeanne, N.A. Maximenko, and J. Hafner, 2015: Composition and potential origin of marine debris stranded in the Western Indian Ocean on remote Alphonse Island, Seychelles. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 96 (1-2), 76-86, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.042.
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3. Eriksen, M., N.A. Maximenko, M. Thiel, A. Cummins, G. Lattin, S. Wilson, J. Hafner, A. Zellers, and S. Rifman, 2013: Plastic pollution in the South Pacific subtropical gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 68 (1-2), 71-76, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.021. 4. Thompson, R., and N. Maximenko, 2016: Plastic pollution of the marine environment, In Williamson, P., Smythe-Wright, D., and Burkill, P., Eds. (2016) Future of the Ocean and its Seas: a non-governmental scientific perspective on seven marine research issues of G7 interest. ICSU-IAPSO- IUGG-SCOR, Paris. 5. Maximenko, N. et al. (41 co-author and 2 supporters), 2016: Remote sensing of marine debris to study dynamics, balances and trends, White Paper for the Earth Science and Applications from Space Decadal Survey, RFI2.
Kara Lavender Law 1. Law, K. L., 2017. Plastics in the marine environment. Annual Review of Marine Science, 9, pp. 205-229, doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060409. 2. Jambeck, J. R., R. Geyer, C. Wilcox, T. R. Siegler, M. Perryman, A. Andrady, R. Narayan, K. L. Law, 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347, pp. 144-145, doi:10.1126/science.1260352. 3. Kukulka, T., G. Proskurowski, S. Morét-Ferguson, D. Meyer, K.L. Law, 2012. The effect of wind mixing on the vertical distribution of buoyant plastic debris: Observations and modeling. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L07601, doi:10.1029/2012GL051116. 4. Law, K. L., S. Morét-Ferguson, N. A. Maximenko, G. Proskurowski, E. E. Peacock, J. Hafner, and C. M. Reddy, 2010. Plastic accumulation in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Science, 329, pp. 1185-1188. 5. Morét-Ferguson, S., K. L. Law, G. Proskurowski, E. K. Murphy, E. E. Peacock, and C.M. Reddy, 2010. The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60, pp. 1873-1878, doi:10.1126/science.1192321.
Atsuhiko Isobe 1. Isobe, A., K. Uchiyama-Matsumoto, K. Uchida, and T. Tokai, 2017 Microplastics in the Southern Ocean, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 114, 623-626. 2. Isobe, A, 2016 Percentage of microbeads in pelagic microplastics within Japanese coastal waters, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 110, 432-437. 3. Nakashima, E., A. Isobe, S. Kako, T. Itai, S. Takahashi, X. Guo, 2016 The potential of oceanic transport and onshore leaching of additive-derived lead by marine macro- plastic debris Marine Pollution Bulletin, 107, 333-339. 4. Isobe, A., K. Uchida, T. Tokai, S. Iwasaki, 2015 East Asian seas: a hot spot of pelagic microplastics, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101, 618-623. 5. Isobe, A., K. Kubo, Y. Tamura, S. Kako, E. Nakashima, and N. Fujii, 2014 Selective transport of microplastics and mesoplastics by drifting in coastal waters, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 89, 324-330. 2-167
Bertrand Chapron 1. Chapron, B., F. Collard, and F. Ardhuin (2005), Direct measurements of ocean surface velocity from space: Interpretation and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C07008, doi:10.1029/2004JC002809. 2. Isern-Fontanet, J., B. Chapron, G. Lapeyre, and P. Klein (2006), Potential use of microwave sea surface temperatures for the estimation of ocean currents, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24608, doi:10.1029/2006GL027801. 3. Resseguier, V., E. Mémin, and B. Chapron (2017), Geophysical flows under location uncertainty: Part I Random transport and general models, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., doi:10.180/03091929.2017.1310210 4. Le Traon P.-Y., D. Antoine, A. Bentamy, H. Bonekamp, A. Breivik, B. Chapron, G. Corlett, G. Dibarboure, P. Digiacomo, C. Donlon, Y. Faugere, J. Font, F. Girard- Ardhuin, F. Gohin, J. A. Johannessen, M. Kamachi, G. Lagerloef, J. Lambin, G. Larnicol, P. Le Borgne, E. Leuliette, E. Lindstrom, M. J. Martin, E. Maturi, L Miller, L. Mingsen, R. Morrow, N. Reul, M. H. Rio, H. Roquet, R. Santoleri, J. Wilkin (2015), Use of satellite observations for operational oceanography: recent achievements and future prospects . Journal Of Operational Oceanography, 8, S12-S27 . http://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2015.1022050 5. Kudryavtsev V., A. Myasoedov, B. Chapron, J. A. Johannessen, and F. Collard (2012). Joint sun-glitter and radar imagery of surface slicks. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 120, 123-132 . http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.06.029
Victor Martinez-Vicente 1. Martinez-Vicente V., Evers-King H. , Roy S., Kostadinov K., Tarran G., Graff J., Brewin B., Dall'Olmo G., Jackson T., Hickman A, Röttgers R, Krasemann H., Maranon E, Platt T., Sathyendranth S., (under revision). Validation of picophytoplankton carbon retrievals from a merged ocean colour satellite dataset 2. Osborne M., Martinez-Vicente V. Cross J., Nimmo-Smith A. (under revision). The effect of large particles on light scattering in a shallow coastal sea during a spring bloom. 3. Browning, T. J., K. Stone, H. Bouman, T. A. Mather, D. M. Pyle, M. Moore and V. Martinez-Vicente (2015). Volcanic ash supply to the surface ocean – remote sensing of biological responses and their wider biogeochemical significance. Frontiers in Marine Science 2. 4. Martinez-Vicente, V., Dall’Olmo, G., Tarran, G., Boss, E., Sathyendranath, S. (2013) Optical backscattering is correlated with the phytoplankton carbon across the Atlantic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 1-5, doi:10.1002/grl.50252. 5. Martinez-Vicente, V., Land, P. E., Tilstone, G. H., Widdicombe, C. and Fishwick, J. R. (2010) Particulate scattering and backscattering related to water constituents and seasonal changes in the Western English Channel. Journal of Plankton Research, 32, 5, 603-619.
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Won Joon Shim 1. Song, Y.K., S.H. Hong, M. Jang, G.M. Hang, S.W. Jung, W.J. Shim (2017) Combined effects of UV exposure duration and mechanical abrasion on microplastic fragmentation by polymer type. Environmental Science and Technology DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06155 (in press) 2. Shim, W.J., Y.K. Song, S.H. Hong, M. Jang (2016) Identification and quantification of microplastics using Nile Red staining. Marine Pollution Bulletin 113, 469-476 3. Song, Y.K., S.H. Hong, M. Jang, G.M. Han, M. Rani, J. Lee, W.J. Shim (2015) A comparison of microscopic and spectroscopic identification methods for analysis of microplastics in environmental samples. Marine Pollution Bulletin 93, 202-209. 4. Kang, J.-H., O.Y. Kwon, K.W. Lee, Y.K. Song, W.J. Shim (2015) Marine neustonic microplastics around the southeastern coast of Korea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 96, 304- 312. 5. Song, Y.K., S.H. Hong, M. Jang, J.-H. Kang, O.Y. Kwon, G.M. Han, W.J. Shim (2014) Large accumulation of micro-sized synthetic polymer particles in the sea surface microlayer. Environmental Science and Technology 48, 9014-9021.
Martin Thiel 1. Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C. & M. Thiel, 2012. Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science & Technology 46: 3060-3075. 2. Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L.C.M., Carson, H.S., Thiel, M., Moore, C.J., Borerro, J.C., Galgani, F., Ryan, P.G., & J. Reisser. 2014. Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: More than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing > 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PLoS ONE, 9(12): e111913. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0111913 3. Astudillo, J.C., Bravo, M., Dumont, C.P. & M. Thiel, 2009. Detached aquaculture buoys in the SE Pacific – a potential dispersal vehicle for associated organisms. Aquatic Biology 5: 219-231. 4. Thiel, M., I.A. Hinojosa, L. Miranda, J. Pantoja, M.M. Rivadeneira & N. Vasquez, 2013. Anthropogenic marine debris in the coastal enviroment: a multi-year comparison between coastal waters and local beaches. Mar. Poll. Bull. 71: 307-316. 5. Ory, N.C., Sobral, P., Ferreira, J.L., & M. Thiel, 2017. Amberstripe scad Decapterus muroadsi (Carangidae) fish ingest blue microplastics resembling their copepod prey along the coast of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the South Pacific subtropical gyre. Sci. Total Environ. 586: 430-437.
Peter Ryan 1. Fazey, F. and Ryan, P.G. 2016. Biofouling on buoyant marine plastics: an experimental study into the effect of size on surface longevity. Environmental Pollution 210, 354-360. 2-169
2. Ryan, P.G. 2015. Does size and buoyancy affect the long-distance transport of floating debris? Environmental Research Letters 10: 084019. 3. Ryan, P.G. 2014. Litter survey detects the South Atlantic ‘garbage patch’. Marine Pollution Bulletin 79, 220-224. 4. Ryan, P.G., Lamprecht, A., Swanepoel, D. and Moloney, C.L. 2014. The effect of fine- scale sampling frequency on estimates of beach litter accumulation. Marine Pollution Bulletin 88, 249-254. 5. Ryan, P.G., Moore, C.J., van Franeker, J.A. and Moloney, C.L. 2009. Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 364, 1999-2012.
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Appendix 2 (endorsements)
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University of East Anglia Faculty of Science School of Environmental Sciences
University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
Email:@uea.ac.uk Tel: +44 (0) 1603 593117
Web:www.uea.ac.uk 20 April 2017
To Whom It May Concern
On behalf of the European Office of Future Earth I would like to express our interest in the proposed by SCOR WG FLOTSAM (Floating Litter and its Oceanic TranSport Analysis and Modelling). The problem of marine debris is one of the major concerns for global sustainability, and we would want to encourage research in this area.The WG will lead to improved knowledge on the distribution and fate of plastic in the open ocean, particularly by the focus on temporal trends in composition of rnicroplastics, associated with changes in macro-plastic production, and the use of modelling to project the effects of future changes in societal plastic use.This new knowledge will bring a direct benefit for the long term management of the oceans and their sustainability in line with the UN Sustainable development Goals.
I look forward to the output of the Working Group and I am sure that Future Earth can offer a variety of mechanisms to disseminate the outcome of the work of the group to a wide audience.
Yours sincerely
Professor Tim Jickells Director Future Earth Europe Director Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences Email: [email protected]
3.0 LARGE-SCALE OCEAN RESEARCH PROJECTS
3.1 Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research, p. 3-1 Burkill
3.3 GEOTRACES, p. 3-27 Devey
3.4 Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study, p. 3-56 Turner
3.5 International Quiet Ocean Experiment, p. 3-70 Urban, Shapovalov
3.6 Second International Indian Ocean Expedition, p. 3-74 Burkill
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3.1 Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) project (joint with Future Earth) Burkill
Terms of Reference To develop the IMBER Science Plan and Implementation Strategy, in accordance with guidance from the sponsoring organisations. To oversee the development of IMBER in accordance with its Science Plan and Implementation Strategy. To collaborate, as appropriate, with related projects of the sponsors IGBP and SCOR, and other related programmes and organisations (e.g., IHDP, DIVERSITAS, IOC and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), etc.) To establish appropriate data management policies to ensure access to, sharing of, and preservation of IMBER data, taking into account the policies of the sponsors. To report regularly to SCOR and IGBP on the state of planning and the accomplishments of IMBER. The IMBER SSC, its subsidiary groups and International Project Office shall operate in accordance with the operating procedures for IGBP Projects and the requirements of the other co-sponsors.
Chair: Carol Robinson (UK)
Vice-Chairs: Alida Bundy (Canada), Eugene Murphy (UK), Cisco Werner (USA)
Other Members: Laurent Bopp (France), Ratana Chuenpagdee (Canada), Dan Costa (USA), Mark Dickey-Collas (Denmark), Rubén Escribano (Chile), Marion Glaser (Germany), Gerhard Herndl (Austria), Alistair Hobday (Australia), Masao Ishii (Japan), Tatiana Rynearson (USA), Svein Sundby (Norway), Ingrid van Putten (Australia), and Ying Wu (China-Beijing).
Executive Committee Reporter: Peter Burkill
Executive Officer: Lisa Maddison (acting)
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Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR)
Annual Report to SCOR 2016-2017
A. Introduction
The Integrated Marine Biosphere Research project (IMBeR, formerly the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research project, IMBER) is a global environmental change research initiative co-sponsored by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and until December 2015, by the International Geosphere- Biosphere Programme (IGBP). In 2016, IMBeR signed a Memorandum of Understanding to become a co-sponsored global research project with Future Earth.
Since its start in 2005, IMBeR has aimed to develop a comprehensive understanding and accurate predictive capacity of the ocean’s response to accelerating global change and the consequent effects on the Earth system and human society. In 2016, IMBeR produced a science and implementation strategy for the next decade, underpinned by the vision,
“Ocean sustainability under global change for the benefit of society”.
This vision recognises that the evolution of marine ecosystems (including biogeochemical cycles and human systems) is linked to natural and anthropogenic drivers and stressors, as articulated in the new IMBeR research goal to
“Understand, quantify and compare historic and present structure and functioning of linked ocean and human systems to predict and project changes including developing scenarios and options for securing or transitioning towards ocean sustainability”.
To implement its new vision and goal, IMBeR’s mission is to
“Promote integrated marine research and enable capabilities for developing and implementing ocean sustainability options within and across the natural and social sciences, and communicate relevant information and knowledge needed by society to secure sustainable, productive and healthy oceans”.
IMBeR science aims to foster collaborative, interdisciplinary and integrated research that addresses important ocean and social science issues and provides the understanding needed to 3-3
propose innovative societal responses to changing marine systems. The implementation of the new IMBeR Science Plan is underpinned by the International Project Office (IPO) in Bergen, Norway, sponsored by the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) and the Norwegian Research Council, and the Regional Project Office (RPO) in Shanghai, China supported by the State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research (SKLEC) at the East China Normal University (ECNU). The IMBeR research goal is progressed through the activities of four regional programmes, five working groups and numerous endorsed projects, and is facilitated through focussed IMBIZO workshops, conferences and symposia and the training of early career researchers at biennial ClimEco summer schools (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Implementation of IMBeR’s research goal.
B. Science Plan (2016-2025)
The Science Plan and Implementation Strategy (SPIS; 2016-2025) is developed around three Grand Challenges (GC), focussing on climate variability, global change and drivers and stressors. The qualitative and quantitative understanding of historic and present ocean variability and change (Grand Challenge I) are the basis for scenarios, projections and predictions of the future (Grand Challenge II). These are linked in Grand Challenge III to understand how humans are causing the variability and changes, and how they (in turn) are impacted by these changes, including feedbacks between the human and ocean systems. Priority research areas with overarching and specific research questions are identified for each Grand Challenge. The Grand Challenges are supplemented with four Innovation Challenges (IC) that focus on new topics for IMBeR where research is needed and where it is believed that major achievements can be made within three to five years. The Innovation Challenges also provide a
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means for IMBeR to adjust its focus as major science discoveries are made and new priorities arise (Figure 2).
Figure 2. The Grand and Innovation Challenges
C. Selected science highlights in 2016
A list of publications is given in section K, and activities which have specifically progressed the objectives of the Science Plan are given in section G. Here we identify a selection of studies where IMBeR has contributed to the progression of fundamental knowledge in marine ecology and biogeochemistry.
1. Members of the IMBeR regional programmes ESSAS (Ecosystem Studies of the Subarctic and Arctic Seas) and ICED (Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics) led a comparative study of the ecological impacts of atmospheric and oceanic circulation on polar and sub-polar marine ecosystems. The study highlights the effect of the strikingly different polar circulation patterns on the amount, thickness and duration of sea ice and the ecology of zooplankton, fish, seabirds and marine mammals (Hunt et al. 2016; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.10.004).
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2. A session on the ecology of the polar cod Boreogadus saida, held at the ESSAS 2014 Annual Science meeting, led to the publication of a special issue of Polar Biology (Mueter et al. 2016; doi:10.1007/s00300-016-1965-3). The combined publications represent the largest single step yet towards understanding the ecology, life history and distribution of Arctic gadids in a changing Arctic.
3. A combined ESSAS and ICED study (Murphy et al., 2016; http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1646) proposes a conceptual framework that links the life histories of pelagic species and the structure of polar foodwebs, and highlights the low functional redundancy at key trophic levels, which makes these ecosystems particularly sensitive to change.
4. Members of ICED used the Framework on Ocean Observing (FOO) to begin developing ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables (eEOVs) for the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS). The authors outline the rationale, including establishing a set of criteria, for selecting eEOVs for the SOOS, develop a list of candidate eEOVs for further evaluation and discuss the importance of simulation modelling in helping with the design of the observing system in the long term (Constable et al. 2016; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.05.003).
5. An ICED study explored the views of representatives from the scientific, conservation and fishing industry sectors on the sustainability of the Antarctic krill fishery. The analysis identified key differences in viewpoints such as the priority given to different management approaches, and to continuing commercial fishing. However, the results also revealed considerable overlap between viewpoints. The study suggests that identifying shared management objectives based on stakeholder aspirations provides a strong basis for developing practical management solutions (Cavanagh et al. 2016; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.006)
6. As part of the IMBeR regional programme SIBER (Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research), CO2 and pH sensors were deployed on a mooring in the Bay of Bengal in November 2013 to provide the first continuous set of surface water and air CO2 and pH measurements in the northern Indian Ocean. Data from the time series reveal strong seasonal variations in pCO2 in the surface water relative to the air, which are associated with the monsoon seasonal cycle, with a slight predominance of ingassing over the annual cycle. Pronounced increases in pCO2 during the early intermonsoon are driven by increasing temperatures and reduced CO2 solubility, and decreases in pCO2 during late intermonsoon and monsoon time periods are driven by decreasing temperatures and elevated CO2 solubility.
7. SIBER has also motivated BGC-Argo deployments in the Indian Ocean through a joint Indian-Australian project in the northern and southeastern Indian Ocean. The targets of these deployments have been biogeochemical hotspots in oxygen minimum zones, island wakes, enhanced-productivity eddies and subtropical convergence zones. About 40 biogeochemical Argo floats have been deployed in the Indian Ocean to date, providing insights into productivity and carbon cycling, oxygen distributions, phytoplankton
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community composition and eddy nutrient dynamics. The radiometric and chlorophyll data from these floats have been further applied to satellite ocean colour validation.
8. A special issue of Deep-Sea Research II outlines research arising from the CLIOTOP (Climate Impacts on Oceanic Top Predators) regional programme 2015 symposium, spanning topics such as conservation biology, trophic ecology, fisheries science, climate change and adaptive management (Hobday et al., 2017; doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.03.008).
9. The CLIOTOP Task Team 2016-02 aims to build policy-relevant scenarios for the sustainability of global oceanic ecosystems and fisheries. Maury et al., (2017; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.06.007) developed five contrasting Oceanic System Pathways (OSPs) based on the shared socioeconomic pathways used in climate change research. These OSPs have been chosen to form the official scenario basis of the FishMIP (Fisheries Model Inter-Comparison initiative), the marine component of the Inter- Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP), used to inform model studies in the context of IPCC and IPBES.
10. The SOLAS-IMBeR Ocean Acidification Working Group working through the IAEA Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) co-sponsored the 4th International symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World, hosted by the University of Tasmania’s Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, New Zealand and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) in Hobart, Australia. The event, held every four years, discussed the latest developments in ocean acidification science, identified future research needs and trends, and offered prime networking opportunities to hundreds of international scientists working on ocean acidification.
11. The OA-ICC contributed to the 3rd GOA-ON Science Workshop that followed the Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World. The workshop brought together more than 100 scientists from 40 countries, and discussions tackled issues including GOA-ON national and regional status, linkages to other global programmes, data management, developing regional hubs to facilitate national programmes and capacity building.
12. The IMBeR Human Dimensions Working Group has submitted a collation of 20 marine case studies which use the I-ADApT (Assessment based on Description and responses, and Appraisal for a Typology) framework to identify the natural, social and governance aspects of approaches used to deal with global change to the Routlege Studies in Environment, Culture and Societies book series.
13. Guillotreau et al. (2017), analysed six commercial bivalve industries affected by mass mortalities using I-ADApT, to assess the impacts and consequences of these perturbations on the natural, social, and governing systems, and the consequent responses of stakeholders to these events. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09084-220146
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D. Regional Programmes
Ecosystem Studies of Subarctic and Arctic Seas (ESSAS)
ESSAS objectives are to understand how climate variability and climate change affect the marine ecosystems of Subarctic and Arctic seas and their sustainability and, in turn, how changes in the marine ecosystems affect humans.
The Resilience and Adaptive Capacity of Marine Ecosystems in the Arctic (RACArctic) is an ESSAS initiative between Japan, the USA and Norway, funded by the Belmont Forum. It is a 3- year project, now in its second year. Its objective is to synthesize information from completed and ongoing regional studies in order to examine how variability and changes in advection, temperature, pH and ice dynamics in the Subarctic to Arctic transition zone may affect future marine ecosystems of the Pacific and Atlantic Arctic. Of particular interest is how fish populations and their prey respond to, and may adapt to, natural and anthropogenic changes in the Arctic and how these responses are expected to affect existing and future fisheries, subsistence harvests, and the socio-economic systems that depend on them. The first meeting was held in February 2016, in Hakodate, Japan. The first day was dedicated to a stakeholder forum with representations from the fishing industry, food processing, grocers, fisheries management, transportation industry, and a weather services company. It was conducted mostly in Japanese, with translation into English. The stakeholders provided information on the kinds of information they need in order to meet the challenges of climate change. They stressed the desire for more such meetings. Days 2 and 3 of the meeting were devoted to scientific presentations and discussions from representatives of each of the countries on topics of climate and meteorology, biogeochemistry, phytoplankton productivity, zooplankton, fish and higher trophic levels.
ESSAS co-chaired a session at the Ocean Sciences meeting in New Orleans in February 2016 on ‘Biophysical processes at the Arctic-Sub-Arctic Interface’ which explored patterns and processes at the interface between Subarctic and Arctic waters of the Pacific Arctic, the gradients in physical characteristics and biological communities that shape this region, and the role of climate change in modifying biophysical processes in the region.
ESSAS co-chaired several sessions at the Annual PICES meeting in San Diego in November 2016. The session on ‘Resilience, transitions and adaptation in marine ecosystems under a changing climate’ explored the concept of resilience in both physical ocean systems and in the associated ecological systems from plankton to fish. Presentations on theoretical studies and applied case studies examined resilience in a marine ecosystem context, provided practical approaches to measuring resilience, defined the “essential structure and function” of marine ecosystems, identified thresholds beyond which essential structure and function may be lost, examined ways in which resilience of marine ecological systems can be enhanced, and explored the phenotypic and evolutionary adaptive capacity of marine organisms to deal with gradual changes and transitions.
The 2016 ESSAS Annual Science Meeting was held in Yokohama, Japan. Fifty attendees participated in sessions on Challenges to the climate, ecological, biogeochemical and socio-
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economic sciences in a changing Arctic and Subarctic. The 2017 ESSAS Open Science Meeting will be held in Tromso, Norway.
Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean (ICED) The ICED regional programme aims to better understand the climate interactions in the Southern Ocean, the implications for ecosystem dynamics, the impacts on biogeochemical cycles, and the development of sustainable management procedures. See www.iced.ac.uk/index.htm.
ICED scientists contributed various oral presentations and posters at the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Open Science Conference, in August 2016, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ICED co-coordinated a mini-symposium on Linking Antarctic science with environmental protection, which aimed to highlight the relevance of the research carried out by the international community of Antarctic scientists, under SCAR, to the Antarctic Treaty System.
th ICED scientists attended the 4 International Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World, in May 2016, in Hobart, Australia to present work on the effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic pteropod and phytoplankton species, as well as the development and delivery of scientific knowledge and policy guidance on high-latitude ocean acidification.
ICED has continued to provide input to the Antarctic Treaty System (via SCAR; CCAMLR; Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and CEP; the Antarctic Treaty’s Committee for Environmental Protection), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Marine Protected Areas. There is now an established recognition by these bodies of ICED’s role as the provider of valuable, external input on climate change impacts on Southern Ocean ecosystems to their work.
ICED was represented at the second Joint Workshop of the CCAMLR Scientific Committee (SC-CCAMLR) and CEP, in May 2016 in Punta Arenas, Chile. The workshop aimed to identify the drivers and effects of climate change that are considered most likely to impact the conservation and management of Antarctica and its resources, and to identify existing and potential sources of research and monitoring data relevant to the work of the CEP and SC- CAMLR on this topic. This led to ICED representation at the CCAMLR Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management meeting in Trieste, Italy, July 2016.
ICED scientists have been involved in key International Whaling Commission (IWC) work following a Southern Hemisphere humpback whale assessment (Jackson et al. 2016). Funding has been secured to support two inter-disciplinary voyages to study the sub-Antarctic right whale feeding population off South Georgia. Investigations will include identifying habitat use with satellite tracking, connecting these grounds to low-latitude calving grounds using photo identification and genetic matching, investigating the main prey sources through skin isotope analysis, and determining the health of the whales from photographs of body condition and analyses of whale hormones and microbiomes. Two years of surveys will allow whale abundance estimations at this site and contribute towards an assessment of right whale recovery in the southwest Atlantic. 3-9
ICED scientists have been involved in the agreement to establish the world’s largest Marine Protected Area (MPA), in Antarctica's Ross Sea, via CCAMLR. This new MPA will come into force in December 2017 and will limit, or entirely prohibit, certain activities in order to meet specific conservation, habitat protection, ecosystem monitoring and fisheries management objectives. Seventy-two percent of the MPA will be a 'no-take' zone, which forbids all fishing, while other sections will permit some harvesting of fish and krill for scientific research. This is a significant achievement and has been several years in the making. A number of publications have been submitted by ICED scientists to CCAMLR in support of the development of future MPAs.
ICED scientists participated in delivering a chapter updating knowledge on the effects of climate change on Antarctic marine ecosystems to an International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) publication on the effects of climate change on the oceans.
The EUROMARINE science network represents the merger of three former Networks of Excellence (EUR-OCEANS, MarBEF and Marine Genomics Europe) that involved ICED scientists. ICED scientists attended this year’s EUROMARINE General Assembly, to maintain links between ICED and the network.
CLimate Impacts on Oceanic TOp Predators (CLIOTOP) The CLIOTOP regional programme organises large-scale comparative studies to elucidate key processes involved in the interaction between climate variability and change and human use of the ocean on the structure of pelagic ecosystems and large marine species.
CLIOTOP scientists contributed to a number of workshops and working groups in 2016 including the Commission for the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation, Adelaide Australia in January 2017, the IOC-UNESCO (GOOS)/OceanObs Research Coordination Network co-ordinated workshop on the Implementation of Multi- Disciplinary Sustained Ocean Observations (IMSOO), Miami, USA 8-10 February 2017, and the United Nations Group of Experts for the second cycle of the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socioeconomic Aspects, New York, USA March 2017.
The major activity of CLIOTOP in 2017 will be the development and organization of the Fourth CLIOTOP Symposium in late 2018. Members of CLIOTOP submitted a proposal for a SCOR working group ‘Expanding Regional Application of Dynamic Ocean Management (ERADOM)’.
Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (SIBER) The SIBER regional programme is co-sponsored by the Indian Ocean GOOS (IOGOOS) Programme with close ties to CLIVAR’s Indian Ocean Panel (IOP). It focuses on understanding climate change and anthropogenic forcing on biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems in the Indian Ocean, to predict the impacts of climate change, eutrophication and harvesting.
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The 2nd International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2) was motivated by SCOR, SIBER, IOGOOS and IOP and has become the main scientific focus of SIBER. The first cruise was launched in December 2015. SIBER contributed to an IIOE-2 Town Hall meeting at the Ocean Sciences meeting, February 2016, New Orleans, USA, to the organisation and plenary presentations of the IIOE-2 symposium in February 2017 in Perth, Australia, and to the Bio- Argo workshop also held in February 2017 in Perth Australia.
A new SIBER website was launched in 2016, serviced from the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) and linked to the IMBeR website, and a SIBER International Project Office has been set up at INCOIS, Hyderabad, India.
Together with IOP, SIBER is organising a winter school in 2018 at the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India.
E. Working Groups
IMBeR-Future Earth Coasts Continental Margins Working Group (CMWG) The CMWG aims to compare a sparsely populated northern Arctic shelf region with a shelf in a heavily populated Southeast Asian region. IMBeR received funds from IGBP and the European Space Agency (ESA) to support a workshop to identify the relevant issues and knowledge needs for the Arctic margins case study. A special session was organized at the XMAS-III conference in Xiamen, China in early 2017 to discuss similar issues relating to the East China Sea case study. The IMBeR and Future Earth Coasts CMWG co-chairs are establishing a core group to take these case studies forward.
Human Dimensions Working Group (HDWG) The HDWG continued development of the I-ADApT management tool. In March 2017, the manuscript of a book titled Societal and Governing Responses to Global Change in Marine Systems was submitted to Routledge. Objectives of the book are to explore and illustrate how the responses of the governance system have addressed the issue under consideration in 20 marine case studies from around the world.
HDWG members convened a session ‘How to integrate natural and social science into advice for policy makers’ with PICES, ICES and CLIOTOP at the World Fisheries Congress in Korea in May 2016, and contributed to the MSEAS Understanding Marine Socio-ecological Systems: Including the Human Dimension in Integrated Ecosystem Assessments conference in Brest, France in June 2016.
The 6th HDWG meeting was held at the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan in May 2016 and the 7th meeting will be held in France in 2017.
IMBeR-CLIVAR Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems Working Group (EBUS) EBUS contributed to the CLIVAR Open Science Conference “Charting the course for climate and ocean research” in Qingdao, China in September 2016, and held a workshop to refine the tasks of the working group in the context of the CLIVAR Science Plan. EBUS submitted a 3-11
proposal for a SCOR working group in 2016 which unfortunately was not successful. They will revise the application and submit it again in April 2017.
SOLAS-IMBeR-IOCCP Carbon working group (SIC) During 2016, it was decided to close the surface water and mid-water SOLAS-IMBeR carbon working groups, as many of the original tasks were completed, and to create a new carbon working group with new objectives and incorporating the SCOR and IOC-UNESCO International Ocean Carbon Coordination project (IOCCP). The production (and review by IMBeR) of a new CLIVAR Science Plan also afforded an opportunity to align this group with CLIVAR. A small group of scientists representing IMBeR, SOLAS, CLIVAR and IOCCP will meet at the International Carbon Dioxide Conference (ICDC10) in Switzerland in August 2017 under the chairmanship of Nikki Gruber to propose new objectives for a new carbon working group.
SOLAS-IMBeR Ocean Acidification (SIOA) The SOLAS-IMBER Ocean Acidification Working Group continues to make advances, through the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC), to its core activities of setting up a Global Observing Network, organising joint experiments and intercomparison exercises, maintaining advice on best practises and contributing to capacity building and outreach.
Selected highlights can be found in the quarterly releases from the OA-ICC available on their web page at https://www.iaea.org/ocean-acidification.
F. Endorsed projects
Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) AMT is a multidisciplinary programme which undertakes biological, chemical and physical oceanographic research during an annual voyage between the UK and destinations in the South Atlantic. The AMT provides a platform for scientists to capture and analyse data related to a range of oceanographic science areas. Over 256 scientists have participated in AMT cruises and many more have worked with the data, which are accessible through the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC). The data have been the basis for more than 300 scientific papers, and the long-term nature of the data collected is useful in analysing trends and forecasting future outcomes.
Gulf of Trieste Time series (GoTTs) The Department of Biological Oceanography of the Italian National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics is responsible for the Gulf of Trieste site as part of the Long Term Ecological Research network in the North Adriatic. The research activities, which have continued since 1970, range from marine biogeochemistry to ecology and are aimed at understanding the dynamics governing marine ecosystems and to evaluate the role of the ocean in the global energy balance.
Living-resource & Ecosystem Dynamics on the Slope of the South China Sea (LEDS)
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The northern slope region of the South China Sea is the breeding and nursing ground for commercially valuable fish species such as octopus and tuna. Their vertical migration behaviour potentially forms a key link between lower and higher trophic levels as they act as predators on zooplankton and as prey for bottom and pelagic fishes, and feed in the surface layer during the night while resting and excreting in the deep layer (400-1000 m) during the day. This project aims to progress understanding of the role of mesopelagic fish in marine ecosystems, resource protection and utilization, and carbon sequestration in the ocean.
Mechanisms of Marine Carbon Storage and Coupled Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur cycles in response to global change (MCS-CNS) The sensitivity of marine biogeochemical cycles to climate change remains unclear, especially for key processes that influence the long-term health of marine ecosystems. By understanding the interactions between the microbial carbon pump and the biological carbon pump, this project aims to decipher the mechanisms of marine carbon storage, and the response of biogeochemical processes to climate change and anthropogenic activities.
Processes and Approaches of Coastal Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration (PACECS) This project aims to investigate the key processes and mechanisms of carbon sequestration in coastal ecosystems in order to propose ways in which to increase the ocean carbon sink. Most of this ‘Blue Carbon Sink’ resides in the biomass of phytoplankton, bacteria, archaea, and protozoa, and so maximising the efficiency of this sink requires fundamental knowledge of the dynamics of marine microbes.
Study of Kuroshio Ecosystem Dynamics for Sustainable Fisheries (SKED) This interdisciplinary study aims to investigate the paradox of high fisheries production in the low-nutrient Kuroshio western boundary current of the North Pacific Ocean, in order to ensure sustainable use of this ecosystem.
Variability of Ocean Ecosystems around South America (VOCES) The goal of this project is to assess the impact of climate variability - both natural and anthropogenic - on the Humboldt, Patagonia and South Brazil Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs), which are amongst the most productive in the southern hemisphere.
Integrated Arctic Observation System (INTAROS) INTAROS will develop an integrated Arctic Observation System (iAOS) by extending, improving and unifying existing systems in the different regions of the Arctic. An integrated Arctic Observation System will enable better-informed decisions and better-documented processes within key sectors (e.g., local communities, shipping, tourism, fishing), in order to strengthen the societal and economic role of the Arctic region.
Ocean Foodweb Patrol – Climate Effects: Reducing Targeted Uncertainties with an Interactive Network (OCEAN CERTAIN) The goals of OCEAN CERTAIN are to
1. Determine qualitative and quantitative changes in the functionalities of the foodweb and the efficiency of the biological pump to export carbon as a response to multi-stressors, 3-13
2. Identify the interactions (impacts and feedbacks) between climate-related oceanic processes and global climate dynamics, 3. Integrate marine ecosystem scenarios with probable socio-economic scenarios to help estimate/quantify human feedbacks to the coupled socio-ecological system, relevant to mitigation and adaptation pathways, 4. Develop scenario-based impact prediction capacity, and 5. Produce and test decision support tools and systems and assess their ability to support the sustainable exploitation of marine resources.
G. Implementation of the Science Plan in 2016
The IMBeR regional programmes and working groups are working towards the research goal outlined in the SPIS (2016-2025). In order to ensure efficient progress towards this goal, a number of task teams led by members of the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) were initiated at the 2016 SSC meeting in New Orleans. At the 2017 SSC meeting in Shanghai, a more comprehensive gap analysis was undertaken, and specific SSC members were tasked to scope out relevant activities already being undertaken in the international community and to propose a plan of action for IMBeR to achieve the SPIS Grand and Innovation Challenges. Progress towards achieving the IMBeR research goal during 2016 is outlined below:
Grand Challenge I: Understanding and quantifying the state and variability of marine ecosystems
The Challenge: To develop whole system level understanding of ecosystems, including complex biogeochemical cycles and human interactions, together with understanding of the scales of spatial and temporal variability of their structure and functioning.
ESSAS contributes to this challenge through The Resilience and Adaptive Capacity of Marine Ecosystems in the Arctic (RACArctic) initiative, which examines how variability and changes in advection, temperature, ocean acidity and ice dynamics in the Subarctic to Arctic transition zone may affect future marine ecosystems of the Pacific and Atlantic Arctic.
ICED has continued to develop whole ecosystem level understanding of the structure and functioning of Southern Ocean ecosystems, and their variability and response to change across a range of spatial and temporal scales. They have focussed on key species from Antarctic krill to whales (e.g., Jackson et al. 2016; Silk et al. 2016), and the structure of food webs (e.g., Horswill et al. 2016), as well as furthering work on comparative studies with the Arctic, focussing on the role of biodiversity in ecosystem structure and function (Murphy et al. 2016b). ICED has also examined physical, chemical and biological interactions (e.g., Hunt et al. 2016) and the effects of past and recent variability and change, such as ocean acidification (e.g., Manno et al. 2016).
The long-term overarching goal of SIBER is to improve understanding of the role of the Indian Ocean in global biogeochemical cycles and the interaction between these cycles and marine ecosystem dynamics. In order to quantify the state and variability of Indian Ocean ecosystems, and importantly, the physical forcing that drives this variability, SIBER was instrumental in
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fostering the development of the 2nd International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2) and the Eastern Indian Ocean Upwelling research Initiative (EIOURI).
CLIOTOP Task Team 2016-01 has been working to improve understanding of the trophic pathways that underlie the production of tunas and other pelagic predators in the open ocean, the movements of these predators, and the natural variability forced by the environment. Improved understanding resulting from the outputs of this task team will directly assist IMBeR- CLIOTOP in progressing understanding of marine ecology, food web dynamics, movements of top predators in a changing climate, and ocean biogeochemistry.
CLIOTOP Task Team 2016-05 is focussed on developing a standard set of metrics for describing the movements of marine animals that could be used across multiple platforms and multiple species, thereby allowing for multi-species, multi-platform comparisons in investigating the environmental and physiological drivers of movement in marine animals.
The Human Dimension Working Group (HDWG) continues to develop I-ADApT - an integrated assessment framework and learning platform for global change response. I- ADApT is developed from case studies that cover a wide range of natural and social systems around the world that have been challenged by critical global change issues, allowing cross-case comparisons within specific social and ecological contexts.
Grand Challenge II: Improving scenarios, predictions and projections of future ocean-human systems at multiple scales.
The Challenge: To incorporate understanding of the drivers and consequences of global change on marine ecosystems and human societies at multiple scales into models to project and predict future states.
Progress towards this challenge is led by IMBeR SSC member Laurent Bopp and will be the focus of one of the workshops at the IMBIZO5 conference in October 2017.
An initiative to produce policy-relevant future scenarios of ecosystem services in the oceanic realm was recently published (Maury et al., 2017), and the five contrasted Ocean System Pathways (OSPs) developed have been chosen to form the official scenario basis of FishMIP (the Fisheries Model Inter-comparison initiative).
A dataviz tool is under development to provide easy access to the recent CMIP5 climate model projections for ocean ecosystem stressors (warming, pH, oxygen, primary productivity). This tool will enable selection of any ocean region, and show visualization of projections for surface temperature, surface pH, sub-surface oxygen, and integrated primary production.
ICED has continued its model development in support of creating a suite of models of physical dynamics (ocean circulation and climate), biogeochemical cycles, and biological dynamics (life histories, population dynamics, food web structure) within a hierarchical framework of models of different spatial, temporal and trophic resolution. The ultimate aim of these activities will be 3-15 to advance end-to-end ecosystem modelling approaches that integrate physical, chemical and biological processes.
CLIOTOP Task Team 2016-03 is developing dynamic seasonal forecasting models relevant to fisheries and conservation management. This has included submission of a book chapter on ‘Predicting the distribution of bluefin tunas in a changing ocean’, presenting at the U.S. CLIVAR workshop on ‘Dynamical and statistical modeling for ecosystem forecasts’, and attending the ICES conference on ‘Seasonal to decadal prediction of marine ecosystems: opportunities, approaches and applications’.
CLIOTOP Task Team 2016-06 is developing process-based animal movement models that are biologically reasonable and capable of i) modelling behavioural response in relation to environmental covariates, and therefore ii) predicting animal movements in response to climatic changes.
Grand Challenge III: Improving and achieving sustainable ocean governance
The Challenge: To improve communication and understanding between IMBeR science, policy and society to achieve better governance, adaptation to and mitigation of global change, and transition towards ocean sustainability.
A scoping exercise for this Challenge is being led by SSC member Mark Dickey-Collas.
One of the objectives of ICED is to determine how Southern Ocean ecosystem structure, functioning and projections should be incorporated into adaptation, mitigation and sustainable management procedures by improving communication and understanding between science, policy and society. ICED is continuing its work with the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), the Antarctic Treaty’s Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) and the International Whaling Commission (IWC) to ensure that ICED science is relevant and that scientific results are translated appropriately into messages that resonate with policy makers.
The SIBER activities that are most relevant to this IMBeR Challenge are related to IIOE-2 and the governance structure that has been created to guide it. The IIOE-2 is overseen by an international steering committee that aims to leave a lasting legacy of the expedition throughout the Indian Ocean region. This will be accomplished by establishing the basis for improved scientific knowledge transfer to wider segments of society and regional governments, and through the creation of educational and capacity development opportunities that target regional and early-career scientists.
I-ADApT is an integrated assessment framework that builds on knowledge and lessons learned from past experience of responses to global change and is designed to enable decision makers, researchers, managers and local stakeholders to: (1) make decisions efficiently; (2) triage and improve their responses; and (3) evaluate where to most effectively allocate resources to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience of affected people.
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Innovation Challenge 1: To enhance understanding of the role of metabolic diversity and evolution in marine biogeochemical cycling and ocean ecosystem processes.
Progress towards completion of this challenge will be led by SSC members Gerhard Herndl and Tatiana Rynearson. The first activity will be a workshop at the IMBIZO5 meeting in October 2017, leading to publication of a synthesis of current understanding of metabolic diversity in the light of environmental change and identification of approaches needed to include metabolism and evolution in marine ecosystem models at multiple scales, from individual organisms to systems.
Innovation Challenge 2: To contribute to the development of a global ecosystem observational and modelling network that observes essential ocean variables (EOVs) and to improve marine data and information management.
A scoping exercise for this challenge is being undertaken by SSC member Dan Costa. Dan contributed to the organisation of the Autonomous and Lagrangian Platforms and Sensors Scientific and Technical Review (ALPS-II) held at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in February 2017. The aim of the workshop was (1) to survey progress in autonomous platforms and sensors for ocean research since the original ALPS meeting 13 years ago, and (2) to assess future prospects and challenges.
Dan and CLIOTOP Co-Chair Kevin Weng participated in the Global Ocean Observing System of the IOC-UNESCO (GOOS) and the OceanObs Research Coordination Network workshop on Implementation of Multi-Disciplinary Sustained Ocean Observations in Miami, Florida, USA in February 2017. This workshop was tasked with identifying priorities for improving the coordinated planning and implementation of multi-disciplinary observing activities and demonstrations, by bringing together experts in physical, biogeochemical and biological/ecosystems ocean observations and modelling, users of established observing networks, and communities of practice.
The ICED community has made strong links with the SCAR-SCOR Southern Ocean Observing System and the CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program to progress integrated ecosystem observing to (i) support assessments of current status and trends of Southern Ocean ecosystems and (ii) provide foundation data for assessing the likelihood of future states of the system. Substantial progress has been made in identifying ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables as well as co-ordinating a year of field activities, proposed for 2022, to benchmark Southern Ocean ecosystems as a natural extension of the Census of Antarctic Marine Life undertaken a decade ago.
Several CLIOTOP members provided feedback on a draft paper on essential ocean variables for fish abundance and distribution circulated by the GOOS Panel on Biology and Ecosystems.
Innovation Challenge 3: To advance understanding of ecological feedbacks in the Earth System.
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Implementation of this challenge will be discussed at the 2017 SSC meeting in Shanghai. ICED scientists have undertaken a review of marine biogeochemical feedbacks resulting from plankton community stoichiometry changes to ocean acidification and climate change as part of the SCAR Ocean Acidification review.
Innovation Challenge 4: To advance and improve the use of social science data for ocean management, decision making and policy development
Implementation of this challenge will be discussed at the 2017 SSC meeting in Shanghai.
ICED scientists have been actively developing studies to expand analyses of ecosystems to consider human social and economic system interactions. Following IMBIZO IV, Stuart Corney and Eugene Murphy have been working on an opinion piece “Integrating human dimensions into marine ecosystem models will improve management” that is under review with Fish and Fisheries.
H. Other IMBeR activities
IMBeR ClimEco 5 Summer School The ClimEco 5 Summer School was held in Natal, Brazil in August 2016 with the theme ‘Towards more resilient oceans: Predicting and projecting future changes in the ocean and their impacts on human societies’. Sixty-four participants were chosen from more than 200 applicants based in 26 different countries. Topics that were covered included delineating the issues of climate change and impacts on marine ecosystems, modelling approaches for natural and social science data, and using science in management.
Early Career Researcher Network An IMBeR Early-Career Researcher (ECR) network is being established to create a forum for interdisciplinary ECRs focussed on building capacity in developing nations, providing leadership roles for ECRs, and to promote gender equality throughout the marine sciences. An organizing committee has been established, and proposals are underway to attract funding for the first ECR meeting.
Gordon Research Conference on Ocean Biogeochemistry The conference was held at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in June 2016 and co- convened by past IMBeR SSC Chair Eileen Hofmann. One of the keynote presentations was given by the current IMBeR SSC Chair Carol Robinson, and several of the ICED community participated. The meeting emphasis was on the biologically driven ocean carbon pumps, and included sessions on variations through geological time, microbial oxidation of organic matter within the water column, and the linkage of the carbon pump with silicon, nitrogen, phosphorous and iron cycles.
IMBeR-Future Earth Norway workshop In September 2016, IMBeR and Future Earth Norway collaborated to convene a workshop to explore priorities for Norwegian research on ocean sustainability, oral presentations are
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available at www.futureearth.org/norway/results-IMBeR-fen-wshop-2016, and the meeting report at http://www.imber.info/resources/images/prosjekter/imber/IMBER_Future- Earth_Norway_Worshop_Report-Final-1-Dec.pdf.
Future Earth – Ocean Knowledge-Action Network (KAN) IMBeR continues to contribute to the development of the Future Earth Ocean KAN. As part of a Future Earth core research project meeting in Bern, Switzerland in June 2016, Peter Liss chaired a brainstorming session to produce a draft proposal to be presented to the Belmont Forum for consideration for funding as a Collaborative Research Action (CRA). At its annual Plenary Meeting in Doha in October 2016, the Belmont Forum agreed to progress with the full scoping process of a Future Earth–Belmont Forum co-branded CRA on "Transdisciplinary Research for Ocean Sustainability". This process will be coordinated by the Swedish Research Council FORMAS, and the first scoping workshop will be held in May 2017.
As part of this activity, Future Earth, the International Council of Science (ICSU), WCRP- CLIVAR, IOC-UNESCO and ICSU-SCOR organized a scoping workshop on the development of an integrative Ocean Knowledge-Action Network (Ocean KAN) hosted by the Kiel Cluster of Excellence “The Future Ocean“ on 4-5 December 2016. The workshop was overseen by a scientific committee (including the IMBeR SSC Chair) and assembled nearly 100 representatives from 27 countries. As part of this meeting, the scientific committee and executive committees met to discuss the formation of an Ocean KAN development team. The Terms of Reference and call for applications for the Development Team were discussed extensively and the call will be released in 2017. Once established, the Ocean KAN Development Team will develop a Research and Engagement Plan and a Funding Strategy based on the scoping activities held during the workshop. The aim is to formally launch the Ocean KAN at the UN Ocean Conference in June 2017.
IMBIZO 5 The fifth IMBIZO conference ‘Marine biosphere research for a sustainable ocean: Linking ecosystems, future states and resource management’ will be held from 2 to 5 October 2017 at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA. Three concurrent and interacting workshops aim to progress specific aspects of the IMBeR Science Plan. These are 1) Critical Contraints on Projections of Marine Systems (led by Laurent Bopp and Eric Galbraith), 2) Metabolic Diversity and Evolution in Marine Biogeochemical Cycling and Ocean Ecosystem Processes (led by Gerhard Herndl and Tatiana Rynearson) and 3) Managing Strategy Evaluation: Achieving Transparency in Natural Resource Management by Quantitatively Bridging Social and Natural Science Uncertainties (led by Ingrid van Putten and Cisco Werner).
A capacity-building workshop will be held the day before the start of the IMBIZO on how to create infographics to communicate science.
IMBeR China/Japan/Korea (CJK) Symposium 2018 Planning is underway for the next CJK symposium, to be held in Shanghai in October 2018.
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IMBeR Open Science Conference 2019 IMBeR received seven international applications to its open call to host its next open science conference. Brest, France was chosen to be the host and planning is underway.
International Project Office (IPO, Norway) Einar Svendsen, Lisa Maddison and Svein Sundby successfully applied for and were awarded funding for the IPO from March 2017 to March 2020 from the Norwegian Research Council and the Institute for Marine Research. IMR has confirmed that a renewal of funding after 2020 is unlikely, so IMBeR has begun to investigate other possible hosts for the IPO from 2020.
Einar Svendsen retired from the Executive Officer post at the end of June 2016. Gro I. van der Meeren was Executive Officer between 1 August 2016 and the end of June 2017. The post is currently being advertised, with applications due in September 2017.
During 2016, the IPO revised the IMBeR communication strategy. An e-newsletter is distributed weekly, the front page of the upgraded www.IMBeR.info website gives regular news highlights and the @imber_ipo twitter account is frequently used to relay information to its 500 followers.
Regional Project Office (RPO, China) Yi Xu and Fang Zuo successfully applied for a further three years of funding (2017-2020) for the RPO from the East China Normal University (ECNU). Carol Robinson and Gro I. van der Meeren visited Shanghai in October 2016 to sign the Memorandum of Understanding with the Director of the State Key Laboratory for Estuarine and Coastal research (SKLEC) and the Vice- president of ECNU.
SKLEC hosted the 2017 SSC meeting and will host the 2018 China/Japan/Korea IMBeR conference.
Yi Xu represented IMBeR at the 3rd Xiamen Symposium on Marine Environmental Sciences (XMAS III), the SCOR China meeting in Qingdao and the annual Future Earth Asia Workshop in Tokyo, Japan.
I. Scientific Steering Committee
The 2016 IMBeR Scientific Steering Committee consisted of a chair, Carol Robinson, ex officio Past Chair Eileen Hofmann and 14 members (8 male and 6 female). Edward Allison (M, USA), Alida Bundy (F, Canada) and Katrin Rehdanz (F, Germany) rotate off the SSC at the end of 2016. Eugene Murphy (M, UK) agreed to continue as an ex officio member of the SSC and Vice Chair of the Executive Committee.
An open call for nominations for three new SSC members was advertised in April 2016, requesting expertise in marine sustainability science, marine policy and governance science,
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integrated modelling of social and marine ecological systems, biodiversity and climate adaptation science and ocean literacy. From more than 30 applications, three new members were proposed and accepted by SCOR and Future Earth: Mark Dickey-Collas (M, Denmark), Marion Glaser (F, Germany) and Alistair Hobday (M, Australia).
J. Collaborative partners
IMBeR science is strengthened and its impacts extended through on-going and new partnerships and collaborations with international and national organisations, including the International Council for Science (ICSU), the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), Future Earth, the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO) which sponsors the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP).
IMBeR continues to have long standing collaborations with the SCOR and Future Earth global research projects SOLAS, Future Earth Coasts and PAGES. Further collaboration with the Earth System Governance, bioDiscovery and bioGENESIS projects are envisaged through implementation of the IMBeR Science Plan and development of a Future Earth Ocean Knowledge-Action Network.
a. Too Big To Ignore (TBTI) IMBeR is a partner of the TBTI project, which includes 15 partners and 62 scientists from 27 countries. TBTI is conducting a global analysis, based on information systems, to better understand small-scale fisheries and to develop research and governance capacity to address global fisheries challenges.
b. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) Programme The U.S. OCB programme continues to actively support IMBeR by advertising its activities and events, and by providing financial support for activities. OCB is hosting and co-sponsoring IMBIZO 5 at Woods Hole in October 2017.
c. World Climate Research Project (WCRP) CLIVAR, a core project of WCRP, and its Indian Ocean panel work closely with SIBER. The IMBeR Eastern Boundary Upwelling working group is co-sponsored by CLIVAR. A representative from the China CLIVAR office attended the IMBeR SSC meeting in Shanghai in April 2017, and discussions are ongoing for a CLIVAR contribution to a newly formulated SOLAS IMBeR IOCCP carbon working group.
d. Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) SIBER has strong connections with the Global Ocean Observing System in the Indian Ocean – IOGOOS. Eric Lindstrom, GOOS co-Chair attended the 2016 IMBeR SSC meeting in New Orleans.
e. International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) 3-21
Collaboration with ICES will be developed through the appointment of Mark Dickey- Collas (ICES) to the IMBeR scientific steering committee.
f. North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) IMBeR and PICES continue to collaborate, with representatives from both communities attending and funding each other’s summer schools and science meetings. Gro van der Meeren, Cisco Werner, Ken Drinkwater and Masao Ishii attended the PICES 25th Annual Meeting in the USA in November 2016.
K. Selected IMBeR Publications IMBeR has produced more than 1000 refereed research papers since 2005, with around 150 papers published in 2016-2017.
ICED Cavanagh, R.D., Hill, S.L., Knowland, C.A., Grant, S.M. 2016a. Stakeholder perspectives on ecosystem-based management of the Antarctic krill fishery. Marine Policy, 68. 205- 211. 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.006 Cavanagh, R.D., Broszeit, S., Pilling, G.M., Grant, S.M., Murphy, E.J., Austen, M.C. 2016b. Valuing biodiversity and ecosystem services: a useful way to manage and conserve marine resources? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 283 (1844), 20161635.10.1098/rspb.2016.1635 Constable, A.J., Costa, D.P., Schofield, O., Newman, L., Urban, E.R., Fulton, E.A., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Ballerini, T., Boyd, P.W., Brandt, A., de la Mare, B., Edwards, M., Eléaume, M., Emmerson, L., Fennel, K., Fielding, S., Griffiths, H.,Gutt, J., Hindell, M.A., Hofmann, E.E., Jennings, S., La, H.S., McCurdy, A., Mitchell, B.G., Moltmann, T., Muelbert, M., Murphy, E., Press, T., Raymond, B., Reid, K., Reiss, C., Rice, J., Salter, I., Smith, D.C., Song, S., Southwell, C., Swadling, K.M., Van de Putte, A., Willis, Z. 2016. Developing priority variables ("ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables" — eEOVs) for observing dynamics and change in Southern Ocean ecosystems. Journal of Marine Systems, 161. 26-41. 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.05.003 Heiden, J.P., Bischof, K., Trimborn, S. 2016. Light intensity modulates the response of two Antarctic diatom species to ocean acidification, Frontiers in Marine Science 3: 260. Horswill, C., Ratcliffe, N., Green, J.A., Phillips, R.A., Trathan, P.N., Matthiopoulos, J. 2016. Unravelling the relative roles of top-down and bottom-up forces driving population change in an oceanic predator. Ecology, 97 (8). 1919-1928. Hughes, K.A., Liggett, D., Roldan, G., Wilmotte, A., Xavier, J.C. (2016). Narrowing the science/policy gap for environmental management. Antarctic Science 28: 325 Hunt, G.L., Drinkwater, K.F., Arrigo, K., Berge, J., Daly, K.L., Danielson, S., Daase, M., Hop, H., Isla, E., Karnovsky, N., Laidre, K., Mueter, F.J., Murphy, E.J., Renaud, P.E., Smith, W.O., Trathan, P., Turner, J., Wolf-Gladrow, D. 2016. Advection in polar and sub- polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography, 149. 40-81. Manno, C., Peck, V.L., Tarling, G.A. 2016. Pteropod eggs released at high pCO2 lack resilience to ocean acidification. Scientific Reports, 6. 25752.
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Murphy, E.J., Cavanagh, R.D., Drinkwater, K.F., Grant, S.M., Heymans, J.J., Hofmann, E.E., Hunt, G.L., Johnston, N.M. 2016b. Understanding the structure and functioning of polar pelagic ecosystems to predict the impacts of change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 283 (1844), 20161646. Negri, A., Daneri, G., Ceia, F., Vieira, R., Cherel, Y., Coria, N., Corbalán, A., Xavier, J. C. 2016. The cephalopod prey of the Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddellii, a biological sampler of the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Polar Biology 39:561-564 Schmidt, K., Schlosser, C., Atkinson, A., Fielding, S., Venables, H.J., Waluda, C.M., Achterberg, E.P. 2016. Zooplankton gut passage mobilizes lithogenic iron for ocean productivity. Current Biology, 26 (19). 2667-2673. Seco, J., Roberts, J., Ceia, F., Baeta, A., Ramos, J.A., Paiva, V., Xavier, J.C. 2016. Distribution, habitat and trophic ecology of Antarctic squid Kondakovia longimana and Moroteuthis knipovitchi: inferences from predators and stable isotopes. Polar Biology 39: 167-175 Silk, J.R.D., Thorpe, S.E., Fielding, S., Murphy, E.J., Trathan, P.N., Watkins, J.L., Hill, S. L. 2016. Environmental correlates of Antarctic krill distribution in the Scotia Sea and southern Drake Passage. ICES Journal of Marine Sciences, 73 (9). 2288-2301. Trimborn, S., Thoms, S., Brenneis, T., Heiden, J.P., Beszteri, S., Bischof, K. 2016. Two Southern Ocean diatoms are more sensitive to ocean acidification and changes in irradiance than the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis antarctica, Physiologia plantarum. DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12539. Xavier, J.C., Ferreira, S., Tavares, S., Santos, N., Mieiro, C.L., Trathan, P.N., Lourenço, S., Martinho, F., Steinke, D., Seco, J., Pereira, E., Pardal, M.,; Cherel, Y. 2016. The significance of cephalopod beaks in marine ecology studies: Can we use beaks for DNA analyses and mercury contamination assessment? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 103 (1-2). 220- 226.
