Survival and Characteristics of Ice Nucleation-Active Bacteria on Mulberry Trees (Morus Spp.) and in Mulberry Pyralid (Glyphodes Pyloalis)*

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Survival and Characteristics of Ice Nucleation-Active Bacteria on Mulberry Trees (Morus Spp.) and in Mulberry Pyralid (Glyphodes Pyloalis)* 日 植 病 報61: 439-443 (1995) Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 61: 439-443 (1995) Survival and Characteristics of Ice Nucleation-active Bacteria on Mulberry Trees (Morus spp.) and in Mulberry Pyralid (Glyphodes pyloalis)* Kyoichi TAKAHASHI**,***, Kenji WATANABE** and Mamoru SATO** Abstract Survival and population proportion of ice nucleation-active (INA) bacteria on mulberry tree and in an insect, mulberry pyralid, were investigated. Two groups of epiphytic bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae and Erwinia herbicola group bacteria formed dominant bacterial floras on mulberry leaves. E. herbicola group bacteria also distributed in most larvae of mulberry pyralid, but P. syringae was detectable in only some of them. Population frequency of INA P. syringae against total P. syringae in mulberry trees was very high (48.1%), whereas that of E. herbicola group bacteria was low (0.5%). Two group of INA bacteria were identified as P. syringae pv. mori and as Erwinia ananas which has not been detected from mulberry. These two species of INA bacteria were also first found in the insect, mulberry pyralid. A relationship between population of the INA bacteria and frost damage of mulberry trees was discussed. (Received January 25, 1995; Accepted May 18, 1995) Key words: ice nucleation-active bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori, Erwinia herbicola, Erwinia ananas, mulberry pyralid, mulberry trees. syringae surviving on mulberry trees have not been INTRODUCTION detected and also there has been no information on the survival of INA bacteria in insects feeding mulberry Frost formation in plants requires the presence of leaves. suitable ice nucleus. Maki et al. found out that Pseudo- This paper deals with the results of the survival and monas syringae harbored an ability as ice nucleus11), and identification of INA bacteria on mulberry trees and in Arny et al. have shown that ice nucleation-active (INA) the insect, mulberry pyralid (Glyphodes pyloalis). bacteria are involved in frost damage to plants1). INA bacteria are widely distributed on plants in nature. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lindow et al. have found that many species of plant sampled from several locations harbored INA Sampling procedure of bacteria. Leaf samples bacteria10). Many species of INA bacteria such as P. were collected from mulberry trees (cv. Shin-ichinose, syringae pathovars, P. fluorescens, P. viridiflava, Xantho- cv. Kainezu and so on) at several locations of the field of monas campestris pv. translucens, Erwinia herbicola, E. National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological ananas and E. uredovora have been reported1,3,4,10,12). Science (NISES) located in Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan. Moreover, distribution and population dynamics of INA Several leaves were collected from an upper position of bacteria have been investigated in many crops, fruit shoots, mixed each other and used as one sample. The trees and tea trees5,10,12). samples were washed vigorously in sterile distilled Survival of INA bacteria on mulberry trees (Morns water (20ml per one gram of fresh leaves) for 30min on spp.) have been described by Takahashi's research a rotary shaker. Leaf washing were plated on modified group13,16,18,19),and the INA bacterium was identified as LB medium (polypeptone 10g, yeast extract 5g, NaCl 10 P. syringae pv. mori which is the pathogen of bacterial g, agar 15g, distilled water 1 liter) and cultured at 25•Ž. blight of mulberry. Moreover, some properties such as From frost-damaged buds and leaves, the bacteria were plasmid profiles14) and the effect of temperature treat- isolated by homogenizing them with a mortar. Bacterial ment on ice nucleation activity in the bacteria8) were strains isolated