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Fossil Primates
AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 1 of 16 www.accessscience.com Fossil primates Contributed by: Eric Delson Publication year: 2014 Extinct members of the order of mammals to which humans belong. All current classifications divide the living primates into two major groups (suborders): the Strepsirhini or “lower” primates (lemurs, lorises, and bushbabies) and the Haplorhini or “higher” primates [tarsiers and anthropoids (New and Old World monkeys, greater and lesser apes, and humans)]. Some fossil groups (omomyiforms and adapiforms) can be placed with or near these two extant groupings; however, there is contention whether the Plesiadapiformes represent the earliest relatives of primates and are best placed within the order (as here) or outside it. See also: FOSSIL; MAMMALIA; PHYLOGENY; PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; PRIMATES. Vast evidence suggests that the order Primates is a monophyletic group, that is, the primates have a common genetic origin. Although several peculiarities of the primate bauplan (body plan) appear to be inherited from an inferred common ancestor, it seems that the order as a whole is characterized by showing a variety of parallel adaptations in different groups to a predominantly arboreal lifestyle, including anatomical and behavioral complexes related to improved grasping and manipulative capacities, a variety of locomotor styles, and enlargement of the higher centers of the brain. Among the extant primates, the lower primates more closely resemble forms that evolved relatively early in the history of the order, whereas the higher primates represent a group that evolved more recently (Fig. 1). A classification of the primates, as accepted here, appears above. Early primates The earliest primates are placed in their own semiorder, Plesiadapiformes (as contrasted with the semiorder Euprimates for all living forms), because they have no direct evolutionary links with, and bear few adaptive resemblances to, any group of living primates. -
Oldest Known Euarchontan Tarsals and Affinities of Paleocene Purgatorius to Primates
Oldest known euarchontan tarsals and affinities of Paleocene Purgatorius to Primates Stephen G. B. Chestera,b,c,1, Jonathan I. Blochd, Doug M. Boyere, and William A. Clemensf aDepartment of Anthropology and Archaeology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210; bNew York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024; cDepartment of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; dFlorida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; eDepartment of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; and fUniversity of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, CA 94720 Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved December 24, 2014 (received for review November 12, 2014) Earliest Paleocene Purgatorius often is regarded as the geologi- directly outside Placentalia with the contemporary condylarths cally oldest primate, but it has been known only from fossilized (archaic ungulates) Protungulatum and Oxyprimus (10–12). How- dentitions since it was first described half a century ago. The den- ever, the addition of new tarsal data for Purgatorius and increased tition of Purgatorius is more primitive than those of all known taxon sampling, including a colugo and four plesiadapiforms, using living and fossil primates, leading some researchers to suggest this same matrix, results in a strict consensus tree that supports that it lies near the ancestry of all other primates; however, others a monophyletic Euarchonta with Sundatheria (treeshrews and have questioned its affinities to primates or even to placental colugos) as the sister group to a fairly unresolved Primates clade mammals. Here we report the first (to our knowledge) nondental that includes Purgatorius (Fig. -
AMNH-Scientific-Publications-2014
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Fiscal Year 2014 Scientific Publications Division of Anthropology 2 Division of Invertebrate Zoology 11 Division of Paleontology 28 Division of Physical Sciences 39 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Department of Astrophysics Division of Vertebrate Zoology Department of Herpetology 58 Department of Ichthyology 62 Department of Mammalogy 65 Department of Ornithology 78 Center for Biodiversity and Conservation 91 Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics 99 DIVISION OF ANTHROPOLOGY Berwick, R.C., M.D. Hauser, and I. Tattersall. 2013. Neanderthal language? Just-so stories take center stage. Frontiers in Psychology 4, article 671. Blair, E.H., and Thomas, D.H. 2014. The Guale uprising of 1597: an archaeological perspective from Mission Santa Catalina de Guale (Georgia). In L.M. Panich and T.D. Schneider (editors), Indigenous Landscapes and Spanish Missions: New Perspectives from Archaeology and Ethnohistory: 25–40. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Charpentier, V., A.J. de Voogt, R. Crassard, J.-F. Berger, F. Borgi, and A. Al- Ma’shani. 2014. Games on the seashore of Salalah: the discovery of mancala games in Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 25: 115– 120. Chowns, T.M., A.H. Ivester, R.L. Kath, B.K. Meyer, D.H. Thomas, and P.R. Hanson. 2014. A New Hypothesis for the Formation of the Georgia Sea Islands through the Breaching of the Silver Bluff Barrier and Dissection of the Ancestral Altamaha-Ogeechee Drainage. Abstract, 63rd Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, April 10–11, 2014. 2 DeSalle, R., and I. Tattersall. 2014. Mr. Murray, you lose the bet. -