ESSAS Astthorsson, O.S. 2016. Distribution, abundance and biology of polar cod, Boreogadus saida, in Iceland–East Greenland waters. Polar Biology 39: 995-1003. Bakke, M.J., Nahrgang, J., Ingebrigtsen, K. 2016. Comparative absorption and tissue distribution of 14C-benzo(a)pyrene and 14C-phenanthrene in the polar cod (Boreogadus saida) following oral administration. Polar Biology 39: 1165-1173. Bouchard, C., Mollard, S., Suzuki, K., Robert, D., Fortier, L. 2016. Contrasting the early life histories of sympatric Arctic gadids Boreogadus saida and Arctogadus glacialis in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Polar Biology 39: 1005-1022. Copeman, L.A., Laurel, B.J., Boswell, K.M., Sremba, A.L., Klinck, K., Heintz, R.A., Vollenweider, J.J. 2016. Ontogenetic and spatial variability in trophic biomarkers of juvenile saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis) from the Beaufort, Chukchi and Bering Seas. Polar Biology 39: 1109-1126. Crawford, R.E. 2016. Occurrence of a gelatinous predator (Cyanea capillata) may affect the distribution of Boreogadus saida, a key Arctic prey fish species. Polar Biology 39: 1049- 1055. David, C., Lange, B., Krumpen, T., Schaafsma, F., van Franeker, J.A., Flores, H. 2016. Under- ice distribution of polar cod Boreogadus saida in the central Arctic Ocean and their association with sea-ice habitat properties. Polar Biology 39: 981-994. 3-23
Eide, A. 2016. Causes and consequences of fleet diversity in fisheries: The case of the Norwegian Barents Sea cod fishery. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 4:110. Geoffroy, M., Majewski, A., LeBlanc, M., Gauthier, S., Walkusz, W., Reist, J.D., Fortier, L. 2016. Vertical segregation of age-0 and age-1 polar cod (Boreogadus saida) over the annual cycle in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Polar Biology 39: 1023-1037. Gray, B.P., Norcross, B.L., Blanchard, A.L., Beaudreau, A.H., Seitz, A.C. 2016. Variability in the summer diets of juvenile polar cod (Boreogadus saida) in the northeastern Chukchi and western Beaufort Seas. Polar Biology 39:1069-1080. Harada, N. 2016. Review: potential catastrophic reduction of sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean: its impact on biogeochemical cycles and marine ecosystems. Global and Planetary Change 136: 1-17. Haynie, A., Huntington, H., 2016. Strong connections, loose coupling: the influence of the Bering Sea ecosystem on commercial fisheries and subsistence harvests in Alaska. Ecology and Society, 21(4). Hunt, G.L. Jr., K.F. Drinkwater, K. Arrigo, J. Berge, J. Daly, S. Danielson, M. Daase, H. Hop, E. Isla, N. Karnovsky, K. Laidre, F.J. Mueter, E.J. Murphy, P.E. Renaud, W.O. Smith Jr., P. Trathan, J. Turner, and D. Wolf-Gladrow. 2016. Advection in polar and sub- polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.10.004. Kessel, S.T., Hussey, N.E., Crawford, R.E., Yurkowski, D.J., O’Neill, C.V., Fisk, A.T. 2016. Distinct patterns of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) presence and absence in a shallow high Arctic embayment, revealed across open-water and ice-covered periods through acoustic telemetry. Polar Biology 39: 1057-1068. Kono, Y., Sasaki, H., Kurihara, Y., Fujiwara, A., Yamamoto, J., Sakurai, Y. 2016. Distribution pattern of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) larvae and larval fish assemblages in relation to oceanographic parameters in the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea. Polar Biology 39: 1039-1048. Kunz, K.L., Frickenhaus, S., Hardenberg, S., Johansen, T., Leo, E., Portner, H-O., Schmidt, M., Windisch, H.S., Knust, R., Mark, F.C. 2016. New encounters in Arctic waters: a comparison of metabolism and performance of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) under ocean acidification and warming. Polar Biology 39: 1137-1153. Kvamsdal, S.F., A. Eide, N.-A. Ekerhovd, K. Enberg, A. Gudmundsdottir, A.H. Hoel, K.E. Mills, F.J. Mueter, L. Ravn-Jonsen, L.K. Sandal, J.E. Stiansen, and N. Vestergaard. 2016. Harvest control rules in modern fisheries management. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 4:114. Laurel, B.J., Spencer, M., Iseri, P., Copeman, L.A. 2016. Temperature dependent growth and behavior of juvenile Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and co-occurring North Pacific gadids. Polar Biology 39: 1127-1135. Madsen, M.L., Nelson, R.J., Fevolden, S-E., Christiansen, J.S., Præbel, K. 2016. Population genetic analysis of Euro-Arctic polar cod Boreogadus saida suggests fjord and oceanic structuring. Polar Biology 39: 969-980. Majewski, A.R., Walkusz, W., Lynn, B.R., Atchison, S., Eert, J., Reist, J.D. 2016. Distribution and diet of demersal Arctic cod, Boreogadus saida, in relation to habitat characteristics in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Polar Biology 39: 1087-1098.
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Mueter, F.J., Nahrgang, J., Nelson, R.J., Berge, J. 2016. The ecology of gadid fishes in the circumpolar Arctic with a special emphasis on the polar cod (Boreogadus saida). Polar Biology. 961-967. Murphy, E.J., R.A. Cavanagh, K.F. Drinkwater, S.M. Grant, E.E. Hofmann, G.L. Hunt, Jr., N.M. Johnston. 2016. Linking biological diversity and ecosystem functioning in polar ocean ecosystems. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 283: 20161646. Nahrgang, J., Storhaug, E., Murzina, S.A., Delmas, O., Nemova, N.N., Berge, J. 2016. Aspects of reproductive biology of wild-caught polar cod (Boreogadus saida) from Svalbard waters. Polar Biology 39: 1155-1164. Nakano, T., Matsuno, K., Nishizawa, B., Iwahara, Y., Mitani, Y., Yamamoto, J., Sakurai, Y., Watanuki, Y. 2016. Diets and body condition of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) in the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea. Polar Biology 39: 1081-1086. Pacariz, S.V., H. Hátún, J.A. Jacobsen, C. Johnson, S. Eliasen, F. Rey. 2016. Nutrient- driven poleward expansion of the Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) stock: A new hypothesis. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 2016;4: 105.
SIBER Buchanan, P. J., L. E. Beckley, 2016. Chaetognaths of the Leeuwin Current system: oceanographic conditions drive epipelagic zoogeography in the south-east Indian Ocean. Hydrobiologia, 763: 81-96. Dufois, F., N.J. Hardman-Mountford, J. Greenwood, A.J. Richardson, M. Feng, R.J. Matear, 2016. Anticyclonic eddies are more productive than cyclonic eddies in subtropical gyres because of winter mixing. Science Advances, 2(5) Raes, E.J., L. Bodrossy, J. Van de Kamp, B. Holmes, N. Hardman-Mounford, P.A. Thompson, A.S. McInnes, A.M. Waite, 2016. Reduction of the powerful greenhouse gas N2O in the Southeastern Indian Ocean. Plos One, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145996. Ray, R., R.D. Susanto, 2016. Tidal mixing signatures in the Indonesian seas from high- resolution sea-surface temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, doi:10.1002/2016GL069485 Susanto, R.D., Z. Wei, T.R. Adi, Q. Zheng, G. Fang, F. Bin, A. Supangat, T. Agustiadi, S. Li, M. Trenggono, A. Setiawan, 2016. Oceanography Surrounding Krakatau Volcano in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia, Oceanography, 29, 2, 228-237, June 2016 Sutton, A.L., L.E. Beckley, 2016. Influence of the Leeuwin Current on the epipelagic euphausiid assemblages of the south-east Indian Ocean. Hydrobiologia, 774, doi 10.1007/s10750-016-2814-7. Waite, A.M., Beckley, L.E., Guidi, L., Landrum, J.P., Holliday, D., Montoya, J., Paterson, H., Feng, M., Thompson, P.A., Raes, E.J., 2016. Cross-shelf transport, oxygen depletion, and nitrate release within a forming mesoscale eddy in the eastern Indian Ocean, Limnology and Oceanography, 61(1): 103-121.
CLIOTOP Albo-Puigserver, M., Muñoz, A., Navarro, J., Coll, M., Pethybridge, H., Sánchez, S., Palomera, I. 2017. Ecological energetics of forage fish from the Mediterranean Sea: seasonal dynamics and interspecific differences. Deep-Sea Research Part II doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.03.002 3-25
Alderman, R., Hobday, A.J. 2017. Developing a climate adaptation strategy for vulnerable seabirds based on prioritisation of intervention options. Deep-Sea Research Part II doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.07.003. Alvarez-Berastegui, D., Hidalgo, J.M., Tugores, M.P., Aparicio, A., Ciannelli, L., Reglero, P., Balbín, R., Juza, M., Mourre, B., Pascual, A., Lopez-Jurado, J.L., García, A., Rodriguez, J.M., Tintoré, J., Alemany, F. 2016. Pelagic seascape ecology for operational fisheries oceanography: modeling and predicting spawning distribution of Atlantic bluefin tuna in western Mediterranean. ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, 1851-1862. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsw041. Aoki, Y., Kitagawa, T., Kiyofuji, H., Okamoto, S. Kawamura, T. 2017. Changes in energy intake and cost of transport by skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) during northward migration in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part II doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.012 Arthur, B., Hindell, M., Bester, M., Bruyn, P.J.N.D., Trathan, P., Goebel, M. Lea, M.-A. 2017. Winter habitat predictions of a key Southern Ocean predator, the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella). Deep-Sea Research Part II doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.10.009. Briscoe, D.K., Hobday, A.J., Carlisle, A., Scales, K., Eveson, J.P., Arrizabalaga, H., Druon, J.N., Fromentin, J.-M. 2017. Ecological bridges and barriers in pelagic ecosystems. Deep- Sea Research Part II doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.11.004. Brodie, S., Hobday, A.J., Smith, J.A., Spillman, C.M., Hartog, J.R., Everett, J.D., Taylor, M.D., Gray, C.A., Suthers, I.M. 2017. Seasonal forecasting of dolphinfish distribution in eastern Australia to aid recreational fishers and managers. Deep-Sea Research Part II doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.03.004 Della Penna, A., Koubbi, P., Cotté, C., Bon, C., Bost, C.-A., d'Ovidio, F. 2017. Lagrangian analysis of multi-satellite data in support of open ocean Marine Protected Area design. Deep-Sea Research Part II doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.014. Quetglas, A., Rueda, L., Alvarez-Berastegui, D., Guijarro, B., Massutí, E. 2016. Contrasting responses to harvesting and environmental drivers of fast and slow life history species. PLOS ONE dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148770. Reglero P., Santos M., Balbín R., Láiz-Carrión R., Alvarez-Berastegui D., Ciannelli L., Jiménez E., Alemany F. 2017. Environmental and biological characteristics of Atlantic bluefin tuna and albacore spawning hábitats based on their egg distributions. Deep-Sea Research Part II. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.03.013 Saijo, D., Mitani, Y., Abe, T., Sasaki, H., Goetsch, C., Costa, D.P., Miyashita, K. 2017. Linking mesopelagic prey abundance and distribution to the foraging behavior of a deep- diving predator, the northern elephant seal. Deep-Sea Research Part II doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.11.007 Sardenne, F., Bodin, N., Chassot, E., Amiel, A., Fouché, E., Degroote, M., Hollanda, S., Pethybridge, H., Lebreton, B., Guillou, G. and Ménard, F., 2016. Trophic niches of sympatric tropical tuna in the Western Indian Ocean inferred by stable isotopes and neutral fatty acids. Progress in Oceanography, 146, pp.75-88. Schirripa, M. J., Abascal, F., Andrushchenko, I., Diaz, G., Mejuto, J., Ortiz, M., Santos, M.N., Walter, J. 2017. A hypothesis of a redistribution of North Atlantic swordfish based on changing ocean conditions. Deep-Sea Research Part II doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.11.007 Thygesen, U.H., Sommer, L., Evans, K., Patterson, T.A. 2016. Dynamic optimal foraging theory explains the vertical migrations of bigeye tuna. Ecology. doi:10.1890/15-1130.1.
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Villegas-Amtmann, S., McDonald, B.I., Páez-Rosas, D., Aurioles-Gamboa, D., Costa, D.P. 2017. Adapted to change: Low energy requirements in a low and unpredictable productivity environment, the case of the Galapagos sea lion. Deep-Sea Research Part II doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.015
L. Support from SCOR IMBeR greatly appreciates the ongoing support received from SCOR, and the additional support for specific IMBeR activities provided or managed by SCOR from other funding sources. IMBeR is especially grateful for the advice and assistance received from the SCOR Executive Director, Ed Urban, and Financial Officer, Liz Gross.
We are requesting funding to support students and researchers from developing countries to attend the ClimEco 6 Summer School that will be held in Accra, Ghana in August 2018. Amount requested: 7,500 USD 3-27
3.2 GEOTRACES Devey
Terms of Reference: Organize national and international planning workshops as well as special sessions at international conferences to obtain community input on the design and implementation of GEOTRACES. Establish priorities for research on the sources, sinks, internal cycling, transport, speciation and fate of TEIs, and develop this information into an International Science Plan. Promote intercalibration of analytical methods, and the development of standard reference materials. Identify new instrumentation and related infrastructure that will help achieve GEOTRACES objectives. Define a policy for data management and sample archival. Forge scientific linkages with other research programs holding overlapping interests to create synergies where possible and avoid duplication of efforts. To the extent practical, this will involve cross-membership between the GEOTRACES Planning Group and the Planning Groups and Science Steering Committees of other programs. Interact with SCOR Working Groups that share common interests including, but not limited to, SCOR/IMAGES WG 123 on Reconstruction of Past Ocean Circulation (PACE) and SCOR/IMAGES WG 124 on Analyzing the Links Between Present Oceanic Processes and Paleo-Records (LINKS).
Co-Chairs: Ed Boyle (USA) and Reiner Schlitzer (Germany)
Other Members: Eric Achterberg (Germany), Adrian Burd (USA), Zanna Chase (Australia), Jay Cullen (Canada), Vanessa Hatje (Brazil), Tung-Yuan Ho (China-Taipei), Marina Kravchishina (Russia), Phoebe Lam (USA), Rob Middag (USA), Hajime Obata (Japan), Katherina Pahnke (Germany), Alakendra Roychoudhury (South Africa), Géraldine Sarthou (France), Yeala Shaked (Israel), Antonio Tovar-Sanchez (Spain), Tina van der Flierdt, and Liping Zhou (China-Beijing)
Executive Committee Reporter: Colin Devey
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GEOTRACES SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE ANNUAL REPORT TO SCOR 2016/2017
1 May 2016 to 30 April 2017
1. SCOR Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) for GEOTRACES
Co-Chairs Ed Boyle, USA Reiner Schlitzer, Germany
Members Eric Achterberg, Germany Adrian Burd, USA Zanna Chase, Australia Jay T. Cullen, Canada Tina van de Flierdt, UK Vanessa Hatje, Brazil Tung-Yuan Ho, China-Taipei Marina Kravishina, Russia Phoebe Lam, USA Rob Middag, Netherlands Hajime Obata, Japan Katharina Pahnke, Germany Alakendra Roychoudhury, South Africa Yeala Shaked, Israel Géraldine Sarthou, France Antonio Tovar-Sanchez, Spain Liping Zhou, China-Beijing 3-29
The SSC membership (listed above) contains representatives of 16 different countries with diverse expertise, including marine biogeochemistry of carbon and nutrients; trace elements and isotopes as proxies for past climate conditions; land-sea fluxes of trace elements/sediment- water interactions; trace element effects on organisms; internal cycles of the elements in the oceans; hydrothermal fluxes of trace elements; tracers of ocean circulation; tracers of contaminant transport; controls on distribution and speciation of trace elements; and ocean modelling.
2. Progress on implementation of the project
GEOTRACES continues to progress very successfully. GEOTRACES has now more than 1,000 section stations completed (1,024) from 95 GEOTRACES cruises (including 11 International Polar Year cruises). The next Intermediate Data Product will be released in summer 2017 including data from the first 5 years of the programme. So far, 818 peer-reviewed publications have been published, including 20 publications in Nature journals and 12 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
2.1 Status of GEOTRACES field programme
With the completion of the German expedition in the Fram Strait in summer 2016, GEOTRACES successfully completed the international Arctic GEOTRACES Programme (with 4 cruises from USA, Canada and Germany already completed in 2015). In addition, during this reporting period, the Indian GEOTRACES programme completed 2 cruises in the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean.
In complement to the GEOTRACES Ocean sections cruises, one process study cruise from Netherlands was completed in the Atlantic Ocean.
The GEOTRACES cruise programme for 2017 includes 2 more section cruises, from UK and Japan, in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans respectively, and 2 process studies: one from France in the Mediterranean Sea and another one from UK in the Atlantic Ocean.
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Figure 1. Status of GEOTRACES global survey of trace elements and their isotopes. In black: Sections completed as the GEOTRACES contribution to the International Polar Year. In yellow: Sections completed as part of the primary GEOTRACES global survey. In orange: Sections completed during the past year. In red: Planned Sections. An updated version of this map can be found on the GEOTRACES home page
2.2 GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Products
Release of the new Intermediate Data Product in summer 2017!
Building on the success of the first Intermediate Data Product (IDP), released in 2014, the next intermediate data product will be delivered at the 2017 Goldschmidt Meeting in Paris, France. A town hall meeting is scheduled on Wednesday, 16 August 2017 at the main venue of the Goldschmidt conference.
The Intermediate Data Product 2017 (IDP2017) will present a remarkable synthesis of data from the Atlantic Ocean and a more complete coverage of data from the Arctic, Indian, Pacific and Southern Oceans and include a larger range of biogeochemical parameters than was included in the IDP2014.
Coming soon!
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Intermediate Data Product 2014
A new version of the Intermediate Data Product 2014 (IDP2014) was made available on June 2016. This version is available to download from the following web page: http://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/data/idp2014/. A document describing the changes from previous version is available on the web page indicated above.
So far, the IDP2014 has been downloaded more than 900 times. In the past year, several events to publicise and promote use of the IDP data with the broader ocean research community were held. Please see section “3.4 GEOTRACES Workshops” below.
2.3 GEOTRACES Publications
During the reporting period, 140 new peer-reviewed papers have been published, including the most prestigious journals such as Nature (with 5 papers published) and PNAS (with 2 papers published). In total, the GEOTRACES peer-reviewed papers database includes 818 papers.
It is important to highlight that the special issue from the GEOTRACES-Royal Society coupled meeting and workshop to discuss and synthesis findings from the GEOTRACES programme (7–10 December 2015, UK) was published in November 2016.
The volume includes four synthesis papers, which summarise current knowledge and identify areas for future work relating to chemical fluxes at the four ocean boundaries – with the atmosphere, the continents, sediments, and mid-ocean ridges. These papers and some other papers are available open access.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (28 November 2016; volume 374, issue 2081)
Biological and climatic impacts of ocean trace element chemistry Edited by Gideon Henderson, Ed Boyle, Maeve Lohan, Micha Rijkenberg and Géraldine Sarthou
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Publicity articles to promote GEOTRACES continue to be published nationally and internationally. The complete list of promotional articles is available here: http://www.geotraces.org/outreach/publicity-documents
For complete information about GEOTRACES publications please check the following web pages:
GEOTRACES peer-reviewed papers database: http://www.geotraces.org/library- 88/scientific- publications/peer-reviewed-papers
GEOTRACES special issues: http://www.geotraces.org/library-88/scientific- publications/geotraces-special-issues
2.4 GEOTRACES Science highlights
The GEOTRACES International Project Office regularly edits highlights of published articles, which are posted in the website (http://www.geotraces.org/science/science-highlight) and in the electronic newsletter (http://www.geotraces.org/outreach/geotraces-enewsletter). Among the numerous highlights published since last year’s report, we selected the following five:
Changing the paradigm on the oceanic iron cycle
Tagliabue and co-workers (2017, see reference below) discuss an extensive review on the recent findings on iron (Fe) cycle in the ocean. They figure out clearly that:
Fe is a nutrient as essential as nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) for the phytoplankton. In other words, the full understanding of any marine ecosystem cannot neglect the analysis of micronutrients anymore. Fe oceanic sources are multiple, and supply from continental margins extends far beyond the coastal zone, while striking Fe inputs from hydrothermal activity along mid-ocean ridges were observed in all the oceans. This revolutionizes the preceding view of the dust inputs, although those are essential drivers of N2 fixation at low latitude. The cycling of organic iron-complexing ligands has also emerged as a crucial component of the ocean iron cycle, ligand concentrations being not as uniform as considered earlier. It is also recognized that phytoplankton can exhibit substantial variations in their iron stoichiometry in different environments.
Synthesizing these new insights provides a more refined picture of the ocean iron cycle, challenging the global ocean modelling for testing hypotheses and projections of change. The authors also draw exciting new frontiers for the oceanic Fe cycle. 3-33
Figure 2. Revised model of the major processes in the ocean iron cycle, with focus on the Atlantic Ocean. Note that there is a broad meridional contrast between the iron-limited Southern Ocean and the major nutrient-limited low-latitude regimes. Dust remains a dominant source in the low latitudes, but continental margin and upwelled hydrothermal sources are more important in the Southern Ocean. Flexible iron uptake and biological cycling, together with the production of excess iron-binding ligands, dominate the Southern Ocean. Nitrogen fixation occurs in the low latitudes (although this process can also be restricted by lack of iron outside the North Atlantic subtropical gyre). The particulate organic iron flux is decoupled from that of phosphorus at high latitudes and the flux of lithogenic material is important at low latitudes influenced by dust. Subduction of excess organic iron-binding ligands from Southern Ocean has a remote influence on the interior ocean at low latitudes.
Reference: Tagliabue, A., Bowie, A.R., Boyd, P.W., Buck, K.N., Johnson, K.S., & Saito, M.A. (2017). The integral role of iron in ocean biogeochemistry. Nature, 543(7643), 51–59. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature21058
Contrasting lithogenic inputs from North Atlantic to North Pacific Oceans traced by thorium isotopes
Dissolved thorium (Th) isotopes and iron (Fe) are used to document the transfer of lithogenic material to the ocean. Two contrasting areas are compared: the Atlantic Ocean around Barbados Islands, under the influence of the Amazon plume and dust of Saharan origin, and the remote North East Pacific Ocean, far from dust inputs. The Amazon is a substantial source of dissolved 232Th and iron (Fe) to the low-latitude Atlantic Ocean, even as far away as 1,900 km from the river’s mouth. This complicates the use of 232Th as a dust proxy in river- influenced ocean regions. A striking feature is the similarity in Fe concentrations from the North Pacific to the North Atlantic Oceans, while 232Th reveals a dust flux six-fold higher in the later. This supports the idea that dissolved Fe distribution is highly buffered in the ocean.
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Figure 3. The North Atlantic Ocean receives a much larger input of mineral dust blown from the continents than does the remote North Pacific. This contrast is seen clearly in the seawater concentrations of dissolved Thorium-232, the isotope of thorium that is enriched in the continental crust (left panel). The distribution of Fe, however, is much more homogeneous between these two ocean basins (right panel), despite that fact that continental dust is the major source of Fe in these areas. We think this is because Fe is highly buffered in the ocean by a combination of biological uptake, adsorption onto particles, and complexation by organic molecules, or ligands.
Reference:
Hayes, C. T., Rosen, J., McGee, D., & Boyle, E. A. (2017). Thorium distributions in high- and low- dust regions and the significance for iron supply. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31, 1– 20. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005511
The coupled zinc-silicon cycle paradox illuminated
The strong similarities between zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si) vertical profiles have led many studies to suggest the uptake of Zn in diatom frustules, followed by simultaneous remineralisation at depth. However, recent lab experiments have demonstrated that Zn, although essential for diatoms, is located in the organic part of the cell. These cells are characterized by particularly high Zn/P ratios in the Southern Ocean (up to 8 times greater than at low latitudes). Such contrasting observations have raised the question as to what processes could lead to such consistent Si-Zn relationship, given that Zn and Si uptake are obviously not controlled by the same biological process. Vance and co-workers (2017, see reference below) infer that the oceanic zinc distribution is the result of the interaction between 3-35
the specific uptake stoichiometry in Southern Ocean surface waters and the physical circulation through the Southern Ocean hub.
Their approach couples in situ data collected in the different oceanic basins, experimental results from the literature and physical-biogeochemical coupled modelling on a global scale. This work emphasizes how the consideration of 1-D cycling only can bias the understanding of (macro and micro) nutrient behaviours, and therefore their paleo-applications, although 1-D cycling may also play an important role in Zn cycling.
Figure 4. Depth profiles of dissolved zinc, silica and phosphate in three different ocean basins (bottom), with the locations of each profile shown on the map (top). Both zinc and silicate show deep maxima whereas phosphate has a much shallower maximum, despite the fact that the oceanic biogeochemical cycle of Zn is dominated by uptake into the organic parts of diatom cells with phosphate. Vance et al. explain these features in terms of biological and physical processes in the Southern Ocean.
Reference:
Vance, D., Little, S. H., de Souza, G. F., Khatiwala, S., Lohan, M. C., & Middag, R. (2017). Silicon and zinc biogeochemical cycles coupled through the Southern Ocean. Nature Geoscience. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2890
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Testament of the efficiency of environmental policies
Human activities, such as the combustion of leaded petrol, emissions from non-ferrous metal smelting, coal combustion and waste incineration constitute major environmental lead (Pb) sources during the past century. This resulted in a considerable increase of anthropogenic Pb in the surface and deep waters of the North Atlantic, large enough to mask the natural lead signal.
Increased usage and then phasing-out of leaded-petrol since the mid-1970s yielded a decrease of this contamination. By measuring lead concentrations and isotopes (excellent tracers of the different sources of lead) along the GEOTRACES sections GA02 and GA06, Bridgestock and his co-workers (2016, see reference below) reveal for the first time that natural lead can be detected again in the surface water of the North Atlantic. Indeed, significant proportions of up to 30–50% of natural Pb, derived from mineral dust, are observed in Atlantic surface waters off the Sahara. This clearly reflects the success of the global effort to reduce anthropogenic Pb emissions.
Figure 5. Locations of the surface seawater samples analyzed in this study (left). The brown shaded box shows the area found to contain the highest amounts of naturally sourced lead (Pb) resulting from the deposition of North African mineral dust. Significant inputs of natural Pb can be identified by higher Pb isotope ratio values (206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb; right).
Reference:
Bridgestock, L., van de Flierdt, T., Rehkämper, M., Paul, M., Middag, R., Milne, A., Lohan, M.C., Baker, A.R., Chance, R., Khondoker, R., Strekopytov, S., Humphreys-Williams, E., Achterberg, E.P., Rijkenberg, M.J.A., Gerringa, L. J.A., de Baar, H. J. W. (2016). Return of naturally sourced Pb to Atlantic surface waters. Nature Communications, 7, 12921. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12921
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Oxygen biogeochemistry exerts a strong influence on cobalt cycling
This is an important result of the U.S. GEOTRACES East Pacific Zonal Transect (EPZT) cruise (GP16) discussed by Hawco and his co-workers (2016, see reference below). The distribution of dissolved cobalt and labile cobalt along this section is closely tied to the oxygen minimum zone. This work also shows that (1) elevated concentrations of labile cobalt are generated by input from coastal sources and reduced scavenging at low oxygen; (2) atmospheric deposition and hydrothermal vents along the East Pacific Rise are contrastingly minor sources of cobalt; (3) high cobalt waters are further upwelled and advected offshore and; (4) phytoplankton export returns cobalt to low-oxygen water masses underneath. These processes result in covariation of dissolved cobalt with oxygen and phosphates, schematically represented in the Figure below.
Figure 6. In the South Pacific Ocean, high levels of cobalt are harbored in waters that are devoid of dissolved oxygen (upper panel, warm colors). This plume of cobalt stems from the Peru coast and is enhanced by degradation of cobalt-bearing phytoplankton in these waters, and by the absence of removal processes (scavenging) when oxygen is low (lower panel).
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Reference:
Hawco, N. J., Ohnemus, D. C., Resing, J. A., Twining, B. S., & Saito, M. A. (2016). A dissolved cobalt plume in the oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical South Pacific. Biogeosciences, 13(20), 5697–5717. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5697-2016
3. Activities
3.1 GEOTRACES intercalibration activities
The Standards and Intercalibration (S&I) Committee is currently composed of Karen Casciotti, Peter Croot, Tina van de Flierdt, Walter Geibert, Lars-Eric Heimbürger, Maeve Lohan, and Hélène Planquette. Greg Cutter, who stepped down from the committee last year, is still completing some tasks associated with aerosol intercalibrations. Maeve Lohan and Walter Geibert serve as co-chairs. Since the S&I meeting at Stanford University on 27- 29 April 2016, the S&I committee held several meetings.
In person: 23-26 January 2017 (London Imperial College)
Virtual meetings (GoToMeeting): 28 November 2016 20 March 2017 24 April 2017
Virtual S&I-Data Management Committee (DMC) co-chair meetings: 7 February 2017 26 April 2017
In addition, the committee is in constant communication via email and through a shared online resource, and the co-chairs are in regular personal exchange with members of the DMC and BODC at the respective locations.
The main task of the committee in the past year was continued preparation for IDP2017, which also included the intercalibration of data that were included in IDP2014, but had not been intercalibrated yet. The aim was to have all datasets in IDP2017 seen and evaluated by the S&I committee, according to defined intercalibration criteria. This aim was achieved for all but one dataset on 30 April 2017, and the committee is still working to have all data in IDP2017 assessed.
The submission procedure has been improved by providing a dedicated e-mail address for the S&I committee ([email protected]) and by reorganizing and updating the content on the GEOTRACES web page, strongly supported by the IPO in Toulouse. The improvements of 3-39
the submission procedure are working well and we are pleased with the response from the community. The committee has provided details on requirements for different types of cruises and parameters, which made the intercalibration process more transparent for data submitters. In addition, a new flowchart of the intercalibration procedure was designed and put on the website (http://www.geotraces.org/sic/about-s- i/flow-chart-s-i-data-quality-assessment). This is part of the continuous improvements in defining and communicating the procedures that are in place to ensure consistent quality of the GEOTRACES data products. A better description of the process, combined with regular reminders, individual letters, and written instructions for specific parameters, all contributed to receiving a large number of S&I reports from the analysts from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. All deadlines for data submission for IDP2017 have now passed.
This year we have also produced with the community intercalibration procedures for BioGEOTRACES, which includes the following parameters:
1. HPLC Pigments 2. Single cell trace metals 3. Targeted Metaproteomics
A new committee member responsible for BIOEGOTRACES will join the S&I committee next year.
The S&I Committee received approximately 750 parameters from the Atlantic, 250 parameters from the Pacific, nothing submitted from the Indian Ocean, 32 parameters from past IPY cruises, 44 parameters from process studies and 32 parameters from GEOTRACES-compliant datasets for the final IDP2017 deadline. During the meetings of the S&I Committee, all datasets were introduced by the assigned committee members, and discussed by the full committee. In nearly all cases, questions of the committee about data quality could be easily resolved and only a small and limited number of parameters did not pass intercalibration, mostly due to issues with sampling methods. It is important in this context to refer newly joining contributors to the existence of the GEOTRACES cookbook, for which an updated version (3.0) is in preparation for release in summer 2017. A number of intercalibration reports were of outstanding quality, providing excellent detail on intercalibration procedures. Continuous exchange with submitters and the community clearly results in a better understanding of the requirements for the intercalibration process and benefits data quality and comparability in GEOTRACES.
Coverage in the Atlantic and especially the Pacific is now strongly improved from IDP2014. The first datasets on biochemical parameters (BioGEOTRACES) have been submitted and will be intercalibrated for IDP2017. For some important sections, no data or very little data were submitted for IDP2017, in spite of many attempts to raise awareness of the submission procedure. Progress has been made with including hydrography, DIC, SF6, CFC’s and some sensor datasets, where a defined intercalibration procedure developed by these communities is used, e.g., CLIVAR.
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Other Activities
Prof. Jim Moffett is now responsible for GEOTRACES consensus material. In the past year, more data has been submitted for this, extending the number of elements that can have consensus material. We hope that next year this will be published on the website. Prof. Eric Actherberg has also collected consensus material from GA08. These samples have now been distributed to laboratories around the world to generate consensus data. We hope in the next year these materials will be available for use by the community.
A small intercalibration exercise for labile particulate materials was undertaken this year so that labile particulate data could be included in IDP2017. This consisted of groups using s specific leach to apply this to 3 different CRMs. Four different laboratories who routinely carry out this work took part in this exercise resulting in labile particulate material being intercalibrated for IDP2017.
3.2 Data management for GEOTRACES
The GEOTRACES Data Assembly Centre (GDAC) is hosted by the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC), with the head office located in Liverpool; the GEOTRACES Data Manager (Chris Daniels) is based at the BODC office in Southampton, UK. Regular communication is maintained between the two sites so that support and assistance can be offered to the GEOTRACES Data Manager when required.
GDAC is responsible for the entirety of the GEOTRACES data activities from inception to completion. This takes into account the following components:
interaction between PIs and national data centres in order to encourage regular and timely data/metadata submissions maintaining and modifying GDAC web pages to include updated ocean basin maps (http://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/cruises/section_maps/) and upcoming cruises on the programme page (http://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/cruises/programme/) liaising with the Data Management Committee and Standards and Intercalibration Committee to ensure issues/questions relating to GEOTRACES and its progress can be discussed, and deadlines can be met accordingly. Input of metadata and data into the BODC database and compilation of documentation to include analysis methodologies Collation of data/metadata for the IDP2017
Chris Daniels is the GEOTRACES Data Manager since January 2017. He took the position of Abigail Bull who left to take a different role. Since Chris started on his role he has focused entirely on processing data to be included in the IDP2017.
Data overview The data management of the GEOTRACES Project is a large undertaking, with a total of 95 cruises (including all cruise legs) associated with the project (this takes into account all section 3-41
cruises, process studies and compliant data). More than 800 scientists have taken part in GEOTRACES cruises, with 15 different nations having run a major GEOTRACES IPY/ section/ process study cruises.
Summary of completed GEOTRACES cruises to date:
Section cruises IPY cruises Process studies Compliant data 35 cruises (including 11 28 (including all legs) 9 all legs) with 27 with 24 sections sections
In addition, 2 intercalibration cruises have been completed.
3.3 GEOTRACES International Project Office
The GEOTRACES International Project Office (IPO) is based at the Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS) in Toulouse, France. The IPO is staffed by a single person, the IPO Executive Officer, Elena Masferrer Dodas. She works under the scientific supervision of Catherine Jeandel (CNRS, LEGOS, France).
The IPO is responsible for:
assisting the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) in implementing the GEOTRACES Science Plan and implementation plans of the programme; organising and staffing meetings of the SSC, working groups and task teams; liaising with the sponsors and other relevant organisations; seeking and managing programme finances; representing the project at international meetings; maintaining the project website and Facebook and Twitter pages; maintaining the project mailing lists; preparing GEOTRACES science highlights and the bimonthly GEOTRACES eNewsletter; maintaining the GEOTRACES publications database and the GEOTRACES Scientists Analytical Expertise Database; assisting the GDAC in securing information about upcoming cruises; and interacting with GEOTRACES national committees and groups, as well as other international projects.
From October to December 2016, the IPO hosted Bob Anderson, U.S. GEOTRACES project office director and past co-chair of the GEOTRACES SSC. The main purpose of his visit was working on the development of the Intermediate Data Product 2017 parameter list.
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This year, we want to highlight the following new products:
GEOTRACES eNewsletter Special Issue – Discovery Digest
The GEOTRACES IPO has introduced a new type of newsletter, a sort of “discovery digest”, which is designed to highlight the progress in a given GEOTRACES-relevant topic. The first one was published in March 2017 and was devoted to recent discoveries in the oceanic cycle of iron. This issue is available here: http://www.geotraces.org/outreach/geotraces- enewsletter/listid-12/mailid-768-geotraces-discovery-digest
Following the publication of this special issue, the GEOTRACES IPO has received several spontaneous congratulation and thank-you messages from the GEOTRACES community. At the time of writing this report, the issue has received more than 1,300 hits.
New query capability for the GEOTRACES Publications database A dynamic querying capability for the GEOTRACES publications database is currently being developed with the help of the Data Service of the Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees (SEDOO) in Toulouse, France. Once available, it will be possible to make advanced searches within the GEOTRACES publication database. This system will also improve the Intermediate Data Product system to link the original publications associated with the given tracer and cruise.
Video presenting the GEOTRACES Programme Short video interviews of SSC members were held during last SSC meeting, which was hosted by the GEOTRACES IPO in Toulouse. The IPO is currently working with Jean-Hugues Babary from Centre for the Development of the Pedagogy at the Université Paul Sabatier and the journalist Jean François Hait editing the videos.
GEOTRACES website (
A new menu devoted to Standards and Intercalibration activities has been added on the GEOTRACES site. Facebook and Twitter feeds will be added on the GEOTRACES homepage in order to give more visibility to all the activity in these two media.
Publicity articles An article introducing GEOTRACES has been published on the Journal of the Atlantic Society of Oceanographers, OKEANOS (Spain) with the aim of promoting GEOTRACES research in Spain. The volume (in Spanish) is available here: http://es.calameo.com/read/0050684378fc854b0db53
From the regular tasks we want to highlight the following:
Meeting and Workshop organisation The IPO hosted the 2016 DMC and SSC meetings in Toulouse (12-16 September 2016) and organised the Workshop “Exploring GEOTRACES Data with ODV” and the GEOTRACES Indian Ocean Planning Workshop which were held in Japan (June 2016). Minor assistance was also provided to the organisation of the joint GEOTRACES/OCB Workshop: “Biogeochemical cycling of trace elements within the ocean: A synthesis workshop”, the “Arctic-GEOTRACES Early Career Researcher Networking Event (ASLO 2017)” and the “IDP2017 Parameter Committee meetings.” Please read the section “GEOTRACES Workshops” for further information about the workshops.
Policy advice The IPO is actively involved in the G7 Oceans Initiative. It has coordinated the topic “Ocean Chemistry”. The development of a coordinated action plan for research vessels and the need for coordinated programmes coupling physics, chemistry and biology have been the top priorities the IPO has advocated for. SCOR is included as external expert in this process. The IPO also assisted Roger François (University British Columbia, Canada) and Peter Croot (NUI-Galway, Ireland) in their initiative of approaching the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) with the objective of establishing a joint Arctic workshop. Unfortunately, AMAP had no funding available to dedicate to this joint workshop.
Capacity Building During Bob Anderson’s visit to the GEOTRACES IPO, support was provided to colleagues in Korea who want to initiate a Korean GEOTRACES programme. Korea has a new ship (RV ISABU) and has purchased the most-up-to-date clean sampling system, so there is high expectation that Korea could successfully carry out GEOTRACES missions. A proposal for funding a Korean GEOTRACES programme has been submitted to the Korea Institute of Marine Science and Technology Promotion (KIMST).
Some statistics 30 new highlights published (135 in total) 5 eNewsletter published, including one special issue (bimonthly 25 in total) 140 new peer-reviewed papers included in the GEOTRACES Publication Database (818 in total)
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135 new articles published on the GEOTRACES website 122 announcements sent through the GEOTRACES mailing list 112 new posts on Facebook and 371 likes (top post reach 1,6K) 240 tweets and 431 followers (top tweet reach 3.1K) 94 new subscribers on the GEOTRACES website
The IPO thanks Olivier Boebion (IT system administrator at Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche sur Mer, France) for all his assistance with the GEOTRACES web site.
3.4 GEOTRACES Workshops
Six GEOTRACES workshops were held in the past reporting year including:
Exploring GEOTRACES data with Ocean Data View (Goldschmidt 2016 Workshop), 26 June 2016, Yokohama, Japan.
46 participants from 13 different nations participated in this hands-on workshop, whose goal was to teach standard and advanced ODV methods for the exploration and scientific analysis of environmental data. The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2014 (IDP2014) was used as an example dataset. Participants learned how to create publication-ready maps, property- property plots and sections, and how to apply simple or advanced station and sample filters. In addition, an overview of the wide range of derived variables available in ODV was given and a number of variables often needed in geochemical research were described and applied.
The workshop started with presentations of general software concepts and capabilities, followed by hands-on sessions for the creation of specific plot types and scientific discussion rounds explaining the findings.
For further information: http://www.geotraces.org/meetings/geotraces-events/eventdetail/263/- /exploring-geotraces-data-with-ocean-data-view
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Figure 7. Participants of the Workshop "Exploring GEOTRACES with Ocean Data View".
GEOTRACES Indian Ocean Planning Workshop, 29 June 2016, Yokohama, Japan
35 GEOTRACES scientists met in Yokohama (Japan) to discuss the GEOTRACES Indian Ocean implementation plan. This was an opportunistic workshop held during the Goldschmidt conference in Japan.
As a result of the Workshop, the following upcoming GEOTRACES cruises in the Indian Ocean were identified: India (2 cruises completed in autumn 2016 and winter 2017), Germany (cruise in 2018) and Australia (cruise in 2018). Other nations (France and South Africa) are currently planning cruises in the Indian Ocean.
Joint GEOTRACES/OCB Workshop: “Biogeochemical cycling of trace elements within the ocean: A synthesis workshop”, 1–4 August 2016, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York, USA
More than 100 investigators from 12 nations participated in this workshop focused on setting priorities for exploiting GEOTRACES data to advance scientific objectives at the interface between marine geochemistry and marine ecology. This workshop was the second foundational workshop of the GEOTRACES synthesis of results strategy. It was jointly sponsored by the GEOTRACES programme and the Ocean Carbon and Biochemistry activity of the U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program.
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Workshop activities were organised around three scientific themes:
1) Biological uptake and trace element bioavailability, 2) Abiotic cycling and scavenging, including particulate and dissolved speciation, and 3) Export, recycling and regeneration
Following a series of plenary talks designed to stimulate discussion on these topics, workshop participants spent most of the workshop in smaller groups that identified critical knowledge gaps in each of these areas, as well as strategies to meet those needs. Participants defined six topics to be pursued in greater detail in synthesis papers that combine GEOTRACES data with results from other programmes, such as those involving molecular biology. These activities will inform and improve models used to predict how marine ecosystems are going to respond to future environmental changes, including pollution and global warming.
The plenary presentations (PDF files) from the Workshop can be opened and downloaded directly from the agenda available on the workshop web site: http://web.whoi.edu/geotraces- synthesis/agenda/
Main recommendations and anticipated products from the meeting are listed below:
Explore Redfieldian concepts of elemental stoichiometry using GEOTRACES TEI data Estimate bioavailability of Fe with oceanographic data using “bioavailability envelope” concept of Lis et al., ISME Journal, 2015 New hypothesis for light and Fe co-limitation in deep chlorophyll maxima A Synthesis Paper on “Paradigms of ligand composition and cycling and the degree of confidence in them” will be produced. Compare radionuclide-based methods (234Th/238U; 228Th/228Ra; 230Th/234U; 210Po/210Pb; Pu/Np ) to estimate the downward flux of particulate C, N, P, biogenic Si, 232Th, Al, Cd, Fe, Co, Cu, and Mn Combine measured TEI distributions with calculated AOU and preformed TEI concentrations to discriminate among effects of abiotic scavenging, biotic uptake and regeneration, and physical transport
A complete list of products is available in the Appendix II to the National Reports to SCOR. For further information: http://web.whoi.edu/geotraces-synthesis/
First GEOTRACES-TARA meeting, 5 December 2016, video-conference.
This meeting is one of the first products of the joint GEOTRACES/OCB Workshop described above. TARA is a French non-profit organisation that manages voyages to study and understand the impact of climate change and the ecological crisis facing the world's oceans.
The meeting explored collaborations between GEOTRACES and TARA programmes and started mining the existing “omic” data from TARA cruises, in order to link metrics from sequences with the GEOTRACES data. 3-47
East Asia GEOTRACES Workshop, Trace Element and Isotope study in the Northwestern Pacific and its marginal seas, 16-18 January 2017, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
The East Asia GEOTRACES Workshop was held on 16-18 January 2017 in Sapporo, Japan. The main goals were to evaluate the current status of trace elements and their isotopes (TEI) studies in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas, and to identify important scientific questions and directions for future regional collaborative studies. For three days, a total of 56 registered scientists from China, Germany, Korea, Russia, Taiwan, United States and Japan took part in the workshop. The workshop consisted of 5 plenary talks, 17 keynote talks and 25 short topics talks related to GEOTRACES and BioGEOTRACES. Early-career researchers were especially encouraged to give a talk, which was very successful. During the workshop, regional scientific results, future cruise plans and possible collaborations were discussed. A follow-in workshop is planned for 2018 in China.
For further information: http://geotraces.jp/EAGW2017/ .
Figure 8. Participants of the East Asia GEOTRACES Workshop.
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Arctic-GEOTRACES Early Career Researcher Networking Event (ASLO 2017), 26 February 2017, Honolulu, Hawaii
The U.S., European and Canadian Arctic GEOTRACES cruises in 2015 offered a unique and quasi-synoptic view of the Arctic Ocean. Twenty-seven early career scientists came together to kick off the ASLO Aquatic Sciences meeting in Honolulu, Hawai'i on 27 February 2017 to discuss emerging areas of international scientific collaboration within the Arctic GEOTRACES programme. The workshop was a special chance for early career scientists to meet their international counterparts and engage initial discussions of interdisciplinary research topics between programmes.
Figure 9. Participants of the Arctic-GEOTRACES Early Career Researcher Networking Event at ASLO 2017.
3.5 GEOTRACES Summer School
The first GEOTRACES summer school will be held in Brest, France, from 20 to 26 August 2017. It will bring together over 60 students and 20 world-leading international scientists.
The summer school aims at teaching the skills and knowledge necessary for a good understanding of the biogeochemical cycles of trace metals. It will allow PhD students and early career researchers to see how their work fits within the international community of GEOTRACES.
General lectures will be given by international experts in the field of the GEOTRACES programme and practical workshops in the laboratory will be run throughout the week.
This summer school is supported by LabexMER (https://www.labexmer.eu/fr) and SCOR. At the time this report is written 110 applications to participate in the summer school have been received.
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GEOTRACES gratefully acknowledges support from SCOR. For further information: https://geotracesschool.sciencesconf.org/
3.6 Special sessions at international conferences featuring GEOTRACES findings
Several GEOTRACES special sessions were held in major international conferences including:
2016 Goldschmidt Meeting, 26 June–1 July, 2016, Yokohama, Japan. For further information: http://goldschmidt.info/2016/
GEOTRACES-sessions:
*12d: Oceanic Cycling of Trace Elements Using Elemental, Isotopic, and Modeling Approaches: Geotracers and Beyond... Convenors: Tim Conway, Tristan Horner, Jessica Fitzsimmons, Hajime Obata, Catherine Jeandel, Andrew Bowie, Phoebe Lam
*12f: Elemental and Isotopic Marine Biogeochemistry at a Range of Scales: The Global Ocean, Marginal Seas, and Polar Atmosphere-Sea Ice-ocean Systems Convenors: Susan Little, Daiki Nomura, Gregory de Souza, Markus Frey, Delphine Lannuzel, Jun Nishioka, Patrick Rafter, Martin Vancoppenolle
*16d: Models of Life and Geochemistry: Integrating Large-Scale Datasets into Global Climate Models Convenors: Seth John, Tatiana Ilyina, Andy Ridgwell
Challenger Society 2016 Conference - Oceans and Climate, 5–8 September 2016, Liverpool, UK. For further information: https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/challenger-conference- 2016/
GEOTRACES-session:
*Trace element and isotope exchange at ocean boundaries Convenors: Will Homoky (Oxford), Torben Stichel (Southampton) & Susan Little (Imperial)
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VII Congresso Brasileiro de Oceanografia (CBO 2016), 5 - 9 November 2016, Salvador - Bahia, Brazil. For further information: http://www.cbo2016.org/
GEOTRACES-session:
*MS5 – GEOTRACES – Brasil Coordination: Vanessa Hatje (UFBA)
GEOTRACES-training course:
*MC11 – Ocean Data View para iniciantes (Training Workshop) Speaker: Leticia C. da Cunha (UERJ)
Third Xiamen Symposium on Marine Environmental Sciences (XMAS), 9-11 January 2017, Xiamen, China. For further information: http://mel.xmu.edu.cn/conference/3xmas
GEOTRACES-session:
*Biogeochemical Cycling of Trace Elements in the Ocean: GEOTRACES and Beyond Convenors: Martin Frank, Jing Zhang, Zhimian Cao
ASLO 2017, Aquatic Sciences Meeting, 26 February - 3 March 2017, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. For further information: http://www.sgmeet.com/aslo/honolulu2017/default.asp
GEOTRACES-sessions:
*004 - Biogeochemical Cycling of Trace Elements and Isotopes in the Arctic Ocean Convenors: Greg Cutter, Roger Francois, David Kadko, William Landing, Michiel Rutgers Van der Loeff
*025 - Linking atmospheric deposition to the biogeochemistry of aquatic and marine systems Convenors: Clifton Buck and Rachel Shelley
029 - REE marine geochemistry in the 21st century: A tribute to the pioneering research of Henry Elderfield (1943-2016) Convenors: Karen H. Johannesson and Johan Schijf
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PAGES Open Science Meeting, 9-13 May 2017, Zaragoza, Spain. For further information: http://www.pages-osm.org
GEOTRACES-session:
*12. Trace elements and their isotopes as geochemical proxies of past ocean conditions Convenors: Catherine Jeandel, Robert Anderson, Susan Little, Thomas Marchitto and Daniel Sigman.
Forthcoming: IUPAC 2017 - World Chemistry Congress, 9-14 July 2017, Sao Paulo, Brazil. For further information: http://www.iupac2017.org/
GEOTRACES-session:
*5.8 Trace elements cycling, processes and fluxes across interfaces Energy, Water and Environmental Sciences (EE) Symposium Organizers: Roberto M. Torresi and Daniel Belanger. Co-organizer: Vanessa Hatje
Goldschmidt 2017, 13- 18 August 2017, Paris, France. For further information: http://goldschmidt.info/2017/
GEOTRACES- sessions:
*10i: Cycles of Trace Elements and Isotopes in the Ocean: GEOTRACES and Beyond Convenors: Tim Conway, Geraldine Sarthou, Tianyu Chen, Gregory de Souza, Aridane G. González, Kristen Buck, Tina van de Flierdt, Walter Geibert, Zhimian Cao, Catherine Jeandel
*10o: The Role of Scavenging in the Ocean: Chemical Processes, Environmental Controls and Modeling Convenors: Yves Plancherel, Phoebe Lam
*10g: Submarine Groundwater Discharge: Forms, Delivery, Timing, Processes, Pathways and Scaling of Biogeochemical Fluxes Convenors: Hans Dürr, Nils Moosdorf, Michael Böttcher, Hannelore Waska, Jing Zhang, Walter Geibert
*10h: Non-Conventional Stable Isotopes in the Ocean: Novel Applications, Technological Advances and Future Applications Convenors: Horner Tristan, Pearce Christopher, Philip Pogge von Strandmann, Kathleen Scheiderich, Juan Carlos Silva-Tamayo
*10k: Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions and Impacts on Ocean Chemistry and Biology Convenors: Adi Torfstein, Sophie Bonnet, Eyal Rahav, William Landing
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*10m: Insights into Ocean Processes Through the Application of Radioactive Tracers Convenors: Paul Morris, Guizhi Wang, Virginie Sanial
*17g: Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimate proxies: Their standing on Elderfield’s proxy development Curve Convenors: Marie-Laure Bagard, Marie Boye, Oscar Branson, Sambuddha Misra, Guillaume Paris, Kauzyo Tachikawa
3.7 Capacity building
At-Sea Training GEOTRACES gratefully acknowledges support from SCOR to enable one scientist per year from a developing nation to participate in a GEOTRACES cruise.
Sampling Systems It is a goal of GEOTRACES that every nation carrying out oceanographic research should have access to a trace metal-clean sampling system. GEOTRACES offers guidance based on past experience in the design and construction of sampling systems, as well as advice in operating these systems as shared facilities.
An updated status of trace metal-clean sampling systems to support GEOTRACES research is provided in the table below. Scientists interested in developing one of these systems for their own use are encouraged to contact the GEOTRACES IPO or any member of the SSC, who will arrange for contact with an appropriate person to provide technical information about the design, construction and cost of a system. 3-53
Nation Status System/ Carousel Bottles Depth
Powder coated 12 x 10-L Australia Complete aluminium, autonomous Teflon-lined 6000 m; 6 mm Dynex 1018 intelligent rosette Niskin- rope system 1010X Polyurethane powder- 12 x 12-L 1750 m 9mm coated aluminium Teflon-lined Dyneema rope 2nd system autonomous Seabird OTE or 200 m 6 mm Australia (complete) rosette with CTD and external- Dyneema rope wth other sensors, auto-fire spring coupling to 6000 m module, and all titanium Niskin-style CTD wire housings and fittings bottles GEOTRACES WATER SAMPLER - 24-bottle 24 X 12-L 3000 m; Brazil Complete sampler for use with GO-Flo Kevlar cable modem equipped 911plus CTD Powder coated Canada Complete aluminium with titanium 24 X 12-L 5000 m conducting CTD housing, Seabird GO-Flo Vectran Rosette China - Beijing Complete Towed fish NA Surface Multi- size China - Taipei Complete Teflon coated rosette GO-Flo 3000 m; Kevlar line Powder coated France Complete aluminium with titanium 24 X 12-L 8000 m; conducting pressure housing for GO-Flo Kevlar CTD CTD and Powder coated bottles aluminium with titanium 27 x 12-L 8000 m; conducting Germany purchased, pressure housings and OTE GO-Flo Kevlar winch fittings planned Powder coated aluminum 24 X 12-L 8000 m; conducting India Complete with titanium pressure Niskin-X Kevlar housings and fittings 12 X 12-L Powder coated Niskin; 8 Israel Complete aluminium, SeaBird X 12-L 2000 m, steel Rosette GO-Flo conducting cable (Teflon coated)
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Italy Complete Go-Flo bottles on Kevlar 5 x 20-L Go- Kevlar line Flos Powder coated 12-L Niskin- 7000 m; Vectran Japan Complete aluminium X conducting cable
Netherlands Complete Titanium frame 24 X 12-liter 10000 m; conducting GO-Flo Kevlar 24 X 27-liter 10000 m; conducting Netherlands Complete Titanium frame ultraclean Kevlar PVDF 13 X 5-L New Zealand Complete Powder coated Teflon-lined 4000 m; 8 mm Kevlar aluminium Niskin-X; 13 line X 5GO-Flo Norway In Standard 12 positions 5-L Niskin-X development CTD Rosette GO Complete* Powder coated 8x 10L 3000m, steel Poland (although the aluminum, SeaBird GoFlo conducting cable steel cable) Rosette Poland Complete Single bottle 10l G-FLO X 300m Kevlar Teflon coated Poland Complete Teflon pump on-line Surface water 1.5m fixed pump Poland In Pump CTD Teflon hose Up to 200m development 10mm Powder coated 24 X 12-liter South Africa Complete aluminium, titanium GO-Flo 6500 m; Kevlar cable housing/fittings 2 x Titanium frame, Ti 24 10-L OTE 2 x 8000m conducting UK Complete pressure housings 24 10-L OTE Kevlar
USA - Complete Powder coated 12 X 12-L 1500 m; conducting CLIVAR aluminium GO-Flo Kevlar Powder coated USA - Complete aluminium with titanium 24 X 12-L 8000 m; conducting GEOTRACES pressure housings and GO-Flo Kevlar fittings USA- Seabird Rosette. Powder University of coated aluminium with Ti 12 X 5-L No Kevlar line Alaska Complete parts and pressure Teflon-lined available yet. Fairbanks housing. Fires at pre- Niskin-X programmable depths
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Seabird Rosette. SBE- USA- 19plusV2 CTD unit. 12 X 5-L 2000 m 0.5-inch Old Dominion Complete Powder coated Teflon-lined Kevlar wire University aluminium with Ti parts Niskin-X and pressure housing. Fires at pre- programmable depths Powder coated USA – Polar Complete aluminium with titanium 12 X12-L 3000 m; conducting Programs pressure housings and Niskin-X Kevlar fittings
4. Plans for coming year
The release of the Intermediate Data Product 2017 (IDP2017) at the Goldschmidt Meeting 2017 (13-18 August 2017, Paris, France) will continue to be the top priority for the first trimester of the next reporting period. After the release of the IDP2017, GEOTRACES will focus on seeking feedback from and promoting the use of the IDP2017 data by the broad oceanographic community.
In addition, GEOTRACES will continue to implement the field programme and its GEOTRACES synthesis of results strategy with the third foundational workshop, to be held in 2018 in partnership with Past Global Changes project (PAGES). This workshop will be centred on geochemical tracers used as paleoceanographic proxies.
Acknowledgements
Once more, we wish to express our gratitude to SCOR and Ed Urban for the continuous support and valuable advice to the implementation of the GEOTRACES programme.
Written and compiled by: Ed Boyle and Reiner Schlitzer (Co-Chairs GEOTRACES SSC) Maeve Lohan and Walter Geibert (Co-Chairs of the GEOTRACES S&I Committee) Chris Daniels (GEOTRACES Data Manager) Catherine Jeandel (GEOTRACES IPO Science Director) Elena Masferrer Dodas (GEOTRACES IPO Executive Officer) May 2017
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3.3 Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) Turner (joint with Future Earth, WCRP, and CACGP)
Terms of Reference: To develop the Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) Science Plan and an Implementation Strategy, in accordance with guidance of the sponsoring organisations. To oversee the development of SOLAS in accordance with its Science Plan/Implementation Strategy. To collaborate, as appropriate, with other related projects of IGBP, WCRP, SCOR and CACGP and related projects and programmes (e.g., IHDP, DIVERSITAS, IOC and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), etc.) To establish appropriate data management policies to ensure access to, sharing of, and preservation of SOLAS data, taking into account policies of the sponsors. To report regularly to SCOR, IGBP, WCRP and CACGP on the state of planning and accomplishments of SOLAS. The SOLAS SSC, its subsidiary groups and International Project Office shall operate in accordance with the operating procedures for IGBP Projects and as required by other co-sponsors.
Chair: Véronique Garçon (France)
Other Members: Emmanuel Boss (USA), Philip Boyd (New Zealand), Anja Engel (Germany), Cristina Facchini (Italy), Hui-wang Gao (China-Beijing), Michele Graco (Peru), Ilan Koren (Israel), Maurice Levasseur (Canada), Peter Minnett (USA), Jun Nishioka (Japan), Anna Rutgersson (Sweden), Alfonso Saiz-Lopez (Spain), VVSS Sarma (India), Parvadha Suntharalingam (UK), Erik van Doorn (Germany), and Guiling Zhang (China-Beijing)
Executive Committee Reporter: John Turner
Executive Officer: Emily Brévière
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SOLAS Annual Report to SCOR
Reporting period: June 2016- May 2017 Version of 31 May 2016 by Emilie Brévière
I. Progress on implementation of project science and implementation plans, and schedule for major project activities, including open science meetings, major data releases, synthesis activities, and project completion
I.a. SOLAS 2015-2025: Science Plan and Organisation In October 2016, SOLAS received some more comments on the 2nd draft from the four SOLAS sponsors (SCOR, iCACGP, WCRP and Future Earth), which we addressed and returned in January 2017. The sponsors’ official approval of the science plan was received in February 2017. The SOLAS 2015-2025: Science Plan and Organisation (SPO) is available to download from the SOLAS website (http://www.solas-int.org/about/solas.html) and hardcopies are available upon request to the IPO.
The SOLAS science mission is organised around five core themes:
Core Theme 1: Greenhouse gases and the oceans Core Theme 2: Air-sea interface and fluxes of mass and energy Core Theme 3: Atmospheric deposition and ocean biogeochemistry Core Theme 4: Interconnections between aerosols, clouds, and marine ecosystems Core Theme 5: Ocean biogeochemical control on atmospheric chemistry
In addition, the study of these themes will be integrated in efforts to understand key environments, e.g. upwelling systems, polar oceans, and coastal waters, as well as to evaluate the environmental efficacy and impacts of geoengineering proposals, policy decisions, and societal developments. I.b. SOLAS 2015-2025. Implementation Strategy 2016-2018 With regard to the Implementation Strategy, SOLAS chose to use a pragmatic approach and proposes a strategy over a period of 2 years at a time. The document is structured around three major sections: 1) events; 2) established working groups and their activities; and 3) working groups under development. The nature of the exercise obviously makes the document a moving target that needs constant update, which is what SOLAS intends to do by having a live Web- based document only. The Implementation Strategy will be updated and revised annually. The document is available to download on the SOLAS website at http://www.solas- int.org/activities/implementation.html.
Version 2 is already being discussed and a major revision will take place in summer 2017.
I.c. SOLAS- IMBER Carbon Group Much of the science of SOLAS Focus 3 of the original SOLAS Science Plan (2004-2014) overlapped with IMBER and thus a joint SOLAS/IMBER Carbon Group (SIC) was formed during a meeting held in Colorado in Oct 2005. This group worked in close collaboration with
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the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP). The SIC group was subdivided into three working groups:
*WG1-Surface Ocean Systems. Chair: Andrew Lenton (Australia) *WG2-Interior Ocean. Chair: Nicolas Gruber (Switzerland) *WG3-Ocean Acidification. Chair: Jim Orr (France)
Since SOLAS and IMBeR have new science plans that include work on carbon, and because of CLIVAR interests, the SIC has been revisited. The WGs 1 and 2 were dismantled in April 2017 and a side event is being organised at the 10th International Carbon Dioxide Conference, Interlaken, Switzerland, 21-25 August 2017 with key scientists to discuss a future structure of joint work on ocean carbon (SOLAS is co-sponsor of the ICDC10).
However, SOLAS and IMBeR will keep supporting the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) and other products from the SIC WG 1 and 2, as well as the Ocean Acidification group.