were preserved by suspending cells in reported. However, INA bacterial species other than P. skim milk buffer (skim milk 10g, sodium L-glutamate *This research was supported by a Grant -in-aid from Ministry of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries. **National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science , Tsukuba 305, Japan蚕 糸 ・昆 虫 農 業 技 術 研 究 所 ***Present address: Kanagawa Prefectural Sericultural Experiment Station , Ebina 243-04, Japan現 在:神 奈 川 県 蚕 業 セ ン タ ー 440 日本植物病理学会報 第61巻 第5号 平成7年10月 1.5g, distilled water 100ml) and stored at -30•Ž until INA assay. RESULTS Larvae of Glyphodes pyloalis were collected from mulberry trees at several locations of NISES fields. Survival of INA bacteria on mulberry trees Whole body of the insect larvae was homogenized in Population of epiphytic bacteria surviving on mul- sterile distilled water using a homogenizer or a mortar berry leaves was surveyed at several days intervals after surface-sterilizing by 10% of sodium hypochlorite during October to November in 1993. Two (or three) solution (active chlorine, 8.5% to 13.5%). Mixtures were species of bacteria formed dominant flora on mulberry plated on modified LB medium and cultured at 25•Ž. leaves. These bacteria were identified as P. syringae pv. Assay of ice nucleation activity. Bacteria mori or E. herbicola group bacteria (E. ananas and E. grown on modified LB medium for 1 to 2 days at 20•Ž herbicola) as described later. E. herbicola group bacteria were used for INA assay. Ice nucleation activity was were detectable from all samples (52/52) and P. syringae determined by droplet freezing method on chromium was detected from 90per cent of the samples (47/52). plating copper plates described by Takahashi17). Ten They were observed at a high population on mulberry drops, each of 10ƒÊl, were placed on the plate at con- trees as shown in Fig. 1. Although several other kinds of trolled-temperature (-5•Ž). If all drops freezed within 60sec, the strain were judged to be INA bacteria. Identification of bacteria. Identification of Table 1. Proportion of ice nucleation-active (INA) Erwinia herbicola group bacteria was performed by API bacterial population isolated from mulberry leaves in 1993 20E identification kit and acid production from some carbohydrates which was assayed by incubating in un- shaken aqueous solution (1% carbohydrates, 1% pep- tone, with bromocresol purple as an indicator) for 7 days. Identification of Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori was done by the simple identification methods, such as an agglutination reaction to the antiserum of P. syringae pv. mori S6807 (MAFF 810007), a fluorescein produc- tion on King's medium B and pathogenicity to mulberry as previously reported by Sato et al.15) a) NT: Not tested. Fig. 1. Survival of Pseudomonas syringae and Fig. 2. Survival of Pseudomonas syringae and Erwinia herbicola group bacteria on mul- Erwinia herbicola group bacteria in mul- berry leaves. Bacterial numbers indicate berry pyralid (Glyphodes pyloalid). Bacte- cfu per gram of mulberry leaves (fresh rial numbers indicate cfu per one larva. weight). Date indicate when mulberry Date indicate when larvae were sampled. • : leaves were sampled. • : Erwinia herbicola Erwinia herbicola group bacteria, •¡: group bacteria, •¡:Pseudomonas syringae. Pseudomonas syringae. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 61 (5). October, 1995 441 unidentified bacteria were also isolated from all sam- Yellow pigmented strains, TM2 and Mei 7, were ples, the population of the each bacteria was much lower thought to be Erwinia herbicola group bacteria from the than those of E. herbicola group bacteria and of P. results of API 20E identification kit (profile indexes of syringae. TM2 and Mei 7 are 1244573). Moreover, both strains Proportion of INA bacteria among total epiphytic produced acid from carbohydrates such as inositol, bacteria from mulberry leaves are shown in Table 1. raffinose, cellobiose and glycerol. E. herbicola strains INA bacteria were detected from all samples collected used as a control did not produce acid from these carbo- during October to