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Handbook on Pest and Disease Control of Mulberry and Silkworm

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Handbook on Pest and Disease Control of Mulberry and Silkworm J >--' l ' :_,. ' ' ~.' • •• / ~ ..._,.,. \j).,~: ... i ( :_-; : ~ ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC .·J . / ... ' HANDBOOK ON PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL OF MULBERRY AND SILKWORM (:.\. ~~ iJ?.~ --7~ UNITED NATIONS ST/ESCAP/888 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations orof any of the Governments of the countries or territories mentioned in the studies. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ii PREFACE It is well known that the Asian and Pacific region has an age-old tradition of producing and using silk, besides being the supplier of the commodity to the whole world. Recently, the silk trade, both within and outside the region, has become complex and competitive. To cope with this situation, there is a need to increase production as well as to improve the quality of silk. How­ ever, one of the most serious problems faced by many countries of the region in such efforts is the incidence of pests and diseases of both mulberry and silkworms. Indeed, cocoon and raw silk production, and ultimately the quality of silk produced, depend heavily on the success of silkworm rearing, and pests and diseases are an important factor affecting the productivity of silkworms. Thus, an effective means of increasing the production of silk and improving its quality is the control of such pests and diseases. Even by conservative estimates, pest and dis­ ease incidence combined accounts for about 20-25 per cent of crop loss. Many kinds of pests and diseases of mulberry and silkworm, along with appropriate measures to control them, have been identified in the producing countries; however, the information has not been made avail­ able widely enough. For these reasons, the Regional Consultative Group on Silk- an intergovernmental body established by ESCAP to promote multidisciplinary co-operative activities in silk - requested the ESCAP secretariat to compile an inventory of information on the principal pests and dis­ eases which are seriously affecting the productivity of both mulberry and silkworms, as well as on the control measures currently being adopted, and to distribute that information to con­ cerned countries. Supported by generous financial assistance from the Government of the Netherlands, ESCAP initiated a series of activities which culminate in the publication of the present handbook. This handbook, prepared on behalf of ESCAP by a team of specialists led by Dr. K. Sengupta from the Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute of Mysore, India, contains a large amount of technical information on the various pests and diseases occurring in the region and their control, supported by abundant illustrative materials and is mainly meant as a comprehensive and valuable guide for both extension workers and silk farmers. More­ over, the technical information contained herein has been carefully compiled and is expected to be valid for many years to come. We therefore hope that this handbook will also become an authoriative reference book for scientists and personnel involved in research and devel­ opment work in this field. S.A.M.S. Kibria Executive Secretary "The team of specialists led by Dr. K. Sengupta from the Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute of Mysore, India, comprises Dr. Pradip Kumar, Mr. Murthuza Baig and Mr. Govindaiah". 111 Contents Page INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. ix PART-I DISEASES AND PESTS OF MULBERRY PLANT Chapter-1: Diseases of mulberry and their control .............................................................................. 3 1.1. Fungal diseases...................................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1. Leaf spot .................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.2. Powdery mildew...................................................................................................... 4 1.1.3. Rust........................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.4. Root-rot ................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.5. Twig blight ............................................................................................................... 8 1.1.6. Minor fungal diseases ............................................................................................. 10 1.2. Bacterial diseases ................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.1. Bacterial blight ......................................................................................................... 10 1.3. Mycoplasma diseases ........................................................................................................... 11 1.3.1. Dwarf diseases ......................................................................................................... 11 1.4. Viral diseases ..................................................................................................... :................... 11 1.4.1. Mosaic diseases ....................................................................................................... 12 1.5. Nematode diseases ............................................................................................................... 12 1.5.1. Root-knot nematode ............................................................................................... 12 1.6. Deficiency diseases ............................................................................................................... 14 1.6.1 Mineral deficiency in mulberry ............................................................................. 14 Chapter-2: Pests of mulberry and their control .................................................................................... 17 2.1. Lepidoptera .......................................................................................................................... 17 2.1.1. Biharhairycaterpillar ............................................................................................ 17 2.1.2. Cutworm .................................................................................................................. 17 2.1.3. Moringa hairy caterpillar........................................................................................ 18 2.1.4. Tussock caterpillar.................................................................................................. 19 V Contents (Continued) Page 2.1.5. Brown tail moth ······· ···························································································· 21 2.1.6. Wasp moth .............................................................................................................. 21 2.1.7. Ce,yxgodarti, Bdv ................................................................................................... 22 2.1.8. Spanworm ................................................................................................................ 22 2.1.9. Mulberry pyralid ................................................................................................... 23 2.1.10. Leaf-roller ... ·························· ........................................................................................... 24 2.1.11. Leaf-tier ... ·················-·· ............................................................................................... 24 2.1.12. Clear-winged moth ................................................................................................. 25 2.1.13. White caterpillar ..................................................................................................... 25 2.1.14. Wild silkworm ......................................................................................................... 26 2.2. Hemiptera .............................................................................................................................. 26 2.2.1. Black scale insect ........................................................................................................ 27 2.2.2. Mulberry scale insect ................................................................................................ 27 2.2.3. Soft scale insect .......................................................................................................... 28 2.2.4. Red scale insect .......................................................................................................... 29 2.2.5. Mealy bug.................................................................................................................... 29 2.2.6. Mulberry mealy bug .................................................................................................. 30 2.2.7. Jassid ............................................................................................................................ 31 2.3. Coleoptera ...........................................................................................................................
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