I.d. SOLAS metadata portal The SOLAS metadata portal was set up by the SOLAS project integration initiative (2007-2013), with the intention to help SOLAS scientists identify what data exist, the data originators and where data are stored. The portal is hosted by NASA and the metadata files are stored on the international standard Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). The resource is freely available to the entire community.
The SOLAS metadata portal is an ongoing effort. Scientists can help expand the SOLAS Metadata base by completing a simple template available at http://tinyurl.com/328zjr5 and email it to [email protected]
Access the SOLAS metadata portal at http://www.solas-int.org/solas-metadata-portal.html.
I.e. Task teams Halogens in the Troposphere (HitT) This SOLAS/IGAC-sponsored task team was established in 2003 with the primary objective to determine and quantify the importance of reactive halogen compounds in tropospheric chemistry and climate forcing. The goal of HitT was to facilitate international collaboration between laboratory, field, and model activities regarding tropospheric halogen chemistry especially in the following domains: polar regions, salt lakes, marine boundary layer (both remote and coastal), volcanoes, free troposphere, and urban areas.
In late 2015, IGAC decided to end its sponsorship of HitT. SOLAS continues to support HitT with the hope that the task team will be revisited by SOLAS SSC member Alfonso Saiz-Lopez and Lucy Carpenter. Both worked on a proposal for a new activity built upon HitT, which in the meantime has been named CATCH, on cryosphere and atmospheric chemistry (see below). Alfonso and Lucy are currently looking into the development of CATCH in parallel with reshaping HitT in order to avoid overlaps and/or cover gaps.
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There was a PICO session at the EGU 2017 on Halogens in the Troposphere, well attended with approximately 100 people and it is planned to have another one in 2018 too.
Task Team: Asian Dust and Ocean EcoSystems (ADOES) The goal of ADOES is to quantitatively understand the deposition flux and bioavailability of Asian dust, and its impact on biogeochemical processes and ocean ecosystem in order to provide scientific bases for the mechanism of eolian dust-ocean ecosystem-radiative gases-climate change.
The co-chairs are Huiwang Gao (Ocean University of China, China), Guangyu Shi (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) and Mitsuo Uematsu (University of Tokyo, Japan). As one of the ADOES activities, aerosol sampling was conducted during the Training Ship Kagoshima Maru (belonging to Kagoshima University) cruise in the south of Kyushu Island crossing the Kuroshio with China and Japan collaboration from 12 to 20 November 2016.
SOLAS Task Team: Air-Ice Chemical Interactions (AICI) The Air-Ice Chemical Interactions Task Team (AICI) was created in 2003 and endorsed by SOLAS and IGAC. The goal of AICI is to assess the significance of the processes observed in the polar regions at the air-ice interface at local, regional, and global scales by bringing together the laboratory, field, and modelling communities. The co-chairs are V. Faye McNeill (USA) and Thorsten Bartels-Rausch (Switzerland). Since late 2015, IGAC is no longer sponsoring AICI. In parallel, the Ocean–Atmosphere–Sea Ice–Snowpack (OASIS) program was created in 2002 to bring together an international group of multidisciplinary field researchers, laboratory scientists, and modellers to study chemical and physical interactions and exchange processes between the reservoirs mentioned in the title of the group, with a primary focus on the impact on tropospheric chemistry and climate feedbacks.
SOLAS did not follow IGAC and still endorses AICI/OASIS. However the group was asked to revisit their goals and to re-structure themselves. From this regrouping emerged CATCH, Cryosphere Atmospheric Chemistry activity, supported by IGAC. A first shaping community workshop took place on 19-21 April 2017 in Paris, France. SOLAS supported this workshop and will discuss at its SSC meeting in June a possible endorsement of the activity. The CATCH mission is to facilitate atmospheric chemistry research within the international community, with a focus on natural processes specific to cold regions of the Earth. Cold regions include areas that are seasonally or permanently covered by snow and ice, from the high mountains to the polar ice sheets and sea ice zones as well as regions where ice clouds are found. CATCH scientists will aim to understand and predict: How aerosols are formed and processed in cold regions; How cold region aerosols act and impact cloud properties; Feedbacks between climate change and atmospheric chemistry that are determined by changes in the cryosphere; How the ice core record can be used to understand global environmental change; How physical, chemical, biological, and ecological changes in sea ice and snow impact atmospheric chemistry; How microbiology adapts and impacts biogeochemical cycling of elements in ecosystems of cold environments; and
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Background composition (trace gases and aerosols) in cold regions that are undergoing industrialization as well as impacted by climate change. More information available at http://igacproject.org/CATCH.
I.f. SOLAS Open Science Conference 2019 A call to bid for hosting the next SOLAS Open Science Conference in 2019 was issued in March 2017. As of today, no proposal has been received. The call mentioned that SOLAS would welcome a proposal from a country of the Southern Hemisphere. I.g. Ocean Knowledge-Action Network (KAN) SOLAS took part in the scoping workshop on the development of an integrated ocean research network, in Kiel, Germany, on 4-5 December 2016 (report available on line) and is involved in the establishment of teams to lead the O-KAN. The O-KAN is coordinated by Anke Schneider based in Kiel, Germany. The O-KAN will be officially pre-launched at the UN Ocean Conference in early June 2017 in New York, USA.
SOLAS is also taking part in a scoping Belmont Forum CRA meeting on 30-31 May in Brussels, Belgium. See http://www.futureearth.org/future-earth-ocean.
II. Activities (including capacity building) and publications that resulted from the project’s work since the previous year’s report
II.a. SOLAS Summer School 2018 The SOLAS Summer School 2018 (SSS) is scheduled to take place from 23 July to 3 August 2018 in Cargese, Corsica, France.
The programme of the school has been worked on. The request for the French vessel has been made. Funding of 10kUSD has been committed from the U.S. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OC) program. No other proposals have been submitted yet. Crowd sourcing has been investigated, but not yet set up. A webpage is open at the University of Galway, along with a mailing list for potentially interested participants. See http://solassummerschool.nuigalway.ie/.
II.b. Collaboration with ESA After completion of the OceanFlux projects, ESA mentioned its very high interest in continuing the collaboration with SOLAS, though additional funding.
The final workshop of the OceanFlux Greenhouse Gases Evolution project took place on 6-9 September 2016 in Brest, France, entitled 'Air-Sea Gas Flux: Progress and Future Prospects'. Posters and presentations are available at http://www.oceanflux-ghg.org/Workshop. The report is available at https://tinyurl.com/ybcwfyow.
A SOLAS/ESA workshop on "Harnessing Remote Sensing to Address Critical Science Questions in the Ocean-Atmosphere Interface" took place on June 13-15, 2016 in Frascati, Italy. Workshop conveners were SOLAS SSC members Ilan Koren and Emmanuel Boss.
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The challenges in surface ocean-lower atmosphere exchange research are highly interdisciplinary, blending ocean and atmosphere chemistry and physics, with the cryosphere and clouds thrown into the mix. Moreover, the spatial and temporal scales of SOLAS challenges cover many orders of magnitude, and remote sensing is the only practical mean to monitor large- scale properties and trends. On the other hand, classical radiation transfer sciences focus on the interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter, how to measure it and how to invert the measured electromagnetic signals into information on the underlying matter. Climate problems are challenging, and future progress is now dependent on extending radiation transfer and remote sensing science beyond the relatively well-defined domains of the oceanic ecosystem and atmospheric aerosols.
To build connections between SOLAS science and remote sensing, we held a meeting dedicated to highlighting the key challenges in the SOLAS sciences, and how remote sensing measurements and approaches can help address them. We brought remote sensing, SOLAS, and related science experts together to brainstorm on the issue, and to produce examples of key SOLAS problems that could be approached by new or improved remote sensing methodologies. To set the stage, the first part of the workshop was dedicated to perspective talks on both SOLAS subjects and remote sensing. We then moved to group discussions on key topics. Veronique Garcon opened with an overview of the SOLAS project, its importance, and key scientific challenges. Lisa Miller talked about SOLAS at high latitudes and how interactions with ice and land affect the dynamics of near-interface processes, and Paulo Artaxo described how multidiscipline and multiscale climate questions are studied over the Amazon. The next cluster of talks was dedicated to the state of the art in ocean and atmosphere remote sensing. Chris Hostetler talked about current and future developments in active remote sensing of ocean and atmosphere. Jacek Chowdhary described recent developments in polarimeter data inversion to study the atmosphere and oceans, and Oleg Dubovik described GRASP (Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol and Surface Properties) as a unified framework for characterizing atmospheric (and potentially oceanic) properties.
The subsequent discussions were organised around three groups tasked with identifying SOLAS themes with particular potential to benefit from new approaches to remote sensing measurements and data. Those discussions generated three questions for further development:
1. How can turbulence be quantified in the global ocean? (led by Griet Neukermans); 2. To what extent does the ocean ecosystem affect the composition and radiative properties of the lower atmosphere? (led by Brian Ward); and 3. How do the characteristics of surface ocean organic matter impact properties of primary aerosols? (led by Yoav Lehahn).
A commentary manuscript is now being prepared for the journal Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene and will present to the Earth system science community the new ideas generated at this workshop, including how existing and possibly future remote sensing tools could be used to answer these questions.
In October 2016, Ilan Koren and Brian Ward replied to an ESA/Future Earth call for funding for a follow up workshop. The proposal was successful and SOLAS will have 12k Euros to organise
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the event. This workshop is planned to take place in late October 2017 in United States, in the vicinity of Washington, D.C. in order to encourage participation from NASA scientists.
II.c. Collaboration with PICES The North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES; http://www.pices.int) is an intergovernmental scientific organization with the mandate to promote and coordinate marine research in the northern North Pacific and adjacent seas. The present members are Canada, Japan, the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America.
SOLAS representatives did not attend PICES Annual Meeting in recent years, but SOLAS has participated in the scientific planning of the 4th International Symposium on 'The Effects of Climate Change on the World's Oceans', in Washington DC, USA, 4-8 June 2018. SOLAS is a co-sponsor. This is a PICES, ICES, IOC, and FAO event.
II.d. SOLAS Science and Society workshop At the SOLAS Open Science Conference in Sept. 2015, a discussion session on SOLAS Science and Society took place and attracted a lot of interest. One of the outcomes was to have a follow- up workshop dedicated to the topic. Christa Marandino and Erik van Doorn co-organised it in Brussels, Belgium on 26-27 October 2016. The workshop brought together researchers in the field of ocean-atmosphere interactions and social scientists. The two-day workshop focussed on three separate topics:
Valuing carbon and the ocean’s role, (In)Forming policy across the air-sea interface, and The shipping industry and air-sea interactions.
A paper for the journal Ambio is being finalised and will be submitted shortly. Following the success of this workshop, three more papers are underway.
1. A follow-up meeting on ‘how to evaluate Blue Carbon?’ took place on 30 March-1 April 2017 in Monaco at the occasion of the Monaco Ocean Week. It was co- organised by Nathalie Hilmi, Martin Johnson, Christa Marandino and Erik van Doorn. A special issue in Frontiers is under preparation. 2. A small workshop on air-sea interactions in policy and international stewardship of the open ocean will take place in Roma, Italy on 14-15 June 2017, co-organised by Emilio Cocco, Christa Marandino and Erik van Doorn. 3. A one-day workshop will be held on 26 October 2017, with the aim to develop plans for SOLAS research focusing on shipping, and to bring together groups of researchers keen to contribute to this research. This workshop is organised back-to-back with a conference co-sponsored by SOLAS on 'Shipping and the Environment- From Regional to Global Perspectives', 24-25 October 2017 in Gothenburg, Sweden. This conference is focussing on the environmental impact of shipping and its importance within policy, marine spatial planning and the maritime transport sectors.
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II.e. Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at Sea Ice Interfaces: BEPSII Because of the strong linkage between BEPSII activities and SOLAS, and the conclusion of SCOR support to this group in 2016, BEPSII is now co-sponsored by SOLAS and CliC. BEPSII will act as a link between both projects. https://sites.google.com/site/bepsiiwg140/home The BEPSII annual meeting took place early in April in La Jolla, USA. A ‘SOLAS event report’ is being prepared. In the meantime, one may read an article on BEPSII published in January 2017 in the PICES Newsletter, available at https://tinyurl.com/yacchxcx.
II.f. Workshop on 'Frontiers in ocean-atmosphere exchange: Air-sea interface and fluxes of mass and energy' This workshop took place on 15-19 May 2017 in Cargese, France. Its goal was to target SOLAS Theme 2, which deals with the ocean-atmosphere exchange of heat, greenhouse gases, momentum, freshwater, and aerosols. The uncertainty in the air-sea exchanges of these constituents constrains our ability to understand and model our changing climate. Accurate quantification of air-sea fluxes is required for forcing ocean models, understanding ocean dynamics, investigating the forcing of variability by the atmosphere and ocean, understanding the ocean’s role in climate variability and change, and assessing the realism of models used for predictions from weather to climate time scales. More information available is at http://airsea.nuigalway.ie/cargese/workshop. A ‘SOLAS event report’ is being prepared.
II.g. Ocean Acidification Training and Community Networking in Africa: Pathways to Success, 13-16 Feb. 2017, Dakar, Senegal Training and networking events on ocean acidification took place for the first time in West Africa at Dakar (Senegal). The events were organised by Future Earth Coasts with the support of KOSMOS Energy, SOLAS, MaREI, OA-ICC, IRD, to name a few, represented by participants of the events.
The training workshop assembled 15 participants from Senegal, Benin, Togo, Cameroon, Nigeria, Benin, and Cote d’Ivoire, and 6 trainers coming from France, Sweden, USA, Spain and South Africa. Lectures and discussions covered an introduction to oceanic conditions off West Africa, the goal and urgency to study ocean acidification, as well as the chemistry involved in the acidification of the ocean and its impacts on marine biodiversity. Theory presented included information on ocean acidification, measurement techniques, design of relevant acidification experiments, and manipulations in the field and in the laboratory. A one-day field trip was organised for practical training, where aquarium experiments of ocean acidification were conducted in real time. The trainees received certificates of completion.
In conjunction with the training, a networking event also took place, with interactions with the training participants in plenary sessions. About 17 networking participants were from Nigeria, Ghana, Morocco, Tunisia, Kenya, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Tanzania, Algeria, Togo, Benin, Egypt, Madagascar, Senegal, and South Africa. Presentations and discussions took place for developing the OA-Africa network and knowledge exchange on operational outcomes and identification of current needs (resources and capacity), identification of collaboration opportunity including funding, and of outputs and avenues for dissemination in Africa. Plans for white papers were presented to define current knowledge of OA-Africa and next steps forward.
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A steering committee involving researchers from Africa was then designed to provide guidance and direction of the network.
A dinner event was hosted where a range of NGOs, practitioners and government officials from Senegal were invited, along with the scientists. This event recognised the importance of involving organisations and stakeholders based in Senegal who can provide important in-country context, expertise, and experience. This dinner event provided an opportunity to connect to researchers, NGOs, and government officials in Senegal who are working tirelessly to manage environmental and ocean resources with scientists and students working on ocean acidification across Africa.
A ‘SOLAS event report’ is being prepared.
II.h. SOLAS in Asia: A Future SOLAS Symposium Asian countries have made considerable contributions to SOLAS in the broad context of international collaborations, especially in the fields of ocean carbon cycle, air-sea exchange and atmospheric deposition to the oceans. Considering Asian countries acting as world economic engines, SOLAS studies therein should strengthen internal collaborations and pioneer some international collaboration programs to encourage future social-economic activities. An Asia Symposium was organised in Qingdao, China on 26-28 October 2016, following the 16th SOLAS Scientific Steering Committee meeting. This Future SOLAS Symposium aimed to foster the exchange of ideas and knowledge between Asian scientists as well as the communication with the international community and to promote collaborations within Asian countries for SOLAS research and activities over the next decade.
Organizer: Ocean University of China Sponsors: National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, China Key laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, China
II.i. Contribution to 2017 Joint IAPSO-IAMAS-IAGA Assembly The 2017 Joint IAPSO-IAMAS-IAGA Assembly will take place in Cape Town, South Africa from 27 August to 1 September 2017.
There are two sessions of particular interest for the SOLAS community.
M01: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics for the 21st Century Convenors: James Drummond, Melita Keywood, John P. Burrows
With sub-sessions on Multi-scale transport processes or Tracer transport processes over complex terrain; Advances of science in delivering atmospheric services for science and society; Air quality, health and ecosystem impacts; Air-snow-ice interactions; Atmosphere ocean interactions
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and exchane of trace gases; Biomass burning; Global stratospheric ozone; Polar ozone; Climate chemistry interactions and feedback; and Laboratory studies
In this session, SOLAS invited and supported Maria Kanakidou and Rainer Volkamer to present their work and to pay a tribute to Roland von Glasow’s contribution to SOLAS science.
M06: Oceans as a source and sink for aerosols and related feedbacks Convenor: Zev Levin Co-convenors: Ilan Koren, Paul DeMott
Production of CCN and IN from the ocean and the role of aerosols like dust and pollution in affecting ocean acidity.
This session is a perfect opportunity to collaborate with the SOLAS community. It can link research related to marine ecosystems and aerosol fluxes in both directions (i.e., how ecosystems affect aerosol fluxes and properties and how aerosols affect the ecosystem) and on the complex interactions with clouds (i.e., marine aerosols affect clouds and clouds affect the ecosystem).
II.j. SOLAS IPO welcomed a school pupil In February, the SOLAS IPO welcomed a school pupil for a week and showed her what an Ocean Research Institute has to offer and what a project like SOLAS is. Read more at http://www.solas-int.org/events-archive.html.
II.k. SOLAS communication SOLAS website http://www.solas-int.org/
SOLASNews newsletter (NL); emailed to ~2400 scientists and airmailed to ~100 scientists (mainly from developing countries). Copies are held by the SOLAS IPO for distribution at SOLAS-relevant conferences and meetings. The NL is also available from the website. The SOLAS News is printed and airmailed from China courtesy of State Key Laboratory of Marine Environment Science, Xiamen University. Since issue 11, SOLAS also implemented an on- screen reader pdf version.
Due to lack of staffing in the IPO, the last issue was published in summer 2015; there were no issues produced since then and there are no plans underway to produce the next issue yet.
SOLAS Event Report; since the IPO could not deliver the traditional newsletter and had a series of workshops that took place in 2016/17, the IPO started to produce a series of short reports in the month following an event. Issue 1 was about two GESAMP WG38 workshops in parallel on 'Changing Atmospheric Acidity and its Impacts on the Oceanic Solubility of Nutrients' and on 'The Impact of Ocean Acidification on Fluxes of Non-CO2 Climate Active Species', 27 Feb-2 March 2017, Norwich, UK. These events were endorsed by SOLAS. The report is available on the SOLAS website.
Issues 2 and 3 are about to be finalised and issues 4 and 5 are being planned.
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E-news (former E-bulletins); are sent to over 2,400 SOLAS scientists during the first week of every month since February 2017. Only 2 e-bulletins were sent out in 2016. All issues are archived on the website at http://www.solas-int.org/archive.html. The e-news contain news from SOLAS, opportunities for meetings, abstract submission deadlines, recent publications, vacancies and news from relevant partner project and collaborators.
Flyers; The IPO has created an A5 flyer that presents the outline of the new SOLAS science plan. This flyer is printed and copies are available for free.
Poster; A poster presenting SOLAS and its new science plan is available to download on the SOLAS website. Anyone is welcome to freely use it for conferences/meetings/workshops or just to have a brief overview of SOLAS.
Twitter account; The IPO created a SOLAS Twitter account in late 2016. Regular posts have bee sent out since Jan. 2017 and the number of followers is steadily increasing since (currently 178).
II.l. SOLAS national networks Thirty nations are part of the SOLAS network. Each has a representative:
Australia: Sarah Lawson and Andrew Bowie Japan: Mitsuo Uematsu Belgium: Nathalie Gypens Korea: Kitack Lee Brazil: Leticia Cotrim Da Cunha Mexico: Jose Martin Hernandez Ayon Canada: Jon Abbatt (NEW) Netherlands: Jacqueline Stefels Chile: Laura Farias New Zealand: Cliff Law China (Beijing): Minhan Dai Norway: Siv Lauvset China (Taipei): Gwo-Ching Gong Peru: Michelle Graco Denmark: Lise Lotte Soerensen and Mikael Poland: Timo Zielinski Sejr Russia: Sergey Gulev France: Remi Losno Spain: Alfonso Saiz-Lopez Germany: Christa Marandino and Hartmut Southern Africa: Sarah Fawcett (NEW) Herrmann Sweden: Katarina Abrahamsson India: VVSS Sarma Turkey: Baris Saglihoglu, Mustafa Israel: Yoav Lehahn Koçak, Nazli Olgun Ireland: Brian Ward UK: Tom Bell Italy: Chiara Santinelli USA: Rachel Stanley Finland: Lauri Laakso (NEW)
Implemented in Jan 2009, the national representatives of the SOLAS nations are asked to report annually about SOLAS activities in their country. To facilitate the reporting effort, a template form is provided. In April 2017, 20 reports were received and posted on the SOLAS website. The information contained in the reports has been/are a great source of information for the IPO to report to sponsors but also to facilitate the coordination job and to redistribute the results and progress from some nations to the rest of the SOLAS community. Information provided through the reports is also used to update the implementation strategy of the new SOLAS science plan.
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(All the reports received during the reporting period are available in an Addendum to this report: see http://scor- int.org/Annual%20Meetings/2017EC/2017_SOLAS_NationalReports.pdf)
II.m. Endorsed projects Over the reporting period, SOLAS endorsed the project Great Barrier Reef and the Tudor Hill Marine-Atmospheric Observatory.
Information about support letter and endorsement are accessible on the website, along with the endorsement submission form.
III. Income and expenses for the past year and budget for the coming year, including funding from all sources (not only SCOR funding) EO salary, office space and in-kind are provided by GEOMAR until December 2020 US-NSF via SCOR annual grant of 25kUSD until 2018; one-third is used to cover the annual SOLAS/IMBER working group on Ocean Acidification and the other two-thirds to cover the cost of the SSC meeting US-NSF via SCOR extra 40kUSD to hire a contractor to work in the IPO Future Earth annual block grant of 15kEUR contributing to the cost of the SSC meeting French CNRS 8kEUR in 2016 and in 2017 for SOLAS activities
IV. Update on the Scientific Steering Committee and International Project Office status since the last report
IV.a. SOLAS Scientific Steering Committee Since January 2015, Véronique Garçon from France has served as Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) chair, with her term ending in December 2017. At the last SSC meeting in October 2016, a committee was set up to start the process to search for the next SOLAS SSC Chair. The committee was composed of Maurice Levasseur, Ilan Koren and Emilie Brévière. A consultation procedure was followed, and in April 2017, Lisa Miller was nominated by SOLAS to the four SOLAS sponsors, which approved the nomination and appointed her. Lisa Miller will be the 5th SOLAS SSC Chair, serving from January 2018 for 3 years.
SOLAS has an Executive Committee composed of the chair, Ilan Koren, Maurice Levasseur and Cristina Facchini. Since the last report the following SSC members rotated off, in December 2016:
Lisa Miller Christoph Garbe Brian Ward
Ending his first term and being selected for a second term in the SSC was Alfonso Saiz Lopez. In January 2017, four new SSC members were appointed:
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Jun Nishioka (M, Japan) Erik Van Doorn (M, Germany) Guiling Zhang (F, China) Anna Rutgersson (F, Sweden)
The SOLAS SSC met in Qingdao, China, 24-26 October 2016 for its 16th SSC meeting. The next SSC meeting is currently scheduled to take place on 19-21 June 2017 in Bologna, Italy. Unfortunately, this year there will be no SOLAS symposium organised due to time constraints. The current membership of the SOLAS SSC is listed below (17 members including the chair):
Last name First Country Scientific SOLAS expertise Ter End name of expertise m employ ment Gender Sunthara- Numerical Theme 1, cross lingam Parvadha UK F modelling / C, 1 18 themes N, S bgc cycles Zhang Bgc of trace Guiling China F Theme 1 1 19 gases Bgc cycling of C, N in the ocean and Sarma VVSS India M Theme 1 1 17 estuaries, stable isotopic geoch/ OA Remote sensing, 1 Minnett Peter USA M physical air-sea Theme 2 18
exchange Air-sea physical Theme 2 Rutgersson Anna Sweden F 1 19 interaction WCRP rep 1 Boyd Phil Aus M Marine bgc Theme 3, geoeng 18
Atm. deposition Gao Huiwang China M and ecological Theme 3 2 17 effect 2 Koren Ilan Israel M Cloud physics Theme 4 18
Ocean bgc, Levasseur Maurice Canada M dimethylsulfide, Theme 4 1 17 Arctic, ice algae Physical and Facchini Cristina Italy F chemical Themes 4 and 5 1 17 processes in
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multiphase atm. systems Atm. halogens/ Theme 5, IGAC Saiz-Lopez Alfonso Spain M 2 19 modelling connection Marine bgc and Veroniqu Garçon France F ecosystems Integrated topics 2 17 e dynamics Bgc cycles in Graco Michelle Peru F upwelling Integrated topics 2 17 systems, OMZ Oc. trace metal bgc cycle, Polar Nishioka Jun Japan M Integrated topics 1 19 oceanography and sea-ice bgc SOLAS Science Van Doorn Erik Germany M Law of the Sea 1 19 and society Emmanu Ocean optics Remote sensing, Boss USA M 1 17 el and bgc cross themes Microbial bgc, Microlayer, cross Engel Anja Germany F sea surface 2 17 themes microlayer
The current gender and country balance of the SSC is a follow; for a total of 17 members including the chair:
7 female members and 10 male members 4 members from developing countries and 13 from developed countries
IV.b. SOLAS International Project Office, Kiel The SOLAS IPO is hosted at the GEOMAR Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel in Kiel, Germany. The office was staffed from June to September 2016 with Stefan Kontradowitz, interim Executive Director. In October 2016, Emilie Brévière returned from maternity leave and Stefan Kontradowitz left the IPO for a permanent position within GEOMAR. From Oct. to Dec. 2016, the IPO was staffed with one person, the Executive Director. From Jan. to March 2017, Juergen Weichselgartner, ex LOICZ Senior Science Officer, seconded Emilie and in mid-April Jessica Gier started as project officer (75% time) for a year. Minhan Dai, with the support from Huiwang Gao, secured some funding in China to hire a second project officer for the IPO to be based at Xiamen University. The deadline to apply for the position is 31 May 2017. This position is for 3 years full time. The SSC members should discuss at the next SSC meeting in June 2017 the possibility to have an official SOLAS regional hub in Xiamen.
The salary of the EO is supported by GEOMAR until 2020, the salary of the PO supported by funding left over by IGBP when it shut down and extra funding from US-NSF via SCOR. Another request to NSF will be made to maintain the PO position after April 2018. GEOMAR provides office space for the IPO since 1 February 2011 until December 2020.
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3.4 International Quiet Ocean Experiment Urban, Shapovalov
2017 Annual Report International Quiet Ocean Experiment
Since the 2016 SCOR annual meeting, IQOE has continued to ramp-up its activities and fill out the memberships of its working groups. A summary of accomplishments follows.
IQOE Science Committee Meeting The IQOE Science
Committee has the major responsibility to direct the science of the project and implement the IQOE Science Plan. The inaugural committee has two co-chairs, one an acoustician and the other a bioacoustician.
The members include the following:
Co-chairs: George Frisk (USA) and Peter Tyack (UK)
Other Members: Olaf Boebel (Germany), Bishwajit Chakraborty (India), Christ de Jong (The Netherlands), Jennifer Miksis-Olds (USA), Hanne Sagen (Norway), Steve Simpson (UK), Jakob Tougaard (Denmark), and Alexander Vedenev (Russia).
Other scientists will be involved in IQOE through working groups (see below) and through endorsement of national scientific activities.
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The IQOE Science Committee (SC) met for the second time on 27-28 January 2017 in London, UK. As with the first meeting, several stakeholders attended the meeting to help the IQOE SC work on project implementation. The meeting included updates of ongoing IQOE activities, reports on national IQOE-related activities, and a special session on global soundscape modeling.
The 2018 IQOE Science Committee meeting will be held on 13-14 March 2018. The location is not yet decided. In case the IPO bid is approved (see below), it could be important to meet at the new IPO location.
Meeting of IQOE Strategy Group The IQOE Strategy Group (primarily co-chairs, sponsors and staff of IQOE) met in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA on 11-12 July 2017. The meeting reviewed the status of IQOE implementation and discussed fund-raising for the project. The meeting also feature an afternoon session with high-level U.S. agency representatives to discuss U.S. IQOE activities, and presentations from U.S. Department of Transportation staff working on the issue of sound in air from human activities and another individual who creates videos explaining scientific activities. The developer of the new IQOE Website met with the Strategy Group by phone to explain the structure of the new Website and to get input on some design decisions.
IQOE Working Groups 1. Standardization: Any project that involves more than one investigator, laboratory, or observing system must agree to standard techniques and/or perform intercalibrations among techniques or observations to make it possible to later compare their results. IQOE formed a working group responsible to recommend best practices for experimentation and observation or, where this is considered undesirable, will determine other means to ensure that results are comparable. The IQOE Working Group on Standardization is well underway and has a Web page at http://www.scor- int.org/IQOE_WGs_Standardization.htm. The group has already met twice by phone and had begun work on its terms of reference. The group will create an inventory of existing standards relevant IQOE. The group will recommend best practices for IQOE to adopt, not develop IQOE-specific standards. The group will generate a first overview of existing procedures and facilities for calibrating acoustic receivers. A list of worldwide calibration facilities is being prepared. The group will work with the POGO working group (see below) to construct a global database and Web site of past and current passive acoustic monitoring systems. 2. Data Management and Data Access: One of the goals of the IQOE will be to create time series of acoustic data in key locations of the global ocean, to provide to policymakers documentation of how sound in the ocean has changed over time. The IQOE will seek to make as many acoustic observations and experimental results as openly available as possible, and will develop a data management and data access policy for scientists and data centers involved in the project. This working group is in the process of being formed. 3. Arctic Science: The Arctic Ocean is still relatively pristine acoustically. However, with the continuing decrease in ice cover of this basin, oil and gas exploration, shipping, tourism, and other noise-producing activities are increasing. The IQOE will seek to produce an acoustic baseline against which future sound increases can be compared. This
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group is in the process of being formed and the co-chairs are planning the first meeting of the group. 4. Acoustic Measurement of Ocean Biodiversity Hotspots: Coral reefs are some of the most biodiverse areas of the global ocean, are important to human society, and are in danger from global, regional and local changes. The biodiversity of reef habitats can be difficult to assess because it requires observations by human divers. However, many reef organisms make sounds that can be measured continuously. This working group will explore the potential to monitor sound on coral reefs continuously to characterize one measure of reef biodiversity. The group has been approved by the IQOE SC, will begin its work through a questionnaire to members of the group and conference calls, and is planning an in-person meeting for later this year. Its Web page is at http://www.scor- int.org/IQOE_WGs_Coral_Reefs.htm. The IQOE Strategy Group noted that there are other ocean biodiversity hotspots (e.g., kelp forests, mangrove areas) and requested that the title and purview of the group be generalized to ocean biodiversity hotspots. The name of the group was changed to the title above.
In addition, the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO) set up a Working Group to Implement IQOE Science Recommendations on Noise Exposure and Broad-Scale Acoustic Monitoring to contribute to IQOE goals. This working group will implement specific elements of the IQOE Science Plan related to (1) approaches to assess the impact of noise exposure and acoustic monitoring methods, (2) means to implement and improve these approaches, and (3) better understanding broad-scale issues related to ocean noise and human influences. The group is also working on an acoustic Essential Ocean Variable (EOV) and updating the list of acoustic observing systems in Appendix 2 of the IQOE Science Plan. The POGO working group met in conjunction with the Acoustical Society of America meeting in Boston, Massachusetts, USA in June 2017. The POGO IQOE WG has written an acoustic EOV for submission to the GOOS Biology and Ecosystems expert panel; a WG consensus draft of the acoustic EOV is currently under review by the panel, with submission of a final draft to the GOOS Steering Committee intended in time for consideration at its September 2017 meeting. While the time series of acoustic pressure measurements is a physical variable, it is used to estimate many critical biological and ecological parameters. In part because of its physical basis, ocean acoustic measurements are at a more mature readiness level than most biological EOVs and we hope that an acoustic EOV will help the integration of ocean acoustics into observing systems commensurate with its importance to many oceanographic disciplines. The POGO WG is also working with the Web designer to implement a searchable database of passive acoustic observing systems on the IQOE Website. This database will update Appendix 2 from the IQOE Science Plan and will allow input of new information by system operators.
IQOE Web Site An IQOE Web site has been developed with basic information about the project (see www.iqoe.org). The site includes information about the development of the project, products that have resulted, people who have been involved, and resources for the community, such as links to relevant programs, scientific meetings, and publications. Information about IQOE working groups is being added when available. Renewal of the IQOE Web site is in progress.
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Funding SCOR budgeted US$10,000 for IQOE implementation activities in 2017 and an additional $10,000 was provided by the Monmouth University-Rockefeller University (MURU) consortium. These funds were used to support the January 2017 meeting of the IQOE Science Committee. $50,000 in additional funds will be provided for the nine-month period of 1 August 2017 to 31 March 2018 by the MURU Consortium for IQOE Working Group meetings and the 2018 meeting of the IQOE Science Committee.
International Project Office (IPO) We have had a serious offer for hosting of an International Project Office (IPO) for IQOE in Europe and the potential host is in the process of seeking national funding for the IPO.
Submitted by Ed Urban, SCOR Executive Director and Sophie Seeyave, POGO Executive Director
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3.5 Second International Indian Ocean Expedition Burkill
Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIEO-2)
Peter Burkill1
Summary IIOE-2 is a large, complex, multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional project that is sponsored by UNESCO-IOC, IOGOOS as well as SCOR. Each of these sponsors has its own characteristics and one of the many challenges is to harness the strengths and resources of each to deliver IIOE- 2 optimally. This report covers the main activities and successes of IIOE-2 over the period late 2015 to mid-2017. The main focus of IIOE-2 in this early period has been on setting up the programme and getting it operational. After the lead taken by SCOR in producing the Science Plan, the emphasis in IIOE-2 has recently been on the infrastructure as well as scientific data gathering. International project offices have been set up in Australia and in India. The latter is based at INCOIS, Hyderabad, India where a project database is now functional. INCOIS also hosts the IIOE-2 website and produces an informal periodic publication, Ocean Bubble,that allows scientists to try out ideas and seek collaboration. An SSC led by co-chairs from each of the sponsors is operational; it meets in person once per year and electronically every quarter. Data collection is underway, with a total of 22 projects from 10 countries as well as 10 cruise expeditions endorsed as part of IIOE-2. One of the main focuses of IIOE-2 lies with the societal relevance, as well as the fundamental understanding gained by the projects and cruises. SCOR is requested to provide $25k for SC meetings in 2017-2018.
Introduction IIOE-2 is the youngest of SCOR’s large-scale projects and, politically, is its most complex. It was launched in 4th December 2015 in Goa, India at the end of an international conference on the Indian Ocean attended by some 450 scientists. It has a unique claim that its first cruise, aboard ORV Sagar Nidhi of MoES India, sailed the very same day the project began! In fact, the Sagar Nidhi cruise remains an ideal model for IIOE-2 with the Indian hosts offering half the scientific berths to scientists outside India. These were readily taken up and will undoubtedly create an international cohort of collaboration for the future.
IIOE-2’s complexity arises because it, like IIOE, is not ‘overseen’ by a single organisation. SCOR partners with two other organisations, UNESO-IOC and IOGOOS, to deliver IIOE-2. SCOR has led the partnership in developing the research aspects of IIOE-2 and has also paid for the workshops and also publication of the Science Plan. UNESCO-IOC can uniquely reach out to a larger audience than SCOR could achieve, and harness the capabilities of all the governments in the region. IOGOOS has unique skills in observational oceanography together with longer-term funding opportunities that underpin the moorings and satellites in the region. So IIOE-2 is a hybrid project that is harnessing the skills and characteristics of all three sponsors to deliver IIOE-2. The challenge is, of course, to maximize use of the strengths of each
1 This report is a personal reflection of IIOE‐2 by one of its co‐chairs and is not an official IIOE‐2 document!
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organisation while minimizing conflicts that could arise because of their different ways of operating.
Mission The Mission of IIOE -2 is ‘to advance our understanding of the Indian Ocean and its role in the Earth System in order to enable informed decisions in support of sustainable development and the well-being of humankind’. At its core, IIOE-2 is an international project with formal participation by six countries with national IIOE-2 committees (Australia, France, Germany, India, UK , USA) and a number of other countries (Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Korea, Madagascar, Norway, Russia & South Africa), that have IIOE-2 activities without a national committee. This international community collaborates in research from coastal environments to the deep sea over the period 2015-2020, to generate new scientific understanding on the Indian Ocean. This will be used for future sustainable development and expansion of the Indian Ocean’s blue economy.
Guidance and Governance Delivery of IIOE-2’s mission is guided by its Science Plan (Hood et al. 2015) and achieved using the criteria outlined in its Implementation Strategy (IPC 2015). The Science Plan identified six Science Themes, each of which provide a broad platform for addressing research questions at the cutting edge of current knowledge. Seven Working Groups were defined in the Implementation Strategy and these function orthogonally across the Science Themes. During the past year, chairs of Science Themes and Working Groups were appointed as shown in Table 1.
Table 1: The delivery of IIOE-2 is developed and co-ordinated by six Science Themes and seven Working Groups shown here together with their chairs or co-chairs.
A) Science Theme Chair/ Co-Chairs B) Working Groups Chair/ Co-Chairs 1: Human Benefits Dr Ben Milligan 1: Science & Prof Hermann Bange and Impacts (Australia/UK) Research (Germany) 2: Boundary Currents Prof P 2: Data and Ms Cyndy Chandler Vinayachandran Information (USA) & Dr Harrison (India) & Prof Yukio Management Ong’Anda (Kenya) Masumoto (Japan) 3: Monsoon Prof Adrian 3: Capacity Dr Nasser Zaker Variability Matthews (UK) & Development (Iran) & Dr Zainal Prof Joaquim Goes Arifin (Indonesia) (USA) 4: Circulation, Dr Jerme Vialard 4: Operational Co- Dr Shailesh Nayak climate variability (France) & Dr Amit ordination (India) Tandon (USA) 5: Extreme Events & Prof Chari 5: Outreach and Dr Faiza Al-Yamani their impacts Pattiaratchi Communication (Kuwait) (Australia/Sri Lanka) 6: Unique features of Dr Jerome Dyment 6: Translating Dr Rezah Badal the Indian Ocean (France) Science for Society (Mauritius)
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7: Sponsorship and Dr Nick D’Adamo Resources (JPO) & Dr Rajan Sivaramakrrihsnan (JPO)
The Governance of IIOE-2 is overseen by the SC (Figure 1). This body has co-chairs from each of the three sponsors (UNESCO-IOC (Vladimir Ryabinin), IOGOOS (Satheesh Shenoi) as well as SCOR (Peter Burkill).
Table 2. This shows the full Steering Committee structure of IIOE-2.
The co-chairs work closely with the chairs of the Science Themes and Working Groups identified in Table 1 and the regional bodies of UNESCO IOC. The full SC also includes representatives of the National Committees and each major science research initiative. The full SC meets once per year while the core group meets electronically every quarter. The SC met for the first time face-to-face in Perth from 2nd to 4th February 2107. The minutes of that meeting are available at http://www.iioe-2.incois.gov.in/IIOE-2/SC_Meeting1.jsp
Joint Project Offices The two project offices in Perth and Hyderabad have had a full year of activities, advocating IIOE-2 and providing support to the project. The latter includes maintaining the website (http://www.iioe-2.incois.gov.in/IIOE-2/index.jsp) and printing Ocean Bubble (http://www.iioe-
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2.incois.gov.in/IIOE-2/Bubble.jsp). Both offices are funded by their national governments and by IOC. Ed Urban also gives support on SCOR’s behalf.
Research Activities Early research activities of IIOE-2 centre on fieldwork, principally cruises, and these are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: IIOE-2 Research Cruises that either have or will take place in the near future. Many of these research cruises are associated with projects and these are displayed in Table 3.
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Table 3. Projects endorsed as contributing to IIOE-2. Those struckthrough have yet to secure funding.
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In addition to the above, the UK government announced in the last few weeks that it is to fund a major initiative in the Indian Ocean (Figure 2). This is lead by Mike Roberts (UK/ South Africa) and the early stages will focus on the WIOURI component of IIOE-2 and involve Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania. This initiative is likely to take place over a period that will stretch beyond the current period (2015-2020) of IIOE-2.
Figure 2: Proposed track of RRS DISCOVERY for a funded UK IIOE-2 initiative lead by Mike Roberts.
Early Career Scientists (ECS) This is in important strand of IIOE-2. This group met in Perth on 4th February 2107, led by Danielle Su of Australia. The SSC agreed that each chair of WG or ST should encourage participation by a member of the ECS.
Meetings The larger meetings involving IIOE-2 are shown in Table 4. In addition smaller electronic meetings involving the SC are held quarterly.
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Table 4: Past and future meetings involving IIOE-2.
Date Location Organisation Function 2-4 Feb 2017 Perth Australia IIOE-2 SC First face to face meeting of SC to plan IIOE-2. SC Chairs were funded by SCOR. 30 May – 2 June Busan, Korea ECS Conference Build international cohort of ECS. Self 2017 funded. 27 Aug 2017 Cape Town, South IAPSO-IAMAS- Includes IIOE-2 session Africa IAGA Symposium 4 – 6 Sep 2017 Cape Town, South SCOR AGM Receive IIOE-2 report Africa 11 Sep 2017 La Jolla, USA Indian Ocean Workshop for US scientists and others Community 19-23 March 2018 Lombok, Indonesia IIOE-2 SC Second face-to-face meeting to continue SC planning. SC Chairs to be funded by SCOR.
Communication IIOE-2 website is now fully operational (http://www.iioe-2.incois.gov.in/IIOE-2/index.jsp) and is a great resource as well as being a communications platform for IIOE-2. Ocean Bubble (http://www.iioe-2.incois.gov.in/IIOE-2/Bubble.jsp), an informal periodical devoted to IIOE-2, has just released Issue 7.
Requests to SCOR I request that SCOR funds US$25,000 to underpin meetings of the SC in 2018 meeting. The main meeting will be in Indonesia from 19 to 23 March. The dates and location of this meeting have been confirmed by our Indonesian hosts. The funds are to allow SC Chairs to attend the meeting and also for WG 1 (Science & Research chair Hermann Bange) that coordinates IIOE- 2’s Research Themes to meet.
Acknowledgements IIOE-2 involves a very large number of participants all of whom contribute to its success. It is a particular pleasure to acknowledge all the scientists of the SSC including particularly the JPO scientists, Nick D’Adamo and Rajan Sivaramakrishnanan who take responsibility for the day-to- day running of this large complex project.
References Hood R et al (2015). The Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2) Science Plan. Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research pp101. IPC (2015). Implementation Strategy for the Second International Indian Ocean Expedition 2015-2020 (Ed N D’Adamo). pp36
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4.0 INFRASTRUCTURAL AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
4.1 IOC/SCOR International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, p. 4-1 Telszewski, Halpern
4.2 Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS), p. 4- 38 Swart, Miloslavich
4.3 IAPWS/SCOR/IAPSO Joint Committee on Seawater, p. 4-46 Smythe-Wright
4.4 GlobalHAB, p. 4-49 Urban, Sun
4.5 Workshop on Seafloor Ecosystem Functions and their Role in Global Processes, p. 4-57 Urban
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4.1 IOC/SCOR International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project Telszewski, Halpern
International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project Progress Report for SCOR, June 2017
Understanding and quantifying the role of ocean biogeochemical cycles in the global climate system requires efficient coordination of multi-platform observations of carbon and carbon-related biogeochemical variables, carried out on a myriad of spatial and temporal scales.
To this end, the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Program promotes the development of a global network of ocean carbon and biogeochemistry observations as part of a multidisciplinary global ocean observing system which is fit-for-purpose, sustainable in the long term and globally feasible. IOCCP coordinates the development of globally acceptable strategies and provides technical coordination developing methodologies and practices and standards, homogenizing efforts of the research community and scientific advisory groups. IOCCP also provides communication services for the marine biogeochemistry community, as well as advocacy and links to a multidisciplinary sustained global observing system.
This report highlights main activities of the IOCCP between June 2016 and May 2017.
Projects and Major Activities
New IOCCP SSG Terms of Reference The IOCCP was established as a standing project of SCOR and IOC-UNESCO in 2005 when the coordination capabilities of a small advisory panel shared between the two organizations no longer met the needs of the community. The complexity of the marine carbon cycle and its numerous connections to carbon’s atmospheric and terrestrial pathways meant that a wide range of types of observations had to be made in order to establish carbon’s qualitative and quantitative role in the global climate system. The initial Terms of Reference for IOCCP provided guidance for the SSG on how to coordinate this myriad of activities focused on carbon observations and related data management. 4-2
Over the past decade, the IOCCP was recognized as a successful model; however our ever- increasing understanding of the inter-correlation of marine carbon cycle with carbon-related biogeochemical parameters demands a coordinated, comprehensive biogeochemistry observing system that serves the current needs for information related to issues like ocean acidification, ocean deoxygenation, eutrophication and more. The coordination activities of IOCCP have naturally expanded to incorporate these issues and the IOCCP SSG decided it was timely to re- define the project’s ToRs to reflect the current coordination needs of the marine carbon and biogeochemistry community as defined by their requests for action from IOCCP. The updated ToRs, approved by SCOR and IOC-UNESCO, are listed below.
THE INTERNATIONAL OCEAN CARBON COORDINATION PROJECT
A joint project of Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO and an affiliate program of the Global Carbon Project.
Terms of Reference Approved at the XII Session of the SSG, 6-7 February 2017, Miami, USA
The International Ocean Carbon and biogeochemistry Coordination Project (IOCCP) promotes the development of a global network of ocean carbon and biogeochemistry observations, coordinates the development of globally acceptable strategies and provides technical coordination for developing operating methodologies, practices and standards, homogenizing efforts of the research community and scientific advisory groups. IOCCP also provides communication services for marine biogeochemistry community as well as advocacy and links to a multidisciplinary sustained global observing system.
Here we consider the term biogeochemistry to include the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) for Biogeochemistry. These EOVs enable the understanding and quantification of the following phenomena: ocean acidification, ocean deoxygenation, eutrophication, exchanges between the atmosphere, surface ocean and deep ocean, and carbon and nutrient remineralization and sequestration.
1. Identify priority measurements for implementation of GOOS observations of ocean carbon and biogeochemistry, and promote development and adoption of necessary measurements and measurement technology. 2. Develop activities to implement the goals and recommendations set by international and intergovernmental bodies relevant to the work of IOCCP. 3. Develop and maintain a set of specifications, implementation goals, and progress metrics for EOVs for ocean carbon and biogeochemistry parameters for GOOS and corresponding Essential Climate Variables for the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS).
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4. Promote international agreements on measurement methodologies and best practices, primary and secondary data quality control and quality assurance procedures, data and metadata formats, and development and use of certified reference materials. 5. Coordinate activities of individual networks and programs to streamline ocean carbon and biogeochemistry measurements. 6. Facilitate a dialogue with stakeholders to implement a scientifically and economically effective, fit-for-purpose observing system for ocean carbon and biogeochemistry. 7. Develop and support training activities for users of observing technologies (instruments, sensors and platforms) for ocean carbon and biogeochemistry. 8. Promote and develop interoperable data management activities and policies to ensure open access to, and preservation of, fully documented ocean carbon and biogeochemistry data. 9. Promote the integration of ocean carbon and biogeochemistry information into research and assessments including the use of relevant data synthesis products (e.g., SOCAT, GLODAP). 10. Serve as an international communication centre on ocean carbon and biogeochemistry observing activities. 11. Report to sponsors and the global ocean carbon and biogeochemistry observing community on the state of planning and accomplishments of IOCCP. 12. Raise funds to implement IOCCP activities.
The ToRs are also available to read and download from the IOCCP website at http://www.ioccp.org/index.php/about-us/tors
Towards a Global Data Assembly Centre for Marine Biogeochemistry Up until 2016, the international ocean biogeochemistry community has mainly been using and depending upon one global data centre, the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ocean trace gases section (CDIAC-Oceans) at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), USA. As emphasized in the IOCCP Position Statement on Data Management, “CDIAC-Oceans provided data management support for ocean carbon measurements from Repeat Section cruises, Volunteer Observing Ship (VOS)/Ship of Opportunity Programme (SOOP) lines, time series and moorings data, has accommodated most community requests for data archival and data access and has also actively engaged with the science community, supporting large synthesis projects like Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) global surface pCO2 database, Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP), CARbon dioxide IN the Atlantic Ocean (CARINA), PACIFic ocean Interior CArbon (PACIFICA) and GLODAPv2.” In the fall of 2016, it was announced that the data management activities of CDIAC-Oceans at ORNL would be stopped. In response to the many concerns of the international community, strongly voiced by IOCCP, serious steps were immediately taken to minimize the negative impacts of this stoppage on the oceanographic community. 4-4
In light of the fact that CDIAC-Oceans will cease all operations on September 30, 2017, IOCCP has felt obliged to continue informing the community about the consequences of this development and steps that are being taken to minimize potential damage, most recently through an article on this topic in the recent newsletter - the IOCCP Conveyor Issue #37. It has been ensured that data, numerical data packages (NDPs), data synthesis product pages, utilities and DOI landing pages will continue to be accessible to the international community until CDIAC will cease operations. CDIAC-Oceans' data and services are being transferred to NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) where will be long-term archived and made available through the newly funded Ocean Carbon Data System (OCADS). OCADS is responsible for hosting and providing access to ocean carbon data as previously done by CDIAC-Oceans. Alex Kozyr, former CDIAC director responsible for CDIAC-Oceans, started working at NCEI as a NOAA affiliate staff member and is supporting the global ocean carbon data management as before. The main aim is to make the transition as smooth as possible for users, but some changes are inevitable. NCEI will adopt a framework that not only is capable of managing rich metadata information for ocean carbon data, but also can be integrated with the broader data management system at NCEI. Having long recognized the vulnerability of the marine carbon and biogeochemistry data management system, IOCCP has been engaging in coordinating and fundraising efforts towards the formation of a Global Data Assembly Centre for Biogeochemistry – a BGC GDAC. Over the past year a great of effort was taken to inform the community that there is no competition between the formation of GDAC and existing data repositories. To the contrary, the formation of the GDAC would be an unprecedented undertaking towards consolidating and unifying BGC data. Members of the IOCCP SSG have attended several informal meetings and conferences to introduce the GDAC concept and a strategy for its implementation. As a result, the proposed GDAC has already received letters of support from many other data providers, such as EMODNET. Observing networks with existing data management systems, as such as BGC Argo, have also expressed interest in streaming data through the GDAC, thus providing the user with the vital multi-platform and multi-parameter context for otherwise float-specific data.
Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) The Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) has expanded its membership to 354 members representing 66 nations, demonstrating marked progress toward achieving global OA observing capacity. IOCCP plays an active role in GOA-ON through presence of its two SSG members Richard Feely and Benjamin Pfeil, and Project Director Maciej Telszewski on the GOA-ON Executive Council. There have been several developments within GOA-ON over the past year, some stemming from the successful 3rd GOA-ON Symposium held in Hobart in May 2016, co-organized by IOCCP.
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The recently published 3rd GOA-ON workshop Summary for Policymakers provides an overview of ongoing global and regional network activities. A key achievement was the June 2016 launch of the GOA-ON portal, which features global OA data measurements, such as pH, pCO2; derived fields, such as aragonite saturation state; and world-wide asset inventory and metadata data; and will feature data synthesis products. Researchers world-wide are encouraged to make new submissions or update old ones through a Web-based survey accessible from here. Another GOA-ON activity was the launch of the Pier2Peer program – a scientific mentorship program supporting the expansion of OA observing capacity through two-way sharing and capacity-building activities. In March 2017, GOA-ON members moderated the Ocean Action Hub online forum for OA discussions in advance of the UN Ocean Conference on addressing the UN Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG-14). The discussion was on the implementation of SDG14.3, aimed at minimizing and addressing the impacts of OA. Various stakeholders were encouraged to post a comment on their experience in the forum. Moreover, regional efforts of GOA-ON have expanded significantly over the past year. The Latin-American Ocean Acidification (LAOCA) Network has been gradually maturing since its kick-off meeting in December 2015. With the assistance of IOCCP, among other partners, LAOCA has begun to hold capacity-development training and regional science conferences for network members. In Africa, all scientists conducting or interested in conducting OA monitoring and research have been encouraged to join the newly formed OA Africa Network, which aims to provide a platform for sharing ideas, designing collaborative research programs, troubleshooting challenges, and facilitating international collaboration and support. Efforts to connect African OA research with global efforts are also augmented by the parallel kick-off of the OceAn pH Research Integration and Collaboration in Africa (ApHRICA) project - a public-private partnership launched in July 2016 with the aim of installing and operating ocean sensors on platforms operated by colleagues studying OA in East Africa. In May 2017, GOA-ON held its Executive Council Meeting in Paris, France, focused to a large extent on contributions to the SDG 14 and securing funds for GOA-ON’s secretariat. Details of the meeting can be found in the Workshops and Meetings section of this report.
Global Ocean Observing System Biogeochemistry Expert Panel (GOOS BGC Panel) Over the past year, IOCCP has been strongly involved in leading the activities of the GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel. Our activities were focused on two elements:
(1) implementation of the Framework for Ocean Observing through the Essential Ocean Variable (EOV), and (2) involvement with the G7 process.
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EOVs: update and harmonization across GOOS disciplinary expert panels After the publication of the February 2016 version of the Biogeochemistry EOV Specification Sheets, the process of preparing the next updated version started almost immediately. The main goals included (i) harmonizing the EOV-related definitions and Specification Sheet structures across the three disciplinary expert panels of GOOS, and (ii) improving internal consistency of the content of the Biogeochemistry EOV Spec Sheets. In addition, IOCCP (as the GOOS BGC Panel) was charged with the task of developing an Ocean Colour EOV in consultation with the ocean colour community; and with initiating a dialogue with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in relation to the potential development of a Marine Pollutants/Contamination EOV. The harmonization of EOV-related definitions and Specification Sheet structures occurred through two in-person meetings and remotely through frequent email communication. In June 2016, GOOS Panel co-Chairs and Secretariat met for a half-day workshop to discuss the first steps towards harmonizing the EOV Specification Sheets. Clear distinctions between the EOV selection processes adopted by the three panels became apparent. The complexity of the ecosystem structure and functionality make it particularly challenging for the Biology and Ecosystems Panel to adopt a shared set of principles and definitions, much easier adhered to in the physics & climate and biogeochemistry realms. The main meeting outcome was the identification of major discrepancies and inconsistencies across the three panels. The participants agreed to strive towards a more consistent picture of EOVs at the following meeting. In September 2016, the three panels met again in Oostende, Belgium, this time for a two-day meeting, preceding another two-day meeting of the Biology & Ecosystems Panel meeting. The discussions resulted in the development of common definitions and guidelines for the harmonized implementation of the terms included in the Framework for Ocean Observing as well as those required for the development of the EOVs Specification Sheets. Subsequently, specific goals were set for the next months of work of all GOOS panels and discussed the plan of action needed to achieve these goals. The measurable outcome of these two meetings will be (a) publication of the latest EOV specification sheets on the new GOOS website (expected date: mid-2017), and (b) publication of a manuscript on the implementation of the Framework for Ocean Observing through GOOS EOVs Expected date: late 2017). Ocean Colour EOV In the second half of 2016, IOCCP also initiated its work towards creating an Ocean Colour EOV Specification Sheet. A series of informal consultations was carried out during a number of meetings: with the ocean colour community at the Colour and Light from Earth Observations (CLEO) workshop (see Workshops and Meetings section), as well as with relevant experts from the GOOS Panels during the Oostende workshop. As a result of the consultations, IOCCP presented three alternative options for best representing ocean colour measurements in the EOV framework, considering the multidisciplinary nature of their application and strong overlaps with existing EOVs. The three options were presented and discussed with members of GOOS Executive. In January 2017, the decision was made to include Ocean Colour as a new, stand-alone EOV with the Specification Sheet modified as needed. The process of developing the Specification Sheet was
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discussed informally among selected GOOS Panel members and representatives of the International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG) at a side meeting to the IMSOO workshop. As per recommendations from that meeting, in May 2017 IOCCP officially approached the IOCCG Committee with a request for assistance in developing the Specification Sheet and in curating the Ocean Colour EOV together with the Biogeochemistry Panel in the future. Marine contaminants/pollutants IOCCP has also initiated the communication with UNEP considering the requirements and current observing capacities with respect to monitoring marine contaminants, in the context of representing these observations in the EOV framework. These ongoing discussions were augmented by consultations with the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), represented by Peter Kershaw, who was invited by IOCCP to take part in the AtlantOS-sponsored Setting Observing Targets for Biogeochemistry held in Sopot, Poland, in of November/December 2016. Kershaw’s valuable contribution to the workshop included draft specification sheets for a number of marine contaminant groups that could potentially fall under the new EOV, such as PCBs, hydrocarbons, plastics, and heavy metals. It was agreed earlier among GOOS Panels that underwater noise would be treated separately from chemical pollutants, and that the Biology and Ecosystems Panel would lead the efforts on collecting information on this parameter. Finally, at the GOOS Executive meeting in February 2017 in Miami, FL, USA, it was proposed that a new group of EOVs be created: Human Pressure Variables. If accepted, this would mean that Marine Contaminants EOV would fit under that category, subject to curation by a separate GOOS panel created by experts in human impacts on the global ocean.
G7 Future of the Oceans and Seas Working Group The Science and Technology Ministers of the G7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, US) and the EU met in Tsukuba City, Japan on May 15-17 2016. In their communiqué, the G7 ministers expressed their will to support the enhancement of multidisciplinary sustained global ocean observing system, promote open data sharing infrastructure and call for an enhanced system of ocean assessments. In the attachment to the Tsukuba Communiqué, the G7 also provided a series of recommendations based on the G7 expert workshop on Future of the Oceans and Seas. These recommendations are built on the Global Ocean Observing System approach, with specific mention of individual observing networks like profiling floats, ships, moorings and gliders, the need to develop new observing technologies to support the implementation of the Essential Ocean Variables, and the need for more effective use of marine information gathered through observations. IOCCP co-Chair Toste Tanhua played an active role in the G7 Future of the Oceans and Seas Working Group, which was tasked with recommending a list of actions in response to the Tsukuba Communiqué. IOCCP thus contributed to the final format of the G7 Ministers recommendations, thus ensuring that development of ocean biogeochemistry observations is maintained high on the priority list of actions. Efforts were made to promote the FOO approach and its implementation through EOVs. In particular, one action identified during the experts 4-8
meeting in December 2016 is the development of a G7 GOOS Implementation Group to liaise and support GOOS while coordinating enhancements to G7 observing.
G7 has a specific interest in producing more regular assessments for the ocean, akin to the ones made by IPCC on climate. A key requirement is to identify and mobilize the national funding for sustained observations, which means that requests for more operational-based funding schemes be put forward to national governments. Some specific recommendations drafted so far and of relevance to IOCCP consider a request for 2 person months per year for SOOP-CO2 support, and 6 person months per year for GO-SHIP. Also, a dedicated GOOS G7 Office is in planning, with headquarters outside of the IOC, but very related to ongoing GOOS activities. Such a structure would potentially enable new funds raised for IOCCP, GOOS BioEco Panel and observing network activities. The recommendations document is currently in an iterated review stage, and will be submitted to G7 national representatives later this year.
2015 Inter-comparison study of Certified Reference Material for Nutrients in Seawater, and the use of CRMs by ocean observing networks
‘IOCCP-JAMSTEC 2015 Inter-laboratory Calibration Exercise of a Certified Reference Material for Nutrients in Seawater’ was published online in June 2016 as IOCCP Report Number 1/2016 and ISBN 978-4-901833-23-3. The report was printed and 2 copies were sent to each participating laboratory in December 2016, one for the participant and for the library of the institute/organization/university.