November, showing that 48.1% of P. hydrates. Accordingly, TM2 and Mei 7 were identified syringae strains and a few of E. herbicola group bacteria as Erwinia ananas. have an ability of ice nucleation activity. A survey of acid production from these carbohydrates Survival of INA bacteria in mulberry pyralid in E. herbicola group strains including non-INA bacteria (Glyphodes pyloalis) and other organisms indicates that 58% of the strains (7/12) isolated from the Population of bacteria surviving in the insect Glypho- mulberry trees and 75% of the strains (6/8) isolated des pyloalis was surveyed in the samples collected from from the insect were E. ananas. Other strains were E. mulberry fields during October to November in 1993. E. herbicola or undetermined strains. herbicola group bacteria were detected as the dominant Relationship of frost injury and population of flora in most larvae (19/22), but P. syringae was detect- INA bacteria in mulberry trees able from only 6 samples out of 22 larvae (Fig. 2). There was a frost inducing necrosis in most mulberry Proportion of INA bacteria among total bacteria leaves in NISES field on November 25th, 1993. Popula- from mulberry pyralid are shown in Table 2. Three tion of INA bacteria isolated from frost-damaged leaves strains of P. syringae and one strains of E. herbicola with necrotic spots and undamaged green leaves was group bacteria expressed their ice nucleation activity. investigated. These leaves were randomly collected at a Intensity of INA of these strains was investigated by frost morning (-1.7•Ž). Bacteria were isolated by homog- freezing temperature and time required for freezing. All enizing method (sample 1 to 7) or shaking method (sam- the strain did not freeze at higher than -3.5•Ž after 5 ple 8, 9). All samples contained a high population (104 to min. These strains began to freeze -4.0•Ž after 5min, 107 cfu per gram of leaves) of the bacteria, P. syringae -4 .5•Ž after 2-4min, -5•Ž and -6•Ž after 1min. and E. herbicola. Nine shoots were sampled from nine INA P. syringae and E. herbicola group bacteria were locations in the field. In most shoots (7/9), no difference isolated also from a weed, golden rod (Solidago altissima of INA bacteria population between necrotic leaves and Japanese name=seitaka-awadachisou) in the same green ones was observed (Table 3).
Recommended publications
  • Download Download
    Agr. Nat. Resour. 54 (2020) 499–506 AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES Journal homepage: http://anres.kasetsart.org Research article Checklist of the Tribe Spilomelini (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Pyraustinae) in Thailand Sunadda Chaovalita,†, Nantasak Pinkaewb,†,* a Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand b Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaengsaen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand Article Info Abstract Article history: In total, 100 species in 40 genera of the tribe Spilomelini were confirmed to occur in Thailand Received 5 July 2019 based on the specimens preserved in Thailand and Japan. Of these, 47 species were new records Revised 25 July 2019 Accepted 15 August 2019 for Thailand. Conogethes tenuialata Chaovalit and Yoshiyasu, 2019 was the latest new recorded Available online 30 October 2020 species from Thailand. This information will contribute to an ongoing program to develop a pest database and subsequently to a facilitate pest management scheme in Thailand. Keywords: Crambidae, Pyraustinae, Spilomelini, Thailand, pest Introduction The tribe Spilomelini is one of the major pests in tropical and subtropical regions. Moths in this tribe have been considered as The tribe Spilomelini Guenée (1854) is one of the largest tribes and the major pests of economic crops such as rice, sugarcane, bean belongs to the subfamily Pyraustinae, family Crambidae; it consists of pods and corn (Khan et al., 1988; Hill, 2007), durian (Kuroko 55 genera and 5,929 species worldwide with approximately 86 genera and Lewvanich, 1993), citrus, peach and macadamia, (Common, and 220 species of Spilomelini being reported in North America 1990), mulberry (Sharifi et.
