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Yingying YANG Marguerite Duras Et Eileen Chang L'enfance, Le Roman

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Yingying YANG Marguerite Duras Et Eileen Chang L'enfance, Le Roman UNIVERSITE SORBONNE NOUVELLE – PARIS 3 ED120 – Littérature française et comparée EA172 – Centre d’études et de recherches comparatistes Thèse de doctorat en littérature comparée Yingying YANG Marguerite Duras et Eileen Chang L’enfance, le roman familial, l’écriture féminine Thèse dirigée par M. Jean BESSIERE, Professeur Soutenue le 28 septembre 2012 Jury : M. Jean BESSIERE, Professeur émérite, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3 M. Philippe DAROS, Professeur, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3 Mme. Mireille CALLE-GRUBER, Professeur, Université Nouvelle Paris 3 Mme. Isabelle RABUT, Professeur, INALCO M. Alain SUBERCHICOT, Professeur, Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3 1 Résumé Marguerite Duras (1914-1996) et Eileen Chang (1920-1995), deux écrivaines du 20e siècle, ont des sources spécifiques d’inspiration : Duras, née en Indochine ; Chang, née à Shanghai. Enfance et expérience familiale constituent l’arrière-plan de la plupart de leurs œuvres. Les mondes que décrivent ces œuvres sont, en conséquence, définies par la douleur et par la souffrance – soit personnelle, soit collective. Le thème familial l’emporte dans les romans de chacun des écrivains. Il permet d’offrir une lecture psychanalytique de bien des romans des deux écrivains, et de les commenter selon le roman familial qui caractérise Duras et Chang. Mais l’enfant et les secrets de la famille, l’importance de l’image de la mère, ne sont pas le seul arrière-plan de l’œuvre de Duras et de Chang. Les deux écrivaines sont conscientes des conditions sociales et politiques qui prévalent et de la situation des femmes. En conséquence, une lecture psychanalytique des deux écrivaines ne doit pas ignorer ces conditions et la lucidité de chacune des écrivaines. Il doit rendre compte du lien entre l’histoire familiale et l’aptitude des deux écrivaines à traiter de questions plus larges. Mots clés : Marguerite Duras, Eileen Chang, écriture, famille, psychanalyse 2 Abstract Marguerite Duras (1914-1996) and Eileen Chang (1920-1995), two women writers of the 20th century show specific sources for their inspiration : Duras – was from Indochina, and Chang – was from Shanghai; childhood and family experiences offer the background of most of their works. The worlds they describe are consequently defined by pain and suffering – either individual or collective. The family theme prevails in the works of both writers. It allows to offer a psychoanalytic reading of many of their novels of each writer, and to comment them by reference to the family romance which characterizes Duras and Chang. But childhood, family secrets, importance of the mother image, etc., are not the only background of Duras and Chang’s works. Both writers were fully aware of the political and social conditions which prevailed, and of the women’s situation. Consequently, the psychoanalytic reading of both writers should not neglect these conditions and the lucidity of both writers. This reading should account for the connection between the family history of both writers and their ability to address broader issues. Keywords: Marguerite Duras, Eileen Chang, writing, family, psychoanalysis 3 Remerciement Je tiens à remercier vivement Monsieur le professeur Jean Bessière qui a dirigé cette thèse et fait partie du jury de la soutenance, pour sa soutien permanent et ses précieux conseils. Sa confiance a été la source d’énegie pour moi aux heures difficiles. Je remercie également les autres membres du jury : M. Philippe Daros, Mme. Mireille Calle-Gruber, Mme. Isabelle Rabut, et M. Alain Suberchicot. Leurs conseils m’ont été indispensables pour améliorer mon travail. Mon sincère remerciement va aussi à Joëlle Aluce, mon amie, pour toute l’aide et l’encouragement qu’elle m’a apporté. Elle était toujours disponible pour répondre à mes questions innombrables et indiquer les inconvinents de mon français. Je remercie tout particulièrement du fond de cœur, mon père et ma mère, ils sont l’appui puissant dans ma vie. 4 Table des matières Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………...14 Duras et Chang : deux pôles ancrés dans deux mondes……………………..……………………15 La psychanalyse : une voie vers la littérature……………………………………………………….….18 L’enfance, le point de départ……………………………………………………………………………………19 Comment comprendre «la part de l’enfant dans l’adulte » ?..................................19 L’explication de la notion de « roman familial »……………………………………………….….20 La publication des romans inédits d’Eileen Chang……………………….………………………23 Le souvenir traumatisant à l’origine de la création…………………..…….……………………23 L’explication de mon plan de recherche………………………………………………………..……..…24 Première partie – Le temps des parents……………………….…..………………...26 Chapitre 1. La ville, la société, l’histoire………………….