From the report itself it seems clear that at present the comparability among the results from the 2015 I/C exercise are quite similar with previously obtained comparability in 2012 I/C study, as well as previous I/C studies. To improve comparability of oceanic nutrients data the following actions are proposed:
Continue the series of Inter-laboratory Calibration Experiments to observe how the performance of the community changes following the introduction of CRMs for nutrients. Specifically for nitrate, several laboratories reported results that were significantly lower than the expected value, suggesting that for this particular measurement there is still a wide margin for improvement. To remedy the situation, a ‘Silicate workshop’ is planned at NIOZ (Netherlands) in November 2017 by SCOR WG#147. Interactive discussion with participating laboratories on how to continue and improve the Inter-laboratory Calibration Experiments is planned. Michio plans to send out a questionnaire to all the participants with questions designed to improve the effectiveness of future inter-comparisons. A scientific paper which will analyze the details of the results of the 2015 IOCCP- JAMSTEC I/C is also planned.
IOCCP will co-sponsor the next inter-comparison exercise, which will most likely take place in late 2017.
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The IOCCP continues to encourage the purchase of new CRMs (http://www.jamstec.go.jp/scor/). The response from the community has so far been very poor. Based on the questionnaire filled by 74 laboratories prior to production process, the initial demand was assessed to be at the order of 3,000 bottles per year. So far (18 months after bottling of the first batch), 137 bottles were ordered by 7 laboratories. The CRMs are currently 60% cheaper than initially thanks to a subsidy grant aimed at increasing the use of CRMs. The CRMs have an official shelf-life of 72 months, but in reality are thought to be of unchanged concentration through a 10-year period. The use of nutrient CRMs will be listed as a Standard Operating Procedure in the updated Nutrients chapter (currently finalized) of the GO-SHIP Manual. IOCCP will work closely with GO-SHIP to effectively enforce the use of CRMs by stating that any cruise that does not use CRMs will not qualify as a Level 1 GO-SHIP cruise. The IOCCP Panel unanimously recommends the use of Nutrients CRMs, and expressed hope that this becomes an absolute requirement on GO-SHIP cruises as soon as possible.
Coordinating global ocean oxygen observations With the gradual expansion of IOCCP communication and coordination services from ocean carbon observations into ocean biogeochemistry observations, in accordance with the newly accepted IOCCP SSG Terms of Reference, efforts have been initiated to (1) play a more active role in global coordination of non-carbon Biogeochemistry EOVs, starting with oxygen, the global observations of which are likely most mature; and (2) extend the breadth of expertise in the IOCCP SSG panel by introducing a new SSG member responsible for the theme of oxygen observations.
IOCCP Oxygen Theme and responsible SSG member Creating a new Oxygen theme is a consistent continuation of the panel expansion initiated in 2013 with the inclusion of the Nutrients theme, and with the invitation of Michio Aoyama to join the SSG Panel. A similar modus operandi was applied for Oxygen this year. Véronique Garçon has been unanimously approved by the IOCCP SSG to join the Panel as the expert responsible for coordination and communication concerning global ocean oxygen observations. Véronique will take up the position at the beginning of 2018. It should be noted that she already attended the XII IOCCP SSG meeting as a guest, in February 2017.
Global Ocean Oxygen Network (GO2NE) IOCCP’s mission to coordinate global ocean oxygen observations is also realized through a strong participation in the Global Ocean Oxygen Network (GO2NE), a new expert group formed by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO. GO2NE, which assembles coastal and open ocean scientists; modellers; and biological, chemical and physical oceanographers, seeks to integrate worldwide research efforts on deoxygenation in the open ocean and coastal areas. The network offers scientific advice to policy makers to counter the concerning decreases in ocean oxygen and to preserve marine resources in the presence of deoxygenation. Currently, the members of the core working group represent 21 institutions in 11 countries. Maciej Telszewski represents IOCCP as a member of the GO2NE Executive Council. 4-10
The objectives of GO2NE are the following: (1) Integrate the disparate research efforts on deoxygenation that are taken worldwide and offer a global and multidisciplinary view of the problem. This overview of current knowledge will allow the network to identify gaps and to propose a framework/strategy to fill these; (2) Facilitate communication with established networks, working groups, observation systems, IOC Member States, stakeholders, policymakers in order to stimulate the awareness on the deoxygenation issue with meaningful and understandable messages; (3) Promote scientific development and cooperation and identify emergent fields of research; and (4) Increase research capacity and knowledge transfer. The Network’s scientific work, outreach, and capacity building efforts include facilitating communication with other established networks and working groups, including IOCCP, but also GOOS, International Group for Marine Ecological Time Series (IGMETS), GOA-ON, GlobalHAB, WESTPAC O2NE, among others. This way GO2NE strives to improve observation systems, identifying and filling knowledge gaps, as well as developing related capacity- development activities. Moreover, in collaboration with the Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 754 funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) at the Kiel University and GEOMAR, GO2NE has recently initiated the news site www.ocean-oxygen.org to provide information on deoxygenation to scientists, stakeholders and the interested public.
Continued developments in the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) project
SOCATv4 released The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT, www.socat.info) is a synthesis activity by the international marine carbon research community (>100 contributors). In September 2016, a new version of SOCAT was released. SOCAT version 4 (SOCATv4) has 18.5 million quality- controlled, surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) observations with an accuracy of better than 5 μatm from 1957 to 2015 for the global ocean and coastal seas. Automation of data upload and initial data checks speeds up data submission and will allow annual releases of SOCAT from version 4 onwards. In the future, the automation process will also include metadata upload.
A new SOCAT paper highlights its wide scientific impact Also in the fall of 2016, IOCCP reported on the publication of the SOCAT version 3 article in the journal Earth System Science Data (ESSD, open-access entitled: “A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT).” This "living data" publication documents the methods and data sets used for the assembly of SOCATv3 data collection and compares these with those used for earlier versions. Moreover, the paper discusses
4-11 the importance of SOCAT by highlighting its citation in three categories of high-impact reports, as well as the use of SOCAT for a variety of scientific applications. Apart from discussing the methods and data used for the assembly of SOCATv3, the paper discusses the importance of SOCAT by highlighting its citation in three categories of high- impact reports, notably reports on ocean observing systems, assessments of climate change and global carbon budgeting, including carbon observing strategies, and ocean acidification studies. Submission for SOCATv5 requested In early 2017, two deadlines related to SOCATv5 passed. The end of January saw the closing of the data submission deadline, and the end of March 2017 was the deadline for quality-control operations.
Since the onset of the automation of data upload, the plan is to release a new version of SOCAT annually, in the first half of the year, in order to facilitate preparing annual updates for the Global Carbon Budget.
It should be noted that, in spite of its success, expanding scope of services offered and a wide array of its applications in the ocean and climate communities, SOCAT remains without any sustained funding, thus jeopardising the longevity of this community-based effort.
EU Horizon2020 AtlantOS (Optimising and Enhancing the Integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing Systems) project
Capacities and gaps analysis In a recently delivered report on “Capacities and Gap Analysis” IOCCP, along with other partners of EU Horizon2020 project AtlantOS, took up the challenge of analysing the current capacities and gaps of all three disciplinary components of the Atlantic Ocean Observing System (OOS). This task was in itself unprecedented due to the very different levels of “maturity” in setting societal requirements for designing and carrying out sustained measurements of physical, biogeochemical and biological phenomena and the EOVs needed to observe key ocean processes. To this end, expert meetings and an intense dialog within the group and in consultation with leading international expert groups under IOC, such as the GOOS Panels, are conducted. Following up on an earlier integrated look at the societal requirements across the three disciplines, the report outlines a strategy towards a comprehensive capacity and gap analysis of the OOS.
The design of an optimal OOS—in this case for the Atlantic Ocean—includes several logical steps which follow the approach of the Framework for Ocean Observing:
(1) Define the requirements – societal drivers for information to address specific questions. (2) Identify the scientific approaches associated with the requirements 4-12
(3) Identify the phenomena and Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) to be captured, based on the scientific approach (4) Use the existing observing infrastructure for data acquisition of the respective set of phenomena and EOVs (5) Use accessible data to derive information products that address the Observing Objective (point 1), thus providing a measure of the current capacity of the OOS (6) If information cannot be derived, perform a Gap analysis (data acquisition, product generation) (7) Ensure a “Fit for Purpose”, enhanced and optimized OOS.
Constant monitoring of our ocean observing capacity and gaps in the system is a core activity to ensure an optimized, and thus cost efficient, sustainable OOS. In this respect, sustained ocean observing is different from ocean observing for fundamental research performed for a defined period only. However, both, the sustained OOS and the observing efforts in the context of fundamental research benefit from each other. The most obvious link is via data exchange - while observing in the sustained system must provide open-access data, the fundamental researchers should make sure that their data are also open access, to ensure these data are integrated into the ocean observing value chain.
Analysing the existing observing capacity for several EOVs in the Atlantic Ocean cannot be done without considering the respective observing objective. However, “baseline” information is first required before an optimization can be performed. In respect to baseline information we conclude the following: Basic physical parameters such as temperature and salinity are relatively well observed in most parts of the Atlantic Ocean, although areas of low density of observations can be identified. For other EOVs – physical, biogeochemical and biological – geographical gaps are much more evident. o It should be stressed that the examples of observing capacity provided in the report reflect data that are publicly available in databases such as Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) In Situ Thematic Assembly Centre (INSTAC), the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet), SeaDataNet, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and through community-based data synthesis such as the SOCAT and GLODAP; which unfortunately do not include all the data available for the Atlantic Ocean. Additionally, it is well-known that a substantial amount of data are not, for various reasons, made publicly available by the data owners, and this can be seen as lost data in the framework of a sustained Atlantic OOS.
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The report provides examples of “generic” gaps identified in the system (e.g., missing baseline data). However, it has been suggested to concentrate a future gap analysis around four subjects: (i) gaps in the observing networks, (ii) gaps in data availability, (iii) gaps in sustainability, and (iv) gaps in technology.
A detailed gap analysis would furthermore rely on detailed requirements and scientific approaches for an Atlantic OOS to be established. Determination of the adequacy in spatial and temporal resolution of sampling, the parameter suite, the measurement quality and other sampling requirements etc. are not possible before some of the “maturity” issues mentioned above are addressed properly. In fact, the ocean observing value chain that is executed fully through the AtlantOS should ultimately be reflected in its ability in data provision for user needs. Setting biogeochemical observing targets
With ongoing advances in observing technology, and a set of Biogeochemical Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) already in place, priorities for designing an optimum observing system for marine biogeochemistry are now shifting towards a system-wide definition of a set of accepted observing targets for biogeochemical phenomena and EOVs developed in a process driven by relevant scientific and societal requirements.
In the context of the EU AtlantOS Project, IOCCP started its work towards defining quantifiable targets for the biogeochemical element of the observing system. As with the development of EOVs, IOCCP is looking forward to wide community input over time. The first step of this effort was to focus on the Atlantic Ocean before expanding the process to other basins.
The goal of the AtlantOS-sponsored workshop on "Setting Observing Targets for Biogeochemical Observing System in the Atlantic", held on 29 November–1 December 2016, in Sopot, Poland, was to respond to the challenge of setting observing targets while simultaneously taking into account the myriad of spatio-temporal scales of the distinct biogeochemical phenomena of interest and the complex array of corresponding observing elements.
The concept of defining phenomena-based targets is different but complementary to setting a more pragmatic observing network-based target of, for example, deploying X number of platforms in a given basin. Phenomena-based targets offer the advantage of setting a target that responds directly to a given scientific question. Also, a combination of several observing networks can better relate to such a target by utilising their relevant capacities, such as specific spatial and temporal resolution, measurement accuracies or parameters observed. One example of such a (proposed) target is to “establish the baseline number of OMZs (with 3D distribution of oxygen levels within them) in the Atlantic Ocean”. To this end, adequate Biogeochemistry EOVs (e.g., oxygen, nitrous oxide) need to be measured on spatio-temporal scales matching those on which the phenomenon of deoxygenation operates. Meeting this phenomenon-based target will provide a direct answer to a key scientific question of “How large are the ocean’s ‘dead zones’ and how fast are they changing?”.
Comparing the targets developed during this workshop with the current observing capabilities will in the long term enable a comprehensive gap analysis aimed at providing recommendations for designing an optimized and enhanced global ocean observing system. The outcomes of the 4-14
workshop will not only inform the project deliverables, but will also be further socialized with the community for input and expansion to other basins.
An important lesson from this pilot workshop is the need to simultaneously account for the requirements in collocated physical and biological measurements necessary to observe and model a given biogeochemical phenomenon. Proper consideration of targets related to measuring all relevant EOVs is fundamental to developing an optimal sampling design. Such a multidisciplinary approach would further promote synergies between the observing networks and communities traditionally confined to a single discipline – a prerequisite to a successful implementation of any phenomenon-based target.
The next step in this process is for IOCCP to engage in applying a similar workshop format to set observing targets in the other ocean domains for the benefit of the global ocean observing system. To this end, Maciej Telszewski presented the workshop concepts to the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) community during the PICES Annual Meeting in November 2016, San Diego, CA USA. Members of the PICES Advisory Board have shown an initial interest in collaborating with IOCCP on such an exercise applied to the Pacific Ocean domain.
Formation of the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) Reference Group In early 2017, IOCCP drafted and approved the Terms of Reference for the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). Efforts are currently underway to assemble the GLODAP Reference Group. First invitations have been send out.
Below are the newly established GLODAP Terms of Reference which describe the intended scope of this project as well as the proposed management structure.
GLobal Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) Terms of Reference for GLODAP Reference Group (RG)
The GLODAP will ensure the continuous provision of updated interior ocean biogeochemical synthesis products based on data from ship based surveys. It will do this by adding data to GLODAPv2, after subjecting them to primary and secondary quality control. After the completion of the ongoing repeat hydrographic survey (next one is scheduled for 2023), this group will be responsible for instigating a new full version of GLODAP (the next one will be v3), which will entail a full reevaluation of the entire product. Before then, cruises will be assessed for bias with respect to GLODAPv2 and the intermediate products released will be named GLODAPv2.YYYY where YYYY is year of release.
GLODAP is the interior ocean data synthesis project of IOCCP, which is the GOOS panel for Biogeochemistry. GLODAP is an important GOOS data product reporting on a range of Essential Ocean Variables, as well as additional interior ocean variables.
Members of the GLODAP RG are appointed primarily based on their scientific expertise related
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to the technical and scientific aspects of GLODAP (‘science members’). However, as the RG has a significant role to play in coordination and promotion of, and fund-raising for the GLODAP- related activities, some members can be representatives of funders and sponsoring and coordinating bodies and programs, recognizing that most of the science members will be asked to serve both functions.
Science members are appointed for one 3-year term with the possibility to extend for another 3 years. For a member who subsequently becomes a co-Chair, the maximum period of service may be extended up to 9 years, with a maximum period of 6 years as co-Chair. Appointments will normally begin at the start of the calendar year.
Composition of the Reference Group
• The RG will be composed of two co-Chairs plus 15 - 20 members. • Science members will be nominated1 with effort for the RG to have geographic diversity, gender balance and an appropriate range of scientific expertise, with the RG collectively covering the main topic areas listed below as the RG responsibilities. • Representatives (if any) of government agencies, relevant intergovernmental bodies2 and national scientific programs will be appointed on the basis of their major involvement in GLODAP relevant activities. • Co-Chairs should ideally have both scientific expertise and strong policy or funding linkages.
The responsibilities of the GLODAP RG
1. Ensure data submission to GLODAP by promoting, within the relevant scientific and observational communities, the awareness of the value-added provided by GLODAP. 2. Maintain and actively develop the major GLODAP products a. a data base with original cruise data and meta data, as submitted by individual data providers but updated to WOCE Exchange formatted data files, b. a merged data product, where data have been adjusted to remove measurement biases for key biogeochemical variables, identified through a crossover analysis, and c. a mapped climatology consisting of a set of 3D fields of the global distribution of seawater CO2 chemistry and other parameters at a resolution of 1x1 degrees at 33 pressure surfaces for each new “full” version of GLODAP 3. Develop and execute a regular and systematic GLODAP release schedule preceded by a secondary quality control process 4. Provide technical support to data management processes aimed at long term storage of new original cruise data and adjusted data products.
1 Nominations sought from existing members, on the basis of wider consultations and agreement of the nominated individual 2 Currently GOOS and IOCCP 4-16
5. Maintain and actively develop a dedicated website, GLODAP.info 6. Represent GLODAP at international meetings and workshops. 7. Encourage national and international funding agencies to support GLODAP activities. 8. Encourage coordination of efforts and collaboration with organizations and projects involved in ocean interior observations.
Expected commitment of individual GLODAP RG members
9. Attend, in person3, one technical workshop, nominally one full day, scheduled prior to the release of GLODAP version update. 10. Participate in regular RG teleconferences4 expected to be more frequent prior to release of a new version (planned at least 4 weeks in advance with sufficient flexibility in proposed dates). 11. Provide input to the agenda for the RG teleconferences.
Training and Capacity Building
Technical Workshop on Carbonate System Measurements for members of the Latin-American Ocean Acidification Network LAOCA On 3-11 December 2016, members of the Latin-American Ocean Acidification Network (LAOCA) were invited to take part in a training workshop to gain hands-on laboratory experience in appropriate high-precision chemical techniques and protocols related to carbonate system measurements. The workshop was held at the Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, in Ensenada, México.
Organized by IOCCP and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), with co-sponsorship from the Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO) and the Center for the Study of Multiple- Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), the workshop proved very successful in terms of meeting the demands of the community and testing a basic model for holding similar training workshops elsewhere in the world in the future.
With representation from 8 Latin American and Caribbean countries participating in LAOCA, the course was designed to train 14 participants and therefore significantly strengthen the analytical capacity in the region. All of the participants were selected based on their current role in their laboratories indicating their active, full-time involvement with relevant analytical duties in the field and in their laboratories.
Participants were divided into four groups (max. 4 participants in each group) to provide each participant with first-hand experience in handling the equipment and analytical procedures for
3 Efforts will be made to at least partially support the costs of in-person meeting participation. 4 Occasional substitution is allowable if notified in advance, with the substitute having ‘observer’ status
4-17 each respective measurement (i.e., pH, total alkalinity (TA), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)).
Apart from hands-on exercises, lectures on the design of the observing system, data management practices and carbonate system calculations were included to allow the participants to understand a wider context of making measurements and collecting data.
Upon completion of the training course, participants gained increased knowledge in the following aspects:
Observing system design based on their needs in the framework of internationally accepted protocols (e.g., Framework for Ocean Observing, Essential Ocean Variables) and data management procedures based on established data products such as SOCAT and GLODAP with explicit focus on the need for ancillary parameters (i.e., temperature, salinity, nutrients, barometric pressure and more) Monitoring carbonate chemistry, including detailed methodology for measurements of potentiometric and spectrophotometric pH, TA with an open-cell titration method, and DIC, the use of certified reference materials, analytical know-how such as the typical sample volume required, and specific challenges related to each method. Advantages and disadvantages of the different platforms for carbonate system measurements, such as moored surface sensors, gliders, underway measurements, and discrete water samples; requirements for handling, maintenance, calibration and validation of specific platforms and instruments. The use of carbonate system calculating tools including error propagation. This workshop paved the way for what IOCCP foresees to be a series of training courses on carbonate system measurements, which would increase the regional capacity to observe changes in marine biogeochemistry in a globally comparable way.
Workshops and Meetings
5th Global Ocean Observing System Steering Committee meeting (GOOS-SC-5), 1-3 June 2016, Sopot, Poland The 5th Session of the GOOS Steering Committee was held at IOPAN in Sopot, Poland on 1-3 June 2016. The meeting was hosted by the IOCCP Office which was also joined by IOCCP co- Chair Toste Tanhua in representing the GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel.
Toste Tanhua and Maciej Telszewski gave overview presentations on the status of carbon and marine biogeochemistry observations in the global ocean, the progress in developing Biogeochemistry EOVs and efforts to harmonize EOVs with ECVs on the occasion of working towards a new 2016 GCOS Implementation Plan.
Based on discussions with the SSC, several important recommendations were made for the GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel to consider in relation to the following issues: 4-18
Ocean Colour measurements in the EOV framework Contamination/pollution expertize in GOOS in association with UNEP Developing targets for the biogeochemical global observing system These were all acted upon and are described elsewhere in the report, under relevant actions taken by the GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel.
2nd AtlantOS General Assembly meeting and associated workshops, 27 June–1 July 2016, Kiel, Germany The EU Horizon2020 AtlantOS (Optimising and Enhancing the Integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing Systems) project General Assembly (GA) was held on 29-30 June 2016, at the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany. IOCCP was represented by Maciej Telszewski and Artur Palacz and several IOCCP SSG members: Toste Tanhua, Siv Lauvset, Benjamin Pfeil, and Bjoern Fiedler. All AtlantOS partners took part in presenting a summary of the activities within individual WPs, and took part in an overview of the planned contributions to the AtlantOS Blueprint, which will propose an enhanced and optimised integrated observing system for the Atlantic for the years 2020-2030. Several break-out sessions were designed to help facilitate cross-WP interactions and generate progress towards individual sections of the Blueprint, which is seen as the final outcome of the project.
Additionally, IOCCP was also represented at a series of associated thematic workshops focused on specific activities of individual work packages scheduled around the GA meeting. Tightening the information exchange flow between individual WPs was also on the agenda.
On Monday 27 June, Artur Palacz took part in the workshop organized by WP5 (“Integrated regional observing systems”) in order to gather information about the status of regional observing networks in both the north and south Atlantic to optimize IOCCP’s contribution to WP1 Task 1.2: “Capacities, gaps and feasibility.”
On Tuesday 28 June, Artur Palacz and Maciej Telszewski also took part in the WP1 workshop to discuss the final outcome of Task 1.1: “Requirements for sustained ocean observations of the Atlantic”; to review the status of Task 1.2.; and to set a detailed plan for meeting the objectives set in Task 1.3: “Observing System Design Studies.” One of the priorities for the meeting was to identify the needs for organizing two workshops that help support obtaining goals set for WP1. One of the workshops was decided to be organized by IOCCP and hosted at IO PAN, Sopot, Poland.
Moreover, IOCCP was invited to present the concept of FOO and Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) on the example of biogeochemistry to members of WP8 (“Societal benefits from observing/information systems”) in order to discuss issues of mismatch between the EOV approach adopted by WP1 and AtlantOS in general, and the EMODnet approach chosen by WP8. A presentation by Artur Palacz was followed by a discussion that aimed to set
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recommendations on how to enable a better harmonization of outputs given the required feedback between WPs.
The last of the series of workshops took place on 1 July. It was organized by WP1 and aimed at developing scenarios for test as part of the AtlantOS observing network enhancements. IOCCP was invited to contribute with its oversight of the current capacities and gaps of the biogeochemical observations in the Atlantic. One of the outcomes of this workshop was the decision to organize an AtlantOS-sponsored workshop on setting biogeochemical observing targets for the Atlantic Ocean, which eventually took place on 29 November–1 December 2016, in Sopot, Poland.
Colour and Light in the Ocean from Earth Observation (CLEO) Workshop, 6-8 September 2016, Frascati, Italy The Colour and Light in the Ocean (CLEO) Workshop, organized by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) was held on the ESRIN, the ESA Centre for Earth Observations, at Frascati, Italy on 6-8 September 2016. The objectives of the workshop were to evaluate the current state of the art in ocean products available from remote sensing observations and to recommend plans for future steps through identifying challenge areas and research priorities for future Earth observation data exploitation activities, among other purposes. To meet the ambitious goals set for this workshop, the organizers assembled a tremendous breadth of expertize in ocean colour product development and their various applications in climate and marine ecosystem research.
The CLEO workshop presented a unique opportunity for IOCCP to carry out informal consultations among the ocean colour community regarding the development of the Ocean Colour EOV, as recommended by the GOOS SC during their June 2016 meeting.
IOCCP was represented by Artur Palacz, who was invited to take part in consultations aimed at verifying the needs of the scientific community in the field of oceanography for the future development of space missions to enable better and new application of remote sensing methods in oceanographic research. To this end, IOCCP actively participated in plenary and breakout group discussions. The effect of the CLEO workshop plenary and breakout group consultations was the publication of an ESA report, which includes recommendations from the ocean research community for planning future space missions, to be considered not only by European, but also American and Japanese space agencies. The report can be accessed from: http://esaconferencebureau.com/2016-events/Cleo/workshop-report
For IOCCP, the key outcome of this meeting was a list of challenges associated with formulating a dedicated Ocean Color EOV specification sheet, as well as suggestions for alternative representation of this key set of measurements in the EOV framework. Based on the feedback collected from CLEO workshop participants, the IOCCP Office then drafted three alternative proposals for executing the GOOS SC recommendation for including Ocean Colour as an EOV, with the objective of reflecting the multidisciplinary character of ocean data products obtained from both insitu and remote sensing ocean colour measurements. 4-20
GO2NE Executive Council meeting, 7-9 September 2016, Paris, France The Global Ocean Oxygen Network (GO2NE) Executive meeting was held on 7-9 September 2016 in Paris, France. IOCCP was represented by Maciej Telszewski - a member of the Executive.
Following requests from marine biogeochemistry community over the past decade or so for increased cooperation and communication related to low oxygen concentration regions in the marine environment, IOC-UNESCO developed a Working Group focused on low oxygen research in both the open ocean and coastal areas. The GO2NE working group assembled coastal and open ocean scientists, modellers, and biological, chemical and physical oceanographers.
The meeting discussions were aimed at producing a work plan and terms of reference for the group, including research as well as outreach and capacity building. General topics included how to facilitate communication with other established networks and working groups, improving observations systems, identifying and filling knowledge gaps, as well as developing related capacity-development activities. A wide range of actions are planned for the upcoming years to raise awareness on current and future impacts of declining oxygen concentrations on ocean and human health. The three major recommendations listed below were developed during the meeting and are currently the focus of the group’s activity:
There is an urgent need to extend the observation of oxygen in the marine environment in both the coastal and open ocean to provide data to better document current conditions, to improve simulations of the future ocean, to develop effective management strategies and to document the effectiveness of management efforts. Substantial efforts are needed to understand the effects of deoxygenation on fisheries at the scale of fish stocks, as well as to better quantify both the local and large-scale the economic and ecological consequences of negative effects of low oxygen on living resources, and society. Innovative solutions and multidisciplinary research approaches are needed to understand and reduce the combined effects of the wide range of stressors that affect open ocean and coastal systems (for example, the decreased pH, increased temperature and fisheries effects that co-occur with decreased oxygen) in order to preserve ecosystem functions and services.
Following the meeting, members of the expert group submitted a manuscript on global deoxygenation to Science, with IOCCP’s Maciej Telszewski as a co-author. If accepted, this paper could provide a first milestone on GO2NE’s road to raising awareness and promoting continued ocean oxygen observations for the benefit of the society. Currently, the expert group is preparing a summary on deoxygenation for policy makers.
7th Everyone’s Glider Observatory (EGO) meeting, 26-29 September 2016, Southampton, UK The 7th EGO meeting was held on 26-29 September 2016 at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK. IOCCP was represented by Maciej Telszewski.
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The IOCCP plenary presentation and break-out group discussions related to IOCCP were focused around each of the 8 EOV Specification Sheets (available from http://www.ioccp.org/index.php/foo). These still have many gaps which IOCCP hopes to fill over the coming months and years. Many of these gaps will have to be filled by the development of a coordinated global glider observing network, utilizing the advantages that gliders have over other observing networks such as surface and subsurface ship observations, surface and subsurface moorings, floats, drifters and satellites.
IOCCP updated the glider community across disciplines on IOCCP efforts and presented short- and long-term strategies for the future. As the IOCCP works directly with several formal bodies programmatically connected to the WMO-IOC JCOMM to integrate ocean carbon and biogeochemistry observation information into the GCOS IP in support of the UNFCCC, the World Summit on Sustainable Development, GEO, and other international and intergovernmental strategies, we are obliged to bring every single observing element to the “table” and discuss their relevant role in the system. In our opinion, a direct communication and coordination with communities focused on platform types is necessary to fully connect the opportunities arising in the decision and policy-making arena with the technical developments occurring globally at the national and regional levels. The EGO meeting served as a platform for exactly that type of communication and coordination. Perhaps no immediate actions will arise from this communication, but the steering group of EGO took notice and will be directly involved in future GOOS activities.
International Conference on Marine Data and Information Systems (IMDIS), 11-13 October 2016, Gdańsk, Poland The International Conference on Marine Data and Information Systems (IMDIS) took place on 11-13 October 2016, in Gdańsk, Poland. IOCCP Project Officer Artur Palacz and IOCCP SSG Member Benjamin Pfeil, responsible for the Data and Information Access Services theme, represented IOCCP at this event. By attending this meeting, IOCCP achieved two goals: (1) To promote and gather community support for initiating the Global Data Assembly Centres (GDACs) for marine biogeochemistry; and (2) To gather an overview of existing data management solutions and challenges with respect to multi-platform and multi-EOV data integration efforts. The first goal was achieved through a poster presentation and a series of informal consultations conducted by Benjamin Pfeil throughout the three-day meeting.
The second goal was achieved collectively through participation in several sessions, and through targeted consultations with marine data managers, working on both national and international data in terms of long-term archival, quality control, and information product delivery to stakeholders, among others tasks.
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North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) Annual Meeting, November 2016, San Diego, CA, USA The 25th Anniversary Annual Meeting of the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) was held from November 2 to 13, 2016 in San Diego, CA, USA. Responding positively to annually reoccurring invitations from PICES Executive Secretary, the IOCCP took this opportunity to present various aspects of IOCCP activity to selected panels and committees of PICES. IOCCP was represented by Maciej Telszewski. Specific discussions with PICES panels are summarized below:
PICES Section on Carbon and Climate (S-CC) Inter-programmatic discussions were focused on review of the existing information on carbon cycling in the (North) Pacific, including anthropogenic carbon, the biological pump, impacts of ocean acidification on marine biota, and possible feedbacks to atmospheric greenhouse gases. Major gaps in our knowledge were identified, and prioritized recommendations for future research were listed. These included the general data gap in the south Pacific and the need for a homogenous ocean acidification synthesis data product. The scope of the former exceeds the PICES geographic “coverage”, nevertheless it was decided that PICES would increase its interest in basic observations in this region. As for the latter, IOCCP was asked to lead the global effort and PICES agreed to act as a regional champion triggering follow-up actions in other ocean regions.
PICES Technical Committee on Data Exchange (T-CODE) Data management requirements for PICES countries and region were discussed against the needs expressed in the Framework for Ocean Observing. A strategic plan set to update those requirements was discussed and will be proposed at the PICES Executive Council meeting. No major changes are required; however, subtle additions, especially in the metadata forms, will enable easier data archival in the world data system.
PICES Technical Committee on Monitoring (MONITOR) Principal monitoring needs for the PICES region were identified and several actions were proposed to develop approaches to meet these needs. Once again IOCCP’s strong advocacy for a GOOS-borne Essential Ocean Variables approach resulted in PICES agreeing to promote the EOV-based monitoring system in their region. PICES MONITOR agreed to help facilitate method development and inter-comparison workshops to promote calibration, standardization and harmonization of datasets.
Setting Observing Targets for Biogeochemical Observing System in the Atlantic – AtlantOS workshop, 29 November–1 December 2016, Sopot, Poland The “Setting Observing Targets for Biogeochemical Observing System in the Atlantic” AtlatnOS workshop, co-organized by the Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IO PAN) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO), was held on 29 November–1 December 2016 at the Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IO PAN) in Sopot, Poland. It brought together 15 experts (and two remote participants) in biogeochemical observations and modelling from several countries around the
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Atlantic: Brazil, United States, Norway, Ireland, United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Germany and Poland. The broad expertise of workshop participants, reaching across the different ocean disciplines and including a perspective on data requirements for societal benefits, was critical to meeting the ambitious goals of this workshop, which were to
(1) Define what an observing target is in the context of the BGC observing system (2) Decide phenomena for which to set observing targets (based on the list of phenomena developed by AtlantOS WP1) (3) Set observing targets for BGC phenomena (described by relevant variables) (4) Analyse feasibility of set targets with respect to current capacities and identified gaps (5) Provide recommendations for designing an optimized Atlantic Ocean observing system
The majority of the time during this 3-day workshop was spent in breakout groups tasked with assigning quantitative and qualitative targets for each of the key biogeochemical phenomena to observe in the Atlantic.
In this workshop the following definition of a phenomenon was used, as adopted by GOOS in the context of EOVs and setting targets for their observations:
A phenomenon is an observed process, event, or property, with characteristic spatial and time scale(s), measured or derived from one or a combination of EOVs, and needed to answer at least one of the GOOS Scientific Questions.
Prior to the workshop, the Organizing Committee drafted a working definition of an observing target. This definition was approved during the workshop as follows:
An observing target is set to allow the observing system to detect changes in a given phenomenon sufficiently to address the relevant scientific questions and societal needs. Such a target needs to be set at the spatial and temporal scales the phenomenon is sensitive to, and at a desirable/known level of uncertainty, with consideration of all relevant EOVs.
In setting biogeochemical observing targets for an enhanced and optimized Atlantic observing system the participants considered first of all those phenomena, knowledge of which relies on biogeochemical measurements. Additionally, selected phenomena which have high impact on biogeochemical cycles in the ocean were also considered, even if they were not necessarily regulated by biogeochemical processes, events or properties.
Detailed outcomes from the workshop will be soon published in a report, available for download here.
Implementation of Multidisciplinary Sustained Ocean Observations (IMSOO) workshop, 8-10 February 2017, Miami, FL, USA On 8-10 February 2017, Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Panels for Physics, Biology & Ecosystems and Biogeochemistry (IOCCP), and the Ocean Research Coordination Network 4-24
(Ocean RCN) co-organized a workshop on "Implementation of Multi-disciplinary Sustained Ocean Observations (IMSOO)".
The 3-day workshop took place at the Florida International University campus, just north of Miami, FL, USA. Forty-nine experts in observing and modelling ocean phenomena, representing 35 institutions from 11 countries, focused their energy on identifying the requirements for and benefits of co-located, multi-disciplinary, sustained observations around three scientific problems: open ocean-shelf interactions, oxygen minimum zones, and plankton community changes. The outcomes of this workshop will be instrumental in setting the stage for the upcoming OceanObs'19 Conference. The initial set of implementable recommendations is being formulated and will be soon published in the workshop proceedings, and followed through by the organizers over the next 2 to 5 years.
With advances in observing technology, and the definition of EOVs, clear opportunities exist to improve the coordinated planning and implementation of observing activities measuring EOVs across the three disciplines.
The IMSOO workshop was designed to identify priority steps by bringing together users of established observing networks and experts in EOVs and science in all three ocean observation disciplines.
The major aims of the workshop were: Building on the established societal and scientific requirements expressed in EOVs, identify the key applications and phenomena that will benefit from co-located multi- disciplinary sustained observations Identify near-term innovation priorities for observing platforms and sensors to enable multi-disciplinary observations, and Identify programmatic and professional connections between existing and emerging observing networks that will increase multi-disciplinary observations
Most of the workshop was spent in breakout groups where priority steps for implementation of multi-disciplinary sustained observations were discussed with respect to three demonstration themes:
Changes in plankton communities (including ocean colour) Oxygen Minimum Zones Open ocean, Shelf and Coastal Ocean Interactions
These themes were chosen because they represent global and challenging problems that are best addressed through collaboration of physical, biogeochemical and biological observations and analyses. Examining these three preselected themes provided a mechanism for looking at convergence across the ocean observing disciplines. Each breakout group, composed of both
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experts and non-experts in a particular theme, effectively introduced a wider perspective and a more critical approach to fulfilling the workshop aims. Members of IOCCP SSG were distributed across all three themes, thus contributing with their knowledge of the state of the art and forward thinking ability with respect to marine biogeochemistry and multidisciplinary ocean observations.
Benefits of this cross-fertilization of ideas, skilfully synthesized into recommendations for an implementation plan by the workshop attendees, are expected to percolate through the ocean observing community and their efforts, as we gradually move closer to fulfilling the ambitious implementation goals set at this workshop, and in the long term improve the capability of GOOS to serve specific information needs, and to raise awareness of the foundational role of sustained ocean observations in delivering societal benefit.
The immediate outcomes from the workshop, based on specific demonstration themes, are a clear series of actions with some related milestones for efforts of collaborations across disciplines and observation platforms. These will be initially realized through joint participation in meetings and workshops planned for 2017 and 2018, with specific actions already taken to hold side meetings devoted to IMSOO topics.
Other immediate actions focus around conceiving synthesis, review and position statement publications to provide the necessary context for enhancing multidisciplinary sustained observations under each demonstration theme and in response to societal needs. Finally, only a few of the planned actions fall within currently funded activities; therefore, the groups will now turn towards securing required resources through funding avenues identified at the workshop.
Detailed outcomes are documented in the workshop proceedings, published and available for download from www.goosocean.org/imsoo-report.
GOOS Executive Meeting, 11 February 2017, Miami, FL, USA The GOOS Steering Committee Executive is composed of the chairs and secretariat of the GOOS panels, GRAs, and the JCOMM Observations Coordination Group. It met immediately following the NSF Research Coordination Network - GOOS Implementation of Multi- Disciplinary Sustained Ocean Observations workshop (8-10 February 2017, Florida International University, Miami, USA).
The priority for the meeting was to discuss the development of a forward-looking, aspirational, 5-10 year strategy for GOOS. The GOOS Strategy would also drive alignment of the priority actions in the structures of GOOS, and would also be instrumental for setting priorities for IOCCP as leading the GOOS Biogeochemistry Expert Panel.
Second on the agenda was the planning and organization of the OceanObs’19 Conference. IOCCP was asked to propose suitable candidate(s) to represent ocean biogeochemical and/or multidisciplinary observations as co-Chair(s) of the Organizing Committee. Among several requirements listed, key is the demonstrated ability to connect to the user space. 4-26
The reminder of the meeting was devoted to discussing progress in developing EOVs. IOCCP reported on progress and decisions concerning the Ocean Colour EOV and the potential Marine Contaminants EOVs. Toste Tanhua also briefed the Executive on the current status of work of the G7 Future of the Oceans and Seas Working Group, putting emphasis on the many opportunities for extra resources for implementing a sustained, multidisciplinary global ocean observing system as a result of the recommendations put forward by the Working Group.
The 4th Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) Monitoring Stations Assembly (MSA) and Ocean Thematic Centre (OTC) meeting, 1-2 March 2017, Bergen, Norway The fourth ICOS OTC and MSA meeting was held in Bergen on 1-2 March 2017. The target group for the meeting was all station PIs in the ocean network and representatives of the Ocean Thematic Center hosted by the Bjerknes Centre, Uni Research Climate and Geophysical Institute. The aim of the meeting was to agree on criteria for the station labelling of the different ocean stations. Most stations are operational today, but after station labelling, the stations provide high-quality certified traceable ICOS data used to calculate the ocean's role in the carbon cycle, in particular concerning the recording of greenhouse gases due to human emission.
IOCCP was represented by Maciej Telszewski and the major aim of this participation was to provide the global perspective to this regional effort, seeking mutual benefit from lessons learned over the 12 months prior to the meeting. The target group for this particular meeting was all station operators in the ocean part of ICOS and representatives of the Ocean Thematic Center itself. IOCCP’s major interest was to highlight the need for inclusion of carbon-relevant measurements as “Desired” in the certification process. Most stations are operational already, but after certification, the stations will start to formally provide high-quality certified traceable ICOS data.
Also, in the light of the fact that ICOS does not exist in many countries in the region, the IOCCP acted as an informal advocate for inclusion in ICOS of individual stations from countries where ICOS structures are not developed or not in the process of being developed. Although this suggestion was considered valuable and potentially beneficial, regulatory restrictions exist which at the moment prevent its implementation. Further considerations will be given during the intersessional period and communication will be reported to potentially interested parties.
GOA-ON Executive Council meeting, 25-27 April 2017, Paris, France The Executive Council conducted their annual meeting at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris between 25 and 27 April 2017. IOCCP was represented by Maciej Telszewski and Richard Feely.
Major issues discussed include the potential for a hosted GOA-ON secretariat, the plan for developing a GOA-ON implementation strategy, including how to integrate the exciting work happening within the regional networks, ongoing global and regional efforts to enhance OA data collection and sharing, and opportunities for GOA-ON to engage with other international initiatives.
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8th Session of the WMO-IOC Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM)’s Observation Coordination Group (OCG), Qingdao, China, 22-25 May 2017 Representatives of most observing networks forming the Global Ocean Observing System, as well as those serving operational needs of marine meteorology, reported on the status, issues and challenges of their particular network. This bi-annual meeting provides a platform for cross- fertilization as well as drawing interdisciplinary, multiplatform strategies. IOCCP was represented by Maciej Telszewski. Issues discussed during the 8th Session included but were not limited to the following:
Network status – measured against requirements with details of variables (scales, accuracies, application) Metrics - definition and implementation progress Standards and best practices (draft and documented) Evolution of network/new technologies/sensors Logistics and resource issues Capacity-building opportunities/requirements Issues and challenges, ideas for integration, way forward
IOCCP continues to advocate the needs of biogeochemical measurements being implemented throughout the system. Many of the participating networks were developed with ocean physics and meteorology in mind, and it is crucial that the needs for interdisciplinary knowledge are explicitly expressed and actions are taken to gradually equate the proportion of observations made with specific disciplines in mind.
As an outcome from this year’s meeting, the IOCCP was asked to develop a 2-year and a 5-year strategy aimed at permanent integration of biogeochemical observing efforts with the ongoing and future JCOMM-OCG activities. The 2-year strategy will focus around the following four issues:
1. A comprehensive overview of biogeochemical observations on all platforms represented at the annual JCOMM-OCG meeting
Each observing network that aspires to conduct biogeochemical observations should report on their detailed status (such as number of assets in the water, sampling duration and frequency, EOVs measured etc.)
2. Annual evaluation of the Technical Readiness Levels of all observing networks conducting biogeochemical observations
Each observing network that aspires to conduct biogeochemical observations should report on their globally assessed TRL to observe each claimed EOV. This would enable development of targeted activities aimed at improving the readiness level of specific networks and EOV measurements. 4-28
3. Formation of SOOP-BGC observing network
This is aimed at creating support for dedicated secretariat time for SOOP-BGC
4. Guidance to the Time Series community on how to organize into an observing network
This capacity is lacking. Scattered efforts by IOCCP, U.S. OCB and IGMETS have dissipated since 2013. We need leadership placing an umbrella over these communities, also including OceanSITES.
All the meeting information including the final meeting report, background documents and PowerPoint presentations can be downloaded from the meeting website: http://ioc- unesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewEventRecord&eventID=1919.
Project Office (PO)
Co-chairmanship system introduced by IOCCP SSG Over the 6-months period prior to the meeting, the IOCCP SSG discussed several fundamental elements of its structure and that included the strategy for chairmanship. The SSG decided that the expanding scope of the program (as expressed in the updated Terms of Reference to include several carbon-related Essential Ocean Variables in its coordination efforts) requires additional engagement of one of the SSG members to share the workload associated with chairing of IOCCP. In the light of this decision, Dr. Masao Ishii was asked to step-up to a co-Chair position and he kindly accepted the role. Until now, Masao served as the SSG member responsible for Interior Ocean Observations, and he will also remain in that role all through 2017.
XII IOCCP SSG Meeting The XII Session of the IOCCP Scientific Steering Group was held on 6-7 February 2017, at the Roz and Cal Kovens Conference Center, Florida International University, Biscayne Bay Campus, Florida, USA. Ten SSG members were joined by two PO staff and four guests (representing IOC-UNESCO, GOOS and individual observing networks).
Beyond discussions related to the many exciting activities related to individual IOCCP themes, the group focused on a few overarching developments that shape the global perspective on current and future requirements for ocean observing, and which provide context for ongoing and future IOCCP activities.
One such event was the verification of the 2016 GCOS Implementation Plan in Marrakech during the COP-22 in November 2016. IOCCP was heavily involved in writing the ocean chapters in the 2016 GCOS IP and Toste Tanhua presented relevant elements of the Plan at COP- 22. The connection between climate and ocean observing systems is clearly on the intergovernmental agenda and with the COP decisions being implemented on the political and
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governance levels, the IOCCP’s contributions are going to be soon realized through a top-down (requirements-funding-implementation) structures on top of, traditional for IOCCP, bottom-up (scientific questions – observing capacities – information products) efforts.
Another overarching issue discussed in Miami was the UN Agenda 2030 and particularly its ocean-related Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG14): Conserve and Sustainably use the Oceans, Seas and Marine Resources for Sustainable Development (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg14). As the development of targets and indicators for SDG14 is an ongoing process, the IOCCP community should provide organized and/or individual input to further these concepts, allowing IOCCP to progress the underlying science and monitoring efforts. The earliest opportunity to do so comes in the form of ‘Ocean Conference: Our Oceans, Our Future: Partnering for the Implementation of SDG14’, to be held on 5-9 June 2017, in New York, USA.
Finally, the Panel noted the important implications of the recent developments with regard to the G7 Science and Technology Ministers setting ocean observation as a priority for the future of the ocean. This process started with the meeting in Tsukuba in 2016, followed by the Tsukuba Communiqué. Recommendations from the G7 ocean working group for the ocean observing system are being actively influenced by leaders of the major observing networks, with hope that they will become implementable action items for the seven economies and beyond.
With these high-level political agendas and many exciting technological developments furthering our capacity to observe the intertwined complexity of ocean systems, the IOCCP plans to take full advantage of all the opportunities for promoting ocean biogeochemistry observations to provide critical information necessary for assessing the past, current and potential future variability and potential impact of this variability on current and future human and nature wellbeing.
The full report from the XII session, including detailed description of almost 50 action items, is available from the IOCCP website at: http://www.ioccp.org/images/D3meetingReports/IOCCP- SSG-XIIth-Session-Report_FINAL.pdf .
Website and newsletter Over the past year, the IOCCP put strong emphasis on updating the content of the project website. Frequent updates were noted by the community and were met with a lot of frequently expressed enthusiasm. This development is only possible thanks to the employment of the second staff person for the office. On top of improvements in the content, significant updates to the content management system were made, allowing additional features and improving security. The site was moved to a dedicated server, and a careful analysis of user statistics was initiated. Furthermore, dedicated thematic pages on the IOCCP website were subject to update and expansion, when necessary. Individual teleconferences were organized on approximately half of the themes, under the guidance of respective SSG members to discuss and update the relevant page on the IOCCP website, including careful analysis of existing and missing content, as well as connections to resources available elsewhere. The remainder of the pages will be gradually 4-30
updated over the course of 2017.
In 2016, IOCCP released three issues of its newsletter, with another one appearing in April 2017. Gradually, the scope of the newsletter is being expanded by introducing new regular columns, such as the ‘new IOCCP SSG profile’ and focusing on one chosen thematic theme per issue.
Publications
IOCCP partially supported the activities leading to the publications below through the U.S. National Science Foundation grant (OCE- 1243377) to SCOR.
Olsen, A., Key, R.M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S.K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F.F., and Suzuki, T. (2016). The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) – an internally consistent data product for the world ocean, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 297-323, doi:10.5194/essd-8-297-2016. Lauvset, S.K., Key, R.M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Perez, F.F., Suzuki, T., and Watelet, S. (2016). A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the 1° × 1° GLODAP version 2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 325-340, doi:10.5194/essd-8-325- 2016. Bakker, D.C.E., Pfeil, B. Landa, C.S., Metzl, N., O’Brien, K.M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S.D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S.R., Balestrini, C.F., Barbero, L., Bates, N.R., Bianchi, A.A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E.F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R.D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R.A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman- Mountford, N.J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M.P., Hunt, C.W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J.S.P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S.K., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Manke, A., Mathis, J.T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F.J., Monteiro, P.M.S., Munro, D.R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A.M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L.L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K.F., Sutherland, S.C., Sutton, A.J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., Van Heuven, S.M.A.C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A.J., Xu, S. (2016) A multi-decade record of high quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT). Earth System Science Data 8: 383-413. doi:10.5194/essd-8-383- 2016.
IOCCP SSG members and staff are marked in blue.
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Future Directions
Specific Action Items developed during the XII IOCCP SSG meeting (6-7 February 2017, Miami, FL, USA) will be instrumental in guiding the coordination and communication services provided by IOCCP in the near future. Many of these planned actions are dictated by the growing needs and challenges of the marine biogeochemistry community, as accounted for in the new IOCCP Terms of Reference. A set of general priorities and examples of specific near-future activities is presented below, grouped by IOCCP theme.
Surface Water CO2 Observations With the onset of new and upcoming pCO2 sensors capable of performing inline measurements, deployed not only for ship-based underway observations, but also for other platforms, there is a need to ensure that rigorous requirements for data accuracy are met. Future IOCCP efforts will aim at coordinating a concerted community effort to fully constrain the uncertainty, accuracy and performance characteristics of the new generation of pCO2 sensors, as well as to better constrain uncertainties of other carbonate system elements being measured, including CO2 in the atmosphere. A series of intercomparison studies should take place in 2017 and 2018 to meet this goal.
First, in 2017 a second global inter-laboratory comparison of seawater CO2 measurements is planned under the leadership of Andrew Dickson. The goal of this comparison is to assess the present quality of seawater CO2 measurements for total alkalinity, total dissolved inorganic carbon, and pH.
Second, an intercomparison of all underway pCO2 systems will be organized, likely in 2018. This exercise, currently in planning stages, could benefit from support of other partner projects, such as EU Horizon2020 AtlantOS, to ensure proper evaluation of intercomparison results, and an ultimate production of a best practices guide to all underway pCO2 sensors.
Further efforts will consider the accuracy requirements for air-sea CO2 flux calculation. A workshop on the correct application of data reduction protocols is envisaged for the first part of 2018. It is imperative that such protocols be used not only to calculate fluxes from ship-based measurements, but also from moorings and other platforms. Meeting this requirement would also increase the quality of data submitted annually to SOCAT. IOCCP plans to engage significantly in this process, including making relevant software and protocols accessible from the IOCCP website.
Data Synthesis Activities: Surface Ocean Significant progress has been achieved by the SOCAT team over the past few years. Most notably, for SOCATv4 published in 2016 the data providers submitted their data using the new automated dashboard. The dashboard integrates the upload of data, metadata and other reports, with the data submission and preliminary data viewing allowing the data provider to do an initial assessment of their data quality. Automation of SOCAT is key in terms of timely delivery of synthesis products used downstream, for example, by the Global Carbon Project, and in the future, hopefully other assessment reports, such as the World Ocean Assessment. 4-32
Some outstanding challenges laid out in the past year’s report remain, such as inclusion of ancillary biogeochemical variables, and the expansion to other synthesis products. The future of SOCAT will be discussed at length during the IOCCP-sponsored workshop on “Marine Carbon and Biogeochemistry Data Management and Synthesis” – a side event to the ICDC10 Conference at Interlaken, Switzerland in August 2017. This workshop will bring together the communities engaged in delivering and using existing and planned marine carbon and biogeochemistry data products, including SOCAT.
Based on lessons learned during the development of SOCAT and GLODAP, the aim of the workshop is to discuss (i) the challenges and opportunities related to connecting the carbon and biogeochemistry data currently available from several sources globally, and (ii) the need to build an integrated access point for different carbon and biogeochemistry data types from major observing platforms (ships, moorings, floats, gliders).
Moreover, the workshop sessions will discuss a pathway towards extending the existing and planned data products beyond primarily carbonate chemistry measurements and into a full scope of Biogeochemistry EOVs, which in many cases are measured using novel sensor technology.
Ocean Interior Observations The main future actions under this theme concern (i) the development of the revised GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography Manual, and (ii) the recommendations from observing networks to the G7 Future of the Oceans and Seas Working Group.
The GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography Manual (“Hydro Manual”) (http://www.go- ship.org/HydroMan.html) is now under considerations for update. The current edition (V1) is missing a chapter dealing with the measurements of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The Hydro Manual also does not comprise Standard Operation Protocols for fluorescence or backscattering and they became urgently needed in the light of rapid development of the Biogeochemical Argo (BGC Argo). A rapidly increasing number of floats carry these sensors and operators often rely on GO-SHIP data for Calibration/Validation. Update of the macronutrients chapter is also ongoing.
Recommendations of the G7 Future of the Oceans and Seas Working Group present a number of opportunities for IOCCP. G7 has an interest in producing more regular assessments of the ocean, akin to the ones made by IPCC on climate. A key requirement is to identify and mobilize national funding for sustained observations, which means that requests for more operational- based funding schemes need to be put forward to national governments.
Some specific recommendations drafted so far of relevance to IOCCP consider a request for 2 person months for SOOP-CO2 support, and 6 person months for GO-SHIP. Also, a dedicated GOOS G7 Office is being planned, with headquarters outside of the IOC, but very related to ongoing GOOS activities. Such a structure would potentially enable new funds raised for IOCCP and observing network activities. It should be noted that BGC Argo is on top of the list of
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specifications for implementation. Deep Argo, OceanGliders and SOOP-CO2 are also of high importance to the Working Group.
The recommendations document is currently in an iterated review stage, and will be submitted to G7 national representatives later this year. FOO and EOVs concepts, which appear ubiquitously in the drafted recommendation documents, will be central to the implementation of these recommendations.
Data Synthesis Activities: Interior Ocean With the development of the new GLODAP Reference Group (RG) and associated Terms of Reference, priority is now to start inviting candidates to join the GLODAP RG. It is likely that the RG will have two co-Chairs, with Are Olsen being one of them to ensure continuity of GLODAP activities. The GLODAP RG will mostly be a virtual group, however, one face-to-face meeting should be planned in association with every new GLODAP product version release.
Moreover, there is an urgent need now to develop a strategy for obtaining funding for the GLODAP RG IT infrastructure and activities (mainly technical workshops), without which the planned work will not occur. IOCCP will maintain its support for GLODAP, but other sources of funding are required.
Immediate future actions include resolving website hosting for past and future GLODAP releases. This task is urgent considering the shutdown of CDIAC-Oceans.
A critical action is to hold a technical workshop at which new adjustments will be agreed in order to proceed with the publication of GLODAPv3 product, foreseen for mid-2018. The workshop is pending the final assembly of the RG and adjustment tables becoming available.
Although GLODAP challenges and future directions will be discussed at the IOCCP side event at the ICDC10 Conference, holding the technical workshop alongside this meeting was deemed premature. Instead, IOCCP plans to hold the workshop in conjunction with the 2018 Ocean Sciences Meeting in Portland, OR, USA, in February 2018.
Time Series Efforts Future IOCCP actions with respect to Time Series Efforts will focus on tightening the collaboration with U.S. Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry (OCB) and IGMETS. There is a need to jointly revive the communication and information exchange among the programs and among time-series station PIs, both those engaged initially during the 2013 International Time Series Methods workshop and those currently responsible for time-series measurements on various platforms around the globe.
Key topics to discuss between the programmes include a potential time-series data product, plans and ideas for the OceanObs’19 Conference, and the most recent status of the development of EOVs.
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For the development of a ship-based time-series data product, concurrent developments and improvements of handling bottle data and partial automatization of QC routines as part of GLODAP and SOCAT will be highly beneficial. The time-series community could piggyback on this infrastructure and the experience that exists within GLODAP and SOCAT. The idea of a community-driven time-series data product should be discussed amongst major time-series sites, with IOCCP coordinating such a process.
Nutrients Following the very successful 2015 inter-laboratory comparison exercise, IOCCP has confirmed its commitment to support the next inter-laboratory nutrient comparison, to be conducted in late 2017 or early 2018. A questionnaire was recently sent out to participants of the first exercise. The responses will help better tailor the second comparison to the community needs and expectations.
Furthermore, IOCCP will strongly recommend that the use of SCOR-JAMSTEC CRMs for nutrients become mandatory for all GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography cruises. IOCCP will urge the community to take up a more pro-active approach in securing financial resources to enable purchases of adequate number of CRMs for each planned cruise.
Ocean Acidification As in the case of Time Series Efforts, key future actions for IOCCP with respect to Ocean Acidification should be oriented around conceptualizing, developing and implementing OA- related synthesis product(s). IOCCP SSG recognized the urgent need for responding to societal requirements for new data synthesis products for OA-related indicators to help meet the relevant SDG14 targets and Aichi Biodiversity targets, called for by the UN Agenda 2030 and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), respectively.
IOCCP must rely strongly on its scientific partners (SOLAS, IMBER, CLIVAR) to drive the generation of new information products. Potential overlaps between synthesis product-related activities in relevant themes of IOCCP will need to be avoided, ideally by combining such activities (or at least scoping workshops).
On a regional level, tighter coordination of OA efforts in Africa is expected as a result of the newly formed OA Africa hub, as well as through several recent and planned training workshops and networking events. In Latin America, LAOCA is organizing its first scientific symposium to be held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in October 2017. The symposium themes will include ocean acidification observing systems, modelling and regional projections of ocean acidification in Latin America, physiological and ecological impact of ocean acidification: from organisms to ecosystems, and human dimension of ocean acidification research.
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Framework for Ocean Observing Future IOCCP actions related to the Framework for Ocean Observing will focus on curating the Biogeochemistry EOVs, as well as continuous work towards better harmonization of all GOOS EOVs. IOCCP plans to post a revised version of all BGC EOV Specification Sheets in the boreal summer 2017. The 2017 version will reflect important changes to the Specification Sheet structures, better consistency between BGC and other EOVs, and a more comprehensive list of phenomena described through given EOV measurements.
Efforts to produce the first draft of the Ocean Colour EOV Specification Sheet are ongoing. Pending the decisions on the nature of IOCCG’s involvement in the process, it is anticipated that the document will be made available in the early 2018.
Considering that the concept of EOVs is not unique to GOOS, but rather has already been used in an increasing number of contexts, for example, deep ocean EOVs, Southern Ocean EOVs, to name just a couple, it is of prime importance to document the GOOS EOV process in a peer- reviewed publication. A first draft has been produced and is undergoing a review by the writing team, composed of members of the GOOS Executive. The paper is expected to be published in early 2018.
In the longer perspective, IOCCP will turn its focus towards Observing Network Specification Sheets. Though interlinked with the EOV Specification Sheets to some extent, the former are intended to provide comprehensive descriptions of the sampling design and methodologies adopted by various programmes, projects and panels, such as GO-SHIP, BGC Argo, SOOP-CO2 and others.
Data and Information and Access Services Much of the activities pertaining to the Data and Information and Access Services theme were described under Data Synthesis Activities as well as Ocean Acidification and Time Series Efforts.
First, the focus will be on expanding the portfolio of synthesis products to OA and Time Series, building on the experience and data systems used for SOCAT and GLODAP.
Second, the need to build an integrated access point for several carbon and biogeochemistry data types from various observing platforms (ships, moorings, floats, gliders) will be attended to. Challenges and needs of the community will be discussed at the IOCCP workshop on "Marine Carbon and Biogeochemistry Data Management and Synthesis" – a side event to ICDC10.
Third, efforts will continue to implement the Biogeochemistry GDAC, as envisioned by IOCCP in its 2016 Data Management Position Statement. With the support of the community already gathered, the realization of IOCCP’s vision depends on the successful collection of funds.
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Instruments and sensors The remainder of 2017 and first half of 2018 will see IOCCP devote a substantial amount of resources to preparing the second edition of the IOCCP Sensors Summer Course. The provisional date is set for June 2018, and the venue will again be the Sven Loven Centre for Marine Infrastructure in Kristineberg, Sweden.
In the coming weeks IOCCP will seek partners to assist IOCCP with financial and human resources for organizing the course and will clearly define the scope of the workshop. Considering that IOCCP is downstream from sensor development activities, the focus of the course should be on the established sensors, and not on promoting cutting-edge technology. The course will expand beyond moorings as sole observing platforms used for training and may include sailing boats, floats and surface autonomous vehicles. Similarly, the scope of the course should reach beyond carbonate chemistry and include oxygen and nutrients, as previously. The target audience for this course was agreed to include less-experienced users, that is, postdocs and late-stage PhD students.