    [Show full text]
  • Bitki Koruma Bülteni / Plant Protection Bulletin, 2020, 60 (3) : 39-45
    Bitki Koruma Bülteni / Plant Protection Bulletin, 2020, 60 (3) : 39-45 Bitki Koruma Bülteni / Plant Protection Bulletin http://dergipark.gov.tr/bitkorb Original article A pest that could be posing a threat to mulberry production of Turkey: Glyphodes pyloalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Türkiye dut üretimini tehdit edebilecek bir zararlı: Glyphodes pyloalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Gürsel ÇETİNa* Pınar HEPHIZLI GÖKSELa Mustafa ÖZDEMİRb Yılmaz BOZa a*Directorate of Ataturk Central Horticultural Research Institute, Süleyman Bey Mah., Yalı Cad., 77100 Yalova, Turkey bPlant Protection Central Research Institute, Gayret Mah. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bulv. 06172 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Mulberry, Morus spp. (Moraceae) is naturally cultivated in Turkey, and no DOI: 10.16955/bitkorb.669491 chemical input used during the production process. Hitherto, major and common Received : 02.01.2020 species of insect and acari caused the economic yield and quality losses in the Accepted : 28.05.2020 mulberry production have not been recorded. On the other hand, lesser mulberry snout moth, Glyphodes pyloalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Keywords: considered being one of the most important pests of mulberry around the world Lesser mulberry snout moth, Glyphodes pyloalis, Morus spp., was detected in the province of Yalova in the last week of August in 2018 for the Crambidae, Lepidoptera first time. Larvae of this pest caused serious damage to leaves of white mulberry (Morus alba L., 1753), black mulberry (Morus nigra L., 1753), and weeping white * Corresponding author: Gürsel ÇETİN mulberry (Morus alba cv. ‘Pendula’) (Urticales: Moraceae) whereas it has newly [email protected] just occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on the Susceptibility and Cross Infectivity of Mulberry Pest
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2021; 9(2): 962-965 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Studies on the susceptibility and cross infectivity www.entomoljournal.com JEZS 2021; 9(2): 962-965 of mulberry pest Glyphodes pyloalis Walker to © 2021 JEZS Received: 16-01-2021 silkworm, Bombyx mori L Accepted: 21-02-2021 Abeera Imtiyaz College of Temperate Sericulture, Abeera Imtiyaz, Iqra Rafiq, KA Sahaf, Shabir A Bhat, ZI Buhroo, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Shaheen Gul and S Maqbool of Kashmir Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India Abstract Iqra Rafiq In the present study, susceptibility of the mulberry pest G. pyloalis Walker to the pathogens of silkworm, College of Temperate Sericulture, B. mori L. and susceptibility of the silkworm, B. mori to the pathogens of mulberry pest G. pyloalis was Sher-e-Kashmir University of ascertained. During the study various stages of G. pyloalis were found infected with the Microsporidian Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir Srinagar, Jammu and (Pebrine) and Nuclear Polyhedral Virus (BmNPV) whereas, fungal and bacterial pathogens were not Kashmir, India observed during the present study. The mean incidence of microsporidian and NPV was observed as 4.22% and 5.99%., respectively. Silkworm, Bombyx mori inoculated with the pathogens isolated from G. KA Sahaf pyloalis (Microsporidian and Nuclear Polyhedral Virus) showed high mortality at larval and pupal stages. College of Temperate Sericulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of However, silkworms inoculated with Microsporidian showed mortality of 53.66% at larval stage whereas Agricultural Sciences and Technology silkworms inoculated with Nuclear Polyhedral Virus showed mortality of 61.00% at larval stage.
    [Show full text]
  • Full-Length Transcriptome of Thalassiosira Weissflogii As
    marine drugs Communication Full-Length Transcriptome of Thalassiosira weissflogii as a Reference Resource and Mining of Chitin-Related Genes Haomiao Cheng 1,2,3, Chris Bowler 4, Xiaohui Xing 5,6,7, Vincent Bulone 5,6,7, Zhanru Shao 1,2,* and Delin Duan 1,2,8,* 1 CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; [email protected] 2 Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4 Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France; [email protected] 5 Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; [email protected] (X.X.); [email protected] (V.B.) 6 Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae 5064, Australia 7 Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae 5064, Australia 8 State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances, Qingdao Bright Moon Seaweed Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266400, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.S.); [email protected] (D.D.) Citation: Cheng, H.; Bowler, C.; Xing, X.; Bulone, V.; Shao, Z.; Duan, D. Abstract: β-Chitin produced by diatoms is expected to have significant economic and ecological Full-Length Transcriptome of value due to its structure, which consists of parallel chains of chitin, its properties and the high Thalassiosira weissflogii as a Reference abundance of diatoms.
