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Water Security in Pakistan.Pdf 4 e DEVELOPMENT ADVOCATE u s s I , 3 e m u l o PAKISTAN V Water Security in Pakistan: Issues and Challenges DEVELOPMENT ADVOCATE PAKISTAN © UNDP Pakistan Development Advocate Pakistan provides a platform for the exchange of ideas on key development issues DEVELOPMENT ADVOCATE and challenges in Pakistan. Focusing on a specific development theme in each edition, this quarterly publication fosters public discourse and presents varying perspectives from civil society, academia, PAKISTAN government and development partners. The publication makes an explicit effort to include the voices of women and youth in the ongoing discourse. A combination of analysis and public opinion articles promote and inform debate on development ideas Disclaimer while presenting up-to-date information. The views expressed here by external contributors or the members of the editorial board do not necessarily reflect the official views of the organizations they work for and that of UNDP’s. Editorial Board Editor Ignacio Artaza Zuriarrain Maheen Hassan UNDP Country Director Mr. Shakeel Ahmad Design and Layout Assistant Country Director/Chief Hasnat Ahmed Development Policy Unit Printed by: Mr. Aadil Mansoor Maryah Printers, Islamabad Assistant Country Director/Chief Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit United Nations Development Programme Pakistan Mr. Amir Goraya 4th Floor, Serena Business Complex, Assistant Country Director/Chief Khayaban-e-Suharwardy, Sector G-5/1, Democratic Governance Unit P. O. Box 1051, Mr. Amanullah Khan Islamabad, Pakistan Assistant Country Director/Chief Environment and Climate Change Unit For contributions and feedback, please write to us at: Mr. James Littleton [email protected] Chief Technical Advisor Strengthening Electoral and Legislative Processes Ms. Fatimah Inayet ISBN: 969-978-8736-16-3 Communications Analyst December 2016 CONTENTS Prof. Dr. Abdul Latif Qureshi 30 Professor Analysis U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Water (USPCAS-W) Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Water Sector of Pakistan: 02 A Situational Analysis Opinion Youth Voices 10 Water Management In The 32 Farhan Laghari Indus Basin: Critical Aspects Khalid Mohtadullah 32 Fatima Fazal Water Governance in Agriculture 12 Nasar Hayat 32 Shahzad Hussain Dahri 15 Mainstreaming Women in the Water Sector: Old Challenges, Possible Solutions Simi Kamal, Kausar Hashmi 33 Ainulibad Shah Impacts of Climate Change on 18 Gulnaz Aslam Water Resources of Pakistan 33 Dr. Saeed A. Asad 33 Shahid Latif Bhutto 22 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH): A case study on Pakistan Mian Muhammad Junaid Interviews Shams-ul-Mulk 26 Former Chairman Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) Muhammad Tahir Anwar 27 Director General Federal Water Management Cell Ministry of National Food Security and Research Dr. Muhammad Ashraf 28 Chairman Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) /undppakistan Sadia Tariq Usmani w us www.twitter.com/undp_pakistan 29 Head -Environment division Youth Affairs Committee, DMC Central (Karachi) Saleem Mandviwalla ollo www www.pk.undp.org - Secretary of Environment, Youth Parliament- Provincial nominee for NFC Sindh F Sindh Cabinet (2016-17) © UNDP Pakistan Editorial Water Security: Pakistan's most Critical Development Challenge “Water is not only for life … water is life.” This quote by the United Over the years, there were several attempts at both Federal and Nations Secretary-General reects the critical importance of water as Provincial levels to delineate the government's commitment a need that connects all aspects of human life. People’s well-being towards combating water issues. The National Climate Change and their economic development are profoundly linked to the Policy, for example, has provided appropriate action plans focusing availability and usability of water. Too little water at a time when it is on enhancing water storage and infrastructure, better water needed most, can mean drought and food insecurity. Too much resource management, enhancing institutional capacities and water—in the form of oods or storms—can devastate an entire creating awareness. However, more is needed in terms of implemen- population. Contaminated water, whether from human or industrial tation. Since the commissioning of the Mangla and Tarbela dams in sources, claims the lives of children and affects the health of the 1960's and 1970's respectively, Pakistan has not developed any communities worldwide, with far-reaching consequences. major water storage infrastructure. Consequently, water storage capacity has often receded to less than 30 days against the minimum It is in the context of this interconnection of water with other requirement of 120 days. Successful initiatives do exist, such