Oxygen Starting January 2018, IOCCP will add Oxygen to its list of themes. Veronique Garcon will become the SSG member responsible for oxygen-related issues. IOCCP is looking forward to expanding its expertise and scope of activities with respect to this component of the global ocean observing network, which is not only maturing rapidly but which is also gaining increasing attention in the end user space.
As part of GO2NE, in the coming years IOCCP plans to take part in several actions to raise awareness of current and future impacts of declining oxygen concentrations on ocean and human health. In this context, GO2NE is committed to broaden the understanding and support underlying science regarding the impacts of nutrient pollution on increased deoxygenation (SDG 14.1). It further supports the implementation of sustainable fisheries (SDG 14.7), and aims to improve the knowledge of how reduced oxygen levels are linked to additional stressors, such as harmful algal blooms, ocean acidification and global warming, that combine to reduce marine ecosystem resilience and ecosystem services (SDG 14.3). Some of the suggested actions include:
In 2017: • A technical brief and scientific synthesis on deoxygenation in the ocean • Coordination with GOOS through following up on the recommendations from the IMSOO workshop (see below) • Ongoing support of newsfeed website with regard to deoxygenation and the impacts on the ocean in collaboration with SFB754 In 2018:
• Support of the O2 international scientific conference, which will bring together the watershed-based and open ocean deoxygenation researchers, and scientists from Small
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Island Developing States (SIDS), developing countries, and developed economies (https://www.sfb754.de/o2conference2018) • Global Atlas on ocean low-oxygen areas • Capacity building – workshops, planning of summer school In 2019 and beyond: • Outreach products, capacity building, scientific exchange • Convene an oxygen theme session at OceanObs’19 to elevate awareness and discussion • Actively develop innovation and scientific coordination related to deoxygenation observing, technology transfer, management practices (mitigation and adaptation) in the context of the International Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development
VOICE: Variability in the Oxycline and its ImpaCts on the Ecosystem An example of such a globally coordinated action jointly coordinated with GOOS is described in an implementation strategy for the project VOICE: “Variability in the Oxycline and its ImpaCts on the Ecosystem”, which is currently in planning stages. VOICE was conceived at the recent Implementation of Multidisciplinary Sustained Ocean Observations (IMSOO) workshop, held in February 2017, in Miami, FL, USA. Co-organized by IOCCP and attended by members of GO2NE, IMSOO focused on drafting implementation strategies for three selected demonstration themes that by their nature require sustained, multidisciplinary ocean observations. VOICE was developed by participants of the Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs) demonstration theme breakout group, who agreed on a project that would target a specific key feature of the OMZ that is of high relevance in the context of many of the scientific objectives – the upper oxycline.
The project would be carried out in several phases, and would include an analysis of historical data from the selected sites, and the development of a conceptual model of oxycline dynamics, among other products. The major anticipated outcome of the VOICE project would be a blueprint of a multi-disciplinary sustained OMZ observing system, outlining a minimum and optimized set of observational and modelling requirements for a fit-for-purpose system that is capable of informing society about the variability of the oxycline and its impacts on the ecosystem and which is applicable within the global ocean observing system. Details of the proposed project will appear in the IMSOO proceedings, to be published in a couple of weeks.
A successfully completed 5-year VOICE project would be a critical element in designing and implementing, as well as securing funding for, an observing system within ten years that is capable of addressing the overarching question of “How do changing Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs) affect the spatio-temporal distribution, productivity and trophic structure of the benthic and pelagic communities?”
The first step towards implementing the strategy is planned for September 2017, through a two- day workshop back to back with the next GO2NE Executive Meeting in Monterey, Calif, USA.
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4.2 Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) Swart, Miloslavich
THE SOUTHERN OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM
ANNUAL REPORT
TO THE SCOR EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
2017
Background SOOS is a joint initiative of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), and endorsed by the Partnership for Observations of the Global Ocean (POGO), and the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) and Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) projects of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).
SOOS was launched in 2011 with the mission to facilitate the collection and delivery of essential observations on dynamics and change of Southern Ocean systems to all international stakeholders, through design, advocacy, and implementation of cost-effective observing and data delivery systems.
SSC Membership Co-chairs: Physical Sciences Co-Chair: Prof. Anna Wåhlin (Sweden) and Biological Sciences Co-Chair: Prof. Oscar Schofield (USA)
Vice-chairs: Physical Sciences Vice-Chair: Dr. Sebastian Swart (Sweden) and Biological Sciences Vice-Chair: Dr. Andrew Constable
Other Members: Dr. Parli Venkateswaran Bhaskar (India), Prof. Dake Chen (China-Beijing), Prof. Daniel Costa (USA), Dr. Sang Hoon Lee (Korea), Prof. Mauricio Mata (Brazil), Prof. Michael Meredith (UK), Dr. Matthew Mazloff (USA), Dr. Burcu Ozsoy (Turkey), Dr. Jean- Baptiste Sallee (France), Prof. Anya Waite (Germany), and Dr. Mike Williams (New Zealand)
Update on key activities
SOOS Regional Working Groups - status (more information here)
SOOS is developing 5 Regional Working Groups that will coordinate and implement the observing system in their region, bringing together efforts in planning, logistics, resources, data management and access. These regional groups will encompass national observing
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West Antarctic Peninsula Working Group: Chairs: Oscar Schofield (USA), Kate Hendry (UK), Sian Henley (UK), South American chair to be identified 2016 activities: 1) Organisation of the first workshop from 15-16 May 2017, hosted by BAS, UK
Southern Ocean Indian Sector Working Group: Chairs: Tsnueo Odate (Japan), Philippe Koubbe (France), So Kawaguchi (Australia), Andrew Constable (SOOS Liaison) 2016 activities: 1) development of leadership; 2) identification of host and venue for the first workshop (13-16 August 2017, NIPR and TUMSAT, Japan)
Ross Sea Working Group: Chairs: Mike Williams (New Zealand), Walker Smith (USA), Giorgio Budillon (Italy) 2016 activities: 1) development of leadership, 2) planning of first workshop (hosted by Meng Zhou, 11-15 Sept 2017, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China), 3) workshop funding proposal to U.S. CLIVAR (decision pending), 4) discussions with CCAMLR Ross Sea Marine Protected Area planning group, 5) involvement of Chairs in the CCAMLR Ross Sea MPA workshop on development of monitoring and observation requirements
Weddell/DML Working Group: Chairs: To be identified 2016 activities: 1) outreach to the Alfred Wegener Institute to gauge interest in development 2) planning for initial scoping meeting. This will be a half-day joint 4-40
SOOS-AWI symposium (13 June 2017, hosted by AWI, Germany) with involvement of representatives from other nations involved in the region, including South Africa, France, Norway, UK and Brazil.
Amundsen/Bellingshausen Working Group: This working group has not yet been initiated. Discussions will be held at the June 2017 Scientific Steering Committee meeting to plan a way forward for its development.
SOOS Capability Working Groups - status (more information here)
SOOS Capability Working Groups help develop important observational capabilities, such as developing and implementing technologies, improving observational design, efficiency and coverage, and enhancement of information management and dissemination. They are either initiated by SOOS or proposed by the broader community.
Censusing Animal Populations from Space: Chairs: Mark Hindell (Australia), Peter Fretwell (UK) 2016 activities: 1) Development of a number of research grants submitted to international funding agencies; 2) an annual workshop alongside SCAR OSC; 3) workshop report
Southern Ocean Fluxes: Chairs: Seb Swart (Sweden), Sarah Gille (USA) 2016 activities: Working group is fully established, with finalised Terms of References following the 2015 workshop. Has developed four focused Task Teams to push specific activities.
Benchmarking (eEOV): Chairs: Andrew Constable, Others TBA 2016 activities: Specific working group activities have stalled, but future efforts will be coordinated as part of the Theme 4 program of work of the “Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern Ocean (2018 MEASO)” conference. This international conference will be sponsored by SOOS and will develop community efforts around assessment of the status and trend of habitats, key species and ecosystems in the Southern Ocean. This will form the basis for ongoing work of this working group.
SOOS-initiated POGO Working Group Observing and Understanding the Ocean beneath Antarctic sea ice and ice shelves (OASIIS): Chairs: Esmee van Wijk (Australia), Richard Coleman (Australia), Pierre Dutreiux (USA), Laura Herraiz-Borreguero (UK), Alexander Brearley (UK)
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2016 activities: 1) Successful proposal for funding of working group by Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO); 2) development of leadership team; 3) Organisation of first workshop (14-17 June 2017, AWI, Germany)
SOOS Key Products – 2016 progress and current status
Community review of Southern Ocean satellite data needs : A joint SOOS-CliC- SCAR effort, providing a statement on Southern Ocean satellite data needs, across research, industry and logistical communities, and with the scientific rationale required to underpin future strategic planning and investment.
Database of Upcoming Expeditions to the Southern Ocean “DueSouth”: This is a tool that enables the community to share information on upcoming field campaigns and voyages. It enhances opportunities for collaboration and sharing of resources, as well as support logistics and planning. Developed with in-kind resources by the Australian Antarctic Division, the database is currently sitting at https://data.aad.gov.au/duesouth/ and will be moved to its own url at www.duesouth.soos.aq within the next few weeks. It will be integrated and coordinated with the efforts of COMNAP and SCAR to better inform the scientific community of activities in the region. SOOS is open to community involvement in development and population of this database. A direct link from our homepage will be provided after the site goes live.
SOOS Map: SOOSmap will be an interactive web map of the major observing platforms in the Southern Ocean, with the capacity to filter the results by time and by platform type. It will demonstrate the status of the Southern Ocean Observing System. Towards development of an initial “un-resourced” version of this product, the SOOS data officer was successful in a funding proposal and in 2016 undertook a professional development course in web mapping through Penn State University. The initial infrastructure for the map has been built, and contributing data streams have been identified and included (see below, not yet online).
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In order to provide a more functional and well-supported tool long-term, SOOS is currently in discussion with communities such as JCOMMOPS and EMODnet-Physics groups, who have the resources and infrastructure to develop and host maps of Southern Ocean Observing Platforms. We hope to deliver a fully supported community product by the end of 2017.
Annual Community Calendar: An online, interactive calendar that provides an annual view of all upcoming meetings of relevance to the Southern Ocean observational community. This will help avoid schedule clashes, enhance joint-meeting planning, and keep the community up-to-date on SOOS activities.
Southern Ocean Mooring Network and data rescue: This project has two components: 1) To provide location and status information on all moorings deployed in the Southern Ocean via an online map;
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2) Support submission of orphan mooring data. Funded by the U.S. Big Earth Data Initiative, this is a joint SOOS-NCEI (US National Center for Environmental Information) effort to rescue and publish data from international oceanographic moorings. Thus far, the project has translated mooring data from New Zealand, USA (multiple institutional datasets), Italy and Sweden and this will soon be available through NCEI. Translation of mooring data from other institutes in the USA, Korea and China is currently being negotiated. If time allows, this project may focus on registration of mooring platforms at JCOMMOPS.
NASA GCMD SOOS Metadata portal : Continued growth of individual researchers’ metadata records, and negotiations for bulk harvest of metadata from key portals (e.g., AODN, PANGAEA, CCHDO, SeaDataNet)
NECKLACE data management: Identification of data issues and requirements of NECKLACE community, identification of available infrastructure to meet community needs, and development of a NECKLACE data policy
Programmatic Connections of note in 2016 CCAMLR: The CCAMLR secretariat and SOOS IPO meet regularly to ensure collaboration on aligned objectives. CCAMLR is involved in all SOOS Regional Working Group workshops. SOOS is involved in discussions on development of the Ross Sea MPA, and other MPA proposals SC-CCAMLR and CEP: SOOS was involved in the 2016 Joint CEP and SC- CCAMLR workshop WMO Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP): SOOS IPO is supporting the WMO YOPP effort through outreach and communication activities. An official SOOS point-of- contact for YOPP has been nominated (Matthew Mazloff, SIO, USA) and is engaged at a scientific and coordination level
Communication and Outreach in 2016 3 Newsletter issues published – subscribe here http://www.soos.aq/index.php/registration 6 peer-reviewed publications 2 Workshop Reports SOOS 2016 Posters and Presentations published online Regular updates to social media channels
Meetings and Workshops in 2016 In 2016, SOOS was presented or represented at 21 international meetings/workshops. SOOS also held the following meetings: SOOS Data Management Sub- Committee Meeting (May 2016, Scripps USA) 4-44
Joint SOOS-SOCCOM Workshop (May 2016, Scripps USA) International workshop of SOOS-endorsed NECKLACE project (Oct 2016, Sweden) SCAR OSC Scientific Session (Aug 2016, Malaysia)
SOOS Governance and Strategic Activities in 2016 3 new members of the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC): Anya Waite (Germany), Burcu Ozsoy (Turkey), Dake Chen (China) 3 new National Representatives: Sandra Barreira (Argentina), Piotr Kuklinski (Poland), Bruno Delille (Belgium) SOOS SSC Meeting (May 2016, Scripps USA) SOOS Executive Committee Meeting (May 2016, Scripps USA) Finalisation of the 5-Year Implementation Plan (still in progress) Development of the 5-Year Business Plan (currently under approval) Development of the SOOS Stakeholder Engagement strategy (currently in draft)
Upcoming Activities in 2017/2018 The following meetings will take place in 2017: 1. West Antarctic Peninsula Working Group (May 2017, UK) 2. SOOS Executive Committee Meeting (June 2017, Germany) 3. SOOS Scientific Steering Committee meeting (June 2017, Germany) 4. SOOS Data Management sub-Committee meeting (June 2017, Germany) 5. POGO OASIIS Working Group (June 2017, Germany) 6. Indian Sector Working Group (Aug 2017, Japan) 7. Ross Sea Working Group (Sept 2017, China)
Challenges The SOOS International Project Office (IPO) is funded in the following manner:
1) Salaries of the 2 staff (at 1.8 %FTE) is funded by the Australian Research Council’s Antarctic Gateway Partnership, with contribution by the University of Gothenburg, Sweden and overheads covered by the University of Tasmania, Australia. 2) Direct funding of IPO by the Australian Research Council’s Antarctic Gateway Partnership, Australian Antarctic Division, and Antarctica New Zealand 3) In-kind sponsorship of IPO through delivery of services and expertise: University of Gothenburg (Sweden), Rutgers University (USA), Australian Antarctic Division, Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), Tasmanian Partnership for Advanced Computing (TPAC), NASA GCMD, Bioflex Nutrition (Australia)
Funding of staff and direct funding for the IPO is not secure long-term, and ends in mid-2018 when the Australian Research Council’s Antarctic Gateway Partnership program ends. Whilst efforts are being made by SOOS and the Australian community to ensure continuation of staff and IPO support beyond 2018, no funding pathway presently exists.
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In addition to this, SOOS is at a point of significant growth and activity, and existing IPO staff and resources are insufficient to support this growth. Nearly all SOOS products and activities are un-resourced, and rely on volunteer and in-kind efforts. SOOS has developed a 5-Year Business Plan (draft available by request) that articulates the resources required to deliver the 5-Year Implementation Plan (http://soos.aq/activities/implementation) and invites discussion with any parties interested to contribute to this international initiative.
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4.3 IAPWS/SCOR/IAPSO Joint Committee on Seawater Smythe-Wright
Report to SCOR and IAPSO on JCS Activities June 2016-May 2017
Membership
Executive Rich Pawlowicz (Chair) Canada Rainer Feistel (Vice-chair) Germany Trevor J. McDougall (Vice-chair) Australia
Salinity/Density Subgroup Frank J. Millero USA (Rich Pawlowicz) Canada Steffen Seitz Germany Hiroshi Uchida Japan Stefan Weinreben Germany Youngchao Pang China-Beijing Henning Wolf Germany pH Subgroup Maria Filomena Camoes Portugal Andrew Dickson USA Daniela Stoica France
Relative Humidity Subgroup Olaf Hellmuth Germany Jeremy Lovell-Smith New Zealand
Thermodynamics (Rainer Feistel)
Numerical Modelling and Applications (Trevor J. McDougall)
Software Paul Barker Australia
Industry Representatives Richard Williams (OSIL) UK Barbara Laky (Anton Paar) Austria 4-47
Meetings JCS did not meet as a full group in 2016-2017. However, 6 JCS members did attend the 2016 IAPWS Annual Meeting in Dresden, Germany (Sept 11-16, 2016), including new member RW, head of the Standard Seawater Service. Two JSC members attended the 2016 International Symposium on Stratified Flows (San Diego, Aug 29-Sept 1, 2016).
Web site JCS maintains a Web site at www.teos-10.org. This site gets 1,400-2,700 visitors per month (8,560 in the past year, with 55,689 “unique views” since Oct. 2010). Annual downloads have decreased slightly in the last year compared to the previous two.
Web site Item Unique Unique Unique Unique Unique downloads downloads downloads downloads downloads June 2011- June 2013- June 2014- June 2015- June 2016- June 2013 June 2014 June 2015 June 2016 June 2017 Manual 920 360 535 552 418 Getting Started 879 362 558 547 427 Slides 704 284 374 318 219 Primer 584 197 289 297 222 GSW_MATLAB_v3_0 1920 1102 1485 1814 1235 GSW_FORTRAN_v3_ 366 222 171 162 127 GSW_C_v3_0 202 84 133 151 85 GSW_PHP - 55 61 43 29 SIA_VB 72 100 46 45 45 SIA_FORTRAN 59 118 58 44 36
Other Progress 1. SIA software version 3.01.3 and 4.0.1 released. 2. RF attended BIPM CCT meetings for WG-Hu with support of IAPWS, and for the plenary session (Sevres, France) on May 29-June 2, 2017 to discuss the redefinition of Humidity on a thermodynamic basis, supporting SI traceability. An explicit proposal (Publication [1]) was presented and well received; two subsequent companion papers on measurement principles and requisite equations are now in preparation. A detailed plan was also developed by WG-Hu to work towards inclusion of relative humidity in a future version of the SI brochure as an example of a dimensionless quantity. 3. JCS wrote a support letter for a multi-institutional proposal related to JCS tasks; however, it was not funded. 4. The 4 Metrologia review papers published in January 2016 continue to be heavily downloaded, especially part 4 on relative humidity, although the rate for all has 4-48
noticeably decreased since the end of open access at the end of 2016. As of 30/5/2017: Part 1: Overview – 3,438 downloads (986 since 31/5/2016) Part 2: Salinity – 2,195 downloads (671 since 31/5/2016) Part 3: pH – 2,209 downloads (687 since 31/5/2016) Part 4: RH – 4,579 downloads (1807 since 31/5/2016) total: 12,421
Parts 1 and 4 of the Metrologia papers have just been selected as one of the “2016 Highlights of Metrologia”. These papers have their own Web page (http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0026-1394/page/Highlights_of_2016), are given another year of free open access, and the authors also get a nice certificate suitable for framing. 5. RP/HU carried out a second set of density anomaly measurements in Canadian Arctic Archipelago (w/ K. Brown, WHOI – July 2016). 6. FM carried out density anomaly measurements over the East Pacific Rise (April 2017). 7. SW continued a decadal series of measurements of density anomalies in the Baltic. 8. HU, FM, HW are continuing measurements of density in SSW batches; this information will be collated in a planned publication. 9. HW, HU, SW, RP are still writing the ‘Best Practices Guide for seawater Density Measurements’ (still at version 13). 10. SS is still investigating instrument effects on conductance measurements. 11. BL reports an accredited lab for density measurements. 12. FC, DS, SS and others continue work along the lines of last year’s publications, and are particularly engaged in a) measurement of alkalinity, b) uncertainty budgets and traceability, and c) education actions and tools on pH (https://iupac.org/projects/project- %20details/?project_nr=2013-013-1-500) 13. AD continues to provide seawater buffers for pH. 14. Through working with SCOR WG 145, in which he is a member, AD and two others are now funded for a 3-year program of work including developing a Pitzer model to estimate activity coefficients for Tris buffers in seawater (coordinating with SS, DS, and others).
Papers published 1. R. Feistel, J.W. Lovell-Smith, Defining Relative Humidity in terms of Water Activity. Part 1: Definition. Accepted by Metrologia, May 2017. 2. P.M. Barker and T.J. McDougall, Stabilising hydrographic profiles with minimal change to water masses, accepted by Journal of Oceanic and Atmospheric Technology, May 2017. 3. T.J. Mcdougall, S. Groeskamp, S.M. Griffies, Comment on Tailleux, R. Neutrality versus Materiality: A Thermodynamic Theory of Neutral Surfaces, Fluids 2016, 1,32, Fluids, Fluids 2017,2,19: doi:10.3390/fluids2020019
R. Pawlowicz JCS chair, June 7, 2017
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4.4 GlobalHAB Urban, Sun
GlobalHAB ‐ the International SCOR‐IOC Science Program on Harmful Algal Blooms
Program Activities 2016‐2017
GlobalHAB Scientific Steering Committee members
Chair: Elisa Berdalet (Spain) Vice-chair: Raphael Kudela (USA)
Other Members: Neil S. Banas (UK), Michele Burford (Australia), Christopher J. Gobler (USA), Bengt Karlson (Sweden), Po Teen Lim (Malaysia), Lincoln Mackenzie (New Zealand), Marina Montresor (Italy), and Kedong Yin (China-Beijing)
Liaisons: Eileen Bresnan, Marine Scotland Science, United Kingdom, ICES representative Keith Davidson, The Scottish Association for Marine Science, United Kingdom, Ex-officio Vera L. Trainer, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA, ISSHA and PICES representative Gires Usup, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, IPHAB representative
Sponsor Representatives: Henrik Enevoldsen, IOC UNESCO/ University of Copenhagen, Denmark Ed Urban, Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, USA
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The GlobalHAB Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) acknowledges the financial and logistic support received from SCOR during this 2015-2017 period. The funds have made possible the meetings of the GlobalHAB SSC to develop the GlobalHAB Science and Implementation Plan, representation of the program at international meetings and publications completing the work of the GEOHAB programme. SCOR funds will also contribute to the implementation of some initiatives prioritized by GlobalHAB at short- term. The GlobalHAB activity is described next.
1. Development of the GlobalHAB Science and Implementation Plan
Development of the GlobalHAB Science and Implementation Plan was initiated by the GlobalHAB SSC during its first meeting, held in Oban, UK (March 2016) and continued afterwards through on-line communications. The first draft version of the Plan was presented at the SCOR Annual Meeting in Sopot, Poland (September 2016) by Elisa Berdalet. Further, a formal initiation of GlobalHAB took place at the 17th International Conference on Harmful Algae (ICHA) (http://icha2016.com/about/) with attendance of most members of the GlobalHAB SSC. A Town Hall session dedicated to GlobalHAB was held in October 12, 2016, announced also in Harmful Algal News N. 53. The draft of the GlobalHAB Science and Implementation Plan and the preliminary webpage setup were presented. The venue facilitated a useful discussion with the international community studying HABs and some implementation initiatives were presented and discussed by the attendees. The meeting allowed the invitation of the international community to participate actively in the program.
In January 2017, the first complete draft of the Plan was sent for evaluation by 9 external reviewers. GlobalHAB SSC members acknowledge the valuable concepts provided by the reviewers, which are contributing to the final version of the Plan.
The revised version of the plan was the focus of the second meeting of the SSC, held at the Stazione Zoologica di Napoli (SZN) in Naples (Italy) on March 28-30, 2017. The GlobalHAB Science and Implementation Plan follows the legacy of the former GEOHAB program, incorporating new themes and new implementation activities at short (3-year) and long-term (10-year) periods. The link of the scientific themes integrated in GlobalHAB is shown in Figure 1.
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GlobalHAB Themes OBSERVATIONS MODELS/PREDICTIONS
MANAGEMENT ADVICE
Figure 1. Themes integrated in GlobalHAB. Note that the terms "Physics", "Planktonic" and "Culture" refer to general aspects developed within the different Themes, and are included in the scheme to emphasize the multidisciplinary aspects included in GlobalHAB.
2. Meetings of the GlobalHAB SSC members
As mentioned above, the GlobalHAB SSC held its second meeting at the Stazione Zoologica di Napoli (SZN) in Naples (Italy) on March 28-30, 2017. The meeting included plenary and small working groups sessions to deal with the following agenda items:
1) Advance towards the finalization of the GlobalHAB Science and Implementation Plan considering the reviewers’ comments received. Expected to be finished by mid-2017.
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2) Select a realistic set of Implementation Activities for the next short period (2017-2019) and establish the agenda to implement them, based on point 1) and including the reviewers’ comments. The list of the first prioritized activities is presented in section 3.
3) Revise the GlobalHAB Website, expected to be active in mid-2017 at www.globalhab.info.
4) Analyse different issues that posed some urgency during the year: research on Sargassum and macroalgal blooms, coordination with the IOC GO2NE program, a SCOR WG proposal on “HABs and Aquaculture”, a proposal to NERC for an International Program Office at SAMS (UK), and collaboration with the multiagency Global Ciguatera Strategy (of IOC-IAEA-FAO-WHO).
5) Participate in developing the conceptual structure of a Good Practices Manual to investigate HABs and Climate Change. Mark Wells attended the meeting to facilitate the discussion of a first draft submitted to the SSC in advance. A second draft was produced and it was agreed that GlobalHAB will support the production of the Manual. Furthermore, the SSC will suggest an editorial team covering geographic diversity and scientific expertise to address the content of the manual.
3. Future work-plan for 2017-2019
Some of the activities to be conducted in the 2017-2019 period include:
1) Review paper to identify the knowledge gain and existing gaps on the biogeography and biodiversity of selected taxa. Leader: M. Montresor. 2) Session on HAB biogeography at the 18th International Conference on Harmful Algae (ICHA), in Nantes (France) 2018, in collaboration with ISSHA and ICHA organizers. Contact person: M. Montresor. 3) Coordination with the IPHAB Task Team to implement the multi-agency IOC-IAEA-FAO- WHO "Global Ciguatera Strategy". Nexus persons: E: Berdalet, H. Enevoldsen. Contact people: P. Hess, M. Chinain, P. Tester and M.-Y. Dechraoui Bottein (IAEA). 4) Workshop about the mode of action of fish-killing microalgae (and other related issues), in coordination with the Task team on "Fish-killing HABs". Contact person: A. Cembella, P.J. Hansen. 5) Endorsement of the inter-laboratory validation study on mass spectrometry methods of PSP- toxin analysis. Leader: L. Mackenzie, CEFAS-Cawthron activity. 6) Special issue on "Harmful Algae and Climate Change", in Harmful Algae, by 2019. Co- editors: C. Gobler and M. Wells. 7) Good Practices Manual. Nexus person: E: Berdalet. Leader: M. Wells. 8) Co-organization and participation in the activities of the IOC GO2NE network. Nexus: R. Kudela. Leader: G. Pitcher. 9) Establish a Working Group on Macroalgal Blooms (Sargassum, Ulva). Contact people: E. Berdalet, C. Gobler, K. Yin. Leader: B. Lapointe. 10) Development of the GOOS Phytoplankton EOV (Essential Ocean Variable), which includes HABs, . 4-53
http://goosocean.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=114. Contact person: R. Kudela
4. Representation of the program at international events.
Information about GlobalHAB has been provided by:
E. Berdalet at OCEANEXT: Interdisciplinary Conference, Nantes, France, 8-10 June 2016; "Multidisciplinary and coordinating initiatives to prevent and mitigate the impacts of HABs". P.T. Lim at the WESTPAC workshop on the development of a research strategy for HABs, Institute of Oceanography, Nha Trang, Vietnam, 19-21 Dec 2016, and at the IOC WESTPAC-HAB Workshop, 10th IOC WESTPAC Conference in Qingdao, China, from 17-20 April 2017. E. Berdalet, on behalf of the SSC, presented the Report of GlobalHAB Activities for the period 2015-2017 at the XIII Session of the IOC Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms, UNESCO, Paris, 3-5 May 2017. The program was positively welcome and very interesting feedback was received, which will contribute to the implementation of the program.
5. GEOHAB Synthesis Products
At the official end of GEOHAB, some synthesis products were still in progress and GlobalHAB has taken responsibility to see them completed. These products include the following:
5.1. A special issue published in Oceanography magazine (The Oceanographic Society) Volume 30, March 2017: https://tos.org/oceanography/issue/volume-30-issue-01 Title: International Cooperation in Harmful Algal Blooms Science Guest Editors: Raphael Kudela, Henrik Enevoldsen and Ed Urban 4-54
Sponsors: Grant OCE-1243377 from the U.S. National Science Foundation to the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research for GEOHAB activities; the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO; and the University of Copenhagen. Additional funds were provided by the Ida Benson Lynn Endowment, University of California Santa Cruz.
Papers: GEOHAB–The Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms Program: Motivation, Goals, and Legacy Kudela, R.M., E. Berdalet, H. Enevoldsen, G. Pitcher, R. Raine, and E. Urban. 2017. GEOHAB– The Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms Program: Motivation, goals, and legacy. Oceanography 30(1):12–21, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.106.
Harmful Algal Blooms in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems: A GEOHAB Core Research Project Pitcher, G.C., A.B. Jiménez, R.M. Kudela, and B. Reguera. 2017. Harmful algal blooms in eastern boundary upwelling systems: A GEOHAB Core Research Project. Oceanography 30(1):22–35, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.107.
Harmful Algal Blooms in Benthic Systems: Recent Progress and Future Research Berdalet, E., P.A. Tester, M. Chinain, S. Fraga, R. Lemée, W. Litaker, A. Penna, G. Usup, M. Vila, and A. Zingone. 2017. Harmful algal blooms in benthic systems: Recent progress and future research. Oceanography 30(1):36–45, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.108.
Harmful Algal Blooms in Fjords, Coastal Embayments, and Stratified Systems: Recent Progress and Future Research Berdalet, E., M. Montresor, B. Reguera, S. Roy, H. Yamazaki, A. Cembella, and R. Raine. 2017. Harmful algal blooms in fjords, coastal embayments, and stratified systems: Recent progress and future research. Oceanography 30(1):46–57, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.109. . 4-55
Globally Changing Nutrient Loads and Harmful Algal Blooms: Recent Advances, New Paradigms, and Continuing Challenges Glibert, P.M., and M.A. Burford. 2017. Globally changing nutrient loads and harmful algal blooms: Recent advances, new paradigms, and continuing challenges. Oceanography 30(1):58– 69, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.110.
GlobalHAB: A New Program to Promote International Research, Observations, and Modeling of Harmful Algal Blooms in Aquatic Systems Berdalet, E., R. Kudela, E. Urban, H. Enevoldsen, N.S. Banas, E. Bresnan, M. Burford, K. Davidson, C.J. Gobler, B. Karlson, P.T. Lim, L. Mackenzie, M. Montresor, V.L. Trainer, G. Usup, and K. Yin. 2017. GlobalHAB: A new program to promote international research, observations, and modeling of harmful algal blooms in aquatic systems. Oceanography 30(1):70–81, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.111.
5.2. A monograph on the application of Ocean Colour satellite techniques for the study of HABs. It is planned for publication in the IOCCG Report series. This book is the result of the collaboration between GEOHAB and the International Ocean Colour Coordination Group (IOCCG), with Steward Bernard, Raphael Kudela and Grant Picher as editors. The document will be structured around several representative case studies of HABs. Expected to be submitted to the printer in mid-2017.
5.3. A book published by Elsevier, under their Ecological Studies series. Editors: Pat Glibert, Elisa Berdalet, Michele Burford, Grant Pitcher and Mingjiang Zhou. Expected date of publication: Mid-2017 (to be send to the publisher in May 2017). Chapters (updated list in March 2017):
Chapter title Authors Glibert, Berdalet, Burford, Pitcher, 1 Preface Zhou Harmful Algal Blooms: What they are, why they are harmful, where they Glibert, Berdalet, Burford, Pitcher, 2 are occurring, and the importance of Zhou understanding their ecology and oceanography Introduction to the GEOHAB Kudela, Berdalet, Enevoldsen, 3 Program Pitcher, Raine, Urban Harmful algal bloom expansion in 4 concert with a sea of other global Glibert et al. changes Harmful algal blooms in a changing 5 Wells and Karlson ocean 4-56
The role of life cycle characteristics Azanza, Brosnahan, Anderson, 6 on harmful algal bloom dynamics Hense, Montresor Mixotrophy in HABs: Who, When, 7 Why, Web interactions, and What Flynn, Mitra, Glibert, Burkholder Next Nutrients and HABs: Resource 8 availability, substrate ratios, dynamic Glibert, Heil, Wilkerson, Dugdale kinetics and flexible nutrition Key questions and recent advances on Pitcher, Figueiras, Kudela, Moita, 9 HABs in upwelling systems Reguera, Ruiz-Villareal Key questions and recent advances on Glibert, Allen, Bouwman, Burford, 10 HABs in eutrophic systems Zhou Key questions and recent advances on 11 HABs in fjords and coastal Roy, Montresor And Cembella embayments Key questions and recent advances on Berdalet, Reguera, Yamazaki, 12 HABs in stratified systems Jenkinson, Raine Key questions and recent advances on 13 Berdalet and Tester HABs in benthic systems Overview of harmful algal blooms in Furuya, Iwataki, Lim,Lu, Azanza, 14 Asia Kim, Fukuyo Harmful algal blooms in the coastal 15 Yu, Lu, And Liang waters of China Green tides of the Yellow Sea: Dongyan Liu, Mingjiang Zhou 16 massive free-floating blooms of Ulva
prolifera Noctiluca blooms in the Arabian Sea 17 Goes et al. and Gulf of Thailand Recent Advances in Modeling of Peter J.S. Franks 18 Harmful Algal Blooms Advancements in observing systems, 19 instrumentation and operational tools Glibert et al. for HABs Emerging HAB research issues in 20 Burford, Hamilton, Wood freshwater environments Zhiming Yu, Xiuxian Song, Xihua 21 Mitigation and Control of HABs Cao, Yang Liu Berdalet, Kudela, Urban, Enevoldsen, Banas, Bresnan, Burford, Davidson, 22 GlobalHAB Gobler, Karlson, Lim, Mackenzie, Montresor, Trainer, Usup, Yin
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4.5 Workshop on Seafloor Ecosystem Functions and their Role in Global Processes Urban
Processes that occur at, immediately above, and just below the seafloor play an important role in global biogeochemical cycles, from coastal areas to the deep ocean. SCOR supported a workshop convened by several seafloor ecologists (Paul Snelgrove, Simon Thrush, and Alf Norkko) to consider seabed ecosystem functioning on a global scale. The workshop brought together the interdisciplinary expertise necessary to address this issue and identify priority research topics. Twelve experts in seabed biology, chemistry, and geology from North America, Europe, Asia and New Zealand met for 2.5 days, hosted by Roberto Danovaro at the historic Stazione Zoologica in Naples, Italy in September 2015. The group began to develop a set of priority research questions on the role of seafloor processes in ocean functioning. Discussions began with short presentations on modelling ecosystem functions how to go about it, processes and key functions, available data and gaps, scaling functions, approaches to generating large- scale metrics of biological activity, and model systems that have been well sampled. Workshop participants then discussed links between seabed processes, functions, and services and quickly zeroed in to ask how we can evaluate and predict seafloor ecosystem functions in the global ocean, to the extent that this assessment can inform debate on the consequences of environmental change. The group focused primarily on carbon cycling and nutrient regeneration, and the role that sedimentary organisms from microbes to megafauna play in those key processes. Next, they considered how to build maps—or at least define testable functional relationships—that might allow extrapolation of a sparsely sampled seabed to regional and global scales. The goal of the workshop was to produce an article for a peer-reviewed journal that could form the basis for a more inclusive discussion by interested scientists, and the workshop places the group in an excellent position to do just that.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution invited submission of a manuscript from the workshop. An update on the status of the publication will be presented at the SCOR meeting.
5.0 CAPACITY-BUILDING ACTIVITIES
5.1 SCOR Committee on Capacity Building, p. 5-1 Ittekkot
5.2 SCOR Visiting Scholars, p. 5-1 Ittekkot
5.3 POGO-SCOR Visiting Fellowships for Oceanographic Observations, p. 5-4 Urban
5.4 NSF Travel Support for Developing Country Scientists, p. 5-16 Urban
5.5 Research Camps at University of Namibia, p. 5-18 Urban
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5.0 CAPACITY-BUILDING ACTIVITIES
5.1 SCOR Committee on Capacity Building Ittekkot The 2006 SCOR meeting approved terms of reference for a SCOR Committee on Capacity Building, whose primary purposes are to oversee all of SCOR’s capacity-building activities and to help the SCOR Secretariat manage these activities:
Provide direction for all of SCOR’s existing capacity-building activities: participation of scientists from developing countries and countries with economies in transition in SCOR activities, POGO-SCOR Fellowship Program, travel grants, and provision of reports to libraries in developing countries. Guide and assist SCOR Executive Director in development of new capacity-building activities, particularly the Regional Graduate Schools of Oceanography activity. Assist SCOR-sponsored projects in developing their capacity-building activities. Help SCOR arrange funding for existing and new capacity-building activities. Assist SCOR in interacting with regional and international groups related to capacity building in ocean sciences, such as the ICSU regional centers, START, IOC regional programs, etc.
Chair: Claudia Benitez‐Nelson (USA)
Other Members: Mary (Missy) Feeley (UK), Vanessa Hatje (Brazil), Venu Ittekkot (Germany), Prasanna Kumar (India), Margareth Kyewalyanga (Tanzania), Sun Song (China-Beijing), Jennifer Verduin (Australia)
Liaisons: Hal Batchelder (PICES), Jim Costopulos (Global Oceans), Julius Francis (WIOMSA), Peter Pissierssens/Claudia Delgado (IODE/IOC), Eric Raes (IIOE-2 Early Career Scientists Network), and Sophie Seeyave (POGO)
The membership of the committee was substantially renewed in 2016 and the committee has been active in improving the processes for requests for travel support for ocean science meetings and for applications for SCOR Visiting Scholars.
5.2 SCOR Visiting Scholars Ittekkot SCOR began a program in 2009 to enlist the services of ocean scientists from the SCOR community, from both developed countries and developing countries, both recently retired and active, to teach short courses and to provide more extended on-site education and mentorship at developing country institutions. Some countries and/or individual institutions have requirements for their scientists to retire at a given age, sometimes as early as 60 years of age. Many retired ocean scientists are still interested in teaching and mentoring, and are supported by pensions after their retirement, so do not need salary support. Some active scientists can also use some of their already-supported work time to work in a developing country.
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Hosting visiting scientists, whether retired or active, can have many benefits to host institutions also, such as inspiring, motivating, and informing students and faculty, and leading to future collaborations between the visiting scientist and the host institution.
The idea of this program is to regularly send ocean scientists interested in short-term visits to developing countries. The program is a partnership, with the host institution providing local accommodation and SCOR finding resources to pay for airfares and other local expenses, as necessary. The participating scientists donate their time. SCOR Visiting Scholars might be onsite for as little as two weeks to as long as visa requirements would allow. Applicants may already have selected a host institution or SCOR will help identify hosts. Information about the program is available at http://www.scor-int.org/SCOR_Visiting_Scholars.pdf. The SCOR Visiting Scholars who are making their visits in 2017 are shown below. The call for applications for 2018 Visiting Scholars Will be made after the SCOR meeting in Cape Town.
2017 SCOR Visiting Scholars
marine chemistry, Catherine 17 June – particularly trace elements France Brazil Jeandel 16 July and isotopes ocean circulation, emphasizing the basic 18 May – Josep Pelegri Spain Colombia dynamic processes in the 20 June ocean at multiple time and space scales Experimental 29 Oct.-12 Sam Dupont Sweden Costa Rica design for ocean acidification Nov. experiments introduction to physical Janet Spintall USA Indonesia oceanography, ocean currents, and tides Legal and policy status developments of the Southern Ocean in relation to Julia Jabour Australia Iran June 2017 the Antarctic Treaty System and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
The five SCOR Visiting Scholars for 2017 were supported by US$7,500 from the U.S. National Science Foundation, $4,745 from SCOR dues, and $255 from crowdfunding. We will attempt to increase the crowdfunding portion in 2018. The call for applications for 2018 SCOR Visiting Scholars will be issued after the SCOR meeting. 5-3
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5.3 POGO-SCOR Visiting Fellowships for Oceanographic Observations Urban SCOR and the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO) have been co-funding a program of Visiting Fellowships for Oceanographic Observations since 2001. In 2016, five individuals were funded through the program.
www.ocean-partners.org
Report on the 2016 POGO‐SCOR Fellowship Programme and summary of selected candidates for the 2017 POGO‐SCOR Fellowship Programme
This year saw the seventeenth fellowship programme implemented using POGO funds with supplementary financial support from SCOR. As the POGO Members had to be consulted on this year’s budget expenditure at POGO’s annual meeting at the end of January 2017, the announcement was posted on 8 February 2016, with a closing date of 7 April 2017.
A total of 28 applications were received this year, which was significantly fewer than the previous year. Applicants were from 16 countries.
With the combined available budget from POGO and SCOR, 4 candidates were selected, from Chile, India, Morocco, and Nigeria.
The applications were screened independently by a committee of six, with representation from SCOR, POGO and partners of POGO (including host supervisors of fellows from 2016). In making their selection, the committee considered the following factors:
quality of the application; relevance of the application to the priority areas identified in the fellowship announcement; evidence that the training will lead to improved sustained observations in the region, or improved applications of such data; evidence that the training would lead to capacity-building with potential lasting impact on regional observations, and the need to maximise regional distribution of the awards.
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POGO and SCOR commend the efforts from all the supervisors and colleagues at the various host institutions who agreed to devote time and energy required for the training. The programme would not have been viable without such efforts from prominent scientists and their teams.
All the people involved in each fellowship for the 2016 cohort (the fellowship holder, the supervisor at the parent institute and the supervisor at the host institute) have been requested to submit short reports at the end of the training period. The reports that follow are from the 2016 fellowships that were completed. From previous fellowships, both host and parents supervisors, as well as the fellows themselves, have indicated that these exchanges should lead to effective capacity building at the host institute and facilitate longer term collaborations between the institutes concerned. All have previously concluded that the programme serves a useful purpose.
There is tremendous interest in the fellowship programme at all levels, both in oceanographic institutions of developing nations, as well as among leading scientists who are eager to contribute to this initiative. It is seen to fill a niche in capacity building through specialised training that is not filled by intensive courses or by participation in scientific meetings. It helps improve the esprit de corps among oceanographic institutions around the world, and serves as a stepping stone to building collaborations.
Furthermore, the POGO-SCOR fellowship scheme is increasingly seen by other organisations as a model in capacity building, and similar schemes have been set up by other programmes based on the success of the POGO-SCOR model (e.g., EU projects, the Europe-Africa Marine Network, EAMNet; and the EUROMARINE consortium of European Networks of Excellence). The POGO Secretariat is often approached for help/advice on setting up similar fellowship schemes, or proposals to partner up with other organisations.
Demography of Fellowships from 2017
Parent Institutions:
Chile University of Concepción India ESSO-National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research Morocco Mohammed V university of Rabat Nigeria Federal University of Technology, Akure
Host Institutions:
Canada University of Moncton Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie France Spatiales (LEGOS) Norway University of Bergen UK The Scottish Association of Marine Science
Gender distribution
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Male: 3 Female: 1 During 2016, five candidates were selected and they came from Argentina, Ivory Coast, Malaysia and South Africa. The host institutions included Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, GEOMAR (Germany), Hokkaido University (Japan), National Oceanography Centre (UK), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (UK) and University of East Anglia (UK).
Demography of Fellowships from 2016
Parent Institutions:
Argentina Universidad Nacional del Sur Argentina Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO) Côte d’Ivoire Centre Universitaire de Recherche et d'Application en Télédétection (CURAT) /Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (Côte d'Ivoire) Malaysia Universiti Malaysia Terengganu South Africa South African Environmental Observation Network
Host Institutions:
Germany Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) Japan Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University UK National Oceanography Centre UK Plymouth Marine Laboratory UK University of East Anglia
Gender distribution Male: 4 Female: 1
Reports from 2016 Fellows and their Host Supervisors
Jethan d’Hotman – South Africa Parent supervisor and institution: Dr. Juliet Hermes – South African Environmental Observation Network. Host supervisor and institution: Dr. David Smeed – National Oceanography Centre, United Kingdom. Fellowship period: 1-31 October 2016 (1 month) Topic: Enhancing South Africa’s sustained offshore observational capabilities through Argo and mooring arrays.
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Report from Fellowship holder, Jethan d’Hotman:
My fellowship was split between two institutions, the National Oceanography Centre (NOC) in Southampton where I received training on moored Conductivity, Temperature and Depth (CTD) data processing and validation second part of the fellowship was spent at the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) in Liverpool where I received training on Argo data management.
At the NOC I was given the processing routines and began work to apply them to South Africa’s data sets. This enabled me to gain skills in IT coding as well as improving my knowledge of systems needed to process and validate data efficiently, this was mirrored during my training at the BODC.
Currently in South Africa methods for processing and validation of moored CTD’s are still being developed. During the fellowship these methods were described in incredible detail and will be applied to local datasets in the future. The Argo training was an in depth overview of the BODC’s Argo data centre. This training was aimed at showing me the full scale of operations to consider when setting up an operational data centre. This training will lead to the eventual setup of a South African Argo data centre.
This fellowship programme provided a great opportunity to learn and discuss interesting ideas on data processing and validation techniques with the international community and to gain invaluable skills not yet applied in the local oceanography community. The skills and knowledge gained through this fellowship will be extremely important in furthering my career in oceanography.
Report from host supervisor, Dr. David Smeed:
During his visit Jethan completed three main activities:
- He attended the “7th EGO conference on autonomous gliders and their applications”. This meeting hosted at NOC Southampton was an opportunity to learn about the current research and latest technical developments with underwater gliders. - Next Jethan spent two weeks working within the RAPID team at NOC Southampton. In particular Jethan learnt about the procedures and software for calibrating Microcats (instruments used to measure temperature and salinity on oceanographic moorings). Jethan was able copy the relevant software packages and started to make the modifications necessary to implement the same procedures.to process data collected by SAEON in South Africa. - In his final week Jethan worked with staff in the British Oceanographic Data Centre in Southampton to learn about data management best practice. He was then taught about the data processing stream at BODC, focussing in particular on delayed-mode and Near Real Time data management of the Porcupine Abyssal Plain fixed point observatory. Jethan then visited NOC Liverpool where he learnt about the processing, archiving and dissemination of data from the Argo program.
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Jethan was an enthusiastic participant in all of the above activities. While work remains to be done to implement the procedures for Microcat processing at SAEON Jethan covered all of the necessary material and made a good start on the implementation.
There are many common scientific interests between NOC and South African scientists. In particular we share the goal of expanding and maintaining the SAMBA array for measuring the overturning circulation in the South Atlantic. The SAMBA array has much in common with the RAPID array in the subtropical north Atlantic and we hope that enduring collaboration will develop. We were very happy to have the opportunity to welcome Jethan to NOC and develop further our collaboration with marine scientists in South Africa.
Ahon Jean-Baptiste Kassi – Côte d’Ivoire Parent supervisor and institution: Prof Kouadio Affian – Centre Universitaire de Recherche et d'Application en Télédétection (CURAT) / Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (Côte d'Ivoire). Host supervisor and institution: Dr. Marie-Fanny Racault – Plymouth Marine Laboratory. Fellowship period: 12 September-12 December 2016 (3 months) Topic: Characterization and monitoring of upwelling areas in Ivorian waters for fishery valorization using remote sensing data.
Report from Fellowship holder, Ahon Jean-Baptiste Kassi During the training period, we worked with chlorophyll-a data product version 3 at 4x4km and 8- day resolutions from the European Space Agency Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC- CCI) project. We have also extracted and the temperature and wind data at 12.5x12.5km resolutions from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). All biological and physical datasets are state-of-the-art products, and cover the period 1997 to 2014.
Indices of phytoplankton phenology (timings of initiation, peak, termination, and duration) were obtained from the host supervisor using an algorithm based on remote-sensing chlorophyll data. Upwelling index and turbulence have been calculated based on wind data components. In-situ data of Sardinella catch were obtained from the ministry of fisheries and Aquaculture for the period 1997 to 2014 for the fishing area in the waters front of Abidjan. In collaboration with the host supervisor and with PML remote-sensing colleagues, we have been able to provide better explanations of the phytoplankton phenology and its influence on the life of Sardinella aurita fish species in Ivorian waters.
The results show that the physical variables (upwelling index and turbulence) act on the phytoplankton. In turn, the growth of phytoplankton will influence the recruitment of the Sardinella fish larvae and the subsequent fish catch in the following year. Under conditions of medium turbulence, two conditions of recruitment of fish occur according to the timing of initiation: 1) if the timing of initiation of phytoplankton growth occurs early, then we have a low catch of Sardinella aurita (in year + 1) for a medium or low upwelling index. When upwelling is high, the catch in year+1 is medium; and 2) if the timing of initiation of phytoplankton growth is 5-9 delayed, then we observe high catch of Sardinella aurita in year +1. But if the upwelling index is low, the catch in year+1 is medium.
A model taking as input variables: timing of initiation of phytoplankton growth, concentration of chlorophyll, upwelling index and turbulence was created for the prediction of catches of Sardinella aurita in the year + 1. The selected model achieved an adjusted R2 (taking into account the reduced degree of freedom) of 69%. An article presenting the methods and results is being written.
Furthermore, during my stay, I have studied and practiced under Dr Marie-Fanny’s supervision computer-based practical of Bilko software of phytoplankton seasonality from ocean-colour remote sensing, The lesson will enrich our courses at CURAT.
Finally, during my stay, I have been at sea for one-day to observe the sampling of water at the station L4 with the PML field sampling staff. The host supervisor also organised a visit with Dr. Priscilla Licandro to the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences (SAHFOS) to see the Continuous Plankton Recorder.
The training received will be used to process data from the EUMETCAST receiving antenna received at the “Centre de Recherche et d’Application en Télédétection” (CURAT) during the Europe-Africa Marine Network EAMNET project. The codes of phenology algorithm (in Fortran programming language) and of the calculations of upwelling index and turbulence and for the mapping of the different variables (in Ferret programming language) have been obtained, and will be further used and developed with the data that we receive and process from the antenna at CURAT.
We can now better analyse the data with the training received, and this will allow us to develop several research projects at my home institution. I will share the knowledge acquired with the CURAT research colleagues of oceanography team in a seminar at CURAT in 05-06 January 2017. The Bilko software will be used to enhance our practical lessons about the use and applications of remote sensing data. The results of the research project will also improve our understanding of the Ivorian coastal dynamics to help the fishery. With this POGO-SCOR training at the PML, we will enhance student training through future collaborative supervision of undergraduate, masters and PhD projects.
This Fellowship Programme is an excellent opportunity offered to young African researchers. It gives them the possibility to extend their knowledge to the world of research. It allows capacity building by having access to equipped laboratories and to work with dedicated research scientists like Dr Marie-Fanny. These young African researchers like me have the opportunity to improve themselves in their fields and greatly expand their knowledge by discussing with other researchers. The training at the PML allowed me to acquire experience, to produce results for a research publication, to make contacts for future research projects, and to enrich our practical training course at the University. If the program's duration could be extended to longer periods, I would have gained further knowledge and completed/submitted the research article while at PML.
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Report from host supervisor, Dr. Marie-Fanny Racault During his training period at the PML, Dr Kassi has worked with state-of-the-art ocean-colour remote-sensing observations from the European Space Agency Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (ESA OC-CCI project), indices of phytoplankton phenology (bloom timing), and reanalysis data products of wind to improve understanding of the variability of catches of the fish species Sardinella aurita in Ivorian waters. In addition, the fellow has learned to work with the ESA Bilko module on the use of phenological metrics to monitor phytoplankton seasonality based on ocean-colour observations.
During his POGO-SCOR fellowship, Dr Kassi learned to use data visualisation tools such as Ferret NOAA PMEL and thus was able to make his own programming scripts to analyse large datasets (i.e., 17 years of weekly and monthly data at 9km resolution). Dr Kassi progressed rapidly in his understanding of remotely-sensed observations, he was very eager to learn and showed very high dedication to his project. He was very pro-active in the development of his research project and analyses. He brought with him local data of fisheries catch, which he analysed in relation to satellite and reanalysis products. He also interacted with other fellows at PML whose expertise were particularly valuable for his project. Dr Kassi successfully demonstrated coherent relationships between S. aurita catch and biophysical drivers in the waters off the coast of Abidjan. He made an original contribution to developing a novel multiple linear regression model to predict catch of S. aurita in the following year (i.e., year+1) based on two biological variables of phytoplankton Chlorophyll-a concentration and the timing of initiation of the phytoplankton bloom, and two physical variables of water column turbulence and coastal upwelling index.
The fellowship has permitted to lay the foundation for the development of collaborations between the Centre de Recherche et d’Application en Télédétection (CURAT) and PML based on common research interests on the development of remote-sensing applications and in particular, the study of climate impact on marine ecosystem resources (fisheries). Dr Kassi has started writing a publication about the “biophysical drivers of Sardinella aurita in Ivorian waters”, which he has characterised during his stay at PML. Moreover, Dr Kassi, in collaboration with colleagues from the CURAT and the department for fishing regulation (DPH, Abidjan), will try to obtain and analyse fisheries observations of S. aurita catch back to ~1980 (at present he has analysed catch data from 1997 to 2015). This would allow further testing and validation of the predictive capabilities of the diagnostic model developed during his fellowship.
At his home institution CURAT, Dr Kassi aims to transfer knowledge on the use of remote- sensing data and visualisation tools. As a university lecturer, he will be able to use Bilko lessons and tools to enrich the teaching program in Oceanography at the Université Felix Houphouet- Boigny in Abidjan. In addition, the training offered to him at PML and the acquisition of new and tailored datasets (e.g., the phenology algorithm has been regionally tuned to Ivorian waters) have opened several project fields for students of Master and PhD in Oceanography at the University in Abidjan, with whom we hope to work collaboratively.
The program showed to be highly beneficial to Dr Kassi and should result in knowledge transfer in the parent institution of the trainee. It was also a very positive and stimulating experience for 5-11 the host supervisor at PML. The POGO secretariat at PML has been extremely helpful and supportive for the logistic support and overall welcoming of the trainee. During his stay, Dr Kassi gave short PowerPoint presentations about his results in front of a couple of colleagues from the remote sensing group, as well as a visiting colleague from the Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, Spain). The trainee beneficiated a lot from these presentations and short meetings as it helped him to organise and summarise his results, and to identify his next research steps. The diagnostic model developed during the project will provide a powerful tool to evaluate and monitor fishing activity in order to establish a Fisheries Information and Management System (FIMS) in Ivory Coast. The presentation of a seminar at the parent institution and the publication of the results in an international peer-reviewed journal will be excellent means to see the trainee’s successful achievements, and to promote the POGO Fellowship Programme to the scientific and policy communities.
Celeste López Abbate – Argentina Parent supervisor and institution: Dr. Gerardo Perillo – Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO). Host supervisor and institution: Dr. Juan Carlos Molinero - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR). Fellowship period: 1 July 2016–31 August 2016 (2 months) Topic: Analysis and interpretation of coastal food webs exposed to growing synergistic effects of multiple stressors
Report from Fellowship holder, Celeste López Abbate The first part of the training (from 06/07/2016 to 01/08/2016) consisted on the learning of different approaches for data screening and filtering and for the detection of structural changes in the time series as regime shift analysis, principal component analysis, piecewise linear regression, ordinary least square cusum (OLS-CUSUM) and wavelet analysis. The second part of the training (from 01/08/2016 to 06-09-2016) consisted on the application of multivariate analytical tools as multiple linear regression, generalised linear models (GLM), generalized additive models (GAM, GAMM, TGAM) regression trees and structural equation modelling. The application of theses analytical tools allowed to unveil long-term dynamics of plankton in the Bahía Blanca Estuary located in the Northern Argentinian Shelf. We analysed the response of phytoplankton and microzooplankton to multiple environmental drivers by using bio-climate data and records or historical anthropogenic pressure over the last three decades and found a significant decreasing trend on plankton biomass and an increasing interplay among environmental drivers derived from mounting anthropogenic stress and climate forcing. Part of these results will be submitted for publication in a peer review scientific journal in the next months.
The description of long term trajectories of plankton in the estuary and the identification of main environmental factors driving their dynamics, will allow the construction of new hypothesis and the development of specific experiments to expand our knowledge on target mechanisms mediating the relationship between plankton and multiple stressors. The received training will be shared with scientists of IADO. For this purpose, a workshop will be organised to review and
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exchange analytical tools applied during my training at GEOMAR. Also, scientists from GEOMAR were invited to give a seminar through videoteleconference to share their expertise on the analysis of data series and ecosystem modelling. The positive results of the internship will further promote the bilateral collaboration between scientists from Germany and Argentina.
The POGO Fellowship provides a unique opportunity for students and early career scientists from developing countries to interact with key top scientists working on current topics of ocean sciences and learn about novel analytical techniques. It also promotes the development of international networks thus expanding the possibilities for multidisciplinary science. It is worth mentioning that the internship gave me the opportunity to attend the Hjort Summer School 2016 in Western Norway. The course was focused on microbial oceanography, and offered me a great academic benefit and allowed me to interact with scientists and students from different parts of the world targeting the same topics from different perspectives.
Report from host supervisor, Dr. Juan Carlos Molinero The aim of the training program was to gain experience on the application of practical tools of data retrieval, temporal analysis and modelling of plankton and environmental data. The activities started early July and were divided in two main parts. During the first part, Ms. López Abbate learned data mining and time series techniques to depict time-varying features of climate signals and ecological responses (i.e. wavelet analysis, cumsum, eigen vector filtering). This allowed charcaterizing temporal patterns of both climate and ecological responses (e.g. phytoplankton dynamics). In a second step, multivariate techniques were implemented using data from the Bahia Blanca estuary located in the middle Argentine coast. In particular, we used principal components analysis and developed indices of anthropogenic forcing to detect main temporal patterns of external forcing on the phytoplankton communities over the last three decades. In addition, statistical models were implemented to quantify biotic and abiotic interactions in the environmental matrix. In particular, we used structural equation modeling, generalized additive and mixed models (GAM and GAMM) and regression trees, which allowed depicting direct and indirect effects driving ecological responses. These results offer novel insights on the long term dynamics of phytoplankton communities over the last three decades in the Bahia Blanca Estuary. They further contribute to the current discussion of the expectation that expanding climate and anthropogenic forcing, and their synergies, might foster ecological shifts in coastal marine ecosystems.
On behalf of the Marine Ecology/Food Webs Unit of GEOMAR headed by Prof. Ulrich Sommer, I can only be positive and say that we have been pleased to have had Celeste López Abbate as a POGO trainee. Ms. López Abbate is a talented and highly motivated scientist that stimulated a dynamic feedback in the group and challenged the quotidian training from new and enriching perspectives. The exciting findings of Ms. López Abbate stimulated the preparation of a manuscript that is ready for submission to Global Change Biology. I feel very confident that she will be extremely successful in her scientific career.
Definitively, during the training period Ms. Lopez Abbate encouraged the cooperation and the knowledge transfer between our institutes. In line with this, Ms. López Abbate has promoted a bilateral cooperation between our institutes by heading the preparation of a bilateral project 5-13
Argentine-Germany, which has been recently submitted to both Argentine and Germany funding agencies. The submitted proposal bridges a gap in oceanographic research in the Patagonian shelf and creates synergies with the Argentine Institute of Oceanography to: (1) investigate the mechanisms driving the inorganic carbon flux in the northern Patagonian shelf, (2) identify biogeochemical processes maximizing carbon sequestration, (3) study the architecture of the microbial food web network in areas previously identified as source and sinks of carbon, (4) assess the structuring role of nutrient stoichiometry regarding both the Biological Carbon Pump (BCP) and Microbial Carbon Pump (MCP), and their feedback on carbon sequestration in the northern Patagonian shelf.
