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Journal of Management and Information Science Corresponding Author. H.Murat Sonmez,Vol.5, No. 1

Journal of Management and Information Science Comprehensive Overview of the Problem in the Second Anniversary of the of “Green Island” Report H.Murat Sonmez* *Ph.D., Turkish War Colleges Command, Yenilevent-34330, , Turkey. Tel: +90 212 398-0100, e-mail:[email protected].

Abstract- Crimea hosted princes and trained sultans for the rulers within the historical process and Crimea is an island which experienced wars of power and exiles. After the XVIIIth century, especially after the World War II, Demographic structure of the Crimea has been changed with exiles; mostly and Ukrainians filled the places which were vacated by the Crimean Tatars. Peninsula which was presented to the by the Khrushchev, sixty years ago without asking to the Crimea, “genetically modified” Crimea was recaptured by Putin with the so-called referendum. Within the process which led to the “Crimea Referendum” that is questioned in terms of legitimacy pursuant to national and international laws, used “Green Men” to invade the Crimea which was formerly named as “Green Island”. Russia realized the enlargement of its soils for the first time after the with the hybrid warfare instead of conventional warfare. Russia made quite big acquisition with the outcome it achieved from the hybrid warfare which was conducted in a cost-effective manner and with less casualties, which cannot be compared with the conventional warfare. This article which examines the struggle of Crimean Tatars and reaction of West against this process and Russia, also events of Crimea at the second anniversary of the annexation of Crimea, constitutes a significance especially in terms of how the political outcomes of the hybrid warfare are effective especially on Crimea.

Keywords- Crimea, Crimean Tatars, Russia, Ukraine, Green Island, Annexation.

1. Introduction Island” by the Crimean Tatars and it means “My Peak (Qırım)” (Bala, 1955, p.741) in Tatars language Ukraine was one of the independently emerged states and She got the 'autonomous republic' status along which possesses the Crimea peninsula along with the with the referendum, made in 1999 after the collapse collapse of . From this date, Ukraine of Soviet Union. Crimea sustained its existence as an had to rearrange its relations both with the other autonomous structure linked to the Ukraine until the actors of international system and states separated referendum on March 16,2014, which was made from the former Soviet geography and restructured its approximately two weeks after the Russian invasion foreign policy simultaneously. Ukraine, which was in which is on debate in terms of legitimacy. Russia the process of restructuring its foreign policy, was signed and declared a treaty which showed that trying to solve internal problems, likewise the other Crimea and were linked to the Russia states which separated from the Soviet Union, on the after the referendum (Sputnik, 2014). Russia other hand, Ukraine was trying to sustain its former completed the official procedures of the binding economic, political and cultural ties with Russia and process of Crimea and this binding process was not She also tried to develop its relations with the other accepted primarily by Crimean Tatars, Ukraine, Western Countries (Hatipoğlu, 2004). Turkey, USA and European states and many Ukraine was trying to shuttle back and forth between countries have not recognized this process the West and East and She to determine its foreign annexation, therefore it has been waiting as an open- policy by doing so. Crimea Autonomous Republic ended problem which is required to be solved. was one of the most affected actors from the policies Crimea issue is not just a frozen, passive crisis. It is of the Ukraine. Crimea is named as the “Green on the negotiation table as an active problem which is 1 Sonmez,H.M., (2017). Comprehensive Overview of the Crimea Problem in the Second Anniversary of the Annexation of “Green Island”, Journal of Management and Information Science, Vol5(1),1-12. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Non-Commercial International License. Please visit for this license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Journal of Management and Information Science Corresponding Author. H.Murat Sonmez,Vol.5, No. 1 difficult to solve in the near future and currently, it is Current political, sociological and demographic a problem which is on debate by the parties and states structure of Crimea is not meeting the correct data of the world to solve the problem. which are necessary to overcome and solve the crises experienced in the Peninsula. To understand the What are the reasons that led to the invasion and struggle of past and today in Crimea and to annexation of Crimea by the Russia? Did Russia understand the role of Crimean Tatars within this really intervene to Crimea to protect the Russian struggle, historical process of the Crimea should be population against the racist attacks which was mentioned briefly. alleged by Russia? Will racist attacks against the Russia population which constitutes %58 of Crimea 2. Demography and History of Crimea population be carried out by the Crimean Tatars 2.1. Demographic Structure of Crimea which is the %12 of population or attacks will be carried out by Ukraine which is the %24 of On April 1, 2014, population of the Crimea in the population which is mostly known close to the official web-site of Ukraine is given as 1.968.550 Russia? Answers of these questions are hidden within (State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2015). Majority the question of this justification and as a result Russia of the country's population is consisted of Russia and intervened to Crimea with similar reasons. Russia people of Ukraine and Crimean Tatars are the second claimed that the is and third in terms of magnitude. Population is insufficient, in terms of suppression of a possible consisted of; 58,32%, Russia, 24,32% Ukraine, racist attack and Russia preferred hybrid warfare 12,1% CT, %1,44 Russians, 0,54% other instead of conventional warfare in this mission. Tatars, 0,43% Armenians and 0,22% Jews. Other