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Evolution of European Union Neighbourhood Policy Towards Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus (2003-2014)

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Evolution of European Union Neighbourhood Policy Towards Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus (2003-2014) Evolution of European Union Neighbourhood Policy towards Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus (2003-2014) Dmytro Tyshchenko Orientadorа: Professora Doutora Raquel Cristina de Caria Patrício Coorientadora: Doctor of Sciences Tetiana Sydoruk Tese especialmente elaborada para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Relações Internacionais Lisboa 2017 Evolution of European Union Neighbourhood Policy towards Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus (2003-2014) Dmytro Tyshchenko Orientadora: Professora Doutora Raquel Cristina de Caria Patrício Coorientadora: Doctor of Sciences Tetiana Sydoruk Tese especialmente elaborada para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Relações Internacionais Júri: -Presidente: Doutor António Costa de Albuquerque de Sousa Lara, Professor Catedrático e Presidente do Conselho Científico deste Instituto; Vogais: -Doutor José Adelino Eufrásio de Campos Maltez, Professor Catedrático do Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas da Universidade de Lisboa; -Doutor Heitor Alberto Coelho Barras Romana, Professor Catedrático do Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas da Universidade de Lisboa; -Doutora Maria Raquel de Sousa Freire, Professora Associada c/Agregação da Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra; -Doutora Raquel Cristina de Caria Patrício, Professora Auxiliar do Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas da Universidade de Lisboa, na qualidade de orientadora; -Doutora Andreia Mendes Soares e Castro, Professora Auxiliar do Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas da Universidade de Lisboa; -Doutora Liliana Domingues Reis Ferreira, Professora Convidada do Departamento de Sociologia da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade da Beira Interior. Lisboa 2017 Dmytro Evolution of European Union Neighbourhood Policy Tyshchenko towards Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus (2003-2014) “L'objet final est d'éliminer les barrières entre les peuples d'Europe, il est de réunir ces peuples en une même communauté.” Jean Monnet iv Dmytro Evolution of European Union Neighbourhood Policy Tyshchenko towards Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus (2003-2014) DEDICATION Thanks, Mum. v Dmytro Evolution of European Union Neighbourhood Policy Tyshchenko towards Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus (2003-2014) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Undertaking this PhD has been a truly life-changing experience for me. It would not have been possible to do without the support and guidance that I received from many people. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude my advisor Professor Ph.D. Raquel Cristina de Caria Patrício, you have been a tremendous mentor for me. I would like to thank you for encouraging my research and for allowing me to grow as a research scientist. I would also like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my co-advisor Dr. Phil. Tetiana Sydoruk. Your guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. Without your guidance and constant feedback, this PhD would not have been achievable. I could not have imagined having better advisor and co-advisor for my Ph.D. study. I would also like to say a heartfelt thank you to my mother, Oksana, and my brother Oleksandr for always believing in me and encouraging me to follow my dreams. Finally, I thank my God, my good Father, for letting me through all the difficulties. I have experienced Thy guidance day by day. Thou art the one who let me finish my degree. I will keep on trusting Thee for my future. Thank Thee, Lord. vi Dmytro Evolution of European Union Neighbourhood Policy Tyshchenko towards Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus (2003-2014) CONTENTS DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………….…..….v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………….…......vi INTRODUCTORY NOTE…………………………………………………………….…........ix ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………..…..x RESUMO……………………………………………………………………………………...xi ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………….xii LIST OF TABLES/MAPS/FIGURES………………………………………….…………….xiv CLARIFICATIONS……………………………………………………………………….....xvi INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..............1 Research Field.……………………………………………………………………………........3 Problem Formulation….……………………………………………………………………......4 Research Questions………………………………………………………………………….…4 Objectives of the Study………………………………………………………………………...5 Hypotheses of the Study………………………………………………………………………..7 Methodological Approach……………………………………………………………………...9 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………………………….10 Thesis Design…………………………………………………………………………............18 CHAPTER I. GENESIS AND NATURE OF EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY…………………………………………………………………..