I believe that the POGO-SCOR visiting fellowship is an excellent program to promote the training of young scientists from developing countries The experience gained by the trainees, as well as the expansion of their network throughout the training period, will definitively foster the capacity building of trainees leading towards a scientific observation scheme for the oceans.
Mohd Fadzil Akhir – Malaysia Parent supervisor and institution: Prof. Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaat - Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Host supervisor and institution: Prof. Tim Jickells - Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Science, University of East Anglia. Fellowship period: 1–30 November 2016 (1 month) Topic: Data management and deployment planning for ocean glider and oceanographic buoy.
Report from Fellowship holder, Mohd Fadzil Akhir I conducted intensive discussion and exchange ideas with researchers that were using the Sea Glider facility in UEA. Among details discussion were regarding the deployment preparation, methods and planning. These also included hands on data analysis and data management work based on previous glider data conducted by the team.
In CEFAS, I went through the whole deployment methods of Smart Buoy and later the Wave Rider buoy. I was given a special tour and met with responsible persons that in charge of each department that involves from preparation of the buoy until the data management task where the data being shared with public.
I paid a short visit to Southampton University, National Oceanographic Centre (NOC) to get some ideas on different types of glider facility that they use. Discussion involves the different strength of each different gliders facility i.e. WaveGlider, SeaGLider, Sloccum Glider and in- house developed AutoSub.
I focused my training into 2 main objectives which is equipment deployment that consist of glider and buoy facility, and data management.
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Our Institutions has been working on Wave Glider and ocean buoy for observational work in the South China Sea. The training has allowed me to see the better picture of glider and buoy deployment from more experienced institutions. In our institutions, we always knew that there is some improvements which we can make on our ocean observation practices. These two facilities (gliders and buoys) are part of our observation network program, however most of our deployments are only based on trial and error. So far we have lost 2 of our buoys and a wave glider but fortunately, we managed to retrieve the wave glider using our GPS system. Hopefully, the experience I gained from my training will allow me to improve our previous shortcomings, especially things related to deployment planning and methods. Incorporating fresh ideas into the existing practices will hopefully make things more efficient and effective in our future works. Secondly, since long term datasets and continuous observation data provide a lot of information, it requires specific systems that can manage such datasets in a very efficient way. Based on my training, I believe there is much room to improve in our existing data management system. Since our intention is to make data available for sharing, we should use similar systems to that of the UEA Glider Team and CEFAS which are good examples for the improvements we intend to make in my institution.
I believe this effort will not only last during the period of visit but will continue afterwards. The technical skills and data management set-up will always be work in progress, thus I will initiate continuous communication with the host institution and hopefully this initiative will turn into research collaborations. The overall outcome will surely benefit my country ocean observation networks. Through this improved skills and technical empowerment, we hopefully can plan better and provide good datasets so we will gain more understanding of our seas. The fellowship program is very important financial assistance for researchers especially from developing countries to learn new things from advance institutions abroad. On the other hand, it has opened up opportunities for a wider research network and collaborations. Being able to create new network with leading institutions in oceanography is vital in keeping up with the technology and research advancement in the field. I believe such program is not only a platform to learn new things or new skills, but also connecting yourself to the much wider oceanographic community.
Report from host supervisor, Prof. Tim Jickells Fadzil worked at UEA with our glider group and also visited colleagues at the nearby government CEFAS laboratory in Lowestoft. This allowed Fadzil to enhance his skills in all aspects of work around ocean gliders and buoys from deployment, through management, data recovery and data processing. We also arranged for Fadzil to visit NOC Southampton and see their autonomous vehicle facility and discuss their work. Fadzil also arranged for himself a visit to an oceanography laboratory in France which he already had some collaborations with. Fadzil also gave a seminar here at UEA on his own existing research programme in Malaysia. It was a pleasure to host Fadzil for this fellowship. He worked hard here and took considerable initiative to make sure that he got from the visit as much as he possibly could both in terms of operational aspects of working with gliders and buoys, but also in terms of developing contacts with oceanographers in the UK and France. There are already plans for continuing collaborations.
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I think the POGO Fellowship Programme is an excellent mechanism for developing skills in oceanography around the world and in building better collaborative links between oceanography institutions around the world.
Juan Manuel Molina – Argentina Parent supervisor and institution: Dr. Andrea Lopez Cazorla - Universidad Nacional del Sur. Host supervisor and institution: Dr. Akihide Kasai - Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University. Fellowship period: 3 July–26 September 2016 (3 months) Topic: Application of NEMURO modeling frame in Argentinean fisheries.
Report from Fellowship holder, Juan Manuel Molina During the training period I was mentored in the use of models like NEMURO and bioenergetic models by Akihide Kasai and his postdoctoral student Seokjin Yoon. I was introduced to FORTRAN and Visual basic programming and given specific bibliography along with a source code to program with. We used biological information on Mustelus schmitti, an Argentinean shark with which I’ve worked with, to calibrate and tune the models for a demersal chondrichthyan. We are still in communication and working on these models. We believe the work carried out so far merits publication after more work is done to incorporate variations in water temperature as an ocean warming scenario.
Currently at the Universidad Nacional del Sur, work with environmental and bioenergetic models have not been carried out. If the application of the models developed during my stay in Japan are successful, it will mean opening a new research line and eventually will lead to capacity building in these subjects.
At our laboratory in the Vertebrate Zoology chair we have biological datasets of many fish species which would be suitable candidates for modelling, hence the possibility of starting undergraduates thesis projects on this subject is very likely.
The fellowship provided an outstanding opportunity for me. Were it not for this program, I would have been unable to accomplish this training, and obtained these skills. Additionally, the work I started with Professor Kasai is bound to continue as we have both expressed our will to continue working together in this line of research. I hope to be able to put these skills to good use in the future, and be able to train students in the use of these models.
Lastly, the people at the POGO secretariat were always very helpful and kind in replying my questions and dissipating my doubts, my compliments to them.
Report from host supervisor, Dr. Akihide Kasai During the training period Juan tried to learn how to use the model, which is a bioenergetic model developed by my laboratory. He worked hard to try to use it, by the aid of Dr. Seokjin
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Yoon, who is my postdoctoral student. At first, I provided him source codes of FORTRAN and Visual Basic. He finally managed to apply the program to a shark Mustelus schmitti. Juan and I are keeping touch with each other to proceed the model.
Juan worked with energy for his purpose. I hope this exchange will lead to future collaboration with the trainee’s parent institution, on the condition that his supervisor wants to.
The POGO-SCOR Fellowship Programme is very nice, especially for young scientists in advancing countries.
5.4 NSF Travel Support for Developing Country Scientists Urban SCOR has received support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) since 1984 to provide funding for SCOR capacity building activities. Most of the funds are used for travel grants for scientific meetings, although a portion are used for SCOR’s contribution to the POGO- SCOR Fellowship Program and the SCOR Visiting Scholars program. Travel grants are awarded to ocean scientists from developing countries and the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and other countries with economies in transition, to enable them to attend international scientific meetings. The most recent three-grant ended on 30 June 2017. Here are some statistics:
161 individuals from 35 countries received support to participate in 45 different meetings and programs. The average grant size was US$1114.89.
A new three-year grant was approved in July 2017, running from 1 August 1 2017 to 31 July 2020.a
The amount of the award from NSF is $75,000 per year. Recipients of SCOR travel awards are always chosen in consultation with the organizers of meetings that SCOR has agreed to cosponsor; direct applications from individuals are not accepted by the SCOR Secretariat. Priority is given to applicants who are presenting a paper or poster at the meeting or to those who have some special expertise or regional knowledge to bring to a workshop or working group. Preference is also given to younger scientists. In general, care is taken to ensure that the recipients of SCOR/NSF funds are active scientists, and that they have not received similar support from SCOR in the previous two years. All travel grant recipients are informed that their support comes from SCOR and that it is made possible through NSF funding.
Requests come in throughout the year and the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building considers new requests between meetings. The following requests have been approved since the 2016 SCOR annual meeting:
Meeting/Program Dates Place Amount POGO-SCOR Fellowships Various various $10,000 SCOR Visiting Scholars Various various $7,500 5-17
GEOTRACES Training in Japan 16-18 January 2017 Japan $3,000 WAP Working Group Workshop 15-26 May 2017 Cambridge, UK $2,500 IOI 24 May-21 July 2017 Halifax, Canada $3,000 PICES early career scientist symposium 30 May–2 June 2017 Busan, Korea $2,500 2017 Edition of the Ramon Margalef 3-12 July 2017 Barcelona, $3,000 Summer Colloquia – Spatial and temporal Spain patterns in physical-biological oceanic processes: from scale interaction to the rise of the living ocean Regional Sea Level Changes and Coastal 10-14 July 2017 New York City, $3,000 Impacts New York 1st GEOTRACES Summer School 20-25 August 2017 Toulouse, $5,000 France IMBER IMBIZO V 2-6 Oct. 2017 Woods Hole, $7,500 Mass., USA GODAE International School: New 2 -13 October 2017 Mallorca, Spain $3,000 Frontiers of Operational Oceanography 2017 PICES annual Meeting 22 Sept.-1 Oct. 2017 Vladivostok, $2,500 Russia Tenth WIOMSA Scientific Symposium 30 October – 4 Dar es Salaam, $4,000 November 2017 Tanzania CODATA 2017 8-13 October 2017 St. Petersburg, $3,000 Russia
The Committee on Capacity Building developed a new request form, which has been used for new requests.
Additional requests will be approved by the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building before the SCOR annual meeting and will be reported on at the meeting.
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5.5 Research Camps at University of Namibia Urban SCOR has supported “Research Camps” at the University of Namibia Henties Bay campus for the past 4 years, through funding from the Agouron Institute. The 4th Camp was held on April 13-May 12, 2017. These camps have brought together graduate students, post-docs, and instructors from Namibia, other African countries, and other countries of the world to learn ocean science through doing research together. The camps bring together resources from the University of Namibia, the national fisheries agency, participants, and the Agouron Institute.
We are in the process of evaluating the results of the first 4 years of the program to determine whether to continue and, if so, any changes that should be made. At the end of August 2017, Venu Ittekkot and Ed Urban will visit individuals in Windhoek, Henties Bay, and Swakopmund who have had responsibility for the camps to discuss their views on the results of the program and their interest in continuing it. 5-19
Who participated in Research Camps (2014–2017)
Students ( ): Namibia, Kenya, South Africa, Senegal, Egypt, USA, Greece, Switzerland,
Poland, Portugal, Brazil, Estonia, Germany, Italy, Spain, Scotland, Russia
Instructors ( ): Namibia, South Africa, USA, Switzerland, France, Chile, Germany
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6.0 RELATIONS WITH INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
6.1 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), p. 6-1 Arico, Sicre
6.2 Agenda 2030, G7, and World Ocean Assessment-2, p. 6-1 Sicre
6.3 Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), p. 6-1 Urban
6.3 North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), p. 6-14 Sun Song
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6.0 RELATIONS WITH INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
6.1 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Arico, Sicre
Report will be distributed before the meeting
6.2 Agenda 2030, G7, and World Ocean Assessment-2 Sicre The SCOR President will describe SCOR’s activities in relation to the Sustainable Development goals of the UN Agenda 2030 and the G7 in the past year, as well as the potential role of SCOR in the World Ocean Assessment-2.
6.3 Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) Urban
GESAMP Working Group 38 on Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean
Report on two workshops on the changes in the acid/base balance of the atmosphere and ocean and their subsequent impacts on air/sea chemical exchange
University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom 27 February - 2 March 2017
From 27 February to March 2 two workshops took place at the University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom under the auspices of GESAMP Working Group 38 and sponsored by WMO, NSF, SCOR, SOLAS, and UEA. These workshops focussed on the changes in the acid/base balance of the atmosphere and ocean, and their impacts on air-sea exchange.
Workshop 1 focussed on Changing Atmospheric Acidity and its Impacts on the Oceanic Solubility of Nutrients and Workshop 2 focussed on The Impact of Ocean Acidification on Fluxes of Non-CO2 Climate-Active Species. These two themes recognise the importance of both atmospheric nutrient deposition to the biogeochemistry of the oceans and also the importance of the emissions of trace gases from the ocean for atmospheric chemistry and climate regulation. Given that there has been a great deal of focus on the air-sea exchange of CO2 in many symposia, the focus here in Workshop 2 was on a range of other climatically important gases including halogen, nitrogen and sulphur species. These gases play a key role in controlling radiative forcing, atmospheric oxidising capacity and atmospheric chemistry. The other key context for the meeting was the changing nature of the ocean and atmospheric acid/base balance and associated pH regime.
The atmosphere has already been through a major phase of anthropogenic acidification due to the emissions of extra SO2 and NOx to the atmosphere from combustion sources. This acidification has been offset to some extent by neutralisation associated with ammonia 6-2
emissions which come mainly from agriculture. Vigorous regulatory efforts over the last few decades have greatly decreased SO2 emissions, and the impact of NOx control measures on vehicles have meant that NOx emissions from these have been stabilising. However, continuing intensification of agriculture has increased ammonia emissions. The combined effect of these changes in emissions is a steady reduction in atmospheric acidification. This process has reduced acidity in many areas of the world and may even lead to alkaline rain long term. The solubility of several key ocean nutrients (particularly iron and phosphorus), which are mineral aerosol-bound, is very sensitive to pH, and hence changing atmospheric acidity has the potential to change the inputs of bioavailable soluble nutrients in the future. Workshop 1 considered this issue and its effects on ocean biogeochemistry, utilising a wide range of approaches from fundamental chemistry, through modelling, to field work.
The oceans are now demonstrably being acidified by the uptake of CO2 as this increases in concentration in the atmosphere. This process will continue for decades, before (hopefully) the Paris Climate agreement begins to control the problem. While there have been great advances in our understanding of the direct biogeochemical impacts of ocean acidification, the question considered by Workshop 2 was how this ocean acidification may affect the production and air- sea exchange of these trace gases, and whether this effect will mitigate or enhance global change pressures. Thus, Workshop 2 considered the impacts of ocean acidification on ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystems, and how this in turn can affect air-sea exchange at both the global and regional scale. The workshop considered a wide range of approaches from fundamental cellular processes through ecosystem considerations to global models, and from laboratory to mesocosm and field studies. It also considered the links to other global change stressors, particularly global warming and its ramifications for ocean circulation.
Given the intriguing symmetry of potentially important impacts of changing acidity (albeit in opposite directions) on both sides of the air-sea interface we wanted to host these two meetings in parallel to allow crossovers between the various experts to develop. So 25 scientists from around the world gathered in Norwich, UK along with 8 locally based experts and discussed a wide range of issues around these respective themes, often as two separate groups, but with regular social interactions over shared refreshments, and also some more structured joint sessions.
The meetings took the form of rather informal presentations from experts followed by very lengthy discussion sessions exploring multiple issues and feedbacks evident in these complex air-sea interaction issues. The invited scientists were selected for their expertise and interest in these areas, and also to provide a wide spectrum of expertise from modellers to experimentalists. We drew scientists from 16 different countries and also from a wide range of career stages from senior scientists to graduate students.
The participants all seemed to leave Norwich full of enthusiasm for the process and the new scientific insights the groups had developed. The aim now is to write a series of papers synthesising these conclusions. By an interesting coincidence, two papers from a similarly sponsored and structured GESAMP WG 38 workshop were published at about the time of the workshop: Sharples et al. (2016) “What proportion of riverine nutrients reaches the open 6-3
ocean?”, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 31, doi:10.1002/2106GB005483 and Jickells et al. (2017) “A re-evaluation of the magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic nitrogen inputs on the ocean”, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 31, doi:10.1002/2016GB00558. These papers, in turn, are based on an earlier similar workshop reported in Duce et al. (2008) “Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen on the open ocean”, Science 320, 893-897.
The following appendices provide the agendas of the two workshops, a tentative list of the peer- reviewed scientific papers that we expect to result from these workshops, a list of the workshop participants and their addresses, a list of the members of GESAMP Working Group 38, and a photo of the workshop participants.
We thank WMO, NSF, SCOR, SOLAS, and UEA for their strong financial and intellectual support for these workshops. We also thank all the participants for travelling from near and far to participate, for leaving their families, day-to-day cares and duties (well the e-mail still finds you!) and for embracing the excitement of this scientific dialogue, and we look forward to the speedy preparation of all of the promised manuscripts. 6-4
APPENDIX I
GESAMP Working Group 38
AGENDAS for two workshops on the changes in the acid/base balance of the atmosphere and ocean and their subsequent impacts on air/sea chemical exchange
University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom February 27 - March 2, 2017
AGENDA - Plenary Session for Both Workshops
Monday, February 27, Environmental Sciences Seminar Room
09:00 - 09:30 Introduction and local logistics - Tim Jickells, Co-Chair, WG 38 09:30 - 10:00 What is GESAMP? - Peter Kershaw, Chair GESAMP 10:00 - 10:30 Working Group 38 and its activities - Robert Duce, Co-Chair, WG 38 Introduction to Workshop 1 Alex Baker, Co-Chair, Workshop 1 Introduction to Workshop 2 Parv Suntharalingam, Tri-Chair Workshop 2
10:30 - Coffee and move to the Blackdale Building
AGENDA - Workshop #1
Changing Atmospheric Acidity and the Oceanic Solubility of Nutrients Co-Chairs: Alex Baker and Manmohan Sarin
Terms of Reference: Review and synthesize the current scientific information on the solubility of aerosol associated key biogeochemical elements, the biogeochemical controls on aerosol solubility, and the pH sensitivity of those controls. Consider the likely changes in solubility of key species into the future and the potential biogeochemical consequences of such changes. Identify the key future research needs to reduce uncertainties in predictive capability in this area. Publish the results of this activity in the open peer-reviewed scientific literature. Interact with, and provide information to, leading relevant international groups including the Future Earth core projects SOLAS, IGAC and IMBER; SCOR, particularly its GEOTRACES program; and WMO programs such as GAW.
6-5 Monday, February 27 Blackdale Building
11:00 - 12:30 Introduction Alex Baker and Manmohan Sarin
12:30 - 13:15 Lunch 13:15 - 17:30 Initial discussion presentations
Underlying chemical controls on nutrient/trace element solubility David Turner Potential changes in relevant emissions and their likely impact on atmospheric acidity Maria Kanakidou Model schemes for simulating the influence of acidity of nutrient / trace element solubility Thanos Nenes and Akinori Ito Modelled nutrient / trace element deposition fields Natalie Mahowald and Stelios Myriokefalitakis Ocean regions likely to be impacted by atmospheric nutrient / trace element supply Peter Croot and Cecile Guieu
Tuesday February 28 Blackdale Building
09:00 - 10:30 Conclude discussion presentations (if necessary) and begin open discussion - Where do we go from here?
10:30 - 10:45 Coffee break
10:45 - 12:30 Continuing evaluation of workshop science questions and how to focus publications.
12:30 - 13:15 Lunch
13:15 - 15:30 We will continue with a flexible schedule, if appropriate splitting into smaller topic groups. The aim will be to go with the science flow, but with an ultimate goal of developing one or more topical review papers.
15:30 - 15:45 Tea break
15:45 - 17:30 Continuing discussions and end of day stock-take.
Wednesday March 1 Blackdale Building
09:00 - 10:30 Continuing discussions.
10:30 - 10:45 Coffee break
11:00 - 12:30 Continuing discussions 6-6
12:30 - 13:15 Lunch
13:15 - 15:30 Continuing discussions/planning.
15:30 - 15:45 Tea break
15:45 - 17:30 Continuing discussions/planning/writing and end of day stock- take.
Thursday March 2 Blackdale Building
09:00 - 12:30 Discussion, assignment of writing tasks Report back to plenary session.
12:30 - 13:15 Lunch – Close of workshop
AGENDA - Workshop #2
Impact of Ocean Acidification on Fluxes of non-CO2 Climate-Active Species Tri-Chairs: Parv Suntharalingam, Marion Gehlen, and Frances Hopkins
Terms of Reference Review and synthesize the current science on the direct impacts of ocean acidification on marine production and emissions to the atmosphere of key species important for climate and atmospheric chemistry. Identify the primary needs for new research to improve process understanding and to quantify the impact of ocean acidification on these marine fluxes (i.e., provide recommendations on the specific laboratory process studies, field measurements and model analyses needed to support targeted research activities and improved understanding on this topic). Publish the results of this activity in the open peer-reviewed scientific literature. Provide input to and interact with national and international research programs on ocean acidification (e.g., UKOA, NOAA-OAP) and with relevant WMO programs (e.g., Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)) to build on their recent relevant activity in achieving the above objectives.
Monday, February 27 Blackdale Building
12:30 - 13:15 Lunch
13:15 - 17:30 Initial discussion presentations 6-7
Introduction to Ocean-Acidification and non-CO2 Trace-Gas Session CHAIR: Parv Suntharalingam Introduction and workshop aims Parv Suntharalingam
Overview of recent progress in ocean acidification research Talks of ~ 30 mins, including 5 mins for discussion
Lessons learned from the UK Ocean Acidification research programme Phil Williamson Challenges and tools for ocean acidification research Cliff Law Trace-gases (non-CO2) and ocean acidification: Overview of experimental methodologies Frankie Hopkins
15:30 - 16:00 Tea break
Ocean acidification Impacts on Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Talks of ~ 30 mins, including 5 mins for discussion
Ocean acidification: Biogeochemical Impacts and Feedbacks to the Earth System Marion Gehlen Re-evalution of enhanced export production by carbon overconsumption under high CO2 Kitack Lee Indirect impact of ocean acidification on trace gases through pteropod mortality / aragonite dissolution Erik Buitenhuis
Tuesday February 28 Blackdale Building
09:00 - 12:30 Initial discussion presentations (continued)
Ocean Acidification Influences on Trace Gases (CHAIR: Frankie Hopkins) Talks of 20 - 30 mins, including 5 mins for discussion
Metabolism of trace-gases: The importance of metals Colin Murrell
Reactive trace-gases: DMS and Halocarbons
Effects of ocean acidification on marine DMS emissions: results from experimental studies Steve Archer Ocean acidification and DMS: what can we learn from cultures? Gill Malin Influence of ocean acidification on biogenic short-lived halocarbons by marine algae Fiona Keng
10:30 - 11:00 Coffee break
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Methane, N2O and the nitrogen cycle
Impact of ocean acidification on N2O and CH4 Andy Rees Ocean acidification impacts on the nitrogen cycle Cliff Law Modelling impacts of ocean acidification on organic matter stoichiometry: Implications for marine nitrous oxide production Oliver Andrews Ammonia, pH and interactions with the sulfur cycle Martin Johnson Impact of deoxygenation and ocean acidification on N2O and CH4 Hema Naik
(Continue this session after lunch if needed)
12:30 - 13:30 Lunch
13:30 - 17:30
Trace-gas Synthesis for Workshop Paper: Break-out groups to work on individual trace-gas sections of summary paper. Suggested breakout groups: (a) Short-lived species (DMS, Halocarbons); and (b) CH4, N2O
Aims: Produce summary from observational perspective for the different species, drawing on available observations, lab and in-situ studies. Identify information on process controls. Identify data gaps.
Wednesday March 1 Blackdale Building
09:00 - 10:30 Discussion presentations (continued)
Trace gases and multiple stressors (CHAIR: Marion Gehlen) Talks of 20 - 30 mins, including 5 mins for discussion
Expected response of greenhouse gases to multiple stressors: thoughts on an experimental approach Andy Rees Expected response of trace gas emissions to multiple stressors: insights from ocean biogeochemical models Laurent Bopp Amplification of global warming through pH-dependence of DMS-production Nadine Goris
10:30 - 11:00 Coffee
11:00 - 12:30
Regions vulnerable to the impacts of ocean acidification: high latitudes, coastal, and upwelling zones (CHAIR : Frankie Hopkins) Talks of 20 - 30 mins, including 5 mins for discussion 6-9
Ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean and its impacts on DMS cycling Martine Lizotte DMS concentrations in the polar oceans are resilient to short term ocean acidification Frankie Hopkins Nitrogen cycle dynamics in upwelling zones Isabelle Dadou
12:30 - 13:15 Lunch
13:15 - 17:30
Knowledge gaps and uncertainties, and future research needs Reports from Rapporteurs: Synthesis of key points from previous sessions Break-out sessions to work on the following for summary paper: o Main knowledge gaps, uncertainties and challenges o Future research needs: Observational programs, experimental methods, and requirements for improved model predictions Contributors: All participants
Thursday March 2 Blackdale Building
09:00 - 12:30 Workshop paper synthesis activities Report back to plenary session
12:30 - 13:15 Lunch – Close of workshop
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APPENDIX II
Draft Paper Titles and Lead Authors – Working Group 1
Changing atmospheric acidity as a modulator of ocean biogeochemistry (Alex Baker - Review) The evolution of iron deposition over the ocean: A composite modeling view (Stelios Myriokefalitakis) Evaluation of labile iron processing in atmospheric models (Akinori Ito) Evolution of atmospheric acidity impacts on nutrient deposition (Maria Kanakidou/ Thanos Nenes) Controls and impacts of atmospheric nutrient solubility in the ocean (Peter Croot) Impacts of the episodic atmospheric deposition on ocean biogeochemistry (Peter Croot) Links between nutrient stoichiometry of atmospheric deposition and surface seawater (Natalie Mahowald/Maria Kanakidou)
Draft paper titles and lead authors – Working Group 2 Changing ocean acidity as a modulator of atmospheric biogeochemistry and climate (Frances Hopkins - Review) A synthesis of the DMS response to ocean acidification observed in mesocosm experiments (Steve Archer) Ocean N2O emissions: current estimates and anthropogenically influenced changes (Parvadhe Suntharalingam) Ocean model internal variability assessment (Laurent Bopp) Ammonia emissions and atmospheric acidity (Martin Johnson) 6-11
APPENDIX III
Participants at the GESAMP 38 Workshops
University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom February 27-March 2, 2017
Oliver Andrews ([email protected]) Steve Archer Bigelow ([email protected]) Alex Baker – Co-Chair, Workshop #1 Centre ([email protected]) Laurent Bopp ([email protected]) Eric Buitenhuis ([email protected]) Peter Croot ([email protected]) Isabelle Dadou ([email protected]) Robert A. Duce ([email protected]) Yuan Gao ([email protected]) Marion Gehlen – Tri Chair, Workshop #2 ([email protected]) Nadine Goris ([email protected]) Cecile Guieu ([email protected]) Frances Hopkins – Tri-Chair, Workshop #2 ([email protected]) Akinori Ito ([email protected]) Tim Jickells ([email protected]) Martin Johnson ([email protected]) Maria Kanakidou ([email protected]) Fiona Keng Seh Lin ([email protected]) Cliff Law ([email protected]) Kitack Lee ([email protected]) Peter Liss ([email protected]) Martine Lizotte ([email protected]) Natalie Mahowald ([email protected]) Gill Malin ([email protected]) Rob Middag ([email protected]) Stelios Myriokefalitakis ([email protected]) Athanasios (Thanos) Nenes ([email protected]) Morgane Perron ([email protected]) Andy Rees ([email protected]) Manmohan Sarin – Co-Chair, Workshop #1 ([email protected], [email protected]) Rachel Shelley ([email protected]) Parvadhe Suntharalingam – Tri-Chair, Workshop #2 ([email protected]) David Turner ([email protected]) Hema Uskaikar ([email protected]) 6-12
APPENDIX IV
Membership - GESAMP Working Group 38
The Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean
Co-Chairs:
Robert A. Duce ([email protected]) Tim Jickells ([email protected])
Members:
Alex Baker ([email protected]) Laurent Bopp ([email protected]) Peter Croot ([email protected]) Marion Gehlen ([email protected]) Cecile Guieu ([email protected]) Frances Hopkins ([email protected]) Akinori Ito ([email protected]) Maria Kanakidou ([email protected]) Kitack Lee ([email protected]) Natalie Mahowald ([email protected]) Athanasios (Thanos) Nenes ([email protected]) Manmohan Sarin ([email protected], [email protected]) Parvadhe Suntharalingam ([email protected]) APPENDIX V
Photo of Participants at the Two GESAMP WG 38 Workshops
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6.4 North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) Sun Song
SCOR and PICES Collaborative Activities
Report from PICES for the 2017 SCOR Annual Meeting September 4-6, 2017, Cape Town, South Africa
The North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) is an intergovernmental scientific organization established by an international convention in 1992, in order to promote and coordinate marine scientific research in the North Pacific and adjacent seas. Our current member countries are Canada, Japan, People’s Republic of China, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and the United States of America. Our goals are to (1) advance scientific knowledge and capacity available for the member countries, including information on human activities affecting, and affected by marine ecosystems, and (2) provide a mechanism for collaboration among scientists in addressing timely and critical scientific questions about the North Pacific. In the 25 years since its establishment, PICES has become a major forum for the discussion and sharing of marine science in the North Pacific. Information on the Organization and its activities is available on the PICES website at http://www.pices.int.
Continuing and expanding collaboration between PICES and SCOR is based on the recognition that PICES can play an important role in bringing a North Pacific perspective to the global activities of SCOR, and that by participating in and implementing these activities in the region, PICES can advance its own scientific agenda.
To discuss on-going and future collaborations, SCOR and PICES continue to regularly exchange observers to the others annual/executive meetings. In recent years, SCOR was represented by Dr. Sinjae Yoo (Korea) at the PICES-2014 annual meeting in Yeosu, Korea and Dr. Sun Song, Vice-president of SCOR at the PICES-2015 annual meeting in Qingdao. Dr. Harold Batchelder (PICES, SCOR Capacity Building Committee) attended the 2013 SCOR Executive Committee Meeting (Wellington, New Zealand), the 2014 SCOR meeting (Bremen, Germany), the 2015 meeting in Goa, India, and the 2016 meeting in Sopot, Poland.
This report provides an update on PICES-SCOR collaborations since the 2016 SCOR Meeting in Sopot, Poland (September 2016). This period includes the PICES 25th Annual Meeting, which was in San Diego, USA during November 2016. Dr. Urban (Executive Director, SCOR) attended PICES-2016 Annual Meeting in San Diego (7-13 November 2016) and presented an Observer Organization poster during the poster viewing period, and made a presentation about SCOR activities to the Science Board of PICES on Friday, November 11. During his presentation to the Science Board, Dr. Urban reviewed the common interests shared by PICES and SCOR, particularly highlighting that both organizations are strong proponents of capacity building. One suggestion was for PICES to be more involved in POGO-related projects such as ocean observing training cruises. Or that PICES might consider developing working group proposals for submission to SCOR. He also noted that SCOR and PICES co-funded an Open Access Article by SCOR Working Group 146 (Radioactivity in the Ocean, 5 decades later (RiO5)) and PICES Working Group 30 (Assessment of Marine Environmental Quality of 6-15
Radiation around the North Pacific) in the Annual Review of Marine Science. SCOR’s policy is to typically fund one Open Access article (usually a synthesis paper) per SCOR working group. SCOR used to purchase special issues and distribute them to developing countries, but that practice became too expensive to continue. Ed thanked PICES for its willingness to co-fund the Open Access of the SCOR 146/ PICES WG30 synthesis.
During this reporting interval, SCOR generously provided financial support for travel/local costs of early career scientists of “countries with economies in transition” for three PICES activities (SPF—Mar. 2017; ECS3—May 2017; PICES-2017—September 2017). PICES is greatly appreciative of SCOR’s support, since it is difficult for PICES to fund participants from non- PICES countries.
(1) In the previous year, SCOR provided $5,000 USD for travel support of country in transition participants to the PICES-ICES 6th Zooplankton Production Symposium “New Challenges in a Changing Ocean” that was held in May 2016 in Bergen, Norway. Four scientists were recommended and approved for funding using SCOR funds (Appendix 1, Table 1). Three of these young scientists attended. Unfortunately, one from Peru was unable to attend. The unused funds ($1,490 USD) from the cancelled traveler were reallocated (with the approval of Dr. Urban) to travel support for the May 2017 3rd Early Career Scientist (ECS3) Conference “Climate, Oceans and Society: Challenges and Opportunities”, in Busan, Korea. SCOR also provided $2500 USD to PICES to support travel of SCOR eligible developing nation early career scientists to attend the 3rd Early Career Scientist Conference. See Appendix 1 Table 2 for the list of SCOR-supported scientists to ECS3. Overall, 104 of the 124 invited early career scientists attended the ECS3 for four days of scientific sessions, networking and an afternoon excursion to several local cultural sites in Busan. The cancellations were due primarily to personal circumstances or inability to obtain a visa for entry to Korea. (2) SCOR provided $5,000 USD for the PICES-2016 Annual Meeting “25 Years of PICES: Celebrating the Past, Imagining the Future”, which occurred from 2-13 November 2016 in San Diego, CA, USA. The scientists supported by SCOR travel support are shown also in Appendix 1 Table 1. (3) SCOR provided $5,000 USD for an international symposium “Drivers of Dynamics of Small Pelagic Fish Resources (SPF)” that was held March 6-11, 2017 in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Summary of SCOR support shown in Appendix 1 Table 2. (4) SCOR provided $2,500 USD for the PICES-2017 Annual Meeting that will be held from 22 September – 1 October 2017 in Vladivostok, Russia. Plus, Ed Urban approved transfer of $283 USD residual from ECS3 to the PICES-2017. Projected support from SCOR shown in Appendix 1 Table 2.
LARGE-SCALE OCEAN RESEARCH PROJECTS CO-SPONSORED BY SCOR PICES contributes to SCOR-sponsored international large-scale ocean research projects, particularly IMBeR (and in the past SOLAS), by: (1) convening joint sessions/workshops with the projects at PICES Annual Meetings, (2) co-sponsoring symposia/workshops, (3) assisting projects having North Pacific activities with meeting logistics, and (4) contributing to participation of early-career scientists from the North Pacific region in project activities. 6-16
Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR)
. Joint sessions/workshops at PICES Annual Meetings Until 2015, PICES and IMBeR often convened joint topic sessions at PICES Annual Meetings. IMBeR at PICES-2014 cosponsored a topic session on Tipping points: defining reference points for ecological indicators of multiple stressors in coastal and marine ecosystems”. Co-sponsorship by IMBeR has been reduced during the past few years, as IMBeR focused on redefining their strategic and implementation plan for the transition from IGBP to Future Earth (FE). In May 2016, PICES Science Board Chairman Thomas Therriault and Hal Batchelder of the PICES Secretariat met with Eileen Hofmann (former chair of IMBER SSC), Einar Svendsen (Executive Officer, IMBeR), and Lisa Maddison (Deputy Executive Officer, IMBeR) in Bergen, Norway to discuss how to enhance collaborations between PICES and IMBeR.
. The PICES-2016 Annual Meeting held November 2-13, 2016, in San Diego, CA, USA had a theme of “25 Years of PICES: Celebrating the Past, Imagining the Future”. IMBeR was invited to submit a theme and cosponsor a topic session or workshop, but chose not to. The 2016 meeting was the 25th anniversary meeting of PICES, and had a different structure with more workshops (10), fewer concurrent sessions and more plenary sessions than are typical of the PICES annual meeting. Because there were many more posters than usual, posters were displayed for four days rather than the usual three days, and there will be two evening poster receptions rather than one. Gro van der Meeren (IMBeR Executive Officer) and Cisco Werner (IMBER SSC Vice-Chair) represented the IMBeR International Project Office at PICES-2016, and both made presentations to PICES Science Board. They highlighted some of the areas of overlap and common interest including the ESSAS Regional Program, the Carbon Working Group, and the connections between the IMBeR Human Dimensions Working Group and the PICES FUTURE integrative science program. At PICES-2017, PICES transitioned the Section-Human Dimensions expert group to full committee status (Human Dimensions Committee), which provides greater responsibility and visibility to socioeconomic issues and HD a voice on the PICES Science Board.
Co-sponsored symposia/conferences/workshops . IMBeR co-sponsored (providing $3,000 USD) the Small Pelagics Symposium that was held in March 2017 in Victoria, Canada. The funds were used to support travel expenses of three scientists as shown in Appendix 2, Table 1.
Capacity building activities PICES approved financial support of $7,000 CAD to IMBeR for cosponsorship of the IMBeR IMBIZO V that will be held in Woods Hole, MA, USA from 2-6 October 2017. See Appendix 2, Table 2
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Regional Program level . IMBER Regional Program on Ecosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas (ESSAS) o PICES and ESSAS share the goal of using a comparative approach in developing predictions of how climate variability and change affect, and will affect, the sustainability of goods and services obtained from Sub-Arctic seas. o A topic session on “Resilience, transitions and adaptation in marine ecosystems under a changing climate” proposed by ESSAS was held at PICES-2016 and was convened by ESSAS Co-Chairmen Franz Mueter, Ken Drinkwater, and Sei-ichi Saitoh. o A PICES/ESSAS special issue of Progress in Oceanography on “Modeling and observational approaches to understanding marine ecosystem dynamics” (Guest Editors: E. Curchitser, S.I. Ito, M. Kishi, M. Peck and K. Rose) was published electronically in late 2015 and in hard copy in early 2016. o ESSAS requested financial support from PICES to cosponsor the ESSAS Open Science Meeting (OSM) in Tromso, Norway in June 2017. The PICES Science Board agreed to provide $14,000 CAD for early career scientist travel to the OSM. See Appendix 2, Table 1 for details on financial support. Since these funds came from the PICES trust fund, they can only be spent on early career scientists from within the six PICES countries. . IMBeR Regional Program on CLimate Impacts on Oceanic TOp Predators (CLIOTOP) o PICES was a contributing sponsors of the 3rd CLIOTOP symposium, titled “Future of oceanic animals in a changing ocean”, held September 14-18, 2015 in San Sebastian, Spain. PICES co-sponsorship was by providing travel support for Keynote speaker, Dr. Emanuele Di Lorenzo, for the theme session on “Integrated modelling to project and explore future patterns” o No specific financial requests from CLIOTOP were received during the reporting interval.
Representation To maintain close relations, IMBeR/ESSAS and PICES regularly exchange observers at each other’s annual/executive meetings.
. IMBER is normally present as an observer at PICES Annual Meetings. Dr. Yi Xu (Shanghai Regional Project Office) represented IMBER at PICES-2015 and provided a presentation about IMBER activities to Science Board; Gro van der Meeren (IMBeR Executive Officer) and Cisco Werner (IMBeR SSC Vice-Chair) represented the IMBeR International Project Office at PICES-2016. We anticipate that Cisco will represent IMBeR at PICES-2017 in Vladivostok, since he is also a member of the Governing Council of PICES. . Drs. Franz Mueter and Sei-ichi Saitoh represented ESSAS at PICES-2015. Both, along with the third co-chair of ESSAS, Ken Drinkwater were at PICES-2016. Saitoh and Mueter are expected to attend PICES-2017. . Dr. Sinjae Yoo (Korea) represented SCOR at the PICES-2014 annual meeting in Yeosu, Korea; Dr. Sun Song, Vice-president of SCOR, represented SCOR at the PICES-2015 annual meeting in Qingdao. We are unsure who, if anyone, will represent SCOR at PICES-2017 in Vladivostok—possibly Sun Song of China?
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Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS)
Joint sessions/workshops at PICES Annual Meetings . We have no report of significant joint PICES-SOLAS activities in 2016 or 2017. This may be because of similar reasons as the IMBeR hiatus, as SOLAS was also proposing new initiatives to be associated with Future Earth (FE).
Capacity building activities . None this year.
HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED BY SCOR
Co-sponsored symposia/conferences/workshops PICES partnered with GEOHAB (with ICES and NOAA as other sponsors) in organizing and funding the workshop on “Harmful algal blooms in a changing world” (March 18–22, 2013, Friday Harbor, WA, U.S.A.) to assess the state of knowledge on HABs and climate change, and to identify the most critical research needs that can realistically be addressed over the next 5–10 years. The findings were published in the peer-reviewed journal Harmful Algae. Wells, M.L., V. L. Trainer, T. J. Smayda, B.S.O. Karlson, C.G. Trick, R.M. Kudela, A. Ishikawa, S. Bernard, A. Wulff, D. M. Anderson, W.P. Cochlan. 2015, Harmful algal blooms and climate change: Learning from the past and present to forecast the future. Harmful Algae, 49 (2015), 68–9.
. The topic areas identified by the workshop participants served as the foundation for an Open Science Meeting on “Harmful algal blooms and climate change” that was convened May 19- 22, 2015, in Göteborg, Sweden, with supporting sponsors PICES, FORMAS (Swedish Research Council), and GEOHAB. Local sponsors and host in Sweden were the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) and the University of Göteborg. The symposium was endorsed by SCOR, IOC and ICES.
Other Activities GlobalHAB, a new initiative of SCOR and IOC UNESCO held a 1st meeting of their newly formed Scientific Steering Committee in Oban, Scotland in March 2016. PICES supported the travel and participation of Dr. Vera Trainer (USA, co-chair of PICES Section on Harmful Algal Blooms) to the Oban meeting. The SSC and guests agreed to produce a GlobalHAB Science and Implementation Plan by early summer 2016, which would be presented and discussed at an International Conference on Harmful Algae in Brazil in October 2016. PICES supported Dr. Trainer to attend a GlobalHAB meeting in Naples in March 2017, which produced a paper,
Berdalet, E., Kudela, R., Urban, E., Enevoldsen, H., Banas, N.S., Bresnan, E., Burford, M., Davidson, K., Gobler, C.J., Karson, B., Lim, P. T., Mackenzie, L., Montressor, M., Trainer, V.L., Usup, G. 2017. GlobalHAB: New Program to Promote International Research, Observations, and Modeling of Harmful Algal Blooms in Aquatic Systems. Oceanography 30(1):70–81, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.111.
PICES funded the travel of Mark Wells to attend an IPHAB meeting in Paris, France in summer 2017. Other GlobalHAB members attended and presented at the IPHAB also. Vera Trainer 6-19
presented about PICES and GlobalHAB activities to an International Whaling Commission meeting in Bled, Slovenia in May 2017.
HABs are important concerns in all six PICES member countries, especially so in the Asian members that border the Western North Pacific Asian seas, where HABs have been increasing in prevalence and frequency of occurrence. For this reason, the activities of the Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB) to consolidate and expand databases on harmful algal events (HAEDAT) and on occurrence of harmful algal species (data will be stored in OBIS), with the view to publish a Global Harmful Algal Bloom Status Report, are important to PICES. PICES is contributing expertise to this report for the Northeast Pacific and Northwest Pacific regions. Other organizations involved in this activity are IOC UNESCO, IAEA, and ICES.
OCEAN CARBON ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED BY SCOR
Communication/coordination . PICES, through its Working Groups on CO2 in the North Pacific (WG 13; 1998–2001) and Biogeochemical Data Integration and Synthesis (WG 17; 2002–2005), and now through the Section on Carbon and Climate (S-CC), has provided coordination for synthesis of ocean carbon research and the development of a network of ocean carbon observations in the North Pacific. The importance of ensuring effective two-way communication with other international scientific groups that have a responsibility for the coordination of ocean carbon research, such as the SCOR/IOC International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) and the SOLAS/IMBER Carbon (SIC) Research Working Group, has been explicitly included in the terms of reference for S-CC. There are S-CC members on SIC’s subgroups: Dr. Masao Ishii (Japan) is on the subgroup on Interior Ocean Observations, and Dr. Richard Feely is the lead of the subgroup on Ocean Acidification-Global Context.
. Ocean acidification has been proceeding for a century, at an accelerating rate, and its impacts are beginning to be felt in many corners of the North Pacific. A workshop on “Acidification of the North Pacific Ocean: a basin-wide assessment” was held on November 3, 2016 at the PICES Annual Meeting in San Diego, CA. It was well attended, and brought together scientists from all of the PICES countries to synthesize our observations and projections of acidification processes and impacts in our respective countries’ waters and adjacent international waters. The workshop is the culmination of a two-year long process of collation of relevant information, and synthesis of data collected in each of the countries of the North Pacific basin. The workshop proceedings will form the basis for subsequent assessments, with improved understanding of which ocean regions are most vulnerable to acidification impacts, and how additional resources might best be deployed to predict or detect changes likely to produce significant impacts. There were several topical presentations, as well as individual national updates and extensive discussion of the contents of the proposed Assessment and strategies for completing it. The discussions covered both the open ocean and coastal waters, and roles of observing systems on both sides of the Pacific. One key point that was noted was that locally secular trends in pH and other carbon system indicator variables often differ from the global mean trend, and it is often difficult to know whether this is simply a result of inadequate data or whether there are local influences 6-20
that themselves have long-term secular trends. These deviations can be used to build a case for construction and maintenance of observing systems as necessary and interactive factors in decision-making. The driving factors will vary among regions, and we can use scientific understanding of these to guide design of observing systems, as well as mitigation and adaptation policies. Overall the workshop was highly productive and the assessment activity is on track to be completed in 2017.
S-CC activities . The main S-CC goals for 2014–2016 include
o To complete publication of scientific analyses arising from PACIFICA data synthesis; o To develop data syntheses or products related to ocean acidification and de-oxygenation and their biological and ecosystem impacts in support of FUTURE objectives; and o To develop a strategy for assessment of the carbon cycle in coastal oceans and marginal seas of the North Pacific (data syntheses, data products, documentation of methods).
SCOR WORKING GROUPS PICES regularly provides comments on SCOR Working Group proposals and often recommends and funds an Associate Member for PICES-relevant groups. The support from PICES extends the expertise available within the group, increases the geographic coverage of the groups, and helps individual scientists from the North Pacific become more involved in SCOR activities, which benefits both organizations.
. PICES currently supports an Associate Member of one SCOR Working Group:
o WG 149 on Changing Ocean Biological Systems: how will biota respond to a changing ocean? (COBS) (Dr. Uta Passow, USA)
. The SCOR Working Group proposals for 2017 were reviewed by PICES’ Standing Committees from the viewpoint of their scientific interests and relevance to the PICES integrative science program, FUTURE. Three of the proposed SCOR Working Groups were ranked as “MUST FUND”: FLOTSAM, EBUS, and P-OBS. If one or more of these three WG is approved by SCOR in Cape Town, PICES Science Board would decide (at their annual Science Board meeting in late Sept. 2017) which one of these we would provide travel support for an Associate Member with a linkage to PICES.
CAPACITY BUILDING SCOR and PICES have a history of cooperating in capacity building.
. SCOR provides travel support for scientists from countries with “economies in transition” to participate in SCOR-relevant sessions/workshops at PICES Annual Meetings, international symposia and capacity building events led/co-organized by PICES. For this reporting period, funding from the SCOR/NSF fund was provided/committed for the following events (see Appendix 1 for details): o $5,000 USD for the PICES-2016 Annual Meeting “25 Years of PICES: Celebrating the Past, Imagining the Future”, which occurred from 2 to 13 November 2016 in San Diego, 6-21
CA, USA. o $2,500 USD for travel support for the May 2017 PICES-ICES Early Career Scientist Conference “Climate, Oceans and Society: Challenges and Opportunities”, in Busan, Korea. Because $1,490 USD allocated to a scientist from Peru to attend the 2016 6th Zooplankton Production Symposium in Bergen, Norway, cancelled his participation, the unused funds were reallocated (with the approval of Dr. Urban) to travel support for the May 2017 Early Career Scientist Conference “Climate, Oceans and Society: Challenges and Opportunities”, in Busan, Korea. o $5,000 USD for travel support from SCOR supported travel to an international symposium “Drivers of Dynamics of Small Pelagic Fish Resources” that was held March 6-11, 2017 in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. 237 scientists from 31 countries and 5 international organizations participated in this conference, including seven supported by SCOR (Appendix 1, Table 2). o $2,500 USD for travel support from SCOR is being used to support travel of two Russians and 6 Chinese participants to the PICES-2017 Annual Meeting in Vladivostok in the latter half of September. In addition to these specific funds from SCOR, Ed Urban approved the use of ca. $283 USD (~$386 CAD) that was not spent on the ECS3 due to a late withdrawal of a Bangladesh early career scientist. (Appendix 1, Table 2). . PICES continues to provide travel support for students and early career scientists from PICES member countries to summer schools and meetings of SCOR-sponsored large-scale research projects. The following event was co-sponsored by PICES in 2016:
o IMBeR ClimECO5 Summer School on “Towards a more resilient oceans: predicting and projecting future changes in the ocean and their impacts on human societies” (August 10- 17, 2016, Natal, Brazil) by providing travel funds for two early career scientists from PICES member countries: 1 from Russia, 1 from China (PICES expenses ~ $5,374 USD; see earlier description).
. SCOR and PICES share ideas on capacity building, and a PICES representative has participated on the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building. Dr. Harold Batchelder has served in this capacity since September 2012; beginning this year he is one of several newly named liaisons to the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building.
REQUESTS FOR CONSIDERATION BY SCOR (SINCE THE SOPOT MTG) . (PREVIOUSLY APPROVED): Travel support at a level of $2,500 USD is requested for scientists from countries with “economies in transition” to attend sessions/workshops at the 2017 PICES Annual Meeting to be held in October 2017, in Vladivostok, Russia, under the theme “Environmental changes in the North Pacific and Impacts on Biological Resources and Ecosystem Services”. . (PENDING): Travel support is requested for scientists from countries with “economies in transition” to attend an International Symposium on the Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans – June 4-8, 2018 in Washington, DC. Anticipated attendance of this meeting is approximately 500. The completed SCOR support form and Organizational cover letter were submitted to Dr. Urban of SCOR on 6 June 2017. The Symposium web site is at 6-22
http://meetings.picesint/meetings/international/2018/climate-change/background. This is the 4th International Symposium in this series. . (PENDING): Travel support in an amount of $5,000 USD is requested for scientists from countries with “economies in transition” to attend sessions at the International Symposium on Understanding Changes in Transitional Areas of the Pacific – April 24-26, 2018 in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Anticipated attendance at this meeting is approximately 150-170. The completed SCOR support form and Organizational cover letter were submitted to Dr. Urban of SCOR on 18 July 2017. The Symposium web site is open as of 18 July, and located at http://www.pices.int/2018-Pacific-TA.
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Appendix 1. Financial Summary to SCOR of Capacity Building Related expenditures
Appendix 1. Table 1. SCOR Funds for 2016 Events/Meetings: (a) PICES/ICES 6th Zooplankton Production Symposium (ZPS6), Bergen Norway, 9-13 May 2016 (b) PICES-2016 Annual Meeting, San Diego, USA, 2-13 November 2016 Event Participant (Sex) Country of Grant origin 6th Zooplankton Prod Funds provided by $5,000 USD Symp (ZPS6) SCOR ZPS6 Tuba Terbiyik Kurt (F) Turkey $720 USD ZPS6 Mary Mar Noblezada Philippines $1,300 USD (F) ZPS6 Luz Ximena Orosco Peru $1,490 USD Montenegro (M) ZPS6 Jorge Luis Barturen Peru Orig $1,490 USD Silva (M) withdrew—funds transferred per Ed Urban to 2017 ECS Conference, Busan, Korea
PICES-2016 Annual Funds provided by $5,000 USD Mtg SCOR (=$6,500 CAD) (PICES-2016) PICES-2016 Jianguo Du (M) China 1,200 CAD PICES-2016 Jinqiu Du (F) China 1,000 CAD PICES-2016 Norma Oliva-Mendez Mexico 1,000 CAD (M) PICES-2016 Romeo Saldivar-Lucio Mexico 1,000 CAD (F) PICES-2016 Ekaterina Kurilova (F) Russia 1,300 CAD PICES-2016 Konstantin Rogachev Russia 1,000 CAD (M) Total USD $10,000 USD * TABLE 1 Total USD $8,510 USD Spent * SCOR grants total US$10,000; all spent except $1,490 USD transferred to 2017 ECS Conference (see Appendix 1; Table 2) per email of Ed Urban.
Appendix 1. Table 2. SCOR Funds supporting 2017 Events/Meetings: (a) Int. Symp. on “Drivers of Dynamics of Small Pelagic Fish Resources”, Victoria, Canada, 6-11 March 2017 6-24
(b) PICES-ICES 3rd Early Career Scientist Conference, Busan, Korea, 30 May-2 June 2017 (c) PICES-2017 Annual Meeting, Vladivostok, Russia, 22 September – 1 October 2016 Event Participant (Sex) Country of Grant origin Small Pelagic Fish Funds provided by SCOR $5,000 USD Symp. (SPF Symp) (=$6,760 CAD) SPF Symp Daniel Grados (M) Brazil $1,000 CAD SPF Symp Karen Walker (F) Chile $800 CAD SPF Symp Mutiara R. Putri (F) Indonesia $1,500 CAD SPF Symp Alexanra A. Bararinao (F) Philippines $1,000 CAD SPF Symp Josephine Dianne L. Philippines $480 CAD Deauna (F) SPF Symp Grea Groenewald (F) South Africa $1,500 CAD SPF Symp Tamsyn Tyler (F) South Africa $480 CAD SUM=$6,760 CAD
3rd ECS Conference Funds provided by SCOR $1,490 USD (ECS3) (residual from ZPS6) + $2,500 USD; Sum is $3,990 USD (=$5,440 CAD) ECS3 Helena Cachanhuk Soares Brazil $1,500 CAD (F) ECS3 Edem Mahu (F) Ghana $800 CAD (*) ECS3 Muthukumar India $654 CAD (*) Chandresekaran (M) ECS3 Faisal Amri (M) Indonesia $300 CAD (*) ECS3 Nadeem Nazurally (M) Mauritius $800 CAD (*) ECS3 Saba Abdulwakil (M) Nigeria $1,000 CAD (*) ECS3 Islam M. Nazrul (M) Bangladesh ~$386 CAD (@) (Cancelled late) Note: (*) means SUM=$5,054 CAD additional support provided from PICES
PICES-2017 Annual Projected SCOR $2,500 USD + Mtg Expenditures (in italics; ~$283 USD (PICES-2017) this meeting has not (residual from happened yet) ECS3) SUM=$2,783 USD (~$3,543 CAD est.) PICES-2017 Peng Lian (M) China $150 CAD PICES-2017 Zhongxin Wu (M) China $500 CAD 6-25
PICES-2017 Wu Men (M) China $500 CAD PICES-2017 Xindong Pan (M) China $500 CAD PICES-2017 Lisha Guan (F) China $500 CAD PICES-2017 Benrong Peng (M) China $693 CAD PICES-2017 Natalia Shlyk (F) Russia $200 CAD PICES-2017 Kristina Zhukova (F) Russia $500 CAD SUM=$3,543 CAD
TABLE 2 Total 2017 $11,490 USD # USD SCOR Expenditures Notes: # New SCOR Grants to PICES for 2017 total $10,000 USD; in addition there was a transfer of $1,490 USD (unused from ZPS6) to the ECS3 (per email permission from Ed Urban); AND, there was a residual of ~$283 USD (~$386 CAD) of SCOR funds unused from the ECS3 (last minute cancellation of SCOR and PICES supported ECS), which was approved for use for PICES-2017 (per email of Ed Urban); * - in addition to SCOR support, there was also support from PICES; @ - Late cancellation from the ECS3 that had partial support from SCOR.
Appendix 1, Table 3. IMBER funds provided directly by SCOR to PICES for travel support for the Small Pelagic Fish Symposium (March 2017) Event Participant (Sex) Country of Grant origin Small Pelagic Funds provided by SCOR on $3,000 USD Fish Symp. behalf of IMBER (=$3,900 CAD) (SPF Symp) SPF Carola Hernandez Santoro (F) Chile $1,500 CAD SPF Vanessa Izquierdo-Pena (F) Mexico $1,200 CAD SPF Carmen Grados (F) Peru $1,200 CAD
Appendix 2, Table 1. PICES funding provided to ESSAS to support travel costs to the ESSAS Open Science Meeting (ESSAS-OSM) in June 2017. Event Participant (Sex) Country of origin Grant ESSAS Open PICES funds to $14,000 CAD Science Meeting ESSAS for ESSAS (ESSAS-OSM) OSM travel ESSAS-OSM Hisatomo Waga (M?) Japan $1,480 CAD ESSAS-OSM Moojin Kim (F) Korea $1,080 CAD ESSAS-OSM Hwa Hyun Lee (F) Korea $1,080 CAD ESSAS-OSM Minkyoung Bang (F) Korea $1,080 CAD ESSAS-OSM Jordan Watson (M) USA $1,800 CAD ESSAS-OSM Sofia Ferreira (F) USA $1,750 CAD ESSAS-OSM Darren Pilcher (M) USA $1,480 CAD ESSAS-OSM Jennifer Marsh (F) USA $950 CAD 6-26
ESSAS-OSM Cathleen Vestfals (F) USA $400 CAD ESSAS-OSM Casey Clark (M) USA $2,900 CAD
Appendix 2, Table 2. Other PICES financial commitments to SCOR associated organizations for 2017. Event Participant (Sex) Country of origin Grant IMBER IMBIZO V PICES funds to TBD—likely from $7,000 CAD (to IMBeR for IMBIZO Asia partially support up V travel to 3 ECS)
7.0 RELATIONS WITH NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
7.1 International Council for Science Sicre 7.1.1 World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), p. 7-1 Urban 7.1.2 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), p. 7-7 Brussaard 7.1.3 Future Earth Initiative , p. 7-16 Burkill
7.2 Affiliated Organizations 7.2.1 International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO), p. 7-25 Miloslavich 7.2.2 International Association for Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS), p. 7-28 Turner 7.2.3 International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO), p. 7-31 Smythe-Wright
7.3 Affiliated Programs, p. 7-25 7.3.1 InterRidge - International, Interdisciplinary Ridge Studies, p. 7-37 Devey 7.3.2 International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG), p. 7-43 Bernard, Sun Song 7.3.3 Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS), p. 7-49 Burkill
7.4 Other Organizations 7.4.1 Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO), p. 7-51 Shapovalov
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7.1 International Council for Science (ICSU) Sicre ICSU plans to allow SCOR to check the draft report of the SCOR-SCAR review committee for factual errors before finalizing it.
7.1.1 World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)
The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP): a Short Update to SCOR-2017
General background The Mission of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) is to facilitate analysis and prediction of Earth system variability and change for use in an increasing range of practical applications of direct relevance, benefit and value to society. The two overarching objectives of the WCRP are (1) to determine the predictability of climate; and (2) to determine the effect of human activities on climate.
WCRP is organized as a network of core and co-sponsored projects, working groups, modelling activities and cross-cutting initiatives (see www.wcrp-climate.org). Those activities of most relevance to the work of SCOR are highlighted below.
WCRP is sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Council for Science (ICSU) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO.
The WCRP Grand Challenges The overarching WCRP Grand Science Challenges (GCs) http://wcrp-climate.org/grand- challenges represent major foci of scientific research, modelling, analysis and observations over the next decade or so. The WCRP intends to promote these GCs through community-organized workshops, conferences and strategic planning meetings to identify high-priority and exciting research that requires international partnership and coordination, and that yields “actionable information” for decision makers. Currently, WCRP has seven GCs, including two approved in April 2016 focussed on decadal climate prediction and climate and carbon:
1. Clouds, Circulation & Climate Sensitivity 2. Melting Ice & Global Consequences 3. Weather and Climate Extremes 4. Regional Sea-level Change & Coastal Impacts 5. Water for the Food Baskets of the World 6. Near-term (decadal) Climate Prediction 7. Carbon Feedbacks in the Climate System
Of these the GC on Regional Sea-Level Change and Coastal Impacts is of most relevant to SCOR, though many others (e.g., decadal climate, carbon feedbacks) have a significant ocean component. This Grand Challenge represents an integrated interdisciplinary program on sea level research reaching from the global to the regional and local scales to
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Establish a quantitative understanding of the natural and anthropogenic mechanisms of regional to local sea level variability; Promote advances in observing systems required for an integrated sea level monitoring; and Foster the development of sea level predictions and projections that are of increasing benefit for coastal zone management.
The effort will focus on all components of global to local sea level changes and will consider the necessary analyses on global and regional climate change data and simulations, extreme events and potential impacts, including the evaluation of sea level rise impacts for coastal zones. The program also aims to have close interaction with coastal communities to assure that results of the proposed scientific research are incorporated into practices of coastal zone management, and impacts and adaptation efforts. A WCRP-IOC Joint Sea Level Conference is being planned in commemoration of the ten years’ anniversary of the WCRP Sea Level workshop held at IOC in Paris in 2006. The conference is scheduled for July 10-14 2017 at Columbia University in New York City (http://www.sealevel2017.org).
