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Malaria and Global Networks of Tropical Medicine in Modern China, 1919-1950

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Malaria and Global Networks of Tropical Medicine in Modern China, 1919-1950 MALARIA AND GLOBAL NETWORKS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE IN MODERN CHINA, 1919-1950 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Yubin Shen, M.A. Washington, D.C. April 10, 2017 Copyright 2017 by Yubin Shen All Rights Reserved ii MALARIA AND GLOBAL NETWORKS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE IN MODERN CHINA, 1919-1950 Yubin Shen, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Carol A. Benedict, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Based on multi-sited primary archival sources, this dissertation explores the origins and development of tropical medicine as a new medical subfield in twentieth- century China from 1919 to 1950. Inspired by various network theories, including social network theory and the concept of global scientific networks, it illustrates how China became an international center for tropical medicine by the 1950s. It further demonstrates how modern Chinese tropical medicine developed out of the investigations and interactions of a transnational cadre of scientific and philanthropic elite (both Chinese and foreign) working in many different registers and on many different levels, who were linked together by complex local, national, and global networks. By illuminating the multifaceted experiences of these different networks in promoting Chinese tropical medicine and by demonstrating how they were, to varying degrees, driven by state-building, war and national defense, philanthropic, international cooperation, and individual professional agendas, this dissertation provides a new interpretation of the history of tropical medicine in China. It emends the “colonial medicine model,” still dominant in the field of the history of medicine, which treats tropical medicine solely as “a tool of empire” used to bolster western imperial expansion and colonial rule over the non-western world. While acknowledging that international philanthropic and scientific initiatives could represent a form of cultural imperialism, the iii emergence of tropical medicine in China, as elsewhere, undeniably had enormous and long-lasting benefits for public health. Using malariology as the primary case study, the main body of this dissertation covers four distinct but at times interconnected scientific and technological networks: the PUMC’s Division of Parasitology (1919-1941), the CFHS Department of Parasitology (1931-1936), the Yunnan Anti-Malaria Commission (1937-1945), and the Yunnan cinchona cultivation program (1930s-1950s). By situating the emergence of local, provincial, and national malaria research, modern mosquito control techniques, and cinchona cultivation in Republican China within a broader global context, this dissertation enhances our understanding of the processes through which Chinese technocratic elites, as members of disparate global scientific networks, contributed to biomedical knowledge and practice in the twentieth century. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is a great pleasure to acknowledge everyone who helped along the way. First and foremost, I would like to express my genuine gratitude to my advisor, Professor Carol Benedict. It is beyond my imagination that I could complete this dissertation without her unfailing patience, encouragement, and guidance. There are no words that can describe how fortunate I am to study with her. I want to thank members of my dissertation committee: Professors James Millward, Micah Muscolino, John McNeill, and Shiyung Liu, for their generous advice and support. I am also graceful to my other teachers at Georgetown University: Professor Alison Games, Christine Kim, Jordan Sand, and Howard R. Spendelow, for their teaching and help. My thanks also go to many scholars who have helped me at various times during the past eight years: Marta Hanson, Hu Cheng, Li Gongzhong, Chen Yunqian, Zhang Zhongming, Yu Xinzhong, Li Yushang, Zhou Qiong, Mei Jianjun, Bridie Andrews, Robert Bickers, and Nicole Barnes. Other scholars who have answered my queries include: David Arnold, Yue Han Law, Angela Ki Che Leung, Robert Marks, Akihisa Setoguchi, Iijima Wataru, and Ka-che Yip. I thank Ding Ye at Georgetown University Library, John Moffett at the East Asian History of Science Library, Needham Research Institute, and other librarians and archivists at the Library of Congress, the US National Library of Medicine, the US National Archives, the Rockefeller Archives Center, the Peking Union Medical College Archives, the Yunnan Provincial Archives and the Yunnan Provincial Library, for their helpful assistance. This dissertation would not have been possible without financial support from the following institutions: a Graduate Student Fellowship (2009-2014) from the Department v of History and the Graduate School at Georgetown University offered me the great opportunity to pursue my Ph.D. in the US. A Grant-in-aid from the Rockefeller Archives Center (2013) and a Pre-Dissertation Grant from the Henry Luce Foundation/ACLS Program in China Studies (2013) allowed me to conduct archival work in the US and China. A Davis Teaching Fellowship from the Department of History at Georgetown University (2014-2015) and a Dissertation Fellowship from the D. Kim Foundation for the History of Science and Technology in East Asia (2015-2016) supported the writing of the dissertation. I am grateful to my fellow graduate students and friends at Georgetown: Clark Alejandrino, John Gregory, Julia M. Famularo, Kelly Hammond, Yi Liu, Barry Mccarron, Yue Shi, Tao Wang, Shuang Wen, and Jiayang Yu, for making my life in Washington DC enjoyable. I also thank Augusta Brazelton, Boyi Chen, Howard Chiang, Fei Huang, Ying-Jia Tan, Wei-chieh Tsai, Ke Ren, among others, for their friendship and support. Last but not least, I want to thank my family. I can not thank my parents Fuling Shen and Youhua Zheng enough for their love and blessings. They do not quite understand what exactly I am working on, but they always believe that their son is contributing something meaningful. I thank my loving wife, Rui Fan, and our son, Nanqiao Shen, for their love, patience and understanding. This dissertation is dedicated to them. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Malaria and the Making of Tropical Medicine .............................................................10 Malaria Epidemiology and the Emergence of Modern Malariology .........................10 Malaria, Mosquito-Vector Theories, and Mosquito Control in China .......................16 “Global Networks” of Tropical Medicine: A New Approach ......................................26 Dissertation Structure .....................................................................................................31 Chapter One: The Rockefeller Network of Tropical Medicine in Beijing: Peking Union Medical College’s Division of Parasitology and its Malaria Studies, 1919-1941 .............34 An “American Patrick Manson” in China: Ernest Faust and the Beginning of the Division of Parasitology, 1919-1928 .............................................................................38 The Rockefeller Foundation, American Tropical Medicine, and Henry Ward’s International Connections ..........................................................................................39 Building a Beijing Network of Tropical Medicine ....................................................45 Faust’s Malaria Research and the Need for a Medical Entomologist ........................59 Faust’s Departure and the Beijing Network Transformed after 1928 ............................65 Disciplinary Conflicts and Faust’s Departure ............................................................66 Rebuilding the Beijing Network of Tropical Medicine .............................................71 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................80 Chapter Two: The Global Network of Tropical Medicine in Nanjing: The Department of Parasitology of the Central Field Health Station and the Identification of Zhangqi as Malaria, 1931-1936 ............................................................................................................82 Establishment of the Central Field Health Station (CFHS) ...........................................83 CFHS as Chinese State Medicine ..............................................................................86 CFHS as an International Health Program .................................................................90 Building the Nanjing Network of Tropical Medicine and Malariology .....................100 Origin of the Department of Parasitology ................................................................100 Anti-Malaria Work in Nanjing .................................................................................106 Beyond Nanjing and Malaria ...................................................................................110 Staffing and International Exposure ........................................................................114 Discovering Zhangqi ....................................................................................................117 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................121 Chapter Three: Global, National, and Local Networks of Malaria Research and Control in Wartime Southwest China: The Yunnan Anti-Malaria Commission
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