Russia actualized the annexation of Crimea with a minority groups are consisted of Poles, Moldavians, special task unit which was consisted of 120 Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Koreans, Greeks and Blacksea individuals (Şamilkızı, 2014). Protection of strategic Germans, Chuvashes, Romans, Bulgarians and elements such as military bases and navy fleet of Georgians. Russia which are located in the region were shown as Summarizing the Crimea problem will ensure the a reason for the intervention in addition to the discussion and examination of Crimea problem on a security of the Russia citizens. One of the invisible correct basis. has admitted for the first reasons was primarily relation of Ukraine with the time that the plan to annex Crimea was ordered “western-centric” organizations such as EU and weeks before the referendum on self-determination. NATO which is hidden under the visible aforesaid Putin revealed secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover reasons that were explained by Russia for the Crimea plot. (BBC, 2015). “The Way Home” is a Russian intervention. Development of this relation showed documentary television film which premiered both on itself sometimes as “” or “Gas Russian channel Rossiya 1 and on YouTube on Interruption” and sometimes as “change of power” in March 15, 2015 about the annexation of Crimea by Ukraine. Was Crimea used by Russia as a trump card the Russian Federation in 2014. The film features an for its struggle against “West”? Geo-strategic interview with Russian President Vladimir Putin location of Crimea in the north of the sea, is disclosing various aspects of Crimean crisis. Putin, in the gateway to Russia to reach the warm seas, there is particular, revealed that he had taken personal charge a claim that Crimea has virgin energy resources, of Crimean annexation and that in case of declarations of Putin which claim that Crimea should "unfavorable scenario on the peninsula" Russia could belong to Russia historically, are those included in have placed its nuclear weapons on combat readiness. the reasons of intervention? Russia struggles to According to Rossiya 1documentary, Putin said a protect its reputation both in close periphery and meeting with officials had been held on 22-23 Middle East, “Fire” which may possibly occur in February to plan the rescue of Ukraine's deposed Ukraine might spread to the other regions, president. "I invited the leaders of our special developing relations of Crimean Tatars with the services and the ministry of defense to the Kremlin West, increase of Crimean Tatars population in and set them the task of saving the life of the Crimea more than the other ethnic groups and other , who could simply have covered facts can be counted among the reasons of liquidated," he said. "We finished about seven in the the intervention. morning. When we were parting, I told all my

2 Sonmez,H.M., (2017). Comprehensive Overview of the Crimea Problem in the Second Anniversary of the Annexation of “Green Island”, Journal of Management and Information Science, Vol5(1),1-12. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Non-Commercial International License. Please visit for this license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Journal of Management and Information Science Corresponding Author. H.Murat Sonmez,Vol.5, No. 1 colleagues, 'We are forced to begin the work to bring security of until the end of XVIIIth Crimea back into Russia'." (BBC, 2015). century. Background of Putin`s declaration which says that Not only in security, but also it is possible to see Crimea historically belongs to Russia, since 2006 economical, political and social relations in the related with the erection of the statue of II.Katerina in Ottoman- Crimea relationship. Wife of Yavuz Sultan which is the capital of Crimea (QHA, Selim which was one of the Sultans of the Ottoman 2015a), will be possibly understood only as a result Empire`s rise period and mother of Süleyman of the examination of the historical process. (Suleiman) the Magnificent is Hafsa Sultan who is the daughter of Crimea Khan Giray. Süleyman the 2.2. Historical Background of Crimea Magnificent`s wife Hurrem Sultan is also raised in Crimea has hosted many tribes, communities and the palace of Crimea (Müderrisoğlu, 2013). states within the historical process. Within B.C. VIII. Süleyman the Magnificent also spent his prince century, settled in this region (Golden, period (32 months.) in the Crimea with his mother 2006, p.41), Greco Colonies, , Tauries, Hafsa Sultan. He learned Tatar language there and Cimmericians, Eastern Goths, Huns, Alans, Avars acquired three years of information and experience in and Altai Turks, Khazars, Kipchaks, Patzinaks and Crimea. Those examples are important because they Mongols ruled in the region (Kırımal, 1970, pp.4-5). show that the relation of Ottoman Empire and Crimea After the Kalka Victory of Mongols in 1223, they was not just in security and economy dimensions, found this region completely “Turkified” after they multidimensional powerful ties such as affinity, came there (Saydam, 1997, p.17), which is very culture, religion and politics were also existed. important because it shows that to what extent has the Russia invaded Crimea in 1771; it made Ottoman ethnic structure of Crimea changed. Empire to recognize the apparent independence of Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan captured the Crimea Khanate with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca Eastern Europe in the second quarter of XIIIth which was signed in 1774 (Köse, 2006). In 1783 Century and he established the Golden Horde Czarina Great Katerina declared that the Crimea Empire. Within the third quarter of same century, binded to Russia (İnalcık, 1999, p.67). Even though Berke Khan adopted Islam and spread Islam in the Turks founded a state after the declaration of country, Golden Horde Empire managed to become independence in 1917, situation has changed after the one of the most important centers of the Turkish arrival of revolution forces, after the world in terms of politics, economy and culture Crimea Soviet Socialist Autonomous Republic was (Öztuna, 2006, pp.25-26). Despite the fact that elite