The WCRP Core Projects WCRP carries out a major part of its activities through its four core projects, CLIVAR http://www.clivar.org), CliC (cryosphere and climate - www.climate-cryosphere.org), GEWEX (water and climate www.gewex.org) and SPARC (atmosphere and climate - http://www.sparc- climate.org). Both CLIVAR and CliC are official endorsers of the SCAR/SCOR Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS). Discussions are also being held on the formation of a possible Northern Oceans panel. Of these core projects the work of CLIVAR is of particular relevance to SCOR.
The CLIVAR Project 2016 marked the celebration of 20 years of CLIVAR, and culminated with the CLIVAR Open Science Conference (OSC) in Qingdao, China, and the launch of the draft of the new Science and Implementation Plan, which will be finalized during the 23rd CLIVAR SSG to be held in Pune, India, during November. The overarching goals of the project continue: to improve understanding and prediction of the ocean-atmosphere system and its influence on climate variability and change, to the benefit of society and the environment.
The Open Science Conference "Charting the course for future climate and ocean research" (www.clivar2016.org), was held in Qingdao, China on 19-23 September 2016. An exciting programme was prepared, based on the review of 936 abstracts submitted by 750 authors from 66 countries. Daily plenary sessions and 12 parallel sessions with community leaders and promising young scientists speaking covered diverse aspects of CLIVAR science. To contribute to the formation of the new generation of scientists, more than one-third of participants were students or within 5 years of their PhD. They presented their work through 234 posters and oral presentations, including plenary talks, served as daily chairs, poster judges and rapporteurs. The associated Early Career Scientist Symposium (ECSS), on 24-25 September also had a programme focusing on discussions of science frontiers and fostering the engagement of young researchers in CLIVAR science topics. CLIVAR is grateful to SCOR for providing travel 7-3
support that enabled a couple of young scientists from developing countries to attend the ECSS and OSC.
The CLIVAR organisational structure is comprised of four global panels (Ocean Model Development Panel, the Global Synthesis and Observations Panel, the Climate Dynamics Panel, and the joint CLIVAR-GEWEX Monsoons Panel), and currently four regional ocean basin Panels (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Southern Ocean). All Panels report to the CLIVAR Scientific Steering Group.
The regional ocean basin panels have developed through the years strong partnerships with groups that also work on the implementation of the ocean observing system, like the CLIVAR/IOC-GOOS Indian Ocean Region Panel, links with IIOE-2 activities and the CLIVAR/CliC/SCAR Southern Ocean Region Panel’s links with SOOS. More recently, the Atlantic Region Panel and the Pacific Region Panel are involved with AtlantOS and TPOS2020, respectively.
Recognizing the need for the CLIVAR project to be flexible and responsive to new ideas and challenges, the CLIVAR SSG has initiated the concept of Research Foci (RF, http://www.clivar.org/about/research-foci). These are focused research topics identified by members of the CLIVAR community as being ripe for progress in the next 5-10 years and that would significantly benefit from enhanced international coordination. The RF are an effective means for CLIVAR to initiate activities and invigorate progress in areas that go beyond the traditional areas addressed by the Panels, fostering cross-panel, cross-community collaboration, and an opportunity to bring young scientists into CLIVAR. Five RF (ENSO in a Changing Climate, Decadal Climate Variability and Predictability - DCVP, Sea Level Rise and Regional Impacts (also a WCRP Grand Challenge), Planetary Heat Balance and Ocean Heat Storage - CONCEPT-HEAT, and Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems - EBUS) have presented their science and implementation plans to the SSG and been endorsed. All of them have organised kick-off meetings and held further meetings around the CLIVAR OSC. 7-4
Panels and RF activities:
The CLIVAR/CliC/SCAR Southern Ocean Region Panel (SORP) works closely with the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) program, providing scientific and technical input to the observation system design and implementation, particularly on air-sea fluxes in the Southern Ocean, which is also an important topic identified in the contribution from SORP to the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP1) plans. SORP intends to strengthen the link with YOPP by inviting the Polar Prediction Project (PPP) Steering group member and also the leader of YOPP Southern Hemisphere (YOPP-SH), Dr. David Bromwich, to be a new panel member from 2017. The 12th SORP session at Boulder, 29-30 June 2017 will have a joint session with YOPP-SH to define the Southern Ocean oceanographic observations needed during the YOPP-SH special observing period, 16 November 2018–15 February 2019. SORP members have also had critical involvement in the proposal that led the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modelling (SOCCOM) project to be funded. SOCCOM will contribute further to the scientific and public understanding of the role of the vast Southern Ocean in climate change and biogeochemistry.
1 http://www.polarprediction.net/yopp/ 7-5
The Atlantic Region Panel (ARP) actively interacted with the regional observing efforts in the Atlantic Ocean, including OSNAP and OVIDE in the north Atlantic, SAMOC in the south Atlantic, PIRATA in the tropical Atlantic, and AtlantOS building on an integration of ocean observing activities across all disciplines for the Atlantic. The panel has provided OOPC with scientific input to strengthen the observation at boundaries and the air-sea exchanges, and further development of the tropical and south Atlantic observing system particularly including regions off Africa that are not well covered by observations so far. ARP also agreed on strengthening the interaction with AtlantOS, through its panel members, who are already part of the AtlantOS consortium, to provide scientific advice for further development of the Atlantic Ocean Observing System. Meanwhile, the significant advancement in Atlantic observation has contributed to the progress in validation of climate simulation models, in particular for the AMOC. In collaborating with the US CLIVAR Eastern Tropical Oceans Synthesis (ETOS) Working Group, significant progress has been made in understanding the causes of the warm SST bias in IPCC climate models in the South Tropical Atlantic. The ‘CLIVAR-PIRATA-PREFACE Tropical Atlantic Variability Conference’ was organised at the end of 2016 in reflecting to the recently experienced pronounced shifts of great socio-economic importance. The ARP also set a priority to understand ocean eddies and their interaction with the atmosphere, and started preparing a meso-scale eddy workshop to be held during the 2018 Ocean Science Meeting.
The Pacific Region Panel (PRP) has been discussing recently, among other things, how to better observe the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) ocean current, which is of great importance to countries in that region. The panel, together with the IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC), will continue to engage regional partners with strong interests in monitoring the ITF. The panel has also contributed in the planning of the Tropical Pacific Observing System (TPOS 2020) project that is being led in collaboration with the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC), including having panel member in the groups of TPOS 2020 and in reviewing its white papers. Observation activities in the upwelling regions of the Pacific off Peru and Chile are currently being planned by the panel. Significant interactions between the Panel and the CLIVAR ENSO Research Focus have taken place. Both groups planned their group meeting at the ENSO Complexity workshop hosted by Pusan National University at Busan Korea in October 2017.
The CLIVAR/IOC-GOOS Indian Ocean Region Panel (IORP) has coordinated on behalf of the international community and started the IndOOS review by jointly organising the IndOOS Review workshop in Perth with SIBER and IOGOOS. A writing team consisting of 24 lead authors has been organised to prepare the chapters for the IndOOS Review White Paper, which is expected to be drafted by September 2017. The close cooperation between SIBER and IORP to provide inputs to IndOOS and other scientific researches in the Indian Ocean, from their respective biogeochemical and physical perspectives, has demonstrated the usefulness of the IORP. The Year of Maritime Continent (YMC) has been endorsed by CLIVAR with positive feedback from IORP. The panel will seek further engagement and collaboration with YMC, EIOURI, and initiatives in the ITF region. Moreover, IORP has taken the lead in preparing the scientific programme for the IIOE-2 Summer School on “Indian Ocean Physical and Biological Oceanography: From Observations to Modeling”, which is expected to be organised in INCOIS in 2018. The review paper on ‘Indo-Pacific interactions’ and ‘monsoon-Indian Ocean 7-6
interactions’ is also under preparation by IORP.
The Global Synthesis and Observations Panel (GSOP), the production of ocean reanalyses, or ocean state estimates, is now an established activity in several research and operational centres. A new generation of products has recently been produced and a coordinated community effort on the intercomparison of those ocean reanalyses has been undertaken addressing a variety of aspects. GSOP, in collaboration with the EOS (“Evaluation of Ocean Syntheses”) COST action ES1402, is organising the COST/CLIVAR Workshop on ocean reanalyses and inter- comparisons, which will take place on 29-30 June 2017 in Toulouse, France. GSOP members continue to support activities of projects like TPOS2020, and liaise with the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC).
The Ocean Model Development Panel (OMDP) fosters the development of ocean models for research in climate and related fields through the development of models and improved representation of ocean processes (parameterizations, resolution, numerics, addressing model biases) and the design and implementation of coordinated ocean-ice modelling studies and their analysis. The 2nd Session of the CLIVAR OMDP was held on 14-16 January 2016 at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) in Yokohama, Japan. The focus of the meeting was primarily on a detailed evaluation of the new Japanese Reanalysis (JRA-55) atmospheric product for forcing ocean – sea-ice climate models produced by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Presentations and discussions included technical aspects of the JRA-55 reanalysis, the JRA-55/OMDP collaborative evaluation that has been on-going since early 2015, reviews of applied and/or additional corrections; creation of a repeat-annual-cycle forcing data set; and preliminary simulations forced with the JRA-55 data sets. An important goal of the meeting was to receive input from the wider ocean and climate modelling communities participating in the CORE-II and OMIP efforts. OMDP, jointly with two other CLIVAR panels (Pacific Region Panel and Climate Dynamics Panel) and the WESTPAC project on Air-Sea Interaction in the Kuroshio Extension and its Climate Impact (AIKEC), organised the “CLIVAR/JAMSTEC Workshop on the Kuroshio Current and Extension System: Theory, Observations, and Ocean Climate Modelling”, held in Yokohama, Japan, January 12-13, 2016 (http://www.clivar.org/omdp/kuroshio). The workshop was hosted by JAMSTEC. The main objective of the workshop was to assess the state-of-science of the theory, observations, and ocean climate modelling of the Kuroshio Current and Extension systems in the North Pacific Ocean. A special issue of CLIVAR Exchanges issue 69: “The Kuroshio Current and Extension System” was made available online in July 2016. OMDP will join the Pan-WCRP modelling meeting to be held by Met Office in Exeter, UK in October 9-13, 2017 to interact with other modelling groups within WCRP on common issues and future planning.
Sea Level rise and Regional Impacts: This RF is also a WCRP Grand Challenge (GC). The WCRP GC Regional Sea Level Change and Coastal Impacts: Science and Implementation Plan has been formed via two steering team meetings in March 2015 at Utrecht of the Netherlands and February 2016 at New York of US, respectively, and made public on CLIVAR’s website in February 2017. The GC Sea Level has also planned and been organizing the international IOC/WCRP conference on Regional Sea-Level Changes and Coastal Impacts to be held at Columbia University, New York, US from 10 to 14 July 2017. The conference follows 11 years 7-7
after the first WCRP sea level conference (Paris, 2006), and three years after the last Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It will provide a comprehensive summary of the state of worldwide climate-related large-scale sea level research. Over 300 abstracts have been received for the conference and its estimated that over 400 participants are expected to attend this conference.
Climate Dynamics Panel (CDP) This newly established panel is in the process of finalising a science and implementation plan of its activities for the coming years. The panel will foster and coordinate international research efforts to increase understanding of the dynamical processes that control circulation variability and change in the atmosphere and ocean on synoptic to centennial time scales. The focus is on large-scale phenomena, processes, and mechanisms of coupled climate variability/modes, teleconnnections and change on seasonal to centennial time- scales, in particular i) storm tracks, jet streams and weather systems, ii) tropical-extratropical interactions, and iii) long-term coupled atmosphere-ocean circulation.
ENSO in a Changing climate: The 4th CLIVAR workshop on the evaluation of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) processes in climate models was held at Sorbonne-Universités in Paris in July 2015, in conjunction with the UNESCO “Our Common Future Under Climate Change” conference. The workshop, hosted by IPSL and attended by 50 experts including 12 early-career scientists, was organized by the CLIVAR Research Focus on “ENSO in a changing climate.” It also entrained members of the US CLIVAR working group on ENSO diversity, which has focused attention on understanding the substantial inter-event differences in ENSO mechanisms and impacts. Presentations highlighted ENSO mechanisms, the role of intraseasonal variability, climate change and decadal variability, modeling and prediction, and historical and paleo observations. Discussion sessions focused on model evaluation and metrics, and on envisioning future observations as part of the Tropical Pacific Observing System 2020 (TPOS 2020) initiative. This RF is planning to have a meeting before the ENSO Complexity Workshop, to be held in Busan, South Korea on 16-20 Oct.
The Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) Research Focus was established as a joint effort with IMBeR and SOLAS in 2015. The EBUS Prospectus has been approved by the CLIVAR SSG at the beginning of 2016. EBUS organised its 1st session in Qingdao during the CLIVAR Open Science Conference, and formulated the work plan for 2017-2018. EBUS will work in collaboration with the CLIVAR Ocean Model Development Panel (OMDP) to carry out analysis of the JRA-55 forcing dataset in EBUS, and develop an EBUS specific diagnostics and metrics for model analysis, which includes comparisons to existing observational datasets. Meanwhile, co-chairs in EBUS took the lead to submit a working group proposal to SCOR on ‘Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): diversity, coupled dynamics and sensitivity to Climate Change’. Moreover, an ICTP Summer School on upwelling system is planned in 2018.
The Decadal Climate Variability and Predictability (DCVP) RF organised the CLIVAR-ICTP International Workshop on Decadal Climate Variability and Predictability: Challenge and Opportunity, in Trieste, Italy, on 16-20 November 2015. In association with the workshop, DCVP hosted its kick-off meeting in order to address the “obstacles to progress”, and identify cross-CLIVAR linkages and implementation, and relationship and interaction with the WCRP 7-8
GC on Near Term Prediction, relevant CMIP 6 MIPS, and partner projects e.g. CliC, SPARC, GEWEX, and PAGES. The RF Science and Implementation plan has been approved by the CLIVAR SSG.
Planetary Heat Balance and Ocean Heat Storage (CONCEPT-HEAT) RF: The overall goal of the "Consistency between planetary energy balance and ocean heat storage" Research Focus is to bring together several climate research communities all concerned with the energy flows in the Earth’s System to advance on the understanding of the uncertainties through budget constraints.
WCRP and CLIVAR look forward to exploring possible collaborations in ocean related activities in the future. Please contact Mike Sparrow (WCRP - [email protected]) or Jose Santos (CLIVAR - [email protected]) to discuss this further.
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7.1.2 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Brussaard
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
2017 Report to the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)
11 May 2017
Report Prepared by: Eoghan Griffin and Jenny Baeseman SCAR Secretariat SCAR activities of relevance to SCOR
SCAR and SCOR have a strong overlap of interest in the Southern Ocean region. In many cases, the two organisations work together (e.g., with the SOOS) and in other cases there are SCAR activities, which may be of interest to SCOR (as well as vice versa). Below are a few of those activities. Please see www.scar.org for further details.
1. The Southern Ocean Observing System Louise Newman
SCOR and SCAR jointly sponsor the Southern Ocean Observing System and provide funds for the meeting of the Steering Committee (see separate SOOS report to SCOR for details).
In order to address growing disparities in Polar remote sensing, and in particular to articulate the satellite needs specific to the Southern Ocean, in 2015 SOOS and CliC (Climate and the Cryosphere Project) coordinated a community survey to canvas uses of remote sensing and define limitations and recommendations for improvement of Southern Ocean remote sensing. These survey responses have been brought together into a summary report, which was around the entire Southern Ocean community (both operational and research). Sections of the report include sea ice variables, atmospheric parameters, SST, SSH, SSS, terrestrial cryospheric connections, marine microbes/ocean colour, marine biology, surface winds, and more. The aim of the report is to represent the Southern Ocean community’s satellite data needs for the coming decade. It is designed to stand as an important strategy paper that provides the rationale and information 7-10
required for future strategic planning and investment.
The report was published as an open-access article in Antarctic Science online in October 2016: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/community-review-of- southern-ocean-satellite-data-needs/78B68BDE8535CAF03D0BA00B1F3F07F4
More information on SOOS will be provided in their report.
2. Southern Ocean Acidification Report Richard Bellerby
SCAR appointed an international ocean acidification Action Group to document the scientific understanding of ocean acidification. The Action Group consists of an international cross- disciplinary team of ocean acidification experts representing the fields of marine carbonate chemistry, global and regional modelling, marine ecology, ecotoxicology/physiology and paleoceanography. The Ocean Acidification Action Group is finalizing a report to:
define our present understanding of the contemporary rates and future scenarios of Southern Ocean acidification; document ecosystem and organism responses from experimental perturbations and geological records; identify present and planned observational and experimental strategies; identify gaps in our understanding of the rates and regionality of ocean acidification; and define strategies for future Southern ocean acidification research.
The report has been delayed for a few years, but is now in the final stages of review.
3. The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean Jan Erik Arndt
In April 2013, IBCSO Version 1.0 was released by the Alfred-Wegener-Institute (AWI), in Germany. The map and data are now available: http://www.ibcso.org. A new version is in the works that would include data south of 50°S latitude; however, funding needs to be secured for this to progress to a full new version.
A new Antarctic map, “Bathymetry and Geological Setting of the Drake Passage”, has just been released. This SCAR product represents an international collaborative effort coordinated by the Spanish Geological Survey (IGME) and the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), working together with the Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) and the United States Antarctic Program (USAP).
The map covers an area of 1470000 km2 between parallels 52ºS and 63ºS and between meridians 70ºW and 50ºW. The data were collected over the last 25 years on more than one hundred oceanographic cruises onboard six different Antarctic research vessels. This initiative is part of SCAR's IBCSO (International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean) Expert Group, which 7-11
recognises the importance of regional data compilations in Antarctic areas of particular scientific interest. The map has been published by the BAS and the IGME, with support from SCAR through the Geosciences Group.
For more details on this SCAR product, see the Drake Passage Bathymetry Map page: http://www.scar.org/ibcso/drake-map
4. Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics Bruno Danis
Biodiversity Informatics is the application of informatics techniques to biodiversity information for improved management, presentation, discovery, exploration and analysis. The purpose of the Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics (ABI) group is to foster the application and development of biodiversity informatics in the SCAR community, and it does this by coordinating and participating in a range of projects across the SCAR biodiversity science portfolio.
Current projects include:
Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (see the Birds and Marine Mammals section below)
Southern Ocean Diet and Energetics Database Information related to diet and energy flow is fundamental to a diverse range of Antarctic and Southern Ocean biological and ecosystem studies. ABI is collating a centralised database of such information to assist the scientific community in this work. It will include data related to diet and energy flow from conventional (e.g., gut content) and modern (e.g., molecular) studies, stable isotopes, fatty acids, and energetic content. It will be a product of the SCAR community and open for all to participate in and use.
The Microbial Antarctic Resource System (mARS) mARS is an open information system dedicated to facilitate the discovery, access and analysis of geo-referenced, molecular microbial diversity (meta)data generated by Antarctic researchers. It encompasses all free-living and host-associated viruses, bacteria, archaea, and singled-celled eukaryotes. mARS is composed of interoperable modules, iteratively building the microbial component of the biodiversity.aq infrastructure.
5. Continuous Plankton Recorder Kunio Takahashi
The SCAR Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder (SO-CPR) Survey was established in 1991 by the Australian Antarctic Division to map the spatial-temporal patterns of plankton biodiversity and use the sensitivity of plankton to environmental change as early warning indicators of the health of the Southern Ocean.
The Australian Antarctic Division hosts the SO-CPR database. From their website linked below 7-12 it is possible to
View the metadata record describing the Southern Ocean Continuous Zooplankton Records [AADC-00099] database. Search Tow Records by date, coverage Access the full tow list sorted by season and voyage. There are links to view the sample locations for a tow within the Australian Antarctic sector. Access a list of observed species with links to a distribution map within the Australian Antarctic sector.
For access to the data see the SO-CPR website at http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/cpr/index.cfm.
6. Birds and Marine Mammals Mark Hindell
The second Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) meeting took place in Delmenhorst, Germany in April 2016. The RAATD team has brought together tracking data from 38 biologists from 11 different countries to accumulate the largest animal tracking database in the world, containing information from 15 species, containing over 3,400 individual animals and almost 2.5 million at-sea locations. The report from the meeting is available at: http://www.scar.org/scar_media/documents/science/egbamm/RAATDworkshopreport2016_v3.p df.
In terms of RAATD outputs as a result of the workshop, it was decided that there would be two initial papers, one detailing the Areas of Ecological Significance in the Southern Ocean and relating these to the intensity of human activity in those areas and also the hotspots of Southern Ocean climate change in terms of changes in ice and sea surface temperature (SST). This would be submitted to a high-impact journal and at the same time a companion data paper would be submitted.
A workshop session was held prior to the SCAR Open Science Meeting and established the aim of producing circumpolar habitat maps and identifying areas of ecological significance.
RAATD's future workshops are already supported as the group has secured a French-based grant to fund two workshops a year for the next 2 years as well as a full time post-doc to work on the project. The fourth RAATD workshop, in March 2017, was hosted at the CESAB (Center for Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity), in Aix-en-Provence. 10 participants from 7 countries attended the meeting.
As a result of the RAATD meetings, a synopsis of multi-predator tracking data is being developed to expose potential gaps of data coverage in regions or seasons that are important but under-represented, either as a result of a low regional research presence or a low ecological significance. This will provide an important input for directing future studies. 7-13
7. Antarctic Climate in the 21st Century Thomas Bracegirdle
AntClim21 now has strong links with a major NSF-sponsored project called SOCCOM (Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling) through one of the Steering Committee members Joellen Russell. This has helped solidify plans for providing an AntClim21 contribution to community climate model evaluation diagnostics (www.esmvaltool.org) for the next major climate model inter-comparison dataset (CMIP6). This model dataset will feed into the next round of IPCC reports, therefore this is potentially a high-impact contribution to the global climate modelling community.
Two notable research papers with significant AntClim21 contributions have been published. In the first by Mayewski et al. (doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.017) the emphasis is on changes in atmospheric circulation because the atmosphere rapidly transports heat, moisture, momentum, and pollutants, throughout the middle to high latitudes. The resulting climate analog examples include a continuation of the current trend in Antarctic and Southern Ocean climate characterized by some regions of warming and some cooling at the surface of the Southern Ocean, Antarctic ozone healing, a generally warming climate, increases in meridional versus zonal winds, and natural variability.
The second paper, by Turner et al. (doi:10.1038/nature18645), shows that the absence of 21st Century warming on the Antarctic Peninsula is consistent with natural variability and attributes the change from the rapid warming seen from the 1950s to the late 1990s to a combination of stabilization of the ozone hole along with natural climate variability.
#GreatAntarcticClimateHack will be held October 9-12 2017, at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography Forum, La Jolla, CA. This workshop is intended to train non-modeling experts to use observational datasets to interrogate CMIP model results, thereby creating new model metrics and validation tools. The event will focus on bringing Antarctic and Southern Ocean observations to bear on evaluating the latest generation of climate and earth system models, producing new climate model metrics for the 21st Century.
8. State of the Antarctic Ecosystem Jan Strugnell
The British Antarctic Survey funded a research cruise (JR15005) to the South Orkney Islands (February 2016) with a team of self-funded AntEco scientists (SO-AntEco). This work was part of the research and monitoring required by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) to inform and support the management of Marine Protected Areas (CM 91-04). The team conducted a benthic study of the South Orkney Islands Southern Shelf (SOISS) MPA and adjacent shelf and shelf-slope areas in order to better understand the distribution and composition of the seafloor communities around islands. They explored the different seafloor habitats to investigate if different environments support different communities of animals.
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The team included 22 participants from nine different countries and 16 institutes. The expedition took place on board the RRS James Clark Ross in February-March 2016. Results from a total of 124 trawled gear and 34 video/camera deployments include over 700 seafloor habitat photographs, 3,900 live specimen photos and over 38,000 individual invertebrates and fish (158 kg) collected and preserved for future analyses. Eighteen phyla of animals were found from depths between ~500 m and ~2000 m.
Highlights included new species found in most groups of animals examined on the cruise including corals, anemones, echinoderms and polychaete worms, with many other probable new species awaiting further identification. There was also an evident correlation between abundance of animals from Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem groups and the overall diversity of seafloor life, both inside and outside of the SOISS MPA.
One of the objectives of the SO-AntECO cruise is to contribute information and scientific advice to the CCAMLR South Orkney Islands MPA review in 2019.
In January 2017 a further research cruise involving AntEco members departed Hobart for the Sabrina Coast, East Antarctica. The cruise aboard the Australian research vessel Investigator is a multidisciplinary programme comprised of geologists, geochemists, geophysicists and biologists with 22 scientists aboard from universities and research institutes in Australia, Italy, USA and Spain. The aim is to explore the continental slope of this little-known region and understanding the surface and seafloor communities, and their resilience to past changes, will help to better manage and protect these organisms into the future.
9. Antarctic Thresholds - Ecosystem Resilience and Adaptation Julian Gutt
A special issue of the journal Biodiversity was recently published as a main product of AnT- ERA, covering aspects of variation and function at all levels of biological organisation. Other publications highlighted by the group include an up-to-date synthesis of the current knowledge about Antarctic krill and an important paper showing how icebergs destroy an enormous amount of biomass in polar shallow waters, releasing carbon that would otherwise be sequestered in the sediment. See the Ant-ERA website (http://www.scar.org/srp/ant-era) for more details.
Major contributions were also provided (Gutt and Isla) to working papers on a Marine Protected Area initiative in the Weddell Sea which is being considered in the CCAMLR system.
A major publication linked to the outcomes of the SCAR Horizon Scan was published in 2016 entitled “Future challenges in Southern Ocean ecology research”. The paper (doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00094) assesses high-interest research areas related specifically to Southern Ocean life and ecology. The study concluded that basic biological information on the taxonomy of numerous organisms is still lacking in areas, such as the deep-ocean floor or the under-ice environments. Furthermore, there is a need for knowledge about the response and resilience of Antarctic marine ecosystems to change.
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10. Antarctic Nearshore Terrestrial Observing System (ANTOS) Craig Cary
The ANTOS Expert Group has published its report from their 2016 meeting in Kuala Lumpur. At this workshop, ANTOS committee members reported on progress and deliverables from previous workshops that will direct the design and implementation of ANTOS, and attendees at the workshop discussed program “next steps”.
Progress to date includes (1) a preliminary version of a database management schema and user interface (UI) that will be the backbone of an ANTOS website. This has been developed by Soon Gyu Hong from the Korean Polar Research Institute (KOPRI). The website and database will provide a portal for data management and sharing among the international research community; (2) Action group committee members, led by Byron Adams (Brigham Young University, United States) and Emmanuelle Sultan (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, France) have designed an online survey to poll the international community to designate suitable, high-priority sites that should be included in the ANTOS network; (3) Action group members have reviewed technical aspects of site instrumentation (e.g., sensor networks, telemetry, remote data transfer) and have drafted technical guidelines for standards for a 3-tier system to guide investment in ANTOS site infrastructure by national programs; (4) Peter Convey (British Antarctic Survey, BAS) presented results from a BAS-supported workshop to create an Atlas of Ice-Free Areas of Antarctica to identify prospective terrestrial ice-free sites that should be prioritized to be included in the ANTOS network.
The ANTOS action group has successfully identified a need for international collaboration to measure and understand continent-wide, long-term trends in Antarctic biology and environmental parameters, and has begun to design a framework for a coordinated international effort to address these issues. As such, the ANTOS action group applied to gain designation as a SCAR expert group by early 2017, which was granted. As ANTOS shifts to an expert group, next steps include a cost-benefit analysis of SCAR investment in ANTOS, conducting the survey to identify candidate ANTOS sites, implementing the database design and user interface to create an ANTOS data portal website, developing a working relationship with COMNAP to communicate why it is necessary national programs invest in such an effort, and providing technical details of the three measurement tiers to guide national funding agencies and research programmes.
The full report on the workshop is available at: http://www.scar.org/scar_media/documents/science/antos/2016-ANTOS-Workshop-Report- KL.pdf.
11. The Monaco Assessment - Progress Steven Chown
In June 2015, SCAR, in partnership with the government of the Principality of Monaco, and Monash University, held a meeting of biodiversity, legal and policy experts to assess Antarctic 7-16
and Southern Ocean biodiversity and its conservation status in the context of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 to 2020.
To date, Antarctica and the Southern Ocean have not been adequately represented in global biodiversity assessments undertaken as part of Strategic Plan Activities. The meeting considered the current status of biodiversity conservation in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, available evidence for this status, and both their trajectory and evidence for this trajectory, in the context of each of the 20 Aichi Targets of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 to 2020.
The full assessment has now been completed and appeared in the journal PLoS Biology in the 28 March 2017 issue, along with comprehensive evidence underpinning the assessment.
While in some areas, such as invasive species management, the Antarctic region is doing relatively well, in others, such as protected area management and regulation of bioprospecting, it is lagging global trends. Overall, the biodiversity and conservation management outlook for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean is no different to that for the rest of the planet.
Promisingly, however, the agreements under the Antarctic Treaty System lend themselves to effective action, and nations, industries operating in the region, and the general public have recently reinforced their desire to protect the region’s biodiversity. An Antarctic biodiversity strategy and action plan would help deliver such effective action. SCAR and partners are undertaking work to provide the basis for such an Antarctic biodiversity strategy and action plan.
For more information on the assessment visit: http://www.scar.org/monaco-assessment.
12. CLIVAR/CliC/SCAR Southern Ocean Region Panel Inga Smith
The 11th session of CLIVAR/CliC/SCAR Southern Ocean Region Panel (SORP) was held on 17- 18 September 2016 in Qingdao, China. The full meeting report is available here: http://www.clivar.org/clivar-panels/southern.
The meeting included discussions on strategic mapping of panel activities which reflected a need for SORP representation and input to SOOS, SCAR and other relevant groups meetings and initiatives.
Three cross-panel meetings were held between:
(1) Atlantic Region Panel, SORP and Eastern Boundary Upwelling System Research Foci (ARP- SORP-EBUS). At the meeting four possible common themes of interest were identified:
"Climate" teleconnections between the SO and EBUs regions a) Global thermocline and water mass properties in coastal and open-ocean upwelling, including source of upwelled 7-17
waters b) Changes in wind forcing and consequences on upwelling under changes in large-scale circulation (climate change and/or interannual variability) Mesoscale (and sub-mesoscale) "mixing" and restratification processes responsible for the surface effects of wind-driven upwelling. Importance of spatio-temporal variability of wind forcing field and its consequences for the spatio-temporal distribution of upwelling. Related to all of the above, model systematic biases and underlying process representation in open ocean and in coastal upwelling systems, in particular dependence on resolution, representation of mixing processes (e.g., near-inertial waves or Langmuir turbulence) and coupling frequency.
(2) Ocean Model Development Panel and SORP (OMDP-SORP)
The meeting discussed issues identified with the representation of various processes within the modelling efforts of both groups, for instance the land-ice runoff. The Southern Ocean Modelling Intercomparison Project (SOMIP) was introduced and it was noted that if it is approved for CMIP6, SOMIP will be the first approved regional MIP.
(3) Atlantic Region Panel, SORP, Indian Ocean Region Panel and Pacific Region Panel (ARP- SORP-IORP-PRP)
Discussions were held on the ocean carbon cycle under the following topics: o Paths for carbon into deep ocean. o Locations of carbon uptake and storage. o Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM). o Southern Ocean anthropogenic acidification. o Suggestions on best measures for carbon. o Including carbon expertise into CLIVAR panels. o Ocean Reanalysis data and modeling.
13. Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean (ICED) Rachel Cavanagh < mailto:[email protected]>
At the 2016 SCAR Delegates Meeting in Kuala Lumpur the ICED Group outlined its future plans and expected outcomes:
Future Plans A series of ICED community papers are planned for 2016-2017 that present clear messages on change in the Southern Ocean. These include scenarios of change, historical data rescue and synthesis, stakeholder engagement, polar food web diversity and functioning, and an ICED mid-term programme review. ICED is providing input to a range of meetings in 2016 including the Joint Workshop of SC-CAMLR and the CEP, Punta Arenas, Chile, May 2016; the High-CO2 Symposium, 7-18
Hobart, May 2016; SC-CAMLR WG-EMM, July 2016; and the SCAR Open Science Conference, Kuala Lumpur, August 2016. ICED workshops and meetings planned for 2016-18 will synthesise research to date, forming a comprehensive view of status and changes in Southern Ocean ecosystems. These will include an ICED workshop on projections of change (2017) and an ICED International Conference on Assessing Status and Trends of Habitats, Key Species and Ecosystems in the Southern Ocean, Hobart, Australia, 2018 (www.measo2018.aq).
Expected Outcomes
Through the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) project, SCAR and associated programmes, ICED will continue to raise the profile of Southern Ocean science and ensure that our activities reflect international as well as regional priorities. ICED will also continue to engage with stakeholders to facilitate the provision and uptake of policy-relevant science on Southern Ocean climate and ecosystem dynamics. ICED will publish the upcoming ICED community papers on scenarios, historical data, stakeholder engagement, and Antarctic- Arctic food web diversity and functioning; and further develop key science areas as outlined in the soon to be published ICED review.
14. Antarctic Sea Ice Underway Observation Platform v2 http://aspect.antarctica.gov.au/ or contact Petra Heil
The Antarctic Sea Ice Process and Climate (ASPeCt) digital underway ice observation method, v.2, has been launched. Voyages from October 2015 - March 2016 have uploaded near-real time data, pending networking from vessel to central server, and automatic cameras were implemented on some research cruises to take images that currently supplement ASPeCt visual observations. Ships going to the Antarctic are encouraged to participate in data collection.
The Group is also likely to seek to work with the recently created SCOR Working Group 152 on Measuring Essential Climate variables in Sea Ice (ECV-Ice).
The ASPeCt (Antarctic Sea Ice Processes) Group supported a novel capacity-building activity in South Africa. Despite the availability of a state-of–the-art icebreaker, the RV SA Agulhas II, which is used for research as well as to serve the Antarctic base, there is almost no expertise in South Africa on sea ice observations and sampling. An expert sea ice observer, Trond Robertsen of the Norwegian Meteorological Office, participated in a cruise in July 2016 and trained participants on the ASPeCt (Antarctic Sea Ice Processes) protocols with a series of daily morning meetings on the way to the MIZ, during which information and lectures were given. This first voyage was very limited in scope, but it has afforded South Africa the opportunity of linking with the ASPeCt community and building an initial expertise in Antarctic sea ice.
15. Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at the Sea-Ice Interfaces A SCOR working group since 2012, Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at the Sea-Ice Interfaces (BEPSII) was approved in 2016 at the SCAR Delegates Meeting in Kuala Lumpur as an Action Group within the Life Sciences Group. The group is also supported by CliC and 7-19
Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS).
BEPSII intends to
Develop dedicated consistent methodologies for sea-ice biogeochemical research; Establish effective sea-ice biogeochemical data archiving approaches and databases; Summarize existing knowledge in order to prioritize processes and model parameterizations; Foster ecological process studies to determine their impact on biogeochemical cycles; Foster technological developments towards large-scale, autonomous and high-frequency sampling of sea-ice biogeochemical parameters; Improve the representation and evaluation of sea-ice biogeochemistry in regional and Earth System numerical models; Synthesize and integrate observational and modeling efforts; and Continually revise and renew scientific foci, teams, and objectives.
As BEPSII serves as a unique forum linking modellers and field scientists studying sea-ice biogeochemistry the group is expected to complement the sea-ice process focus of the Antarctic Sea-ice Processes and Climate (ASPeCt) Action Group.
16. Tropical Antarctic Teleconnections Action Group A new Action Group on Tropical Antarctic Teleconnections (TATE) was approved at the 2016 SCAR Delegates Meeting in Kuala Lumpur. There are very distinct connections between tropical and Antarctic climates, particularly over the South Pacific and South Atlantic with the West Antarctic/Antarctic Peninsula regions, but these are not fully explored.
All these variations have important roles on the tropical-Antarctic relationships including, for example, the one between climate and sea ice extent. Coupling of tropical forcing with the SAM also impacts the weather and climate throughout the Southern Hemisphere. For example, extreme weather events in subtropical South America result from interactions between tropical and Antarctic regions.
Goals of the TATE Group
The Group intends to increase discussion and collaboration to explore tropical and polar weather and climate interactions, carrying out at least one interdisciplinary workshop; To investigate the tropical forcing of the atmospheric circulation in the present and in the recent past (the last 200 years based on proxy records such shallow ice core studies); To explore the air-sea ice coupled systems and their relation to weather and climate of the tropics and subtropics, including interactions with the monsoons systems; To conduct case studies on the relation between complex weather and climate patterns in the South Atlantic, Indian and Pacific regions and the Southern Ocean sea ice cover, and how they are connected to natural modes of climatic variability (e.g., ENSO, SAM, PSA, PDO) or anthropogenic-induced changes; 7-20
To organize a session at the XXXV SCAR (Davos, 2018) exploring the tropical polar teleconnections (to be carried out together with IASC); To produce at least one special volume of articles on the tropical polar teleconnections.
17. Celebrating Women in Antarctic Research Wikibomb Jan Strugnell
One of the highlights of the 2016 SCAR Open Science Conference was the Women in Antarctic Research Wikibomb event. A team of volunteers, led by Dr. Jan Strugnell and Wikipedian Dr. Thomas Shafee, created and updated more than 110 biographies of high-achieving women in Antarctic science. The team of volunteers, primarily female early-career researchers, had been developing Wikipedia pages in preparation for the event from 170 nominations received from 30 countries.
The event underlined how important it was that senior women scientists were visible to younger female scientists as role models. Some 60% of early career Antarctic researchers are women, with strong reputations in the scientific community, but only about 10% of awards and prizes are presented to women.
Correspondence about the event was included in Nature: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v536/n7615/full/536148b.html
For more information see: http://www.scar.org/outreach/women
18. SCAR products
SCAR products of relevance to SCOR include: ADD - Antarctic Digital Database The SCAR ADD consists of geographic information layers including coastline, ice-shelf grounding line, rock outcrop, contours, elevation point data such as survey points and spot heights, and human-presence features such as Research Station locations. It also includes other relevant information sources such as the Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA), bedrock and surface Digital Elevation Models from BEDMAP, and glacier and ice-shelf change information for some regions. Antarctic Map Catalogue The SCAR Map Catalogue allows users to search for maps and charts of Antarctica, the Southern Ocean and subantarctic islands from over 26 countries. Antarctic Master Directory (AMD) The Antarctic Master Directory is the largest collection of Antarctic data set description in the world, holding over 7,700 dataset descriptions from 25 countries. It is hosted by the Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) of the CEOS-IDN network to minimise duplication of resources and metadata. Biodivesity.aq (formerly SCAR Marine Biodiversity Information Network (SCAR- MarBIN)) 7-21
Biodiversity.aq establishes and supports a distributed system of interoperable databases, giving easy access through a single internet portal to a set of resources relevant to research, conservation and management pertaining to Antarctic biodiversity. Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica (CGA) The CGA is a collection of all those names of features that have been submitted by representatives of national gazetteers. It includes the names of features south of 60° S, both terrestrial and undersea or under-ice. The CGA is a compilation of recognized features, with a numerical Unique Identifier code (UID) assigned to each of them, jointly with a list of applicable place names. The CGA is compiled purely for the convenience of the scientific community and has no legal authority or standing. CPR - Continuous Plankton Recorder Database The CPR was established to map the spatial-temporal patterns of plankton biodiversity and use the sensitivity of plankton to environmental change as early warning indicators of the health of the Southern Ocean. It also contributes to or can serve as a reference for other observational/monitoring programmes such as the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS), Southern Ocean Sentinel (SOS), CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program (C-EMP), and the Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics (ICED) program. READER - REference Antarctic Data for Environmental Research There are three components of READER:
MET-READER providing surface and upper air mean climate data ICE-READER providing links to ice core data OCEAN-READER which holds oceanographic data
Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean The Atlas provides the most thorough audit of marine life in the Southern Ocean. Leading marine biologists and oceanographers from all over the world spent four years compiling everything they know about the distribution of Antarctic marine species from microplankton to whales. Quantarctica Quantarctica is a collection of Antarctic geographical datasets which works with the free, open-source software QGIS. It currently includes geography, glaciology and geophysics data, and will expand with contributions from the research community. Antanym R Package Recently, the SCAR ABI Group and Standing Committee on Antarctic Geographic Information have produced an R package around the CGA. This R package (called "antanym") is intended to provide R users with easy access to CGA data, as well as functionality for filtering, searching, and using place names in the R software environment. SOOS Field Projects Database SOOS is coordinating the development of a multi-disciplinary, international field projects database.
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For the full list of SCAR products visit http://www.scar.org/data-products
19. Upcoming Conferences
SOOS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting 2017, 11-13 June, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany. SOOS Data Management Sub-Committee Meeting 2017, 13-15 June, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany. 12th Workshop on Antarctic Meteorology and Climate, 26-28 June, 2017, Boulder USA. Year of Polar Prediction in the Southern Hemisphere (YOPP-SH) Meeting. 28-29 June 2017, Boulder, USA. Southern Ocean Regional Panel (SORP) Meeting, 29-30 June, 2017, Boulder, USA. 2017 SCAR Biology Symposium. 10-14 July 2017, Leuven, Belgium. Past Antarctic Ice Sheet Dynamics (PAIS) Conference 2017. 10-15 September 2017, Trieste, Italy. International conference on Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern Ocean. 1 April 2018, Hobart, Australia. POLAR2018, including the XXXV SCAR Delegates Meetings. 15-27 June 2018, Davos, Switzerland. The conference will cover both Polar Regions, being organized jointly by SCAR and the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC). http://www.polar2018.org/
20. SCAR Fellowships and Prizes
In order to expand capacity within all its Members, SCAR runs several Fellowship and Prize Schemes (http://www.scar.org/awards):
SCAR Fellowships focus on early-career researchers and aim to build new connections and further strengthen international capacity and cooperation in Antarctic research. The fellowships are advertised in tandem with the CCAMLR Scholarships. In 2016, four SCAR Fellowships, including the second Prince Albert II of Monaco Biodiversity Fellowship, were awarded. The 2016 SCAR Fellows are from Australia, Italy and South Africa and will visit France, Australia and Canada to advance their research. Their research proposals included: “Effects of natural iron fertilisation by baleen whales on the microbial community in the Southern Ocean”; “Trophic dynamics and nutritional condition of Pleuragramma antarctica in the Weddell Sea, as related to population genetic structure” and “Marine Top Predator Habitat Use around the Sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands”. A mini-symposium to highlight the SCAR/COMNAP fellowships was held during the 2016 SCAR Open Science Conference. http://www.scar.org/awards/fellowships
SCAR Visiting Professor Scheme provides mid- to late-career scientists the opportunity to undertake short-term visits to a facility in, or operated by, SCAR member countries, to provide training and mentoring. Two Visiting Professorships were awarded in 2016 to visit Argentina and Iran, http://www.scar.org/awards/visitingprofs 7-23
Tinker-Muse Prize for Science and Policy in Antarctica, facilitated by SCAR, is a USD $100,000 unrestricted award presented to an individual in the fields of Antarctic science or policy. Prof. Rob DeConto was awarded the 2016 Tinker-Muse Prize for his outstanding work on past and future Antarctic climate. www.museprize.org
For 2017, SCAR has secured additional funding from India, Switzerland and Norway to support additional Fellowships and Visiting Professorships.
SCAR would welcome SCOR’s interest in a joint Fellowship or Visiting Professorship to support Southern Ocean activities.
21. 2016 ICSU Review of SCAR Through 2015 and 2016 an external review was carried out by the International Council for Science (ICSU). Their report included 15 recommendations which were presented to the SCAR Delegates meeting in August 2016. In their concluding remarks, they commended the Officers and Secretariat of SCAR for the excellent work they do for the Antarctic community. They added that the recommendations were meant in the spirit of helping advance the work of SCAR and should not be taken in a negative way.
22. Future SCAR/SCOR Collaborations There are several existing and upcoming opportunities for further collaboration between SCAR and SCOR.
The Antarctic Environments Portal provides science-based information on the vulnerability of Southern Ocean biota for stakeholders. The Portal will continue to provide an important link between Antarctic science and Antarctic policy and welcomes relevant input from SCOR scientists.
The Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP) will be officially launched in May 2017. During the core phase of YOPP from mid-2017 to mid-2019, a Special Observing Period in the Southern Hemisphere will take place from mid-November 2018 to mid-February 2019. This will have intensified research activities, including enhanced routine synoptic observations and radiosonde launches. SCAR would like to encourage SCOR members to participate in this special observing period.
To make further progress in the coordination of the various activities planned in the Southern Hemisphere during YOPP, the second YOPP-SH planning meeting will be held immediately following the SCAR sponsored Workshop on Antarctic Meteorology and Climate in Boulder, USA, June 2017.
SCAR looks forward to continuing our mutual activities and welcomes suggestions from SCOR on new joint ventures.
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7.1.3 Future Earth Initiative Sicre
Update of Future Earth Ocean issues, June 2017
Oceans have been a highlighted focus for Future Earth during the first half of 2017, partially due to the UN SDG14 conference and the increased focus on this topic in the UN process. Some key activities for Future Earth has been:
SDG 14 conference – The Future Earth Secretariat Swedish Hub was in contact with the Swedish government and the delegation that was chairing the UN conference. At the conference we spoke in plenary about the need of integrated science for the SDG on Oceans and had a number of side events, including one on science communication and one to launch the Oceans KAN.
Ocean KAN – The first scoping for the Ocean Knowledge-Action Network was performed in Kiel in late 2016. The focus of the KAN has since been to gather a development team. A call for applications was open during the spring of 2017 and a team has recently been selected from those applications, but there is a need to complement the team to get better representation, mainly for the geographical balance. Once a few more candidates are identified, the development team will be formed and become active.
Belmont Forum Ocean CRA – Future Earth has been actively engaged in the scoping of the upcoming Belmont Forum CRA on Oceans. The themes of the call will be focused on what Future Earth has proposed: over-harvest, pollution, and global [climate] change. On Future Earth’s recommendation, Carol Robinson from IMBER has been selected to the expert group leading the continued scoping process for the Belmont Forum, with a couple of workshops that will yield a draft call text for presentation at Belmont Forum’s annual meeting on 7-9 Nov. 2017 in São Paulo, Brazil.
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7.2 Affiliated Organizations
7.2.1 International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO) Miloslavich
IABO report to SCOR 2017
IABO Executive Committee
Mark Costello, President – University of Auckland (New Zealand) Annelies Pierrot-Bults, Past President – University of Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
Members: Philippe Archambault – Chair of the 4th WCMB - Université Laval (Canada) Suchana Chavanich - Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) Adrian Glover – Natural History Museum (UK) Patricia Miloslavich, SCOR representative – University of Tasmania (Australia) and Universidad Simón Bolívar (Venezuela) Tina Molodtsova – Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (Russia) David Paterson – University of St. Andrews (UK) Siew Moi Phang – University of Malaya (Malaysia) Eulogio Soto – Universidad de Valparaíso (Chile) Isabel Sousa-Pinto – CIIMAR, University of Porto (Portugal) Sun Song – Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science (China) Mike Thorndyke – University of Gothenburg (Sweden)
2016-2017 Activities
Organization: the 4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity (May 13-16, 2018) The World Conference on Marine Biodiversity has become the major focal assembly for sharing research outcomes, management and policy issues, and for discussions of the role of biodiversity and biodiversity conservation in sustaining ocean ecosystems. In this context, the 4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity (http://www.wcmb2018.org), and its main partners (Convention on Biological Diversity secretariat, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and Canadian Healthy Ocean Network) are inviting all marine biodiversity stakeholders to Montreal (Canada) in 2018. The theme, Connecting with the living ocean, will underline the need to replace our current exploitation relationship with the ocean’s living resources, with a sustainable connection based on scientific knowledge.
The 4th WCMB will be the perfect forum to exchange and try to make a difference at all levels, from the discovery to the management of our ocean. Presentations by leading scientists and practitioners from around the world will bring to light the very latest developments, innovations and discoveries in marine biodiversity.
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The WCMB is open to partners, exhibitors, and scientists to share scientific results and discuss the importance of marine biodiversity for our planet. Registration and abstract submission are now open. The next IABO General Assembly will be held in Montreal in May 2018 during the WCMB.
Establishment of the International Award in Marine Biodiversity IABO has established an international award, similar to what IAPSO has had for several years: http://www.wcmb2018.org/carlo-heip-award.html. Inaugurated in recognition of Carlo Heip’s leadership in marine biodiversity research and founding of the World Conference on Marine Biodiversity, the Carlo Heip International Award for outstanding accomplishments in marine biodiversity science will congratulate an individual who has demonstrated exemplary leadership in marine biodiversity science. IABO invites SCOR members to encourage their scientists to nominate people for this new award.
Communications The IABO email list, MARINE-B, has been expanded to over 1,100 scientists. A Facebook page is also in progress. MARINE-B provides news and relevant information related to biological oceanography, marine biology and biodiversity, including funding, job and studies opportunities, relevant papers and reports, conferences, etc.
Associations IABO encourages international networking and cooperation in marine biological science. To that end, it endorses the following global-scale marine initiatives and encourages its members and members of SCOR to support them:
Ocean Biogeographic Information System OBIS (www.iobis.org) Marine Biodiversity Observation Network MBON (http://geobon.org/networks/thematic- bons/marine-bon/) World Register of Marine Species WoRMS (www.marinespecies.org) Global Ocean Observing System – GOOS Biology and Ecosystem Panel (www.goosocean.org)
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IABO also endorses the collaboration agreement signed by GOOS, the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), and the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON) of the Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEOBON) (http://www.iobis.org/documents/GOOS-BioEco-OBIS-GEOBON- MBON_collaboration_SIGNED.pdf). Aims of the agreement are to
build a unified and globally consistent observing system encourage open access and data sharing enhance existing observation capacity use the best available resources implement best practices and international standards enhance global capacity ensure continuity and sustainability of global marine biological and ecosystem observations
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7.2.2 International Association for Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences Turner (IAMAS)
The International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences 2017 Report to SCOR (www.IAMAS.org)
IAMAS is one of the eight associations dealing with the Earth system and its environs that make up the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). The scope of IAMAS includes the atmospheres of the Earth and other planets. IAMAS is made up of ten international commissions and one committee that play a major role in implementing IAMAS’s activities. The ten commissions cover Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (ICACGP), Atmospheric Electricity (ICAE), Climate (ICCL), Clouds and Precipitation (ICCP), Dynamical Meteorology (ICDM), the Middle Atmosphere (ICMA), stratospheric Ozone (IOC), Planetary Atmospheres and their Evolution (ICPAE), Polar Meteorology (ICPM), and atmospheric Radiation (IRC). The Committee on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols (CNAA) brings together scientists covering the areas of Nucleation Theory and Experiment, Tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols, Cloud Drop and Ice Nucleation and Aerosol-Climate Interactions.
Many of these commissions play international leadership roles in their specialist areas [see http://www.iamas.org/commissions-within-iamas/]. The commissions provide an important supplement and extension to the leadership and research role of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), which is the governmental body with a comparable scientific scope to IAMAS.
The current Bureau of IAMAS elected in Prague consists of:
• President - John Turner (UK) • Secretary General – Teruyuki Nakajima (Japan) • Vice President – Joyce Penner (USA) • Vice President – Laura Gallardo Klenner (Chile) • Deputy Secretary General – Peter Pilewskie (USA) • Assistant Secretary General – Yoshi Sasaki (Japan) • Assistant Secretary General - Nozomi Tomizawa (Japan)
The organization also has five Members at Large who promote IAMAS activities:
• Prof. Daren Lu (China) 2015-2019 • Prof. Colin Price (Israel) 2015-2019 • Dr. Lisa Alexander (Australia) 2015-2023 7-29
• Dr. Keith Alverson (USA/Japan) 2015-2023 • Dr. Iracema Cavalcanti (Brazil) 2015-2023
a) The IAMAS Bureau, commissions and Executive have been heavily involved in the planning of the joint IAPSO-IAMAS-IAGA assembly, which will be held in Cape Town, South Africa over 27 August – 1 September 2017. The conference web site can be found at http://www.iapso- iamas-iaga2017.com, where there are details of the scientific programme.
b) The IAMAS-associated journal is Advances in Atmospheric Sciences (AAS) is published by Springer. AAS regularly publishes meeting reports on IAMAS activities, such as the 3rd ANtarctic Gravity Wave Instrument Network (ANGWIN) science workshop and the 10th Antarctic meteorological observation, modeling, and forecasting workshop. It also published selected papers by members of IAMAS.
c) The IAMAS web site (www.iamas.org), which is hosted in Japan, continues to be developed and provides details of the 10 IAMAS commissions, upcoming meetings and news items.
d) The 2017 IAMAS Early Career Scientist Medal was awarded to Prof. Corinna Hoose of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for her work on modelling of aerosol-cloud interactions. Corinna will be presented with her medal at the IAPSO-IAMAS-IAGA assembly in Cape Town in August 2017.
e) The IAMAS Information E-mail continues to be published several times a year and provides news on IAMAS activities, meeting reports, information from the commissions and details of forthcoming meetings. The current and past issues can be found at http://www.iamas.org/NewsLetters/.
f) Each year the IAMAS commissions hold a number of high-profile conferences either alone or in conjunction with other organizations. Some recent and planned meetings are given below. Details of all IAMAS meetings can be found at http://www.iamas.org/meetings/.
The 14th International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Science Conference, Breckenridge, Colorado, 26-30 September 2016. The 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection, Estoril, Portugal, 25- 30 September 2016. International Ozone Commission Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 2016, 4-9 September 2016, Edinburgh, United Kingdom The 17th ICCP Conference on Clouds and Precipitation, Manchester, UK, 25-29 July 2016. The 20th International Conference on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, Helsinki, Finland, 25-30 June 2017. The 1st IUGG Symposium on Planetary Science, Berlin, Germany, 3-5 July 2017
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For more information on IAMAS please contact :
John Turner, President ([email protected]) Teruyuki Nakajima, Secretary General ([email protected])
Submitted by John Turner, IUGG/IAMAS representative to SCOR, 20 June 2017.
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7.2.3 International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO) Smythe-Wright
http://iapso.iugg.org
INTRODUCTION
IAPSO has the prime goal of ‘promoting the study of scientific problems relating to the oceans and the interactions taking places at the sea floor, coastal, and atmospheric boundaries insofar as such research is conducted by the use of mathematics, physics, and chemistry.’ IAPSO works mainly through 1) biennial scientific assemblies; 2) working groups; 3) commissions; 4) services and 5) website information. Of special importance to IAPSO is the involvement of scientists and students from developing countries in oceanographic activities.
IAPSO maintains formal liaison with other scientific commissions and committees. These include the ICSU's Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), and UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). For more information see http://iapso.iugg.org/.
ADMINISTRATION
The 2015-2019 Bureau of IAPSO comprises:
President: Denise Smythe-Wright, (UK) Past President: Eugene Morozov, (Russia) Secretary General: Stefania Sparnocchia (Italy) Treasurer: Ken Ridgway (Australia)
The Executive Committee comprises the Bureau members and Vice-Presidents:
Dr Isabelle Ansorge (South Africa) 7-32
Trevor McDougall (Australia)
Members: Dr Agatha de Boer (Sweden) Dr Hans van Haren (The Netherlands) Prof Toshiyuki Hibiya (Japan) Dr Christa von Hildebrandt-Andrade (USA and Puerto Rico) Dr Chris Meinen (USA) Dr Satheesh Chandra Shenoi (India)
The IAPSO office is located at the Institute of Marine Science of the National Research Council of Italy, Trieste and day-to-day business is managed by Secretary General (SG), Stefania Sparnocchia. The SG is responsible for the IAPSO website and in July, 2015 a new IAPSO page was created in the Facebook social network, with the aim of facilitating the spreading of information in the community (see https://www.facebook.com/iapso.iugg.org). Together with the President, the SG also prepares and distributes a bi-annual Newsletter to IAPSO delegates and interested parties.
Financial management is presently split between Australia and Sweden. The previous Secretary General, Johan Rodhe, was co-opted by the IAPSO executive to assist the Treasurer, Ken Ridgway, with day-to-day banking and facilitate a smooth transfer of funds from the IAPSO bank account in Sweden to a new account in Australia. The majority of IAPSO finances have now been consolidated there.
ACTIVITIES
2017 Assembly The main IAPSO activity during 2016 has been the organisation of the IAPSO-IAMAS-IAGA Joint Assembly “Good Hope for Earth Sciences”, Cape Town, South Africa, from 27 August to 1 September. With the help of 45 IAPSO-related scientists 15 symposia have been organised, covering a wide range of IAPSO topics; 8 of them jointly with IAMAS and IAGA. IAPSO EC meetings are planned for 28 and 29 August and 1 September. The IAPSO General Business Meeting will be held on 31 August. During the third EC meeting, the Eugene LaFond Medal Committee will report on the selection of the ocean scientist from a developing country who will be given the 2017 award. On 31 August, Distinguished Professor Lynne Talley, from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA, will be awarded the Prince Albert I Medal 2017, and will deliver her Albert I Memorial Lecture. The Joint Assembly program details and other relevant information can be found on the website: http://www.iapso-iamas-iaga2017.com/.
Task force on the IUGG 100th anniversary President Denise Smythe-Wright is serving on the Task Force for the IUGG 100th Anniversary (TF100) to be celebrated in 2019. The TF100 was appointed by the IUGG President Michael Sideris and will prepare a program for celebration of the event, including activities related to 7-33 publications, science and education, science policy and outreach, and the legacy of the centennial.
SCOR Administration IAPSO has maintained its formal relations with SCOR during the year. It is presently involved in the evaluation of the 2017 Working Group proposal to be funded by SCOR in the next years. President, Denise Smythe-Wright participated in the SCOR Annual Meeting in Sopot, Poland, 5-7 September 2016, and will participate in the next meeting in Cape Town, South Africa from 4 - 6 September 2017.
Co-funding SCOR proposals Following the evaluation of the SCOR proposals in 2016, IAPSO decided not to offer co- funding for this round, as those proposals aligned to IAPSO objectives were not of sufficient quality. The IAPSO Executive Committee will closely review the 5 proposals now on the table for the 2017 round.
Sadly, the expectation of IAPSO that members of any co-funded WG would arrange a session at one of the IUGG assemblies is still to be resolved, Since SCOR policy prevents any offer of funding being bound by conditions, the IAPSO Executive Committee have up to now relied on the good will of the working group Chairs, but recently they have not always honoured the IAPSO request. IAPSO will again discuss the way forward at their Executive Committee meetings in Cape Town.
IUGG/IAPSO support to scientific meetings With IUGG, IAPSO is sponsoring three scientific meetings in 2017: IndOOS Review Workshop, Perth, Australia, 30 January-1 February 2017. Past Antarctic Ice Sheet (PAIS) conference, Trieste, Italy, 10-16 September 2017. THEMES 2017, Venice, Italy, 29 November-1 December 2017.
IAPSO-sponsored activities Commission on Mean Sea Level and Tides (CMSLT), President: Gary T. Mitchum. Vice-President: Simon Holgate. Website: www.psmsl.org/ Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, hosted by Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, UK. Director: Dr. Lesley Rickards. IAPSO Liaison: Philip L. Woodworth. Website: www.psmsl.org/ IAPSO Standard Seawater Service, hosted by OSIL, Havant, Hampshire, UK. Director: Richard Williams; Website: www.osil.co.uk Joint Committee on the Properties of Seawater, JCS (with SCOR and IAPWS). Chair: Rich Pawlowicz. Vice-Chairs: Trevor McDougall, Rainer Feistel. Website: http://www.teos-10.org/ IAPSO/IASPEI/IAVCEI Joint Tsunami Commission. Chair: Dr. Vasily V. Titov. IAPSO Representative: Efim Pelinovsky. Website: www.iaspei.org/commissions/JCT.html
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The working groups, commissions and services report to IAPSO. These reports are published on the IAPSO website: http://iapso.iugg.org/working-groups.