as the development challenges that the Sustainable Development Goals 'Clean Drinking Water for All' project launched in Punjab, providing (SDGs) place great emphasis on ensuring availability and sustainable clean drinking water through installation of water ltration plants, management of water. This includes achieving universal and but major initiatives for provision of water and sanitation remain equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water, sanitation limited. and hygiene for all, and ending open defecation with special attention given to the needs of women and girls. But while that is Addressing water issues require interventions at individual and state crucial, especially in Pakistan, water's place in the SDGs go well levels, focusing on both demand and supply. At an individual level, beyond access—taking into account critical issues such as inte- households and industries need to use water more efficiently and grated water resources management, efficiency of use, water judiciously. This also holds true for the agriculture sector, whereby quality, transboundary cooperation, water-related ecosystems, and ood irrigation and plantation of water intensive crop should be water-related disasters. controlled and regulated. In this regard, public education campaigns that focus on enhancing water usage awareness will be helpful. At a Water associated problems are amongst the key challenges faced by broader level, an integrated water management system is needed Pakistan. Pakistan's water prole has changed drastically from being that promises efficient water distribution for all sub-sectors. This a water abundant country, to one experiencing water stress. needs to be formally entrenched through an effective institutional Between 1990 and 2015, per capita water availability declined from and legal system. While water related issues have been discussed as 2,172 cubic metres per inhabitant, to 1,306 cubic metres per part of the National Climate Change Policy and National Drinking inhabitant. Pakistan extracts 74.3 percent of its fresh water annually Water Policy, a holistic national water policy is required. Water thereby exerting tremendous pressure upon renewable water pricing to promote efficient use of water, building water storage resources. Despite remarkable improvements in the proportion of infrastructure to store excess water, enforcing strict water quality population using an improved water source and an improved management systems to curb water pollution, controlling popula- sanitation facility, 27.2 million Pakistanis do not have access to safe tion growth and adopting a sustainable pattern of urbanization, are water and 52.7 million do not have access to adequate sanitation all major issues that require immediate attention if Pakistanis are to facilities. The repercussions on health are severe: an approximate have access to the water they need in the future. Bold actions are 39,000 children under ve die every year from diarrhea caused by needed to address this water crisis, otherwise not only will Pakistan unsafe water and poor sanitation. Furthermore, with the increasing not meet the SDGs on water, but it future development will be burden on water resources threats will increase to Pakistani's well- hampered. being from unsafe or inadequate water supplies. Increasing demand for water and its erratic supply together are resulting in water shortages. Population growth, rapid urbanization, water intensive farming practices and industrialization all contribute to Pakistan's increasing demand for more water. Simultaneously, the supply side is hampered by climatic changes that have made rainfall more erratic, leading to oods in some years and droughts in others. Excessive pumping of groundwater has raised major concerns over its sustainability. Poor water infrastructure including limited storage capacity and inadequate linings of canals further compounds the situation of water availability. Pollution of available resources mainly due to contaminated agricultural run-offs and untreated industrial and household waste being dumped in water courses, is another factor leading to dwindling freshwater supply. 01 Analysis Water Sector of Pakistan: A Situational Analysis Note: Major analysis has been conducted by Dr. Shahid Ahmad, a Water Resources Development and Management Expert. Pakistan Water Vulnerability Table 1: Trend of Indus River historical ows in million acre feet (MAF) Assessment No. Year Indus River Flows (MAF) Water Availability Water availability in Pakistan is largely from 1 1937-38 156.7 precipitation (rainfall and snow), river ows from snow and glacier-melt and runoff 2 1940-41 130.5 from summer and winter rains from the 3 1950-51 183.4 watersheds. Some of the water from precipitation and surface water ows 4 1960-61 178.2 recharge
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