established on October 19, 1921 which was binded to communities of the administration of the Golden the Soviet Russia (Doris, 2004). Crimean Tatars Horde Empire were consisted of Mongolians, defines the period between 1921-1929 as “golden majority of the society were Turks, and it was era” after the bright periods of them in Ottoman emphasized that most of the privileged society Empire. During this period, Crimean Tatar language Turkified after a while (İnalcık, 1955, pp.746-756). has been recognized as an official language. After Golden Horne Empire came to an end in the last 1929 the life and property safety of the Crimean quarter of XIV. Century and after K, Kazan, Sibir, Tatars began to be violated. Demographic structure Astarhan Khanades and Nogai Principality emerged of the Crimea peninsula changed after the 1944 exile in the region successively (Kurat, 1972). Haji Giray and it was presented to Ukraine SSC by the Nikita Khan declared his independency in 1441 and Khrushchev, President of Soviet Union. Wondering if emerged in the history as the first Crimea Khan at that time USSR could foresee that Cold War would (Olçar, 2007, p.353). end, it would disperse and Ukraine would be disconnected from it, would they still present the Giray demanded the support and assistance of Fatih Crimea peninsula to Ukraine? The answer to that Sultan Mehmet and Ottoman fleet which was rightful question was given by the invasion and commanded by Gedik Ahmet Pasha, finished the annexation of Crimea peninsula by Russia. sovereignty of Genoese in the Black Sea in 1475 (Hammer, 1985, p.156). Crimea Khanade voluntarily Migrations and exiles which started in 1770 joined to the auspices of the Ottoman Empire after continued in an increasing manner. Full-scale exile this date and it played an important role for the was carried out by Stalin in 1944 which was witnessed by alive persons of today. Those exiles led 3 Sonmez,H.M., (2017). Comprehensive Overview of the Crimea Problem in the Second Anniversary of the Annexation of “Green Island”, Journal of Management and Information Science, Vol5(1),1-12. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Non-Commercial International License. Please visit for this license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Journal of Management and Information Science Corresponding Author. H.Murat Sonmez,Vol.5, No. 1 to casualties, changes in demographic structure, time, Crimean Tatars’s protest demonstrations with transfer of assets and properties which reduced the banners in the Square have been met with a existence and efficiency of Crimean Tatars in the surprise in the international press. World found it region. It is enough to see the outcomes of the exile difficult to understand that Soviet Russia did not happened on 18 May, 1944 in terms of it the intervene to such a demonstration in the former outcomes of that intimidation and exile policy. country of Stalin, interviews of the Crimean Tatars Among the Crimean Turks which were exiled in were shown in the press. A similar one of this unfavorable conditions and stacked in a train, 60.034 unusual demonstration and unusual response have of 112.700 children, 40.085 of 93.200 women, taken place in many parts of the world for Crimean 12.061 of 32.600 men lost their lives. This number Tatars and Ukraine. Rights of Ukraine in Crimea was equivalent to almost %46.2 of the exiled society were mostly advocated by Crimean Tatars. Foremost from the soils, with other words it was almost advocate of Ukraine among international equivalent to half of the exiled ones (Özcan, 2002, organizations such as UN, EU, OIC and NATO were s.79). also Crimean Tatars. Influence of Crimean Tatars in the Ukraine crisis even exceeded the Pareto effect. Russians and Ukrainians placed in the regions where Pareto principle which is described as the rule of 80 the Crimean Tatars was discharged in the historical to 20 is defining the developments related with the process and demographic structure took its present economy and it is also known as the law of the vital location. Turks constituted the majority of the Crimea few and principle of factor scarcity. About % 80 of till the XVIIIth century, to understand the current ''influences'' are caused by %20 of the ''factors'' demographic structure of Crimea and struggle of according to this principle (Juran, 2008). Italian Crimean Tatars, summarizing the history of Crimea economist Wilfred Pareto which generated the will enlighten the healthy evaluation of the outcomes awareness which shows that %80 territory of Italy of the referendum within the annexation process of belongs to %20 of the population and this principle is Crimea by Russia. named with the name of the economist and influence 3. The Pareto Effect of Crimean Tatars of Crimean Tatars refers to this principle. Whereas, Despite the low rates of Crimean Tatars, they Crimean Tatars constitutes %14 of Crimea according achieved support from the states of the world both for to the most optimistic figures and the performance them and Ukraine which once again drew attention to and influence exhibited by Crimean Tatars to protect them. The reason for support they received from Crimea and Ukraine was even more than the Pareto almost every region of the world was they do not Effect according to the ratios. Crimean Tatars are remain silent in response they make against all kinds trying to address their voice in democratic and legal of injustices done in the past. Sanctions taken by son ways through association, scientific publication, of Crimea was not only because of defending the interview, demonstration, symposium, visual and right of Crimean Tatars, sometimes because of the auditory media. In the past, the situation was not any attitude they exhibited sometimes in Afghanistan and different. Lecturer, author and politician Ismail in other geographies against the injustices their cases Gaspıralı (1851-1914) who is from Crimea and 100 were brought before the courts. years passed after his death, he executed a democratic struggle after the second half of XIXth Century and Crimean Tatars always tried to execute their struggle he was followed by the authors such as Cengiz Dağcı within the framework of democracy and laws, they (1919-2011) who has written the novels ''Horrible were cautious to make their struggle radicalized and Years'', '' The Man Who Lost His Homeland'' and '' this prevented their voices from being hampered by They Were Also Humans’’. Cengiz Dağcı has penned provocateurs. Protests of Crimean Tatars which were these works to share the experience of Crimean democracy and human-rights-themed have taken Tatars during the World War II and publicized their place among the effective factors in ending of the experiences to the history and addressed them to the Cold War. On July 25, 1987 demonstration made in world`s public opinion. Crimean Tatars were seeking the by Crimean Tatars to return and settle their rights in democratic, legal and non-violent back to Crimea was prevented by the Soviet Union manners, although they seemed to be lost in short- (NY Times, 1987). There wasn’t any rampancy term it was seen that they always kept their hopes within the demonstration which led to the absence of alive which they will acquire in long-term period. the police attempt to detain demonstrators. At that They give the response ''The ones who were defeated 4 Sonmez,H.M., (2017). Comprehensive Overview of the Crimea Problem in the Second Anniversary of the Annexation of “Green Island”, Journal of Management and Information Science, Vol5(1),1-12. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Non-Commercial International License. Please visit for this license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Journal of Management and Information Science Corresponding Author. H.Murat Sonmez,Vol.5, No. 1 in this way are counted as winners'' against the however West could not stop Russia by justifying possibility of negative conclusion of these hopes. itself by using the same Memorandum. 4. Process of “Green Island” Invasion and 4.2. Process of Crimea Invasion Annexation When the events took place analyzed during the 4.1. What is the Role of Budapest Memorandum? intervention of Russia to Crimea, it is giving the impression that it is just a scenario and this invasion Developments occurred in the relations between the was planned suitably with the hybrid warfare Ukraine and EU during the leading of President strategy. Even though they used contradictory caused the invasion of Crimea statements, Russia officially declared that it did not and its disconnection from Ukraine and annexation use the armed forces in the invasion of Crimea and by Russia. On 23 November, 2013 Ukraine removed such a perception is was generated within the world`s the “Deepened Free Trade and Partnership public opinion. By choosing the hybrid warfare, Agreement” from its agenda with the EU (Interfax – Russia aimed to protect itself from the sanctions of Ukraine News Agency, 2013), protests against that international organizations and international laws. continued increasingly with the intervention of When the below presented invasion process of special police force “Berkut”. Two weeks after, Crimea is examined (Turkish thinking), it is seen that Yanukovych signed the agreement with Russia the opposing assets of the target country are president Vladimir Putin which foresaw the organized and Russia deploys special units acted economical aid package despite that demonstrations commonly with those assets to achieve the objective, (Freedom House, 2013), which could not prevent the which describe the core of the hybrid warfare. Russia intervention to Crimea. Russia did not tolerate the development of relations of Ukraine Scenario based on the hybrid warfare strategy with “west”, NATO and EU, therefore Russia realized on February 19, 2014 after the deputy of decided to use the trump card which was ready to use Regions Party Nicolay Kolisnichenko declared the in their agenda. This trump was “Crimea”. binding of Crimea to Russia by using the crisis of Ukraine as a justification. Chairman of Crimea Russia justified its intervention to Crimea by setting Parliament Vladimir Konstantinov said in forth the Budapest Memorandum (UN General that the Crimea Autonomous Republic might Assembly Security Council, 1994) which was signed announce its independence and asked support from by Russia itself, USA, England, Northern Ireland and Russia, which was the second part of the scenario Ukraine. Memorandum was signed on 5 December, (Russian News Agency, 2014). Crimean Tatars 1944 (1994), which guaranteed sovereignty and National Assembly denied the declaration of current borders of Ukraine if Ukraine signed Non- Konstantinov and declared that it is themselves who Proliferation of the Nuclear Arms Treaty and handed won`t permit the independence of Crimea (Embassy over the nuclear missiles of it to Russia. Signatory of Ukraine in the Republic of Turkey, 2014). states were also the guarantor states which were protecting the territorial integrity of Ukraine and Movements in Russian Base which is located in which were tasked to protect Ukraine in case of any Sevastopol that is linked to the center of Ukraine, intervention against political independency. Ukraine Yanukovich escaped from Kiev, Parliament of was relying on the West which encouraged the Ukraine declared the date of new presidential signing of the Memorandum; however Ukraine could election, Ukraine of the public buildings of not prevent the annexation of Crimea by Russia. If Sevastopol was replaced with the flags of Russia, USA and England could foresee in 1944 that the Governor of Sevastopol Vladimir Yatsuba resigned developments would lead to that extent, would they and businessman Alexei Chaliy replaced with him pioneer for the signing of the Memorandum and who is a Russia citizen, Russia sided groups initiated handover of nuclear arms to Russia? Ukraine was the demonstrations in Akmescit and their requests to third biggest nuclear power of that period after the make a referendum related with the status of Crimea end of Cold War, was it a mistake of Ukraine to trust prepared necessary ground for Russia to invade West? To find out answers to these questions, we Crimea. During the demonstrations of Crimean have to wait for 20 years. Russia invaded Crimea and Tatars and Russia sided groups, two persons lost their justified its action by using the Budapest Referendum lives which led to the cancellation of the Parliament`s and it violated the territorial integrity of Ukraine, extraordinary meeting (Kyiv Post, 2014). On 27

