Some Common Household Insects and Their Control

Bulletin 400 September, 1937 'SOMECOMMON HOUSEHOLD INSECTS AND THEIRCONTROL NEELY TURNER AND B, H. WALDEN SOMECOMBTON HOUSEHOLD INSECTS AND THEIR CONTROL NSECTS cause a large amount of damage to fabrics, foods, paper, books I and other materials commonly found in homes. In addition many insects carry or transmit diseases that may affect the health of Man. Several types are very annoying, and although they cause no financial loss may frequently arouse more interest than the destructive species. Most of the damage and annoyance caused by household insects can be prevented by proper care and storage of articles and small expenditures for insecticides. Pes~control companies operate in all of the cities in the State and specialize in the control of household insects. Most of these companies Figwe 73. The Oriental Cockroach; female at left, male at right. are managed by experienced men who have developed materials and effec- About twice natural size. tive melhods. In rrany cases of serious infestations their services are necessary in order to obtain adequate results. In some cities local ordinances require that all fumigations be done by licensed operators. On account of the dangers involved in fumigations by untrained men, it is suggested that all building fumigations be carried out by pest control operators, even if this is not legally required. This bulletin has been prepared to give information about the more common household pests. It is based mostly on records of this department and in part on reports in the literature listed on page 855. The drawings for the illustrations were prepared by Mrs. Elizabeth Iiaston. COCKROACHES Cockroaches are among the most common of household pests and are dreaded by all careful housekeepers. They occur in slaughterhouses, stores, bakeries, restaurants, warehouses, factories and other commercial establishments, especially where foodstuffs are handled and where there is heat, moisture and refuse in which they can live. Cockroaches may be brought into the home in bulky packages from the above sources. A few specimens escaping in the house will quickly conceal themselves in cracks and crevices and come out after dark to feed. Thus a colony may often become established before the presence of the pest is discovered. They feed upon almost anything that is soft enough for them to handle with their jaws, but prefer foods containing starch. When cockroaches are abundant, Figure 75. The American Cockroach. the food that they actually eat is only a small part of the damage. They Figure 74. The German Cockroach. About twice natural size. About twice natural size. ruin much more by soiling it in crawling over and dropping their excrement on it, which imparts a disagreeable "roachy" odor that is impossible to remove. Cockroaches belong to the Order Orthoptera, which includes grass- hoppers, katydids and crickets. Tliey are oval in shape and havr thin, flat bodies which are suited to the restricted places in which lliey live. The head is nearly concealed by the thorax and has a pair of long, bristle-like 83 8 Connecticut Experimenl Slat ion Bulletin 400 Cockroaches 839 antennae. Long slender legs allow them to move rapidly when disturbed. male extend about two-thirds the length of the abdomen, while the females The males of our species have four well-developed wings, but the wings of have no under wings and the wing-covers are less than one-fourth of an the females in certain species may be more or less abbreviated. The color inch long. This insect is a native of the Orient and, although distributed varies from light yellowish brown in some species to very dark brown in throughout the United States, appears to be scarce in Connecticut. others. The eggs are laid several at a time in a pouch-like capsule dropped Control by the female in some suitable place or often wherever she may be at the t Cleanliness is essential in avoiding large infestations of roaches. Places time. Upon hatching, the young nymphs have the same general shape as in which food is kept should be absclutely clean of any refuse. Since roaches that of the adults. They molt or shed their skins from five to seven times, hide away and breed in cracks, all such places should be filled with crack increasing in size each time and becoming full grown with wings at the last filler. Cabinets and storage platforms should be built so that there are no molt. Eone of the species mentioned here are native to this section of the hidden recesses in which roaches may hide. In restaurants and bakeries country but were distributed long ago, principally by ships, to nearly all a concrete sanitary cove should be used instead of an ordinary wooden parts of the civilized world. baseboard. German roach,"Croton bug","water bug", Blaltella gerrnaniea Linn. (Figure 74.) However, even under the most sanitary conditions roaches may