IAPSO Liaison Officers and IUGG Commission Correspondents The Liaison Officers and Correspondents to Commissions and Committees for 2015-2019 are as follows:
UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC): Stefania Sparnocchia (Italy) and Eugene Morozov (Russia) ICSU Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR): Denise Smythe-Wright (UK) ICSU Regional Office for Africa (ROA): Isabelle Ansorge (South Africa) Climatic and Environmental Changes (CCEC): Harry Bryden (UK) Mathematical Geophysics (CMG): Adam Monaham (Canada) Geophysical Risk and Sustainability (GRC): Christa von Hillebrandt-Andrade (USA) Data and Information (UCDI): Sateesh Shenoi, Chair (India) and Robert M. Key, Member (USA) Working Group on History (WGH): John Gould (UK)
Submitted by Denise Smythe-Wright, IAPSO President Stefania Sparnocchia, IAPSO Secretary General
16 May 2017
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7.3 Affiliated Programs
SCOR-Affiliated Projects and Programs
SCOR sponsors many, but not all, of the major international ocean research projects and programs. Some projects not co-sponsored by SCOR can gain benefits from association with SCOR, such as (1) increased visibility; (2) participation in SCOR activities, such as project coordination meetings and annual SCOR meetings; (3) opportunities to provide comments on working group proposals and membership; (4) access to national SCOR contacts; and (5) opportunities to apply for SCOR funding for travel of scientists from developing countries and countries with economies in transition to their workshops and symposia. In 1995, SCOR developed the option of formal affiliation of relevant projects/programs with SCOR. Unlike projects sponsored by SCOR, affiliated projects and programs receive funding from organizations besides SCOR and do not need staff support from SCOR.
SCOR's role in relation to affiliated projects and programs is one of advice and regular review. SCOR gives advice about appropriate balances on the projects’ steering committees and adequate rotations of these committees to renew the committees’ memberships regularly. SCOR's national contacts can be used to find new members in regions where there is a need, or to entrain new countries into projects. SCOR can also provide an independent mechanism for the review of planning documents such as science or implementation plans.
Application for SCOR Affiliation Application to SCOR for program affiliation should be initiated with a proposal of 2 to 5 pages, sent to SCOR at least three months before an annual SCOR meeting. The proposal should include an outline of the program's science plan, the terms of reference, current membership of the steering committee, and rotation procedures and schedule. The proposal for SCOR affiliation should also address the following criteria, accepted at the 1995 SCOR Executive Committee meeting (see 1995 SCOR Proceedings). The Executive Committee agreed that in order to become a SCOR-affiliated project/program, an activity must
be truly international, with a committee membership that rotates on a regular basis; show evidence of existing financial and/or organizational support; demonstrate a benefit from SCOR affiliation; have a scientifically well-integrated theme; show that it is in SCOR's interests to establish this affiliation; be of broad scale and global importance; show, as appropriate, that any scheme of membership dues includes some nominal level so as to encourage the widest possible international participation by all countries; and be willing to adhere to the SCOR Publication Policy.
After a program is affiliated with SCOR, annual reports are required, and scientific presentations may be requested at any annual SCOR meeting, as a basis for the decision on continuing the relationship between SCOR and each project/program. The Chair of each affiliated 7-36 project/program serves as an ex-officio member of SCOR as a Scientific Rapporteur (see SCOR Constitution, paragraph 4). Continued affiliation with SCOR depends on the project meeting the guidelines specified above, and maintaining high scientific quality and adequate rotations of committee members and chairs.
Reports to SCOR Annual reports to SCOR should answer the following questions and present any additional information that the project/program would like to transmit to SCOR:
What scientific accomplishments have been achieved by the project/program in the past year? How has the project’s steering committee membership changed in the past year? What is the financial status of the project? What is the status of the project’s secretariat? What are the plans for the scientific development and implementation of the project over the next two to three years? How is the project interacting with and contributing to other SCOR activities?
In addition, projects/programs should communicate regularly with their SCOR Executive Committee Reporter regarding their activities and progress.
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7.3.1 InterRidge - International Ridge Studies Devey (affiliated in 1996)
2017 InterRidge Update for SCOR
InterRidge – International Cooperation in Ridge-Crest Studies Since its creation 25 years ago, InterRidge has been an international forum for mid-ocean ridge (MOR) scientists, expended to other oceanic spreading centers and related processes. InterRidge promotes interdisciplinary studies by creating a global research community, planning and coordinating new science programs that no single nation can achieve alone, exchanging scientific information, and sharing new technologies and facilities. InterRidge plays a dual role. Its primary aim is to favor the emergence of new concepts and makes possible ambitious experiments at international level. InterRidge also supports community-wide initiatives such as the definition and dissemination of a code of conduct for scientific studies in relation to chemosynthetic hot- spot ecosystems and their vulnerable environments. More recently, with the growing interest of countries and industries for deep-sea mineral resources, including sea-floor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits at MOR, InterRidge has become the voice of expert scientists in different fora. Through its observer status at the International Seabed Authority (since 2012), particularly, InterRidge developed formal interactions with this organization under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
InterRidge scientific activities are currently led under the frame of the 3rd Decadal Plan 2014- 2023 ‘From Ridge Crest to Deep-Ocean Trench: Formation and Evolution of the Oceanic Crust and Its Interaction with the Ocean, Biosphere, Climate and Human Society’ launched in 2012. Beside its affiliation with SCOR, the InterRidge program has links with international research programs such as the International Ocean Discovery Program and the International Lithosphere Project. InterRidge activity includes meetings and workshops where the advancement of scientific knowledge, new issues, methodological improvements and standardized protocols are discussed. InterRidge also dedicates itself to interact with the public, scientists and governments, and to provide a unified voice for ocean ridge researchers worldwide. While remaining at the level of fundamental science, an increasing role for InterRidge is our involvement in compiling information and advice for policy makers. The multidisciplinary coverage of InterRidge working groups give the organization a key role in future discussions concerning the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources associated with ridges, volcanic arcs and back-arcs and associated hydrothermal systems.
InterRidge has a Steering Committee comprising representatives of the member countries and of working group chairs that are scientists nominated for their expertise in a particular field. The Steering Committee meets at least once a year (the last meeting was held in Hangzhou, China, on September 25-27, 2015, the next one is planned on July 20-21, 2017 in Paris). The Steering Committee considers updates to its Science Plan, endorses InterRidge memberships, approves the InterRidge budget, decides on membership fees, oversees the operation of the InterRidge Office, reviews bids for the InterRidge Office and nominates the Program’s chair. It also 7-38
evaluates working group progress, assesses and admits/rejects working group proposals, and nominates the working group chairs.
The InterRidge contribution is 25 000 US$ for a Principal Member country and 5 000 US$ for a Regular Member country. Considering the present membership (China, France, Norway, UK and USA as Principal members and Japan, Canada, India, South Korea, Germany and Portugal as Regular members) and the double contribution for the host country, the resulting annual budget is c.a. 150 000 US$.
Achievements and changes during the last year
Office rotation The rotation of the office after the completion of the 4-year office coordination by China was discussed during the last Steering Committee in Hangzhou (China) on September 28, 2015. The proposal submitted by France, for the coordination of Jérôme Dyment ([email protected]; IPGP - CNRS, marine geophysics, co-chair) and Nadine Le Bris ([email protected]; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités - CNRS, Marine ecology and marine environmental sciences, co-chair) was accepted unanimously by the Steering Committee members. The IR Office was in transit to France and had limited activity during 2016. Because of administrative issues, the final establishment of an operational office was delayed until 2017. The new InterRidge Coordinator (Kamil Szafrański – [email protected]) was recruited in February 2017 and took the position on April 1, 2017. The French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) is the French institution affiliated to InterRidge, and the InterRidge Office is hosted at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), which is responsible for the budget management and administration of the program. The InterRidge website and vent database, (http://vents-data.interridge.org/) operated by Peking University until June 30, 2016, have been running at IPGP since September 2016 and are updated regularly since April 2017.
Scientific activities Due to administrative limitations in 2016, the main scientific networking activities of InterRidge have been organized around the two active Working Groups (WGs) – Circum-Antarctic Ridges WG and Ecological Connectivity and Resilience WG. Other activities in liaison with InterRidge included the continuous update of the IR Hydrothermal Vent Database (Beaulieu et al., 2015) by Stace Beaulieu (WHOI).
Report on activities of the InterRidge Circum-Antarctic Ridges Working Group The co-chairs of the InterRidge Circum-Antarctic Ridges Working Group are Anne Briais (OMP Toulouse, France), Jian Lin (WHOI, USA) and Sung-Hyun Park (KOPRI, Korea). This Working Group is dedicated to the mid-ocean ridges encircling the Antarctic Plate (CAR). CARs constitute one-third of the global mid-ocean ridge system, and include the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, Chile Ridge, Australian-Antarctic Ridge, Southeast Indian Ridge, Southwest Indian Ridge, and American-Antarctic Ridge. CARs are unique in that they exhibit shallow water depths, ultra-slow or intermediate spreading rates, and complex series of transform offsets compared to low-latitude ridges. Furthermore, since these ridges cover all major oceans with no continental barriers, we may be able to trace mantle flow between different oceanic domains, as 7-39
well as the migration routes of hydrothermal vent animals between major oceans. The activities of the Circum-Antarctic Ridges WG in the last two years included coordinating science with one workshop, gathering new data, with cruises performed all around the Antarctic, and sharing the results, with a proposal for one special session at the 2017 AGU Fall meeting. The CAR WG organized a workshop in Incheon, South Korea, on October 12-15, 2015. The meeting gathered about 50 scientists from all over the world, and included 30 oral presentations and 12 posters. It was the opportunity to have an update on research in multiple topics from mantle sources and processes to hydrothermal activity and biological communities, from the Southwest, Southeast, Pacific-Antarctic ridges and the Scotia Sea. The discussions following the presentations permitted to initiate new collaborations for research around the Antarctic plate. Several cruises have occurred in the past two years, including UK cruises in the East and West Scotia seas, French and Korean cruises on the Southeast Indian Ridge south of Tasmania (Australia-Antarctic Ridge), and cruises on the Southwest Indian Ridge. To have a new update on the results and projects regarding the southern ridges, a special session at the 2017 Fall AGU meeting, entitled “Circum-Antarctic Mid-Ocean Ridges: Structure, Evolution, Mantle Dynamics, Hydrothermal Activity and Ecological Communities” has been proposed. We hope to organize a meeting around the Working Group activities and collaborations within the framework of the AGU meeting, for example on the evening after the special session.
Report on activities of the InterRidge Ecological Connectivity and Resilience Working Group Working group chairs Anna Metaxas (Dalhousie University, Canada) and Lauren Mullineaux (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA) presented the WG at a dedicated meeting during the Deep-Sea Biology Symposium (Aveiro, Portugal in September 2015). The objectives of the open meeting were to refine the goals and the content of the papers to be produced, to identify task leaders, interested participants, their roles, and a time-line.
The ecological connectivity of vent communities, and their resilience in the face of disturbance, has been a hot topic of research ever since their discovery. This topic has become particularly timely and societally relevant as plans for deep-sea mining progress toward implementation. It is also directly relevant to management decisions under consideration for recently designated deep Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), such as those on the Endeavour Segment, in the Marianas region, on the mid-Atlantic Ridge off the Azores, and in the Guaymas Basin and Eastern Pacific Rise. These topics were also identified in InterRidge’s Third Decadal Plan (2014-2023). The objectives of the WG were to generate a synthesis of scientific data on vent community connectivity. The intent was to assemble a group of objective scientists with broad expertise in this field (including physical oceanography, larval biology, environmental geochemistry, microbial ecology, population genetics, metacommunity dynamics and biogeography) to assemble existing data, interpret it in the context of human disturbance, and disseminate it to the scientific community, the public, and policy makers. Part of this effort was also to identify and evaluate potential ecosystem services from vent communities. The data synthesis will be used to identify gaps in our knowledge and to facilitate international cooperation in future research in fields relevant to this topic.
Since September 2015, the WG has been working on an article. As planned, the co-Chairs circulated an outline of the potential structure of the article to the Steering Committee in October 7-40
2015, which, after many edits and input from the Steering Committee, was finalized by mid- January 2016. In late January 2016, the outline was circulated to the InterRidge community, and particularly all members that had expressed interest in participating, requesting short proposals on their potential contribution. Based on the proposals, we refined the structure of the paper and requested input from the authors in June 2016. This was a long process, particularly given the number of co-authors and everyone’s busy schedules. We had received most input by November 2016, which we then combined, edited, integrated and sent out to the authors again in March 2017 for the next stage of their input. We have now received most input from all co-authors and are editing the manuscript for what we hope is the final stage before submission. We hope to submit the article for review by July 2017. It will be submitted to an open-access journal and we hope that we can use the IR funding to our working group to cover the cost.
Update of the IR Hydrothermal Vent Database The InterRidge Vents Database (http://vents-data.interridge.org/) has been transferred to a new server in Paris, upgraded to Version 3.4 and revised by Stace Beaulieu ([email protected]), supported by the NSF Grant “Metacommunity Dynamics at Hydrothermal Vents” and in relation with the InterRidge Office. That is why the database was off-line between June and September 2016. Version 3.4 was launched on October 13, 2016 and has the same vent field listings as Version 3.3. There is now a total of 689 records – confirmed or inferred active vent fields in the database and the corresponding kml file for visualization in Google Earth.
Update of former WG Hydrothermal energy transfer and the ocean carbon cycle Working Group Though this joint SCOR-IR WG has been disbanded at InterRidge since 2015, after 5 years of activity, including two group meetings, a session at an international conference (EGU, Vienna, Austria) and one published article (German et al. EPSL 2015), the activity of the group is still on-going. A subgroup supported by young scientists that attended the EGU session has been working on a synthesis paper, which is close to a final editing stage by the whole group before being submitted. Furthermore, a synthesis of WG outcomes (including cruises, projects, papers) that have at least partly arise from the collaborations among group members is being assembled for SCOR.
Plans for future development of IR approved by the Steering committee
Build on experience to maintain and reinforce InterRidge as an efficient scientific forum • InterRidge Working Groups (or WGs) build small task forces, meet, brainstorm, and develop reports and plans. WGs usually interact with the interested community by organizing an InterRidge Workshop. The IR WGs should complete their task on a two- or three-year basis. The WGs are dynamic structures, with inactive WGs being stopped and new ones created. In 2017, the InterRidge Office has announced a call for proposals of new InterRidge Working Groups. Proposals should describe the WG objectives, importance and timeliness to ridge-related science, available and required means, and expected achievements. The new WGs should substantially differ in objective from the existing or former WGs. Each proposal should have at least four proponents from at least three InterRidge member countries. Cross-disciplinary proposals will be given special 7-41
attention. Successful proposals will receive support from the InterRidge Office and funding for one workshop. Proposals should be sent by June 2, 2017. The InterRidge Office will discuss and nominate the new WGs at the next Steering Committee in July 2017. • Development and advertisement of the InterRidge Vent Database, include portals toward other external databases of interest for ridge scientists (including, for instance, regional oceanography). • Cruise Information to promote the exchange of information, technologies and facilities among international research groups. A virtual platform (IR Info, website and IR News) is offered by the InterRidge Office to share information with the InterRidge community. • Disseminate ridge-related information through InterRidge Info (biweekly e-mail), the annual InterRidge News, workshop and Working Group reports within the InterRidge community and beyond its own field (e.g., physical and biogeochemical oceanography, paleooceanography, geobiology, deep-sea ecology). • Update the Code of Conduct for responsible research at hydrothermal vents. The current text was finalized under the German IR presidency and is cited as a model of self- organization of the scientific community on different high-level international instances. The text certainly needs to be updated as regards new knowledge, technological developments and societal issues related to ridge-research. Only the whole ridge community can provide an outline of the critical needs and organize the discussions/fora with the community in the next months (gathering information internationally and across disciplines).
Support young scientists in international ridge-crest studies • InterRidge Fellowships (including the IR-ISA fellowships funded by the International Seabed Authority (ISA) Endowment Fund) promote the involvement of young scientists in international, collaborative, and interdisciplinary studies of oceanic spreading centers. The InterRidge Office has announced the launch of the 2017 Student and Postdoctoral Fellowship Program. We invite proposals for InterRidge Student and Postdoctoral Fellowships of up to 5 000 US$ each. These Fellowships are designed to encourage international collaboration on any aspect of ridge-crest science by graduate students or postdoctoral researchers, fostering long-standing partnerships for their future careers. The Fellowships can be used for any field of ridge-crest research. These awards may be used, for instance, for cruise participation or laboratory work by adding an international dimension to the Fellow’s research. In 2017, we may offer up to 6 IR Fellowships including 3 joint IR-ISA Fellowships. Fellowships funded by the ISA Endowment Fund are open either to graduate students or postdocs from developing countries, or to young scientists from any other country if the application demonstrates that it will benefit ridge- related science in developing countries. Applications are to be submitted by June 6, 2017. For InterRidge-funded Fellowships, the final selection will be made by the InterRidge Steering Committee. For the three Fellowships to be funded by the ISA Endowment Fund, the InterRidge Steering Committee will provide the highest-ranked of these applications to the ISA Endowment Fund Advisory Panel for final selection. All successful Fellows will be announced at the end of July 2017.
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• InterRidge Travel Awards offered to young scientists to attend conferences and InterRidge Workshops. In 2017, InterRidge provides funding for ten 500 US$ Student and Postdoc Travel Awards to increase the participation of students and postdocs at the 6th International Symposium on Chemosynthesis-Based Ecosystems (CBE6 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA on August 27 – September 1, 2017). The Travel Awards will be distributed on a need basis to students and postdocs who are presenting research falling under the scope of InterRidge, broadly defined as ‘From ridge crest to deep-ocean trench: Formation and Evolution of the Oceanic Crust and Its Interaction with the Ocean, Biosphere, Climate and Human Society‘ (https://www.interridge.org/thirddecade). Awardees will be selected from the applicant pool by the local scientific committee. • InterRidge Cruise Bursaries up to 2 000 US$ will be awarded for travel and subsistence costs to encourage new collaborations across the InterRidge member nations, to enable early-career, ridge-crest scientists to participate in mid-ocean ridge research cruises and to develop new research directions. Awardees will have to participate in the planned science program onboard, to carry out collaborative research and produce a final report for the IR community. The call for IR Cruise Bursaries is planned to be launched soon.
Develop bridges between the scientific community and the society
A scientific voice to international/national agencies, policy makers, etc. InterRidge has built a privileged relationship with the International Seabed Authority (ISA). It is affiliated to the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and has developed specific interactions through joint working groups and conferences. Through these specific relationships and new partnerships to be developed, InterRidge should be recognized as the voice of the scientific community, providing authoritative advices on societal topics such as environmental impacts of Sea-floor Massive Sulfides (SMS) exploration or exploitation.
The peculiar ecosystems found at MOR hydrothermal systems are important with respect to biodiversity, and several of such systems have been recognized as EBSA (Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas) and are or may be later proposed as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). InterRidge may provide decision-makers with the most accurate and recent knowledge and identify knowledge gaps to help consider the need for conservation and/or management with the necessary scientific exploration and provide relevant scientific information in the design and regulations of such MPAs.
Outreach Although InterRidge does not have the resources to produce its own outreach material – a task that would be hampered by the diversity of languages in which this material should be produced – the office can play a role in facilitating attempts by Working Groups, member countries or any third party to produce media material related to MOR and ABA (e.g., papers for the general press, movies, websites…). For instance, in 2016 InterRidge has interacted with and provided contacts and photographic material to colleagues from the University of Victoria, Canada, to design and print a thematic calendar ‘Discover the Ocean. Understand the Planet.’ for year 2017.
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7.3.2 International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG) Bernard, Sun Song (Affiliated in 1997)
IOCCG Annual Report to SCOR Venetia Stuart (IOCCG Project Coordinator) Reporting Period: June 2016 – May 2017
The International Ocean-Colour Co-ordinating Group (IOCCG) was established in 1996 to promote communication and co-operation between the space agencies and the ocean-colour user community. IOCCG is an Affiliated Program of SCOR, and an Associate member of CEOS (Committee on Earth Observation Satellites). The IOCCG has a wide-ranging mandate addressing technological and scientific issues through its scientific working groups and task forces, conducting advanced training courses, and helping to ensure continuity and quality of the ocean-colour data stream though the CEOS Ocean Colour Radiometry-Virtual Constellation (OCR-VC). SCOR has been instrumental in helping the IOCCG secure funding from NASA for general IOCCG activities, as well as funding to host the biennial International Ocean Colour Science meetings. The group is currently chaired by Cara Wilson (NOAA, USA), and the IOCCG Project Office is located at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada, staffed by Project Coordinator, Venetia Stuart.
1. IOCCG Scientific Working Groups
IOCCG scientific working groups are relatively short-lived (2-4 years) and investigate various aspects of ocean-colour radiometry and its applications, and generally publish an IOCCG report upon completion. There are currently five active IOCCG working groups in various stages of deliberation, as well as a new working group on vicarious adjustment of ocean colour sensors (see below).
1) Joint GEOHAB/IOCCG WG on Harmful Algal Blooms (Chair: Stewart Bernard, CSIR, South Africa).
This joint working group between the IOCCG and the GEOHAB program of IOC-SCOR was established several years ago, but the Chair of the group (Stewart Bernard) had many other commitments at the time, so the group is still finalizing their report on the topic. The main goal of the report is to provide a resource to improve communication between the satellite ocean colour community and the HAB scientific community. Various case studies are presented in the report, split according to their impact. Chapters are devoted to Pseudo Nitschia (toxic diatoms), cyanobacteria (mostly inland), fish killers, red tides (high biomass mixed blooms) and ecologically disruptive algal blooms (e.g., Aureococcus). There is also a chapter on emerging approaches (e.g., hyperspectral remote sensing). A slightly surprising output from the report is that the main constraint of remote sensing of HABs is atmospheric correction. Ocean colour is useful for detecting high-biomass blooms, but for many lower concentration harmful blooms, ocean colour remote sensing cannot be used. Blooms may have major ecological impacts, but if they occur deep in the water column, or at low cell numbers, they cannot be detected using ocean colour radiometry, especially in Case 2 7-44
waters. Sophisticated regional algorithms can only be used in high biomass, Case-1 systems.
The SCOR GlobalHAB project funded a small writing meeting of the working group in November 2016 to help bring the report to conclusion. The HAB report on the topic is nearing completion and the final report should be available by the end of this year.
2) Uncertainties in Ocean Colour Remote Sensing (Chair: Frédéric Mélin, JRC, Italy).
This working group is reviewing the methods for quantifying uncertainties for remote sensing reflectance and derived products, and is developing a set of recommendations for the various sources of uncertainty in ocean-colour applications. Various approaches of uncertainty propagation will be discussed in the report as well as representation and distribution of uncertainty fields. The group will also outline procedures on how best to determine the uncertainties, and develop methods to routinely distribute the information. The final chapter will include recommendations.
3) Intercomparison of Atmospheric Correction Algorithms Over Optically-Complex Waters (Cédric Jamet, LOG, Wimereux, France).
This working group aims to inter-compare and evaluate existing atmospheric correction algorithms over turbid waters to understand retrieval differences. The challenge is to understand the advantages and limitations of each algorithm and their performance under certain atmospheric and oceanic conditions. The group is examining 12 algorithms in 5 different categories to understand advantages and limitations of each, using three different databases (classic match-up, simulated dataset for sensitivity studies, and satellite images). They will provide recommendations for improving and selecting the optimal atmospheric correction scheme for various water types, along with the range of validity and limitations of each algorithm.
The group is currently focusing on match-up analyses using AERONET-OC and the LOG in situ dataset, but they are having issues with the simulated datasets. The Committee discussed whether it was possible and realistic to complete the remaining tasks and prepare a WG report, or whether the group should just publish their results as a scientific paper, rather than an IOCCG report. The Committee agreed to a 1-year extension with a mid-year review, after which the Committee will make a decision about whether the working group should be terminated.
4) Earth Observations in Support of Global Water Quality Monitoring (Chairs: Steven Greb, Wisconsin Depart. Natural Resources, USA; Arnold Dekker, CSIRO, Australia; Paul DiGiacomo, NOAA/NESDIS).
This working group was established to help develop a strategic plan for incorporation of Earth observation information into coastal and inland water quality monitoring efforts. To 7-45
date, management agencies have been slow to embrace satellite-derived measurements, even though important parameters such as chlorophyll, suspended solids, light attenuation, and coloured dissolved organic matter have been quantified with required accuracies. The group has produced a draft report, with most chapters nearly complete and it is anticipated that it will be ready for printing at end of this calendar year.
The AquaWatch Water Quality Community of Practise, under the auspices of GEO, has also been building off this IOCCG working group activity. The group is starting to develop operational water quality monitoring capabilities, and the reports from Work Packages 3 and 4 will highlight the value of ocean colour data for water quality services.
5) Role of Ocean Colour in Biogeochemical, Ecosystem and Climate Modelling (Chaired by Stephanie Dutkiewicz, MIT, USA).
This working group was formed to create a closer connection between the biogeochemical ocean colour community and the modelling community, and to facilitate the integration of ocean colour observations with modelling. The report will address regional (coastal) sub- mesoscale models as well as global (climate change) models, and will also address data assimilation. The group plans to hold several meetings of opportunity this year, and a draft of all chapters is expected by January 2018, with the final report ready by April 2018.
6) Long-Term Vicarious Adjustment of Ocean Colour Sensors (Chaired by Christophe Lerebourg, ACRI-ST, France and Craig Donlon, ESA, Netherlands).
One of the major challenges in ocean colour radiometry is to ensure that the data obtained from different satellite sensors meets the accuracy requirements for satellite climate-quality data. A new IOCCG working group was formed to address this issue. It has been demonstrated that the accuracy required cannot be achieved through instrument calibration and characterisation alone, so we must rely on complementary calibration using ground-truth measurements, i.e., system vicarious calibration (SVC). The new working group will foster a wide-ranging debate with the objective of providing guidelines for the best practices for SVC to reach a high standard of precision and accuracy for in situ OCR measurements necessary to fulfil the system vicarious calibration requirements.
The working group will build on the ESA FRM4SOC project, which recently organised a workshop on vicarious infrastructure to bring together the international community to open discussions on the issue of vicarious adjustment. The output from the workshop will serve as a baseline for the proposed IOCCG report on the topic. Working group membership includes 15 institutions from the EU, USA, Korea, Japan and China. The final report is expected to be delivered in June 2018.
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2.0 Capacity Building A very successful third IOCCG Summer Lecture Series took place at the Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV, France) from 18 – 30 July 2016. This training course is dedicated to high-level training in bio-optics and ocean colour, and focusses specifically on current critical issues in ocean colour science. A total of 145 excellent applications were received, of which 22 students from 15 different countries were nominated by the selections committee, a very difficult task because of the high standard of all applications. The majority of the trainees were PhD students and post-doctoral students, and came from a broad range of backgrounds. SCOR sponsored two students to attend the training course (from Brazil and Kenya), which is gratefully acknowledged. Sixteen prominent scientists delivered a comprehensive program including lectures, discussions and hands-on tutorials. Because of the high demand for the course, all the lectures were video recorded and are available for download from the IOCCG website, together with the PowerPoint presentations (see http://ioccg.org/what- we-do/training-and-education/lectures/), providing a valuable teaching resource. Material from previous training courses has proven to be an extremely useful resource, and the files have been downloaded thousands of times by researchers from around the world. The 2016 IOCCG Summer Lecture Series was an outstanding success, and many students noted that it was a life- changing experience that allowed students to create bonds that will last throughout their entire careers. A full report of the training course is available at http://www.ioccg.org/training/Report- SLS-2016-final.pdf.
3.0 2017 International Ocean Colour Science (IOCS) Meeting The IOCCG will host the third International Ocean Colour Science (IOCS) meeting from15-18 May 2017, in Lisbon, Portugal (see http://iocs.ioccg.org/), following two very successful IOCS meetings in 2013 and 2015. The goal of these biennial IOCS meeting is to nurture a strong global user community for ocean colour science and applications, and to foster exchange between the ocean colour research community and international space agencies. The meeting will be convened by IOCCG, in partnership with, and thanks to sponsorship from, EUMETSAT, ESA, the European Commission and NASA, and with local support from the Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), and local sponsors Thales Alenia and Airbus.
The primary focus of the IOCS meetings is to serve as a venue for the ocean colour community to communicate their views, ideas, concerns and issues to the satellite agencies. This year the meeting will be extended by one extra day and will include 7 invited keynote lectures, 11 agency talks, 9 breakout workshops, community discussions, NASA, Copernicus and NOAA town halls, as well as three poster sessions. The breakout workshops will provide a forum for discussion of new concepts and techniques and to collectively provide feedback to the space agencies. More than 420 people have already registered for the meeting, which promises to be another successful event.
4.0 Ocean-Colour Radiometry-Virtual Constellation All IOCCG agencies contribute to the CEOS Ocean-Colour Radiometry-Virtual Constellation (OCR-VC), a set of space and ground segment capabilities operating together in a coordinated manner, to meet a combined and common set of Earth Observation requirements. The individual satellites and ground segments belong to single agencies, but the Constellations effort provides a 7-47
unique forum to increase mutual benefit among space and other environmental agencies in support of common interests. The OCR-VC helps to provide long time series of calibrated ocean colour radiances at key wavelength bands from measurements obtained from multiple satellites.
At the last IOCCG Committee meeting there was consensus that a multi-agency “Ocean Colour Radiometry-Implementation Team (OCR-IT)” should be formed to prepare a rolling implementation plan to ensure high accuracy and consistency among products from present and future ocean colour missions. Various activities/projects (e.g., ESA FRM4SOC Project, the IOCCG protocols activity, IOCCG sensor calibration task force) will contribute directly to the implementation. The power of this arrangement lies in the fact that this is a dedicated IOCCG activity that is closely linked to the CEOS OCR-VC. Agencies can contribute in any way they wish, but there will also be overarching synergistic activities which might require additional resources. The critical aspect is to ensure that there is a link between the requirements as specified in the INSITU-OCR White Paper, and the Agency-funded activities. All IOCCG agencies have agreed to support some aspect of the OCR-IT, and are taking a leadership role in the activities.
5.0 Project Management and Coordination The IOCCG Committee meets once a year to coordinate the activities of the group as a whole, discuss plans for the year ahead and review the progress of the various working groups. The Executive Committee also approves the budget for the coming year. The annual IOCCG-22 Committee meeting was hosted by CSIRO, and took place in Perth, Australia (7-9 February 2017). The full minutes of the meeting are available on the IOCCG website at: http://ioccg.org/what-we-do/committee-meetings/. The 23rd IOCCG Committee meeting is scheduled to take place the last week in February 2018 in Rome, Italy, hosted by CNR and ESA.
6.0 IOCCG Membership (2017) The IOCCG Committee consists of members drawn from space agencies as well as the scientific ocean-colour community. Rotation of members is being implemented according to a roster: three members marked with an asterisk (*) are new members for 2016. The IOCCG Executive Committee consists of all representatives from the sponsoring agencies, plus the IOCCG Chair and past-Chair.
Agyekum, Kwame - University of Ghana, Ghana Bélanger, Simon - Université du Québec à Rimouski, Canada Bergeron, Martin - Canadian Space Agency, Canada Bernard, Stewart (past Chair) - University of Cape Town, South Africa Bontempi, Paula - NASA HQ, USA Boss, Emmanuel - University of Maine, USA Chauhan, Prakash - ISRO, India DiGiacomo, Paul - NOAA/NESDIS, USA Donlon, Craig - ESA/ESTEC, The Netherlands Dowell, Mark - EU JRC, Italy Dutkiewicz, Stephanie - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA 7-48
Escudier, Philippe - CNES, France Franz, Bryan - NASA GSFC, USA Hardman-Mountford, Nick - CSIRO, Perth, Australia He, Xianqiang - Second Institute of Oceanography, China Hu, Chuanmin* - University of South Florida, USA Kampel, Milton - INPE, Brazil Kim, Wonkook* - KIOST, South Korea Kwiatkowska, Ewa - EUMETSAT, EU, Germany Loisel, Hubert - Université du Littoral, France Mélin, Frédéric* - EU Joint Research Center, Italy Murakami, Hiroshi - JAXA EORC, Japan Park, Youngje - KIOST, South Korea Santoleri, Rosalia - ISAC-CNR, Italy Wilson, Cara (Chair) - NOAA/NMFS, USA
7.0 IOCCG Sponsors The IOCCG is sponsored and supported by contributions from various national space agencies and other organisations listed below:
Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO, Australia) Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada) European Space Agency (ESA) European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) National Institute for Space Research (INPE, Brazil) Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Joint Research Centre (JRC, EC) Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, USA) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, USA) Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)
The Bedford Institute of Oceanography (Canada) provides in-kind support, providing office space and informatics support, while SCOR provides infrastructure support and manages the NASA funds. SCOR has also sponsored students from developing countries to attend IOCCG training courses or the IOCS meetings.
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7.3.3 Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS) Burkill
Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS) – report of activities
Sonia Batten, Chair of the Board of Governance [email protected] [email protected]
The most recent GACS meeting was held in September 2016 at the offices of the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science. In addition to the main business meeting there were also meetings of the Standards & Methodologies Advisory Group (which discussed the analysis of microplastics in CPR samples and automating the determination of the CPR Phytoplankton Colour Index) and the Database Technical Team. While GACS partners are all very active, GACS itself remains unfunded despite several proposals being submitted in the last year and this limits the rate of progress.
Engagement with other organisations remains high, however; the POGO Executive Director, Dr Sophie Seeyave attended the GACS meeting and POGO often sponsors an attendee at SAHFOS training workshops. Dr Sanae Chiba is promoting the use of GACS indicators through the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership. GACS is included as an operating network for the GOOS Biology and Ecosystems Panel, and two GACS members are on the Panel.
Highlights Recent CPR surveys that have begun since the inception of GACS continue to make progress:
In October 2016 the MedCPR completed two years of successful monthly tows in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Up till now only one route has been sampled (Cyprus-Israel) while discussions have taken place to consider a second route (Cyprus- Greece). Although in its infancy, the survey has demonstrated great potential for capturing the spatial variation in plankton distribution. Since 2013, France has towed CPRs annually once per year during the Austral in the Indian part of the Southern Ocean between the French Southern Antarctic Territories (TAAF of Crozet, Kerguelen, Saint Paul and New Amsterdam). On December 12, 2016, the French government declared an extension of the Marine Reserve in the Crozet, Kerguelen and New Amsterdam EEZ. The extension covers 672,000 km² including large oceanic areas. CPR surveys will help to monitor this new Marine Reserve and the consequences of global change. In 2017, the Brazilian CPR survey towed two more transects, one across Drakes Passage and the second across Bransfield and Gerlache straits in Antarctica as part of the . INTERBIOTA (Biological Interactions in the Marine Ecosystem around the Antarctic Peninsula under Different Impacts of Climate Changes) project. Since 2011, when South African scientists from the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) completed their first CPR tow from Cape Town into the Southern Ocean from the German RV Polarstern, they have been towing CPRs from their polar research and 7-50
supply vessel, MV SA Agulhas II, on each of three annual relief voyages to the South African research bases on Antarctica (austral summer) and the sub-Antarctic islands Gough (spring) and Marion (autumn), as well as on research and training cruises-of- opportunity (winter). To date, a total distance of >28,000 n. miles has thus been covered by CPRs in the SE Atlantic and SW Indian oceans. Proposals have been submitted to the South African government to fund the analysis of this large backlog of CPR samples by outside laboratories within the next 2-3 years, while a dedicated CPR laboratory is being established at DEA, facilitating in-house analysis of future CPR samples. Once analysed, the data will enable to examine seasonal variations in the abundance, distribution and diversity of phyto- and zooplankton assemblages in the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean. As such, they will make invaluable contributions to the SO-CPR Survey database managed by the AAD and SCAR, as well as the global CPR database managed by GACS. Northwest Pacific samples are being used to test a new technique recently developed by JAMSTEC, using micro X-ray computed tomography (CT) to quantitatively measure acidification impact on planktonic organisms. The Japanese CPR team started a feasibility study to apply this technique to measure variation in shell density of foraminifera collected by the CPR. Once the feasibility is established within the GACS framework, it could be a global standard method to monitor ocean acidification impacts on marine ecosystems.
Training Workshops continue to be held by SAHFOS on a regular basis; on larval fish identification (Nov 2016) and there is an upcoming phytoplankton taxonomy workshop (July 2017).
In December 2016, a one-week workshop was held at the Australian Antarctic Division in Hobart, Australia involving members of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Southern Ocean-CPR Expert Group. Karen Robinson (NIWA, NZ), John Kitchener (AAD), Kunio Takahashi, (NIPR, Japan), along with Graham Hosie (past GACS Chair) discussed a range of topics covering laboratory methods (preservation and storage, with emphasis on maintaining pH), future training of new analysts, updating of species identifications (in particular foraminifera and euphausiid larvae identification/staging) and future workshops/conferences, including comprehensive training workshops for emerging SO-CPR survey partners (India). An updated version of the 2010 Standards Workshop held in Tokyo, Japan will be produced as a result of this meeting.
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7.4 Other Organizations
7.4.1 Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO) Shapovalov
Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO) Report to SCOR Annual General Meeting 2017
Introduction POGO was established in 1999 by a group of directors of marine research institutions who met to discuss ways in which they could work together more effectively in support of global oceanography. As stated at the founding of POGO, the objective of POGO is to make a major contribution to the attainment of sustained in situ observations of the global ocean that meet the requirements of international research and operational programmes.
In the last seventeen years, POGO has established itself as a respected, politically neutral and credible voice for the marine science community at a global level. Members value POGO as a forum in which they can meet their peer directors at least annually, in well-attended meetings, to discuss matters of common interest.
POGO Vision and Mission POGO’s vision is to have by 2030, world-wide cooperation for a sustainable, state-of-the-art global ocean observing system that serves the needs of science and society.
POGO’s Mission is to:
1. Lead innovation and development of the crucial components of the ocean observing system. 2. Identify and contribute to the development of the key skills, capabilities and capacities needed to achieve the vision. 3. Work with governments, foundations and industry, to articulate the benefits to society and required funding to build and sustain the system.
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The structure of POGO’s agenda can be summarised as the following 3 pillars:
Highlights
1. Ocean observations One of the first priorities of POGO was to throw the collective weight of its members behind the concept and the world expansion of Argo. Because the members of POGO are directors with the power to commit resources and influence decision makers, a resolution to accord full support to Argo had immediate effect, and the distribution of floats around the world ocean improved rapidly. POGO member institutions have been driving the establishment of OceanSites (coordinated, deep-ocean, multi-disciplinary time-series reference sites), which has made significant progress in recent years. In particular, deep temperature and salinity sensors have been added through a concerted effort by POGO members, as a contribution to the Deep Ocean Observing System. POGO contributed significantly to OceanObs'09 in Venice in 2009, and was able to lobby successfully to open up sustained ocean observations to a broader community, including chemical, biological and biogeochemical observations. POGO has lobbied successfully for a greater prominence of oceans within the intergovernmental Group on Earth Observations (GEO), since its inception in 2005. Since 2011, POGO has taken a leadership role in the formulation of a new, collaborative GEO initiative, “Oceans and Society: Blue Planet". There have been 2 Symposia, with a third taking place in May/June 2017, and the initiative has successfully reached out to, and become inclusive of, many intergovernmental, non-governmental and private-sector organisations, programmes and projects with an interest in ocean observations and their societal benefits. POGO and SCOR co-sponsor a new international research initiative, the International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE). This is a researcher-driven, interdisciplinary, international program to increase scientific opportunities and to respond to societal drivers 7-53
regarding the effects of global changes in ocean noise. POGO in particular sponsors a Working Group on the acoustical observation aspects of IQOE. Since 2015, POGO has been funding Working Groups on specific topics of interest to its membership, related to ocean observations. The aim is to identify specific areas where there is a lack of coordination and where POGO can make a direct, significant and rapid contribution to advancing ocean observations by facilitating discussions, enhancing collaboration, and building capacity.
2. Professional training For the last 16 years POGO has been providing advanced training in ocean observations to over 800 early-career scientists from almost 80, mostly developing, countries. A recent evaluation of the long-term impacts of the training (conducted in collaboration with SCOR) have shown that it has been achieving its objectives by (1) enabling the trainees to participate in new research projects, (2) enabling them to implement new research methods, and (3) facilitating networking and collaboration with scientists in other countries. The programmes were also successful in “training the trainers” via seminars or lectures based on the training and student and colleague supervision/mentoring. Additional evidence of “sustained capacity building” was also provided by the outcome that the institutions that received the training were able to implement new areas of research and provide the infrastructure and staff to support these in the long term. The results also showed that the training enabled the institutes to set up new monitoring or observation programmes (e.g., time-series station, repeat cruise, tide gauges, moored buoys, etc.). POGO’s capacity building programme receives substantial support from the Nippon Foundation. The NF-POGO programme has been running as a partnership since 2005, with the NF-POGO Centre of Excellence as its flagship. The NF-POGO CofE is an intensive, multi-disciplinary, international 10-month post-graduate training programme in observational oceanography hosted by high-calibre oceanographic research institutions. The NF-POGO partnership has recently added to its portfolio a ship-board training programme that includes dedicated “floating summer schools” as well as ship-board training fellowships, using spare berths on oceanographic research cruises organized by POGO member institutions. The pool of former scholars trained under Nippon Foundation-POGO initiatives have been integrated into a global network (NANO), which has over 200 members, produces a biannual newsletter, has conducted five regional, collaborative research projects and one outreach project (2012-2017) and is currently launching a new global research/observation programme. POGO members are invited to submit to POGO proposals for funding of training initiatives as collaborations between several member institutions. There have been 3 of these funded since 2015.
3. Outreach POGO has participated in a number of international events to promote the importance of oceans and ocean observations, notably the World Expo in Korea in 2012, GEO Ministerial Summits (2007, 2010, 2014, 2015) and Oceanology International (2010, 2016). 7-54
POGO has created an informal grouping, Oceans United, to allow many organisations to speak with a common voice on issues of relevance to oceans and society. Under this umbrella, it established “Ocean Communicators United”, which brings together over 60 communications experts and representatives of international/regional organisations to exchange ideas, best practices and expertise in the field of marine science communication. POGO has been invited to contribute to the development of a new UN “World Oceans Day” portal, which is being led by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and to advise the EU project on ocean literacy “Sea Change”.
Current priorities
POGO Workshops: During its Annual Meetings, POGO holds short, targeted workshops on specific topics of interest to its members, related to ocean observations. In 2017, these included:
Engaging with industry (see below) Arctic observations Innovative biological sampling.
Current Working Groups: Implementation of IQOE Science Recommendations on Marine Noise Exposure and Broad-Scale Acoustic Monitoring: This focusses in particular on the development of an Acoustic Essential Ocean Variable (EOV), in collaboration with the Biology and Ecosystems Panel of GOOS, and on the creation of a portal to summarise the acoustic observation systems currently deployed (and links to their data). POGO Industry Liaison Council (POGO ILC): Aims to (1) form a bridge between academic and government POGO member institutions and a range of industry sectors, through which contacts can be made, ideas discussed and joint projects established; and (2) produce recommendations to the POGO Executive, POGO members, the wider scientific community, and various industry partners to promote and optimize collaborative interactions, including issues such as intellectual property, intellectual dividend, perspectives, cultures, training, business decision-making, and conflicts of interest. Our Global Estuary (OGE): POGO members (or prospective members) in developing countries will engage estuarine scientists, educators and managers at an OGE workshop. Through a targeted questionnaire, OGE will create an inventory of interests, observing assets, and scientific expertise of POGO members relevant to estuaries. Through a working group, OGE will advance the linkages between estuarine and global ocean observing. Observing and understanding the ocean below the Antarctic sea ice and ice shelves (OASIIS): The goal is to develop a detailed implementation plan for an under-ice observing system, including definition of quantitative sampling requirements and identification of leaders (teams) to take implementation of key elements of the observing system forward. Support from POGO makes a clear, global statement on the importance 7-55
of an under-ice observing system, and will deliver the international clout required to drive the uptake of the recommendations resulting from this WG effort. Biological Observation: A task force has been established to further develop POGO’s understanding of the state of biological observing technology for moorings, AUVs and other persistent observing systems and as assessment of the ways in which POGO could promote biological observing technologies and strategies.
Collaboration with SCOR
SCOR is the leading international organisation in the marine science arena, and it is essential that POGO maintain good relations with it. We enjoy the highest level of cooperation with SCOR, especially with its Executive Director, Dr Ed Urban. For example:
POGO funds jointly with SCOR a fellowship programme that enables young scientists from developing countries to study for up to three months in a major oceanographic institution chosen by the candidate. The programme is managed by POGO. Candidates are selected by a committee in which both POGO and SCOR are represented. SCOR also runs a Visiting Professorship modelled on the POGO one, and on several occasions the two programmes have complemented one another (for example, in Southern Africa). POGO and SCOR also collaborate in assessing capacity building at the world level in marine science and coordinate their respective capacity-building programmes. Together with partner organisations IOC/IODE, SCOR and POGO have created a website advertising summer schools and other training opportunities in ocean sciences (www.oceansummerschools.org). In 2015 and 2016, SCOR and POGO Secretariats worked on an impact evaluation questionnaire to send all past trainees of their respective and joint training programmes and have analysed the data obtained to draft a joint publication on the POGO-SCOR fellowship and other POGO programmes. SCOR has established jointly with POGO a new research initiative, the International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE). This is a programme aimed at the acoustic background in the ocean, including its anthropogenic and natural components. The IQOE Science Plan was published in 2015. The Sloan Foundation was instrumental in starting up this initiative, and in providing seed funding for coordination. POGO contributed to the establishment, and continues to support the development, of the SCOR-SCAR Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS). Both POGO and SCOR support the Global Alliance of Continuous Plankton Recorder Surveys (GACS). POGO has an interest in contributing to the activities planned under the second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2), an initiative of SCOR and IOC. POGO has been in correspondence with SCOR regarding feedback on the first World Ocean Assessment and possible input to the second round of WOA.
8.0 ORGANIZATION AND FINANCE
8.1 Membership Urban 8.1.1 National Committees, p. 8-1 Report on Membership Changes Since 2014 General Meeting, p. 8-1 Member Nations and Nominated Members, p. 8-2 Membership in the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), p. 8-3
8.2 Publications Arising from SCOR Activities, p. 8-5 Urban
8.3 Finances, p. 8-5 Finance Committee, Urban
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8.0 ORGANIZATION AND FINANCE
8.1 Membership
8.1.1 National Committees
Report on Membership Changes Since 2016 SCOR General Meeting
CANADA David Greenberg replaced Bjorn Sundby
POLAND Czeshaw Druet, Piotr Szefer, and Jan M. Weslawski were replaced by Janusz Pempkowiak, Waldemar Surosz, and Waldemar Walczowski
UNITED Alessandro Tagliabue added KINGDOM
8-2 Member Nations and Nominated Members
Nominated Members Australia Peter Doherty Trevor McDougall Belgium J.C.J. Nihoul François Ronday Brazil José Maria Landim Dominguez Mauricio M. Mata Ilana Wainer
Canada David Greenberg Robie Macdonald Paul Myers Chile Patricio Carrasco Carmen Morales Carlos A. Zuniga China - Beijing Hong Huasheng Sun Song China - Taipei Hui-Ling Lin Pao-Kuan Wang Ching-Ling Wei Ecuador Leonor Vera San Martin Mario Hurtado Francisco Medina Finland Riitta Autio Jorma Kuparinen Timo Vesala France Catherine Beltran Sabine Schmidt Marie-Alexandrine Sicre Germany Uli Bathmann Colin Devey Wolfgang Fennel
India M.M.Sarin D Sengupta K Somasundar Israel Yossi Loya Italy Annalisa Griffa Leonardo Langone Japan Kaoru Kubokawa Toshio Yamagata Jing Zhang Korea Jung- Keuk Kang Kuh Kim Sinjae Yoo Mexico Elva Escobar Mario Martinez Garcia Clara Morán Netherlands Corina Brussaard Gerald Ganssen Maria van Leeuwe New Zealand Julie Hall Keith A. Hunter Norway Dag Aksnes Peter Haugan Pakistan Asif Inam Samina Kidwai Ali Rashid Tabrez
Poland Janusz Pempkowiak Waldemar Surosz Waldemar Walczowski Russia Sergey Dobrolubov Andrey Kostianoy Sergey Shapovalov South Africa John Compton Coleen Moloney
Spain Marta Estrada Alicia Lavín Pere Masqué Sweden Helén Andersson Bengt Karlsson Johan Rodhe
Switzerland Daniel Ariztegui Karl Föllmi Kurt Hanselmann Turkey Temel Oguz Bilge Tutak United Kingdom Peter Burkill Gideon Henderson Alessandro Tagliabue
United States Kevin Arrigo Claudia Benitez-Nelson David Halpern 8-3
Membership in the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) (available in English, Spanish, and French at http://www.scor-int.org/memnats.htm)
The Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) was founded in 1957 and is a component of the International Council for Science (ICSU). SCOR is the primary non- governmental organization for planning, promoting, and implementing international cooperative activities in oceanography. The international aspects of large ocean science programs such as the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) project, the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), and the study of Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) all had their origins in SCOR-sponsored groups. WOCE and TOGA became incorporated into the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), and JGOFS and GLOBEC have been completed. On-going projects include the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) project, the Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), the GEOTRACES project on marine trace elements and isotopes, the International Quite Ocean Experiment (IQOE), and the second International Indian Ocean Experiment (IIOE-2).
For the past 34 years, SCOR has provided travel grants to scientific meetings for scientists from developing nations and nations with economies in transition. More than one thousand scientists have received full or partial travel support through this program, with support from the U.S. National Science Foundation. Several SCOR activities relate to scientific and environmental issues that are of special relevance to developing nations, such as harmful algal blooms, hypoxia, fisheries, etc.
Presently, 30 nations are members of SCOR, belonging to one of five membership categories. The only difference among the membership categories is the level of dues paid, with Category I nations paying US$2,520 in 2017 and Category V nations (Japan, Russia, and the United States) paying US$43,500. A nation’s membership category is roughly based on its gross domestic product, and is also related to a nation’s level of activity in ocean sciences. However, each nation determines its membership category and SCOR encourages nations to move to higher categories over time as they experience the benefits of membership.
Benefits Membership in SCOR benefits nations in several ways. The advantages of membership in SCOR include the opportunity to comment on proposals for scientific activities as they develop, to assist in the formulation of international scientific priorities, and to encourage the involvement of a nation’s scientists in these international efforts. The most tangible benefit is the increased exposure of a nation’s scientists to international ocean science activities and the increased likelihood of participation in working groups and other SCOR activities. This is particularly important for nations that are still developing their ocean science capabilities and infrastructure. SCOR officers are elected from national SCOR committees. The alternating annual General
8-4 Meeting and Executive Committee meetings of SCOR are generally hosted by national SCOR committees. These meetings provide opportunities for host nations to present the science being conducted locally.
SCOR working groups provide another means of exposure for scientists from member nations to the worldwide oceanographic community. Nominations for working groups are sought from all national members and SCOR includes members of working groups from developing nations. The SCOR budget for these activities includes travel funds for scientists selected to participate in them, so this should not be a burden on the nation that nominates working group members.
Member nations receive background material for all annual SCOR meetings and have an opportunity to provide comments in person or in writing regarding working group proposals, the composition of SCOR working groups and the scientific steering committees of major oceanographic programs, and other SCOR actions. Support for travel of a nation’s Nominated Members to SCOR’s annual meetings are the responsibility of the nation.
Obligations The main requirement to apply for SCOR membership is the demonstration that some national mechanism exists, or could be created, to serve as a National Committee for SCOR. The National Committee should include representation from the various marine science disciplines and from the various types of institutions in a nation’s marine science community. The National Committee should nominate three individual scientists to represent the nation’s SCOR Committee as Nominated Members of SCOR. The national Nominated Members are responsible to serve as a liaison and channel of information between SCOR and the nation’s ocean science community.
A formal application for membership can be presented and accepted at SCOR’s annual meetings or between meetings. Requests should be sent to the SCOR Secretariat. Any request for membership should include a very brief overview of the status of oceanographic research in the applying nation, including a short description of the major institutions, scientific interest, and other relevant information.
A list of best practices for national SCOR committees can be found at http://scor- int.org/Best_Practices.pdf.
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8.2 Publications Arising from SCOR Activities The following publications resulted from SCOR-sponsored activities (working groups and other activities) since the 2016 General Meeting. Please see project reports in Section 3 for more detailed lists. Each project maintains lists of their publications on their Web sites.
Bullister, J.L., D.P. Wisegarver, and S.T. Wilson. 2017. The Production of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Gas Standards for Scientific Committee on Ocean. http://www.scor- int.org/Publications/SCOR_WG_143_Technical_Report.pdf - WG 143 Culverhouse P.F., R. Williams, C. Gallienne, J. Tilbury, and D. Wall-Palme. 2016. Ocean-Scale Monitoring of Mesozooplankton on Atlantic Meridional Transect 21. Journal of Marine Biology and Aquaculture 2(1):1-13. – WG 130 Giering, S.L.C. 2017. Optical Sensors Can Shed Light on Particle Dynamics in the Ocean. Eos 98, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017EO072123. Published on 2 May 2017. – WG 150 Turner, D.R., E.P. Achterberg, C.-T.A. Chen, S.L. Clegg, V. Hatje, M.T. Maldonado, S.G. Sander, C.M.G. van den Berg, and M. Wells. 2016. Toward a Quality-Controlled and Accessible Pitzer Model for Seawater and Related Systems. Frontiers in Marine Science 3, Article 139 – WG 145 Wurl, O., W. Ekau, W.M. Landing, and C.J. Zappa. 2017. Sea surface microlayer in a changing ocean – A perspective. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 2017;5:31. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.228. – WG 141
Several other special issues and papers have either been submitted or will be submitted soon, so they will be published in the coming year.
8.3 Finances Reports on SCOR finances will be provided at the meeting.
9.0 SCOR-RELATED MEETINGS
9.1 SCOR Annual Meetings 9.1.1 2017 Executive Committee Meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, p. 9-1 Sicre 9.1.2 2018 General Meeting, Plymouth, UK, p. 9-1 Burkill 9.1.3 2019 Executive Committee Meeting, Toyama, Japan, p. 9-1 Zhang
9.2 Locations of Past SCOR Annual Meetings, p. 9-1
9.3 SCOR-Related Meetings Since the 2016 SCOR General Meeting and Planned for the Future, p. 9-2
9-1
9.0 SCOR-RELATED MEETINGS
9.1 SCOR Annual Meetings
9.1.1 2017 Executive Committee Meeting Sicre
9.1.2 2018 General Meeting Burkill The 2018 SCOR General Meeting will be held in Plymouth, UK on 3 -5 September 2018. The meeting will be held at the Coxside Marine Station of Plymouth University. The Marine Station is located on the harbor adjacent to the National Marine Aquarium, near lodging, and a short walk to the historic center of Plymouth and restaurants. The meeting will include a conference dinner at the National Marine Aquarium and presentations about UK marine science.
9.1.3 2019 Executive Committee Meeting Zhang The SCOR Executive Committee has accepted an offer from the Japanese SCOR Committee to hold the 2019 SCOR Annual Meeting in Toyama, Japan. The dates preferred by the local hosts are in mid-September.
9.2 Locations of Past SCOR Annual Meetings (bold = future meetings)
Member Nations Place and Date Argentina Mar del Plata, 2001 Australia Canberra, 1974; Hobart, 1986; Cairns, 2005 Belgium Brazil Rio de Janeiro, 1997; Sao Paulo, 1978 Canada Halifax, 1963, 1982, 2012; Victoria, 1977, 1994 Chile Concepción, 2006 China-Beijing Qingdao, 1993; Beijing, 2009 China-Taipei Denmark Copenhagen, 1960, 1972 Ecuador Guayaquil, 1974 Finland Helsinki, 1960, 2011 France Brest, 1978; Marseilles, 1965; Paris, 1958, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1969, 1983; Roscoff, 1984; Toulouse, 2010 Germany Hamburg, 1964; Kiel, 1980; Warnemunde, 1967, 1990; Bremen, 2014 India Goa, 1999; 2015 Israel Jerusalem, 1967 Italy Rome, 1965, 1966; Venice, 2004 Japan Sapporo, 2002; Tokyo, 1970; Toyama, 2019 Mexico Acapulco, 1988; Mexico City, 1969 Netherlands Amsterdam, 1998; Texel, 1973 New Zealand Hamilton, 1991; Wellington, 2013 Norway Bergen, 2007 Pakistan Poland Sopot, 2016 Russia Moscow, 2003 South Africa Stellenbosch, 1975; Cape Town, 1995, 2017 9-2
Spain Madrid, 1971 Sweden Fiskebackskil, 1981; Goteberg, 1969, 1992 Switzerland Zurich, 1987 Turkey UK Edinburgh, 1976; London, 1962, 1970; Oban (Scotland), 1972; Plymouth, 2018; Southampton, 1996 USA La Jolla, 1968; New York, 1959; Seattle, 1965, 1985; Tallahassee, 1989; Washington, D.C., 2000; Woods Hole, 1957, 1980, 2008
9.3 SCOR-Related Meetings Since the 2016 SCOR General Meeting and Planned for the Future
2016 12-14 WG 150 Translation of Optical Measurements into particle Southampton, UK September Content, Aggregation & Transfer (TOMCAT) 12-16 GEOTRACES Data Management Committee and Scientific Toulouse, France September Steering Committee WG 147 on Towards comparability of global oceanic nutrient data September Qingdao, China (COMPONUT) WG 148 on International Quality Controlled Ocean Database: 3-7 October Tokyo, Japan Subsurface temperature profiles (IQuOD) 24-26 SOLAS Scientific Steering Committee Qingdao, China October 2-5 WG 144 Symposium on OMZ Microbial Ecology and Goa, India December Biogeochemistry 2017 27-28 IQOE Science Committee London, UK January 2-4 IIOE-2 Steering Committee Perth, Australia February 6-7 IOCCP Scientific Steering Group Miami, Florida February 28-30 GlobalHAB Scientific Steering Committee Naples, Italy March WG 152 on Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice La Jolla, 2-5 April (ECV-Ice) California, USA 4th African Discovery Camp for Research-based Training Science 13 April - Henties Bay, for the Sustainable Use and Management of Marine Ecosystems 12 May Namibia
and their Resources 23-25 April IMBeR Scientific Steering Committee Shanghai, China 9-3
Bremerhaven, 11-14 June SOOS Scientific Steering Committee Germany WG 149: Changing Ocean Biological Systems (COBS): how will Villefranche, 15-16 June biota respond to a changing ocean? France Aix‐en‐Provence, 9-11 August WG 146 on Radioactivity in the Ocean, 5 decades later (RiO5) France 20-25 1st GEOTRACES Summer School Brest, France August 4-6 Cape Town,
SCOR Executive Committee Meeting September South Africa 16-20 GEOTRACES Data management Committee and Scientific Salvador, Brazil September Steering Committee Woods Hole, 2-5 October IMBER Imbizo V Massachusetts, USA 2018 WG 143: Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working Portland, Oregon, February towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of USA N2O and CH4 WG 145 on Chemical Speciation Modelling in Seawater to Meet Portland, Oregon, February 21st Century Needs (MARCHEMSPEC) USA WG 147: Towards Comparability of Global Oceanic Nutrient Data Portland, Oregon, February (COMPONUT) USA WG 150: Translation of Optical Measurements into particle Portland, Oregon, February Content, Aggregation & Transfer (TOMCAT) USA Portland, Oregon, 11 February WG 151: Iron Model Intercomparison Project (FeMIP) USA WG 148: International Quality Controlled Ocean Database: April UK Subsurface temperature profiles (IQuOD) WG 152 on Measuring Essential Climate Variables in Sea Ice Davos, 15-17 June (ECV-Ice) Switzerland 3-5 SCOR General Meeting Plymouth, UK September