5 Sonmez,H.M., (2017). Comprehensive Overview of the Crimea Problem in the Second Anniversary of the Annexation of “Green Island”, Journal of Management and Information Science, Vol5(1),1-12. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Non-Commercial International License. Please visit for this license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Journal of Management and Information Science Corresponding Author. H.Murat Sonmez,Vol.5, No. 1 February, 2014, meanly at the same night at 05:30 a Russia. Otherwise a failure to be experienced in unit 'which lately understood that they belong to the Crimea would mean the exceedance of the influence Russia Special Forces' invaded the Parliament of area of Russia and the red line between the west and Crimea and Prime Ministry (Higgins & Erlanger, Russia? Could this failure spread to Moldova, 2014). They hoisted the of Russia instead of , Abkhazia and other regions? Based on this Crimea’s flag which accomplished the scenario. and similar drawbacks Russia won the chess match against the West in Georgia and Russia says Despite the fact that the Crimean Tatars declared that checkmate in Crimea. Against the course of action of they did not recognize the new government, Russia Russia, USA President Barrack Obama accepted the declared that they recognized Sergei Aksyonov as a Prime minister of Ukraine Arseni Yatsenyuk in the legitimate prime minister (Shuster, 2014). Military White House four days before the referendum. units of Russia began to invade the military units of Obama declared that they would support the Ukraine which were deployed in Crimea territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, they Autonomous Republic and Sevastopol and they would not recognize the referendum in Crimea, invaded the public buildings. After he said that there Russia would pay off as long as she did not change was no single Russian soldier in Crimea, Putin her position in Crimea (The White House Blog, admitted that he was closely following the invasion 2014). 16 March Referendum was an indicator that (Macfarquhar, 2015). It was the confession of Putin showed those warnings of USA were not considered. which shows that they conducted hybrid warfare. It is They asked two questions to the people of Crimea in understood that the speeches of Putin which he said referendum which was boycotted by the Crimean they did not plan to bind Crimea to Russia were Tatars. Do you approve the binding of Crimea to unreal after the annexation of Crimea with the so- Russia Federation? Do you support the re-enactment called referendum. Russia could never raise the of the 1992 Crimea Constitution and do you support legitimacy of the Crimea referendum which was the status of Crimea as a part of Ukraine? Actually, banned in its own country. both of the questions refer to Russia. Outcomes of the Even though small groups which might be controversial referendum were also controversial. disregarded by Crimean Tatars or individuals There was no safety and international observers, accepted the cooperation of the new administration, Ukraine and opposing authorities were not near the Crimea Tatar National Assembly which was the ballot-box and even the outcomes of referendum official representative of the majority of Crimean were not approved in the international arena at the Tatars resisted against the invasion of Russia. end, Russia acquired a date which would legitimize the invasion and annexation of Crimea. 4.3 Annexation of Crimea Referendum was not legal pursuant to both the Along with all those initiatives, more extensive Constitutions of Ukraine and Crimea Autonomous autonomy to Crimea which was subject of the Republic Constitution. The constitution of the referendum replaced with the binding to Russia. Not Autonomous is the basic law of only the safety of Ukraine who doesn’t support the Crimea, a republic on the Crimean Peninsula as Russia and the safety of Crimean Tatars are part of Ukraine. The constitution establishes the endangered right now. Special representative of UN republic's status and authority within Ukraine. It which came to the peninsula to investigate the granted Crimea the right to draft a budget and situation in Crimea has been attacked by the self- manage its own property (Article 1-1). The defense forces which are Russia-sided and he had to constitution was repealed by a disputed referendum return back. Not only was the UN, but also the during the 2014 Crimean crisis, after which the military observer of the OSCE not permitted to come Republic of Crimea was established as a federal to the peninsula (Worldbulletin. net, 2014). subject of Russia after the annexation of the Along with the continuing invasion of Russia army in peninsula. Even the Crimea Autonomous Republic is the military units which belongs to the Ukraine in seen as an integral part of Ukraine in the constitution Crimea and deployment of Ukraine troops in the of Ukraine, it is possible to change the borders of eastern border, date of the referendum withdrew to Crimea via the decision to be taken by the Crimea the 16th of March (Sullivan & Karmanau, 2014). Autonomous Republic Supreme Council or Maybe a possible “western” intervention was among referendum (Article 7-1,2). However, realization of the hesitations of the hasty “fait accompli” attitude of this change is possible within the framework of the 6 Sonmez,H.M., (2017). Comprehensive Overview of the Crimea Problem in the Second Anniversary of the Annexation of “Green Island”, Journal of Management and Information Science, Vol5(1),1-12. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Non-Commercial International License. Please visit for this license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Journal of Management and Information Science Corresponding Author. H.Murat Sonmez,Vol.5, No. 1 , which shows that a change ground for the change of status of Crimea desired to be made on the borders of Crimea Autonomous Republic and the Sevastopol city. They Autonomous Republic depend on the confirmation of accepted the proposal by a majority of votes which the central administration (Özarslan, 2014, p.106). It shows that the consequence of the referendum was was claimed that %83 of Crimea participated in the not legal (United Nations General Assembly, 2014). referendum and %96,77 of the participants voted for 5.2. What`s Changed in the Second Anniversary the binding of the Peninsula to Russia. However, the of Binding of Crimea to Russia accuracy of these results and ratios are not possible according to Kırımoğlu. It is understood that with in Crimean Tatars believe that Russia`s previous actions all the previous elections made in Crimea till today, are the indicators and warranties of actions they will participation of Russia and Ukraine was less than the take; they don`t foresee a good future for the Crimea participation of Crimean Tatars. However, %60 of which is linked with Russia. While we experience the participation was shown as %83 in this election, second anniversary of binding of Crimea to Russia participation of Russians was around %30-%40, in nowadays, courses of action of Russia after the the classified report of Ukraine Intelligence Service; Crimea invasion might assist to the foresight related participation was expressed as %32,4 by Kırımoğlu with the further Crimea policy of Russia. (Bardakçı, 2014). It is seen that transportation facilities and freedom are 5. Results, Reactions and Changes After New limited in Crimea after the invasion and annexation. Status of Crimea Air, ground and railway routes which previously provided direct transportation to Crimea are closed 5.1. UN`s Reaction to the Referendum ( Official Website, 2014). Two days after the referendum, Putin signed the Moscow is planning to construct a bridge which will binding of Crimea and Sevastopol to Crimea and unify Crimea with Russia through the Kerch Strait, generation of new federal districts which was and the bid is given to a businessman who is close to confirmed by the Constitutional Court and accepted Putin which caused criticism (The Moscow Times, in the parliament (Council of Europe, 2014). 2015). Water replenishment from Ukraine to Crimea Response of UN to the binding of Crimea and has come to a halt. Russia began to construct new Sevastopol to Russia which was officialized by power plants in the region to reduce the dependency Russia, was not delayed. Crimea has a special of Crimea on Ukraine. Fast-food chains such as meaning for the UN. Although the UN Charter was McDonalds were closed and closing of Apple stores signed in San Francisco on 25 April, 1945, the followed those developments, two biggest credit card foundation was laid on 11 February, 1945 in Yalta company of the world Visa and MasterCard also left city of Crimea. USA President Roosevelt, UK Prime Crimea (Reuters, 2014). Rubles get into circulation in Minister Churchill and Soviet Union President Stalin Crimea and income level started to reduce, prices gathered in Yalta and declared their decision: started to increase which shows that the people of “Establishment of an international general Crimea are not in a favorable situation economically organization to facilitate peace and safety in the (QHA, 2015b). world.” Veto right of the UNSC which is on debate Russian military increased the warfare tools and today and which was on debate in the past, was equipments in Crimea in terms of quantity which has considered within the secret meeting among three drawn attention. Currently there are about 25,000 of leaders in Yalta (Encyclopedia, 2015). Today Russia Russian soldiers deployed in Crimea and it is intervened to the territorial integrity of Ukraine, expected that the number of deployed soldiers will however those days Ukraine was constituting the increase to 40 thousand, Russia will deploy nuclear most significant power which allowed Soviet Union arms in Crimea and those claims (about nukes) will to acquire the veto right. Although the Ukraine is be disclaimed by Russia. After the binding of Crimea separated from the today`s Russia, continuation of with Russia, 9.000 Ukraine soldiers and 7.000 the veto right of Russia in the UNSC is an issue that Ukraine civilian personnel joined the Russian army, should be addressed today. more than 70 units of Ukraine Armed Forces joined UN General Assembly gathered on March 27, 2014. the Russia army (Sputnik, 2015a). They defined that the referendum had no legal After the March 16 referendum, there were 79 fleet provision and referendum could not constitute a ships belong to Ukraine and 25 of them were war- 7 Sonmez,H.M., (2017). Comprehensive Overview of the Crimea Problem in the Second Anniversary of the Annexation of “Green Island”, Journal of Management and Information Science, Vol5(1),1-12. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Non-Commercial International License. Please visit for this license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Journal of Management and Information Science Corresponding Author. H.Murat Sonmez,Vol.5, No. 1 ships which were deployed in Crimea according to Crimea was invaded, presented, annexed within the the declarations of Commander of Russia Fleet historical process and it is seen that the ideas, Viktor Chirkov (Daly, 2014). Although Russia thoughts, emotions and requests of Crimean Tatars delivered the 43 ships and also military vehicles, were not taken into consideration. Now if it is some aircrafts and helicopters backed to Ukraine, necessary to ask a question to them, what does the Russia has not delivered the other warfare weapons, Crimean Tatars think about the solution of today`s equipments and vehicles which belong to Ukraine problem of the Green Island? The answer to this and according to Russian Admiral Aleksandr Vikto’s question is issued as a conclusion report in the addressed that Russia showed the conflicts of eastern meeting arranged by Crimea Tatar Organizations Ukraine as a reason to do that. In addition, Russia Platform which consisted of 43 Crimea Tatar’s NGO. brought the multi-purpose fighter aircrafts, air- Summary of the outcomes of the meeting; defence and missile defence systems to the peninsula.  