    [Show full text]
  • CV Dr Jalali Sendi
    Curriculum Vitae Dr. Jalal Jalali Sendi Professor Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. E mail: [email protected] Tel. Office: +981333690817 Cell phone: +989113309574 Personal Link: https://staff.guilan.ac.ir/jalali/index.php?a=0&lg=1 Researcher ID : C-5364-2017 Author ID : 38561500900 Orc ID: 0000-0002-4917-1068 Educational Qualifications: B.S.(1982) M.S.(1985) Ph.D.(1991)- specialized in Insect Physiology Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, India Research Grants: 1) Botanical pesticides from indigenous plants of Guilan Province against insect pests of economic importance University of Guilan, Reseach Office Grant 1385 2) Establishment of a new cell line from hemocyte of rose sawfly Arge rosae (Hym Argidae) and investigation on the responses to pathogenic factors by these cells Iranian National Science Foundation (INSF) Grant No. 911003789 3) Effect of essential Oil and extract formulation of Sweetworm wood Artemisia annua L. on larvae and a cell line of lesser mulberry snout moth, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker Iranian National Science Foundation (INSF) Grant No. 98004512 Publications Book Chapter 1. Artemisia annua - Pharmacology and Biotechnology Chapter 13. Recent Developments in Controlling Insect, Acari, Nematode, and Plant Pathogens of Agricultural and Medical Importance by Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) Spriger pp 229-247 2. Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants Chapter 5. Biological Activities of Essential oils on Insects Research Articles: (From 1990 – 2020) ٢. 3. Srivastava,K.P.,Katyar,R.L.,Tiwari,R.K.,Tiwari,J.N. and J.Jalali.1990.Effects of a juvenoid on the morphogenesis of the female reproductive organs in Dysdercus koenigii Fabr.(Hemiptera).Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy Part- B (Biological Sciences) .
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of Lightning Pheromone Application Against Mulberry Glyphodes Pylaialis W
    E3S Web of Conferences 244, 02030 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124402030 EMMFT-2020 Effectiveness of lightning pheromone application against mulberry Glyphodes pylaialis W. Z. Nosirova1,* and M. Tojieva1 1Tashkent State Agrarian University, University str., 2, Tashkent province, Uzbekistan, 100140 Abstract. An analysis of the results of experiments to determine the effectiveness of the use of illuminated pheromone catchers in the fight against mulberry moth was presented. The experiments used pheromone handles impregnated with antioxidant pheromone material and placed on a lamp based on 2 light-emitting diodes operating in the ultraviolet radiation range of 365-370 nm. According to the analysis of the results, it was observed that mulberry moths caught on illuminated pheromone traps were 2.15 times more than non-illuminated catches, and the number of moths caught at night was about 1.75 times higher than the number of moths caught daytime. 1 Inroduction It is known that pheromone traps play a role in pest control activities. The main reasons for this can be explained by the fact that this method is completely harmless to the environment, water, soil, agricultural workers, and the cost of implementation is relatively low. Research conducted by our Russian colleagues has tested more than 70 species of pheromones and sex attractants of forest tree pests, and noted their promising role in protecting plants from pests [1]. Proof of this idea can be taken from recent studies that have been used against corn crop pests and have given relatively good biological efficacy. In this paper, experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of conical and aspiration pheromone traps, and it was shown that the efficiency of conical traps is higher [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Enemies of Mulberry Pyralid, Glyphodes Pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Temperate Climate of Kashmir
    Journal of Biological Control, 25 (1): 55–57, 2011 Research Note Natural enemies of mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in temperate climate of Kashmir VISHAL MITTAL, IRFAN ILLAHI, ANIL DHAR and M. A. KHAN Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Pampore 192 121, Jammu and Kashmir, India. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT: The incidence of natural enemies on the mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes (=Margaronia) pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) infesting mulberry crop was studied at Pampore, Kashmir during 2008 and 2009 cropping seasons. Five hymenopteran parasitoids including three braconids (Apanteles obliquae Wilkinson, Bracon hebetor Say and Chelonus carbonator Marshall) and two ichneumonids (Pristomerus sulci Mahdihassan and Kolubajiv and Xanthopimpla sp.) were found to parasitize the larvae. Two predators, viz. Tetragnatha sp. (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) and Philodromus sp. (Araneae: Philodromidae) were also recorded. The activity of these natural enemies was observed from July to October in the cropping period spread over May-October. KEY WORDS: Glyphodes pyloalis, Kashmir, mulberry, natural enemies (Article chronicle: Received: 11.10.2010; sent for revision: 02.11.2010; Accepted: 27.11.2010) Mulberry (Morus sp.) is the only host plant of Mulberry cropping period spans from May to silkworm, Bombyx mori L. and is ravaged by different October in temperate conditions of Kashmir. The pests and diseases. So far over 300 pest species have observations on the seasonal occurrence of natural been recorded on mulberry in different parts of the enemies of the mulberry pyralid from July to October on world (Reddy and Kotikal, 1988). There are as many commercially improved genotypes, viz.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook on Pest and Disease Control of Mulberry and Silkworm
