Available online at www.ijpab.com Hassan and Mir Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (1): 1195-1197 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6039 ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (1): 1195-1197 (2018) Review Article Glyphodes Infestation in Mulberry Farooz Hassan* and M. A. Mir T.S.R.I. Mirgund, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, J&K *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 27.11.2017 | Revised: 8.12.2017 | Accepted: 15.12.2017 ABSTRACT One of the major factors that decides the productivity and profitability in sericulture is the maximization of quality mulberry leaf per unit area. Being a major pest, Glyphodes pyloalis walker takes a heavy toll of mulberry especially from July to October under Kashmir climatic conditions. The damage is mainly caused by the fourth and fifth larval stage of the pest from July to October under Kashmir conditions Though this insect still finds enough time and place on mulberry leaves for its feeding and breeding habits, feeding of such leaves to silk worms affects their growth and development, thereby reducing the quality silk production which ultimately has negative impact on overall growth of silk industry. Key words: Glyphodes pyloalis, Pest, Mulberry, Sericulture, Kashmir. INTRODUCTION known to interfere considerably with all the Glyphodes pyloalis walker is a moth in the phases of sericultural practices and account for Crambidae family. It was described by Walker 20 to 25 per cent crop loss world wide in 1859. It is found in Iran, China, Japan, Sengupta et al.7. The importance of quality of India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Tiawan, Florida of mulberry leaves on growth, development and North America. It is a monophagous silk production in silkworm is well Lepidopteran pest of family Pyrallidae documented Dasgupta3, Yokoyama11, Kulbir6 (crambidiae), which is also known as mulberry and Mir10. defoliator. Glyphodes pyloalis walker is a So far over 300 insect and non-insect, major pest of mulberry in temperate regions, species of pest are known to infest mulberry in which causes a great loss to the mulberry yield various intensities during different stages of (above 10%). the crop and season Reddy and Kotikal9 and Mulberry is the sole food of silkworm Zeya et.al.12, In India, more than 70 insect and Bombyx mori L. prone to depredation of non-insect species belonging to Lepidoptera, diverse organisms, because of its growth Hemiptera, Coloeptera, Thysanoptera, throughout the year. The pests that cause Orthoptera, Isoptera and Acarina are known to considerable damage to mulberry is sporadic feed on mulberry crop Biradhar2 and Naik8, and sometimes, seasonal. Insect pests are Cite this article: Hassan, F. and Mir M.A., Glyphodes Infestation in Mulberry, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6(1): 1195-1197 (2018). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6039 Copyright © Jan.-Feb., 2018; IJPAB 1195 Hassan and Mir Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (1): 1195-1197 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Some of the major insect pest of mulberry like and measuring 0.2mm in size. These eggs Bihar hairy caterpillar – Siplosoma oblique, hatch into larvae within 5-6 days. The larvae leaf roller – Diaphania pulverulentalis and are slender, fusiform, segmented and mealy bugs- Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green measuring from 0.2mm to 2cms in length. The are known to cause a crop loss of 25 per cent larvae has three pairs of forelegs, four pairs of to 30 per cent, 12 to 15 per cent and 10 to 15 hind legs and a pair of caurdal legs. These per cent respectively Manjunath et al5. larvae become mature and get transformed into Zeya et al13 reported that almost all the brown pupae and finally into moth and the mulberry genotypes are prone to attack by a whole life cycle gets completed in about a number of insect pests in different seasons month. causing considerable loss to cocoon crop both Economic Damage: In Kashmir agro-climatic qualitatively and quantitatively in Jammu and conditions the Glyphodes pyloalis walker Kashmir state. infestation is mainly recorded in mulberry In 1995-96 an extensive survey was plants during July to October. Glyphodes conducted in various agro-climatic zones of pyloalis walker (Pyrallidae: Lepidoptera) Kashmir valley in order to identify the insect assumed greater significance in recent years pests of mulberry. Different pests belonging to owing to its damage to mulberry plants both different families of the order Lepidoptera qualitatively and quantitatively. The newly were found to be new on mulberry. Among