be carried in on foodstuffs from an infested commercial establishment, or may This cockroach is our smallest species and is the one that is most com- migrate from an infestation nearby. If control measures are undertaken monly found in dwellings. It is called "water bug" because it is often found promptly, a severe infestation from such a source can be prevented. around the water pipes, along which the cockroaches pass to various parts In the ordinary dwelling pure ground pyrethrum flowers sprinkled of the building or from one house to another in congested sections. The over the shelves where roaches are seen will usually prove effective. The name "Croton bug" was applied to this cockroach because it appeared powder shouId be replaced every two or three days until no more roaches in-- manv-- . houses in New York City soon after the pipes had been connected appear. Sodium fluoride is highly effective when used in the same manner, with I&Croton Water System. - The German cockroach is from one-half to five-eighths of an inch in but it is a poisonous material. Its use should be codned to floors or base- ments rather than to shelves where bulk foods are stored. Phosphorous length. It is of a light brown color with two dark brown, longitudinal roach pastes, which are commonly sold by drugstores, give excellent control stripes on the thorax, separated by s distance slightly greater than their but should be used with caution since they are poisonous. The ordinary widlh. This species increases in numbers more rapidly than do the other household sprays may be depended upon if they can be applied to the hid- kinds that infest houses, and all stages, from eggs to adults, are found to- ing places of the roaches. gether in the moist warm places where they live. Although feeding upon a great variety of materials, including nearly all foodstuffs, they are e~pecially In severe infestations, in thickly populated communities and in some fond of those containing starch. When abundant, they have been known commercial establishments, control is more difficult. Sodium fluoride or to ruin books to get at the paste used in the bindings. They delight to get pyrethrum blown into infested partitions and behind shelves and cabinets behind loose mall paper, where they feed upon the paste and at the same will kill many roaches. A power duster should be used in making such time find an ideal hiding place. applications and all food supplies removed to prevent contamination by insecticides. Repeated applications may be necessary to reduce the in- American cockroach, Periplanela americana Linn. (Figure 75.) festations to a low point. Sometimes fumigation is cheaper and more effective than the use of dusts. Under such conditions it is very difficult to The American cockroach is nearly one and one-half inches long and keep cockroaches from any one building without concerted efforts. Unless chestnut brown. The thorax of the female may be uniform dark brown a whole community acts at one time, reinfestation may occur. while that of the male is lighter in color with a bi-lobed spot on the disk and the posterior margin dark brown. The wings are well developed in both sexes. ANTS Tl~iscockroach is a native of tropical America and can live in the North Several species of ants invade dwellings and eat food supplies, par- only under artificial conditions. It is found in wm,moist places where ticularly sweets, bread and cake, and, occasionally, meat. The small red there is an abundance of refuse and filth, and often occurs in numbers Pharaoh's ant (Monomoriumpharaonis L.) and the larger black pavement with the German cockroach in slaughterhouses and the poorer class of ant (Telramorium caespilum L.) nest in and under houses and are fre- restaurants and bakeries. In the summer it has been found in city dumps quently troublesome during the winter months. The large black carpenter where infested refuse has been allowed to accumulate, and often enLcrs ant (Camponotus herculeanus pennsylvanicus DeG.) nests in wood and nearhy I~ouses. Many complaints have been received from persons living sometimes is destructive to porch and house timbers. The lawn ants wilhin a half mile of such dumps. (Lasius niger americanum Em. and Lasius inieger Mayr.) nest out-of-doors and cause annoyance during the summer months. Oriental cockroach, Blutta orienlalis Linn. (Figure 73.) Ants live socially in colonjes and the workers enter houses to seek food. The Oriental cockroach is about one inch long. The males are dark Although they actually eat a very small amount they get into large quanti- brown in color and the females are often nearly black. The wings of th ties of food and make it unfit for use. At certain times winged males and , Clothes Moths 841 840 Conneclicul Experiment Slat ion Bulletin 400 CLOTHES MOTHS females may swarm from colonies of ants.

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