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agronomy Article Synergistic Effects of Agronet Covers and Companion Cropping on Reducing Whitefly Infestation and Improving Yield of Open Field-Grown Tomatoes Stella Mutisya 1,*, Mwanarusi Saidi 1, Arnold Opiyo 1, Mathieu Ngouajio 2 and Thibaud Martin 3,4 1 Department of Crops, Egerton University, Horticulture and Soils, P.O. Box 536, Egerton 20115, Kenya; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (A.O.) 2 Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, Plant and Soil Science Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; [email protected] 3 Centre de coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UR Hortsys, Montpellier 34000, France; [email protected] 4 International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi 00100, Kenya * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +25-47-223-29624 Academic Editor: Rakesh S. Chandran Received: 25 June 2016; Accepted: 7 September 2016; Published: 19 September 2016 Abstract: Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) are one of the biggest vegetable crops in the world, supplying a wide range of vitamins, minerals and fibre in human diets. In the tropics, tomatoes are predominantly grown under sub-optimal conditions by subsistence farmers, with exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses in the open field. Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) is one of the major pests of the tomato, potentially causing up to 100% yield loss. To control whitefly, most growers indiscriminately use synthetic insecticides which negatively impact the environment, humans, and other natural pest management systems, while also increasing cost of production. This study sought to investigate the effectiveness of agronet covers and companion planting with aromatic basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as an alternative management strategy for whitefly in tomatoes and to evaluate the use of these treatments ontomato growth and yield. Two trials were conducted at the Horticulture Research and Training Field, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya. Treatments comprised a combination of two factors, (1) growing environment (agronet and no agronet) and (2) companion planting with a row of basil surrounding tomato plants, a row of basil in between adjacent rows of tomato, no companion planting. Agronet covers and companion cropping with a row of basil planted between adjacent tomato rows significantly lowered B. tabaci infestation in tomatoes by 68.7%. Better tomato yields were also recorded in treatments where the two treatments were used in combination. Higher yield (13.75 t/ha) was obtained from tomatoes grown under agronet cover with a basil row planted in between adjacent rows of the tomato crop compared to 5.9 t/ha in the control. Non-marketable yield was also lowered to5.9 t/ha compared to 9.8 t/ha in the control following the use of the two treatments in combination. The results of this study demonstrate the potential viability of using companion cropping and agronet covers in integrated management of B. tabaci and improvement of tomato yield. Keywords: Bemisia tabaci; Lycopersicon esculentum; agronet covers; row covers; floating covers; basil; companion cropping 1. Introduction Among economically important vegetables, the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the most widely cultivated. It is consumed widely throughout the world and has been demonstrated to Agronomy 2016, 6, 42; doi:10.3390/agronomy6030042 www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy Agronomy 2016, 6, 42 2 of 14 possess health benefits due to its rich content of phytonutrients [1,2] and great importance in metabolic activities of the human body [3]. In developing countries, fresh tomatoes have for a long time been produced for both domestic and export markets, with an increasing demand for processing [4]. In Kenya, thetomato is one of the most important vegetable crops with records indicating that it contributed approximately Ksh.12.8 billion in sales among the mainstream local market vegetables in the year 2012 [5]. Despite the important role of tomatoes in the economy and diets of many Kenyans, the cropis still grown in the country by small holder farmers under open field conditions subject to many challenges that are abiotic and biotic in nature [6,7]. Among the biotic challenges, whiteflies of the group Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) [8] have been noted as a major problem in the area. Members of the B. tabaci group are highly prolific, polyphagous and invasive crop pest found all over the world, and cause significant yield decline [9]. For tomato, B. tabaci has been associated with both direct and indirect damage caused by feeding directly on the tomato plants, sucking sap from the phloem resulting in leaf and fruit spotting, weakening of plants and irregular fruit ripening [10]. In addition, B. tabaci has also been associated with transmission of many viral diseases which negatively impact crop yield [11]. Agronet covers, which refers to woven or knitted plastic fibres connected together to form a porous geometric structure that allow fluids (gases and liquids) to go through [12], has proved successful in protecting different crops from extreme weather and insect pests [13–16]. The use of these agronet covers has also served as a means of reducing or even preventing often indiscriminate insecticide applications by small scale growers and at the same time improve yield and quality of crops [17]. Considering how modifications in the light wavelength may reduce B. tabaci and related diseases [18], UV-blocking nets have also been used effectively to control whitefly [19] through interfering with the necessary radiation stimulus that play important role in their ecological behavior. The use of insecticide treated net covers has also proved effective against a wide range of pests such as the invasive tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta [20]. Agronet covers also protect agricultural crops from excessive solar radiation and other environmental hazards thus enhancing plant microclimate for better crop performance [14]. Pek and Heyles [21] recorded better regulation of air temperature, reduced crop stresses and better crop performance with the use of netting technology compared to open field production of vegetable. Companion planting, which refers to the practice of establishing two or more plant species in close proximity for cultural benefits, has been documented to have multiple advantages such as suppression of insect pests, weeds [22] and as an approach in organic farming. A number of plants have been planted together with vegetables in a garden setting to serve as companion crops. For instance, intercropping mustard (Brassica juncea) as a companion crop for collards (Brassica oleraceae var. acephala) has successfully been used to repel whitefly [23] while tomato has successfully been used as a repellent for the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) on cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata) [24]. Experience from many parts of the world has shown the benefits of cultivating aromatic plants in companion with other crops due to the variety of volatile organic compounds contained in such plants. These organic volatile compounds are well known for their insecticidal, antifeedant, repellent, attractant and oviposition deterrent effects on insect pests [25,26]. For instance, aromatic basil (Ocimum basilicum) was found to offer repellent action against mosquitoes [27] and flea beetles on Pechay (Brassica perkinensis)[28]. Apart from the direct effects on insect pests, companion planting has also been found to increase the abundance of beneficial insects [29] which lead to reduced need for pesticide use. Limited studies, however, exist on the effects of combined use of agronet covers and companion cropping on insect pest population and crop performance. This study sought to evaluate the effects of combined use of agronet covers and companion cropping on B. tabaci infestation and yield of tomatoes in an open field production system. Agronomy 2016, 6, 42 3 of 14 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Experimental Site Description Two trials (November 2013 to April 2014 and May 2014 to October 2014) were conducted at the Horticulture Research and Teaching Field, Egerton University, Njoro-Kenya. The field lies at an altitude of approximately 2238 m above sea level, latitude 0◦230 S and longitudes 35◦350 E in the Lower Highland III Agro Ecological Zone (LH3). Average maximum and minimum temperatures range from 19 ◦C to 22 ◦C and 5 ◦C to 8 ◦C, respectively, with a mean annual rainfall of about 1000 mm. The soil is predominantly well drained sandy-Vintric mollic andosols [30]. 2.2. Planting Material Tomato seedlings cultivar “Rio Grande” started from seeds purchased from Simlaw Seeds Company Ltd., Nairobi, Kenya, Nakuru-Kenya were used. “Rio Grande” is a tomato cultivar with a high yield potential and is thus preferred by many farmers. In addition, it has good disease tolerance especially against fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum). Basil (Ocimum basilicum) variety “Bonanza” seeds were obtained from Amiran Kenya Ltd., Nairobi, Kenya. Basil is a perennial herb usually grown as an annual in tropical climates. The choice of basil as a companion crop was made due to the characteristic strong smell of the essential oils that it contains and its ability to withstand relatively cool conditions like those that prevail in the study site. 2.3. Experimental Design and Treatment Application The experimental design used was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six treatments and five replications. Treatments comprised a combination of two factors:

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