hatched larvae spin fine silky net of threads different pests, the infestation by Glyphodes around themselves and eat leaf flush, leaving pyloalis Glyphodes pyloalis walker in Kashmir behind transparent cuticular layer. The excreta valley was found to be 20 to 40 per cent at of larvae is held in the fine silky threads, Temperate Sericulture Research Institute making leaves unfit for silkworms. The Mirgund. Anonymous1. Insects have been reduction in leaf quality by this insect pest found to cause around 20 per cent of loss to leads to inferior performance of silk worm silk production. In 2003 during the survey breed especially in autumn season. Therefore about 20 to 25 per cent was reported due to the quantity and quality of mulberry leaves in Glyphodes pyloalis Walker during July to rearing decides the prosperity of sericulture. October. Zeya et .al.14, Insect pests are known The pest damages foliage, deprive the to interfere considerably with all the phase of nutrients and arrest the growth of plants. The sericultural practices. During infestation, the pest damaged leaves can be detected easily insect pests damage physio-chemical processes from the mulberry garden. The damage is of the foliage of mulberry which ultimately caused by the larvae stage, mainly the alter biochemical constituents of the plant. infestation range is highest in 4th and 5th larval Feeding of Glyphodes pyloalis infested leaves stage. The larvae web the leaves together and affects the silkworm growth and development feed inside the leaves. The larvae eat all the which in turn deteriorates the quality of silk internal green portion of the leaf and produced. Farooz4. skeltonise the mulberry leaf. The infested Life Cycle: Glyphodes pyloalis walker portion of the leaf is dark brown in colour and belongs to kingdom Animalie, phyllum lacks various components like proteins, sugars, Orthopoda, class Insecta, order Lepidoptera chlorophyll, moisture content etc. and family Crambidae. The life cycle of Management: The infestation by this pest can Glyphodes pyloalis walker is of complete be controlled by adopting different metamorphosis (holometabolite) that is. egg- management practices like as:- larva-pupa-adult. The lifecycle of this pest 1. Hand picking of larval stages and their synchronizes with the lifecycle of silk worm. destruction The moth is nocturnal and each female moth 2. Deep ploughing and deweeding destroys lays about 200 eggs on the ventral side of the hibernating larvae. leaves which are pale yellow in colour, round 3. Burning of diseased (fallen) leaves in the Copyright © Jan.-Feb., 2018; IJPAB 1196 Hassan and Mir Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (1): 1195-1197 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 month of sep. to oct. mori L. M.Sc. thesis (Sericulture) T. S. R. 4. Straw banding of trees. Institute SKUAST- Kashmir, Shalimar 5. Light trapping for moths. (2008). 6. Spray of 0.04 % D. D. V. P. on the 5. Manjunath, D., Satyaprasad, K., Katiyar, mulberry leaves can reduce the infestation R. L., Rajaduari, S., Shekhar, M. A., Sen, up to 80 to 90 %. A. K. and Data, R. K., Integrated pest 7. The parasitoid like Apantelis spp can be management in sericulture. National used as a biocontrol agent. Confrence on Strategies for Sericulture Research and Development, 5 to 7 Nov. C. CONCLUSION S. R. T. I. Mysore (2000). Since the quality and quantity of mulberry 6. Kulbir, S., Bioassay of some indigenous leaves play a dominant role in success of mulberry varieties of Kashmir valley with silkworm rearing, it is imperative to combat silkworm B. mori L. M.Sc. thesis the menace of Glyphodes infestation of (Sericulture) T. S. R. Institute SKUAST- mulberry by adopting the approved integrated Kashmir, Shalimar 110 (2001). pest management practices without causing 7. Sengupta, K., Kumar, P., Baig, M. and much damage to environment especially when Govindaiah, Hand book on pest and autumn rearing is to be conducted on disease control of mulberry silkworm. commercial scale Thus Glyphodes pyloalis Economic and Social Commission of Asia walker can prove as one of the serious and Pacific, Bangkok Thailand. 35 (1990). biological determinants in the silk productivity 8. Naik, S. L., Bio - ecology of thrips under Kashmir conditions if not taken infesting mulberry, M.Sc Sericulture, seriously. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 77 (1997). REFERENCES 9. Reddy, D. N. R. and Kotikal, Y. K. Pests 1. Anonymous, Survey and study of various of mulberry and their management. Indian mulberry pests in Jammu & Kashmir Silk (1988). state. Annual Report, Division of 10. Mir, G. 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