……..…………………27 Eileen Chang ...............................................................................................................27 La Chine de la fin du 19e siècle et la République de Chine avant 1949…………….……….27 Nanjing, Shanghai, Tianjin……………………………………………………………………………………….28 Nanjing – ville de leur jeunesse……………………………………………………………………………29 ◇Histoire et politique…………………………………………………………………………………….29 ◇Economie…………………………………………………………………………………………………….30 Shanghai – ville où commence la vie conjugale ………………………………………….……….31 ◇Histoire et économie…………………………………………………………………………………..31 ◇La politique et la culture particulière de la concession………………………………..31 ◇La concession française……………………………………………………………………………….33 ◇Shanghai pour Chang : la « Pagoda » à laquelle on ne peut pas échapper……35 Tianjin – la vie réellement indépendante …………………………………………..…………….…37 ◇Ville ancienne…………………………………………………………………………………………..…37 ◇Le temps des concessions étrangères……………………………….………………………….37 ◇Ville ouverte et libre……………………………………………………………………………………38 Marguerite Duras ………………………………………………………………………..…………………………41 Henri Donnadieu : Lot-et-Garonne …………………………………………………………………….……41 Villeneuve-sur-Lot……………………………………………………………………………….……….…….41 Marmande…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……42 Marie Legrand : Le Pas-de-Calais………………………………………………………………………….…42 Fruges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..43 La vie en Indochine française …………………………………………………………………………….……43 5 Saigon (Gia Dinh, Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville) ………………………………………………………………….45 Hanoi…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..45 Le climat……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..46 L’Indochine pour Duras : la racine de la vie…………………………………………..…………………47 Chapitre 2. Portrait des parents………………………………………..…………………50 Eileen Chang ……………………………………………………………………………………..…………………..50 La mère : « Nora » de la Chine………………………………………………………………………………..50 Le père : « a caged animal », Yishao typique…………………………………………………………..52 Pour conclure………………………………………………………………………………………………………….54 Marguerite Duras …………………………………………………………………………………………………..56 La mère, ferme et désespérée…………………………………………………………………………………56 Etudes…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….…57 Le désir d’argent………………………………………………………………………………………………….57 La mère et le barrage………………………………………………………………………………………..…58 Le père, intelligent et consciencieux dans son travail………………………………………………59 Chapitre 3. Le mariage des parents ouvre la voie à l’éveil de la conscience féminine………………………………………………………………………….…63 Eileen Chang…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..63 Le mariage traditionnel chinois……………………………………………………………………………….63 Le mariage moderne……………………………………………………………………………………………….67 Le mariage ＝ la mort……………………………………………………………………………………………70 La subordination de la femme à l’homme……………………………………………………………….73 Marguerite Duras………………………………………………………………………………………………..….77 Le premier mariage……………………………………………………………………………….………….…….77 Henri Donnadieu………………………………………………………………………………..……….………77 Marie Legrand…………………………………………………………………………………………….………77 Le deuxième mariage………………………………………………………..…………………………………….79 Une guerre familiale intense …………………………………………………………….……………………80 Le mariage et le désir féminin …………………………………………………………………………….….81 La première expérience sexuelle…………………………………………………………………………82 L’enterrement d’une femme adultère vivante……………………………………………………..83 Le cadavre d’un homme………………………………………………………………………..…………….84 Pour conclure……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………84 Deuxième partie – La fille de la douleur, l’enfant dans l’adulte……………86 Chapitre 4. La famille et le roman familial……………………………..……………87 6 Eileen Chang ………………………………………………………………………………………………….………87 Une grande famille aristocratique sur le déclin…………………………….…………………………87 Deux mariage……………………………………………………………………………….……………………..90 Chang et la passion pour les vêtements bizarres………………………………..……………………91 Les vêtements et le souvenir traumatisant………………………………………..………………..92 ◇Au sujet de la mère – le début du sentiment d’infériorité………………..………….92 ◇De la belle-mère – le prix de l’indépendance………………….……………………………94 Les vêtements et la conscience féminine……………………………………..…………………..…97 Les vêtements et les personnages …………………………………………………………………….101 ◇Albe et Alme, leur destin future……………………………………………..………………….101 ◇Alme, le désir d’amour…………………………………………………………….………………..102 ◇Florelle, la tentation et le désir sexuel……………………………………….………………102 ◇Chuanchang, une vie courte et tragique…………………………………….………………103 ◇Sixte, le contexte historique………………………………………………………………………103 ◇Sixte, son identité de veuve……………………………………………………………………….104 ◇Sixte, sa folie et sa passion dans la famille…………………………………………………104 ◇Jouvence, le contexte historique…………………………………………………….…………106 L’indépendance et l’indifférence……………………………………………………………….………….106 L’indépendance et la peur de perdre la personne aimée…………………………..………106
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