    J >--' l ' :_,. ' ' ~.' • •• / ~ ..._,.,. \j).,~: ... i ( :_-; : ~ ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC .·J . / ... ' HANDBOOK ON PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL OF MULBERRY AND SILKWORM (:.\. ~~ iJ?.~ --7~ UNITED NATIONS ST/ESCAP/888 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations orof any of the Governments of the countries or territories mentioned in the studies. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ii PREFACE It is well known that the Asian and Pacific region has an age-old tradition of producing and using silk, besides being the supplier of the commodity to the whole world. Recently, the silk trade, both within and outside the region, has become complex and competitive. To cope with this situation, there is a need to increase production as well as to improve the quality of silk. How­ ever, one of the most serious problems faced by many countries of the region in such efforts is the incidence of pests and diseases of both mulberry and silkworms. Indeed, cocoon and raw silk production, and ultimately the quality of silk produced, depend heavily on the success of silkworm rearing, and pests and diseases are an important factor affecting the productivity of silkworms. Thus, an effective means of increasing the production of silk and improving its quality is the control of such pests and diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • The Developmental Transcriptome of Bagworm, Metisa Plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) and Insights Into Chitin Biosynthesis Genes
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article The Developmental Transcriptome of Bagworm, Metisa plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) and Insights into Chitin Biosynthesis Genes Nur Lina Rahmat 1, Anis Nadyra Zifruddin 1, Cik Mohd Rizuan Zainal Abidin 2, Nor-Azlan Nor Muhammad 1 and Maizom Hassan 1,* 1 Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] (N.L.R.); [email protected] (A.N.Z.); [email protected] (N.-A.N.M.) 2 Pest Management, FGV R&D Sdn. Bhd., Tun Razak 26400 PPP, Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Bagworm, Metisa plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) is a ubiquitous insect pest in the oil palm plantations. M. plana infestation could reduce the oil palm productivity by 40% if it remains untreated over two consecutive years. Despite the urgency to tackle this issue, the genome and transcriptome of M. plana have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we report a comprehensive transcriptome dataset from four different developmental stages of M. plana, comprising of egg, third instar larva, pupa and female adult. The de novo transcriptome assembly of the raw data had produced a total of 193,686 transcripts, which were then annotated against UniProt, NCBI non-redundant (NR) database, Gene Ontology, Cluster of Orthologous Group, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. From this, 46,534 transcripts were annotated and mapped to 146 known metabolic or signalling KEGG pathways. The paper further identified 41 differentially expressed transcripts encoding seven genes in the chitin biosynthesis pathways, and their expressions across each developmental stage were further analysed.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Composition, Toxicity and Physiological Effects of Essential Oil of Rosemarinus Officinalis on Lesser Mulberry Pyralid
    J. Crop Prot. 2013, 2 (4): 461-476______________________________________________________ Chemical composition, toxicity and physiological effects of essential oil of Rosemarinus officinalis on lesser mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Elham Yazdani1, Jalal Jalali Sendi*1, 2 and Alireza Aliakbar3 1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. 2. Department of Sericuture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. 3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Abstract: Mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker is an important pest on mulberry. The essential oil of Rosemary Rosemarinus officinalis L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) has been investigated on toxicity and physiological characteristics of this moth under controlled conditions. The major compounds of the oil were analyzed as 1, 8 Cineol (20.021%), Borneol (7.17%), Camphor (6.541%), Geraniol (6.281%), Camphene (5.623%), Linalool (4.993%) Alpha fenchyl acetate (4.222%) and Verbenone (4.147%). Lethal and sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC30 and LC50) were estimated 0.77%, 1.18% and 1.59% (v/v) respectively. The essential oil affected the nutritional indices of fourth instar larvae of G. pyloalis. efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), relative consumption rate (RCR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were reduced in larvae treated with R. officinalis essential oil while approximate digestibility (AD) in treated larvae was significantly increased compared with the control. The essential oil affected the insect’s some key metabolic compounds like; lipid, protein and carbohydrates. Similarly this effect was also significant in the activities of certain key enzymes like; alpha- amylase, lipase, protease, glutathione-s-transferase and esterases.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross Infectivity of Glyphodes Pyloalis Walker Infested Mulberry Leaves on the Rearing Performance of Silkworm, (Bombyx Mori L.)