…20 I.1. Regional Approach of the European Union towards its Neighbours…………………….20 I.2. Origin and Conceptual Formation of the European Neighbourhood Policy……………..36 I.2.1. The European Neighbourhood Policy Funding……………………………………55 I.3. Reformation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2006-2007: Principles and Directions…………………………………………………………………………….…..62 I.4. Limitations of the European Neighbourhood Policy…………………………………......72 I.5. Final synthesis to Chapter I……………………………………………………..………..84 CHAPTER II. CONVERSION OF EASTERN DIMENSION OF EU FOREIGN POLICY…………………………………………………………..………....87 II.1. A new Impulse to the ENP: Eastern Partnership…………………………………….......87 II.1.1. Bilateral Framework within the Eastern Partnership…………………………….112 II.1.2. Multilateral Framework………………………………………………………….116 vii Dmytro Evolution of European Union Neighbourhood Policy Tyshchenko towards Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus (2003-2014) II.2. Positions of EU Members and Partner States concerning Eastern Partnership: in Varietate Concordia?...............................................................................................................…....120 II.3. Harmonisation of the Eastern Partnership Initiative with other EU Policies in Eastern Europe…………………………………………………………………………………..143 II:4. “A Common Neighbourhood”: between two centres of power…………………….......149 II.4.1. EU-Russia contemporary relations……………………………………………....149 II.4.2. Role of the European Union in resolving conflicts in the “Shared Neighbourhood”………………………………………………………………...154 II.4.3. Eurasian Economic Union as false alternative to the European Union or neo-imperial project of Russia………………………………………………………………...182 II.4.4. EU and Russian Soft Power……………………………………………………...191 II.4.5. EU and Russian Hard Power in Eastern Europe……………………………....…205 II.4.6. Hybrid Warfare of Russia…………………………………………………….….210 II.5. EU Normative Power in Eastern Europe and its Shortcomings…………………………217 II.6. Eastern Partnership, qvo vadis?.......................................................................................223 II.7. Final Synthesis to Chapter II............................................................................................228 СHAPTER III. EU-UKRAINE RELATIONS IN 2003-2016………………………............231 III.1. Revolution of Dignity………………………………………………………….............240 III.2. Return to pro-European Path…………………………………………………………..244 III.3. Final Synthesis to Chapter III………………………………………………………….254 CHAPTER IV. RELATIONS WITH MOLDOVA AND BELARUS: EASTERN PARTNERSHIP “POSTER CHILD” AND “PARIAH”………………....256 IV.1. Moldova and the European Neighbourhood Policy (2003-2016)………………….….256 IV.2. Belarus – European Union. Main problems of the Partnership…………………….….267 IV.3 Final Synthesis to Chapter IV……………………………………………………….....281 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………...283 Conclusion about Hypotheses…………………………………………………………….....283 Conclusion about Problem of Investigation……………………………………….………...286 Сontribution to Science………………………………………………………..…………….289 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………290 APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………............351 viii Dmytro Evolution of European Union Neighbourhood Policy Tyshchenko towards Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus (2003-2014) INTRODUCTORY NOTE The present thesis was written in British variant of the English language ix Dmytro Evolution of European Union Neighbourhood Policy Tyshchenko towards Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus (2003-2014) ABSTRACT This dissertation joins a vibrant conversation in the political sciences about the development of the European Neighbourhood Policy and its Eastern dimension. The Policy stands on regional approach of the European Union. The evolution of the Eastern Partnership henceforth is profoundly dependent upon foreign policies of the Member States and the EU institutions. The thesis also intends to study the bilateral relations between the EU and Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine. Eastern Europe has а significant importance in the European sub-continent. In this sense, I studied tools of influence of the European Union and Russia in the “Shared Neighbourhood”, the soft and hard power instruments together with the Moscow-led integration projects and the hybrid war of Russia. Moreover, participating in the crisis settlement resolution in Ukraine and Moldova, the EU has been increasing its potential as a global political actor. The development of the proposal model of research is based upon the analysis of the empirical data together with theoretical approaches, which are divided into two groups – nuclear approaches (neo-liberalism, neo-realism and Normative Power Europe) and a range of complementary theories. Therefore, the study was divided into four chapters, trying to describe a connection and interdependence of these areas. KEYWORDS: European Neighbourhood Policy, Eastern Partnership, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, hybrid war, soft power, hard power. x Dmytro Evolution of European Union Neighbourhood Policy Tyshchenko towards Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus (2003-2014)
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