Crimean Tatars declared and requested the , which was transferred from immediate judgment of the perpetrators and Russia to Ukraine in 1996, was restructured. It is crimes which violated the rights and laws of planned to bring war ship, submarines and missile societies living in Crimea after the invasion and boats to the Blacksea Fleet and a wide net-work crime occurred with the action of invasion which which is consisted of underwater bases will be were described in the United Nations established until 2020 (Sputnik, 2015b). Russia is Conventions, Europe Human Rights Convention, making long-term plans and investments in Crimea Humanitarian Rights Universal Declaration, they which stands as the most important indicator that also declared that a commission within the shows Russia doesn`t think to leave Crimea. framework of International Court of Justice shall Shortly after the annexation, Russia unilaterally be established to conduct studies, terminated the Pact on 31 March 2014.  Russia should immediately terminate the Kharkiv Pact was a treaty between Ukraine and invasion and the territorial integrity of Ukraine Russia whereby the Russian lease on naval facilities should be secured under the guarantee of in Crimea was extended beyond 2017 until 2042, international community, sanctions initiated by with an additional five-year renewal option in the free and democratic world states and exchange for a multiyear discounted contract to international unions against the Russia provide Ukraine with Russian natural gas. The Federation should be increased and continued, all agreement signed on 21 April 2010 in Kharkiv the states that believe in international laws and by Medvedev Yanukovych and ratified by the democracy should support such type of sanctions, parliaments of the two countries on 27 April 2010, aroused much controversy in Ukraine (ITAR-TASS,  Crimea Tatar Organizations Platform declared 2014). that they would never recognize the invasion of Russia and they would fight with their best on a Difficulties encountered after the binding of Crimea democratic ground within the scope of to Russia are not just limited with armament, decline superiority of laws and human rights to finish the of the economy, limitation of freedom of movement, invasion under each grounds and circumstances increase of employment. Most importantly safety of (QHA, 2015b). Crimean Tatars is endangered. Crimean Tatars were kidnapped and unsolved death cases were 6. Conclusion encountered. Commissiary of European Human As a result; Russia linked Crimea to itself with a Rights Council also drawed the attention to such type referendum, although Ukraine, West and Crimean of cases (Muiznieks, 2014). It is prohibited for six Tatars claims that Russia invaded Crimea, currently Crimean Tatars including Mustafa Abdülcemil second anniversary of the administration linked to Kırımoğlu and Chairman of Crimea Tatar National Russia in Crimea passed. Assembly to enter Crimea, house searches and arrests increased (UN News Centre, Russia managed to invade Crimea Parliament and 2015). Prime Ministry as a result of cooperation with military units by using the Special Forces and by 5.3. Requests of Crimean Tatars for the solution directing and managing the civilian and local of the Problem? elements during the invasion and annexation process

8 Sonmez,H.M., (2017). Comprehensive Overview of the Crimea Problem in the Second Anniversary of the Annexation of “Green Island”, Journal of Management and Information Science, Vol5(1),1-12. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Non-Commercial International License. Please visit for this license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Journal of Management and Information Science Corresponding Author. H.Murat Sonmez,Vol.5, No. 1 of Crimea. Although Russia implemented the hybrid are limiting freedom are based on rightful reasons to warfare strategy and did what she could not do with attract the reaction of Crimea Tatar and the West. conventional warfare, Russia managed to accomplish Is Russia president Vladimir Putin aiming to present to mission which they might face a hard situation in Crimea back to Ukraine after staying for a while terms of international laws and its own public 'likewise Kruschev' did after he shows what he can opinion without any problem. Ukraine flags replaced do to the countries in his influence area and west? with Russia flags just in one night and they are The answer to this question is hidden in the Russia hoisted there for the last two years. Hybrid warfare is implementations in Crimea and the speeches of more cost-effective in comparison with conventional Russian Leaders. Rubles replaced with Grivna in warfare, legal limitation and exposure to the Crimea, institutions of the state were restructured sanctions are less likely and there are less casualties pursuant to Russia laws, plates of the vehicles were in a hybrid warfare and the political outcomes of the changed, use of was extended in hybrid warfare are quite effective as it can be seen in the official institutions and tables of transportation Crimea. Since collapse of USSR till today, Russia network, Russian Government allocated a resource has binded Crimea to itself and expanded the for the development program which they plan until boundaries actually for the first time. the 2020 which is related with the development of Happenings during two years since the Crimea was Crimea Republic and Sevastopol and speeches of linked to Russia till the writing of this article Putin are the messages which show that Russia is constitute a ground for the foresights to be made with permanent in the region. respect to the future of Crimea. Staying insensitive against this situation concluded Within the scope of developments which can be with the annexation of Crimea to Russia which they considered as positive, first population census after started this operation with the reason that they want 14 years was made despite it was questionable. to protect Russian citizens, may cause bigger Increase in the infrastructure and superstructure of problems. Russian origin citizens live in all of the Crimea, Tatar language was brought to a level of an countries which were included within the borders of official language in Crimea, there are articulations Former Soviet Union. Russia saw the safety of the that shows the requests of Crimean Tatars will be Russians who