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 596-605 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 03 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.077 Cross Infectivity of Glyphodes pyloalis Walker Infested Mulberry Leaves on the Rearing Performance of Silkworm, (Bombyx mori L.) Abeera Imtiyaz1*, K. A. Sahaf1, Shabir A. Bhat1, ShaheenGul2, Iqra Rafiq1, Z. I. Buhroo1 and S. Maqbool3 1College of Temperate Sericulture, 2MFCRC, SKUAST-K, Khudwani, 3Division of Statistics, FOA, SKUAST-K, Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir Srinagar, J & K, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT In the present study, susceptibility of the silkworm, Bombyx mori to the pathogens of K e yw or ds mulberry pest Glyphodes pyloalis was ascertained. Silkworm, Bombyx mori inoculated with the pathogens isolated from G. pyloalis (Microsporidian and Nuclear Polyhedral Bombyx mori, Cross infectivity, Virus) showed high mortality at larval and pupal stages. Silkworms inoculated with Glyphodes pyloalis, Microsporidian showed mortality of 53.66% at larval stage whereas silkworms inoculated Mulberry , with Nuclear Polyhedral Virus showed mortality of 61.00% at larval stage. The survival Silkworm rate and pupation rate besides the other economical characters were also affected in the inoculated batches of silkworm. The v larvae inoculated with the pathogens of silkworm Article Info showed mortality of 90.64% and 92.00% due to Microsporidian and Nuclear Polyhedral Virus inoculation respectively. The study has revealed that G. pyloalis besides being a Accepted: major pest of mulberry causing severe damage to the leaves also acts as alternate host for 14 February 2021 the pathogens causing diseases of silkworm.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Composition, Toxicity and Physiological Effects of Essential Oil of Rosemarinus Officinalis on Lesser Mulberry Pyralid
    J. Crop Prot. 2013, 2 (4): 461-476______________________________________________________ Chemical composition, toxicity and physiological effects of essential oil of Rosemarinus officinalis on lesser mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Elham Yazdani1, Jalal Jalali Sendi*1, 2 and Alireza Aliakbar3 1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. 2. Department of Sericuture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. 3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Abstract: Mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker is an important pest on mulberry. The essential oil of Rosemary Rosemarinus officinalis L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) has been investigated on toxicity and physiological characteristics of this moth under controlled conditions. The major compounds of the oil were analyzed as 1, 8-Cineol (20.021%), Borneol (7.17%), Camphor (6.541%), Geraniol (6.281%), Camphene (5.623%), Linalool (4.993%) α-fenchyl acetate (4.222%) and Verbenone (4.147%). Sublethal and lethal concentrations (LC10, LC30 and LC50) were estimated at 0.77%, 1.18% and 1.59% (v/v) respectively. The essential oil affected the nutritional indices of fourth instar larvae of G. pyloalis, such that efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), relative consumption rate (RCR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were reduced in the treated larvae while approximate digestibility (AD) was significantly increased compared with the control. The essential oil affected the insect’s some key metabolic compounds such as; lipid, protein and carbohydrates. Similarly this effect was also significant in the activities of certain key enzymes like; α-amylase, lipase, protease, glutathione-s- transferase and esterases.
    [Show full text]