constitute the %58 of the population in taken into consideration, one of the vice-prime Crimea as endangered, when Russia will deem that ministries was allocated for a Representative of the safety of the Russians with lower percentages are Crimean Tatars, 10 billion rubles of resource is endangered in the other countries which were in the allocated for the Crimean Tatars who will return back borders of former USSR? West and international from 1944 exile (Sputnik, 2015c). In addition to these organizations which were not successful in Georgia positive developments, actions which are validating seem to let the exam slip by. They discuss whether the claims of the West can be coincided. the sanctions of them against Russia would take a Questionable infrastructure and superstructure bids, long time or not (Astrov, 2014). However, this violation of the minorities, Crimea Tatar television discussion hasn’t taken a long time since not only and broadcast organs belong to the ATR and Crimean Russia, European countries also suffered from Tatars were closed and freedom of press and freedom economic sanctions. of speech were limited, youngsters of Crimean Tatars Ukraine finds the Russia intervention to Crimea as an were enforced to join the compulsory military service unfair action and Ukraine stands with Crimea, and there was an obligatory citizenship however it can`t be said that Ukraine and the West implementation, increase in the prices of basic are completely innocent in this process. Before the nutrition products, injustices in the distribution of referendum Putin asked Kırımoglu that why Ukraine terrains in Crimea, endeavors to deploy nuclear arms had not fulfilled the demands of Crimean Tatars for and radar systems in the region, increasing armament the last 23 years. Partial justification of this question in the region, increase of unemployment, prohibition was understood two days after binding of Crimea to for Crimean Tatars leaders to enter the country, Russia was officially confirmed by Russia. Crimean arrest of Vice-Chairman of Crimea Tatar National Tatars which were accepted as minority within the Assembly- Ahtem Çiygöz, kidnapped or lost Crimean internal law of Ukraine were recognized as local Tatars cannot be found and implementations which society by the Superior Council of Ukraine on 20 May, 2014 (Rada, 2015). Crimean Tatars demanded 9 Sonmez,H.M., (2017). Comprehensive Overview of the Crimea Problem in the Second Anniversary of the Annexation of “Green Island”, Journal of Management and Information Science, Vol5(1),1-12. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Non-Commercial International License. Please visit for this license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Journal of Management and Information Science Corresponding Author. H.Murat Sonmez,Vol.5, No. 1 for the amendment of this law for many years, solve it, academic studies, economical sanctions, however it was not actualized by Ukraine, which methods such as not recognizing the current situation caused the questioning of the sincerity of Ukraine of Crimea in international activities can be made, because they made the amendment within this period. however the military methods should not be Original names were given back to the settlements of overlooked. Even during the Cold War period forces Crimean Tatars and requests of Crimean Tatars faced each other for many times and they used their related with facilitative measures such as their return military power through other countries or forces, they from exile were not realized by Ukraine even after still have not used the military forces to each other as the cold war. Situation is no different for the West. two frontiers. Now the West, in an attempt to use West held Crimea as a trump card against Russia, a military power through exercises and training via perception was set forth in the agenda such as a NATO and UN (NYTimes, 2015). Time will show us Crimea without problems might remain away from to what extent the exercises and shows of force of themselves and Crimea would not require west. Russia and West who has nuclear arms will reach, During the Minsk -2 meetings executed by the whether there will be a domino effect to other former representatives of Norman Quartet in Minsk the Soviet Republics after the West accepts the situation capital of Belarus, focus was on Donetsk and in Crimea, whether Russia will present Crimea back Lugansk regions at the eastern part of Ukraine, they to Ukraine or not. Within this certain time period, did not touch upon the Crimea problem (The endurance and risk degree of Russia against the inter- Telegraph, 2015), it caused the claims such as the operability and determination of West, whether West West has accepted the latest situation in Crimea. will accept or not accept the “Little Green Men” invaded “Green Island”, will be among the most If Russia having the intend of defending its policies important factors which will determine the future of within the binding process of Crimea and to convince Crimea. the international arena, then Russia should promptly take the required steps for the increase of prosperity and development of Crimea. Only actions towards development are not sufficient to justify or ensure the References continuity of the existing order. Not making ethnic Astrov, V. 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10 Sonmez,H.M., (2017). Comprehensive Overview of the Crimea Problem in the Second Anniversary of the Annexation of “Green Island”, Journal of Management and Information Science, Vol5(1),1-12. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Non-Commercial International License. Please visit for this license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Journal of Management and Information Science Corresponding Author. H.Murat Sonmez,Vol.5, No. 1

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12 Sonmez,H.M., (2017). Comprehensive Overview of the Crimea Problem in the Second Anniversary of the Annexation of “Green Island”, Journal of Management and Information Science, Vol5(1),1-12. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Non-Commercial International License. Please visit for this license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/