Laboratory Primate Newsletter
LABORATORY PRIMATE NEWSLETTER Vol. 49, No. 4 October 2010 JUDITH E. SCHRIER, EDITOR JAMES S. HARPER, GORDON J. HANKINSON AND LARRY HULSEBOS, ASSOCIATE EDITORS MORRIS L. POVAR AND JASON MACHAN, CONSULTING EDITORS ELVA MATHIESEN, ASSISTANT EDITOR ALLAN M. SCHRIER, FOUNDING EDITOR, 1962-1987 Published Quarterly by the Schrier Research Laboratory Psychology Department, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island ISSN 0023-6861 POLICY STATEMENT The Laboratory Primate Newsletter provides a central source of information about nonhuman primates and related matters to scientists who use these animals in their research and those whose work supports such research. The Newsletter (1) provides information on care and breeding of nonhuman primates for laboratory research, (2) disseminates general information and news about the world of primate research (such as announcements of meetings, research projects, sources of information, nomenclature changes), (3) helps meet the special research needs of individual investigators by publishing requests for research material or for information related to specific research problems, and (4) serves the cause of conservation of nonhuman primates by publishing information on that topic. As a rule, research articles or summaries accepted for the Newsletter have some practical implications or provide general information likely to be of interest to investigators in a variety of areas of primate research. However, special consideration will be given to articles containing data on primates not conveniently publishable elsewhere. General descriptions of current research projects on primates will also be welcome. The Newsletter appears quarterly and is intended primarily for persons doing research with nonhuman primates. Back issues may be purchased for $10.00 each. We are no longer printing paper issues, except those we will send to subscribers who have paid in advance. -
Synoptic Taxonomy of Major Fossil Groups
APPENDIX Synoptic Taxonomy of Major Fossil Groups Important fossil taxa are listed down to the lowest practical taxonomic level; in most cases, this will be the ordinal or subordinallevel. Abbreviated stratigraphic units in parentheses (e.g., UCamb-Ree) indicate maximum range known for the group; units followed by question marks are isolated occurrences followed generally by an interval with no known representatives. Taxa with ranges to "Ree" are extant. Data are extracted principally from Harland et al. (1967), Moore et al. (1956 et seq.), Sepkoski (1982), Romer (1966), Colbert (1980), Moy-Thomas and Miles (1971), Taylor (1981), and Brasier (1980). KINGDOM MONERA Class Ciliata (cont.) Order Spirotrichia (Tintinnida) (UOrd-Rec) DIVISION CYANOPHYTA ?Class [mertae sedis Order Chitinozoa (Proterozoic?, LOrd-UDev) Class Cyanophyceae Class Actinopoda Order Chroococcales (Archean-Rec) Subclass Radiolaria Order Nostocales (Archean-Ree) Order Polycystina Order Spongiostromales (Archean-Ree) Suborder Spumellaria (MCamb-Rec) Order Stigonematales (LDev-Rec) Suborder Nasselaria (Dev-Ree) Three minor orders KINGDOM ANIMALIA KINGDOM PROTISTA PHYLUM PORIFERA PHYLUM PROTOZOA Class Hexactinellida Order Amphidiscophora (Miss-Ree) Class Rhizopodea Order Hexactinosida (MTrias-Rec) Order Foraminiferida* Order Lyssacinosida (LCamb-Rec) Suborder Allogromiina (UCamb-Ree) Order Lychniscosida (UTrias-Rec) Suborder Textulariina (LCamb-Ree) Class Demospongia Suborder Fusulinina (Ord-Perm) Order Monaxonida (MCamb-Ree) Suborder Miliolina (Sil-Ree) Order Lithistida -
The Size of Major Mammalian Sensory Organs As Measured from Cranial Characters, and Their Relation to the Biology and Evolution of Mammals
HENRY PIHLSTRÖMTheSizeofMammalianSensoryOrgansandTheirRelationtotheBiologyEvolution ofMammals Recent Publications in this Series 24/2012 Anne Vatén Symplastically Transmitted Signals Regulate Pattern Formation during Root Development in Arabidopsis thaliana 25/2012 Lotta Happonen Life on the Edge: Structural Studies of the Extremophilic Viruses P23-77 and STIV2 26/2012 Timo Lehti To Move or to Convene: Regulatory Circuits of Mat Fimbriae in Escherichia coli DISSERTATIONES BIOCENTRI VIIKKI UNIVERSITATIS HELSINGIENSIS 44/2012 27/2012 Sylvie Lefebvre Tumor Necrosis Factors and Chemokines in Hair Development 28/2012 Faraz Ahmad Post-Translational Regulation of KCC2 in the Rat Hippocampus 29/2012 Anne Soikkeli HENRY PIHLSTRÖM Automatable Microplate-Based in vitro Assays for Screening Intestinal Drug Transport and Metabolism 30/2012 Niina Suni Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Tools for Rapid Bio- and Pharmaceutical Analysis The Size of Major Mammalian Sensory Organs as 31/2012 Pia Saarinen Measured from Cranial Characters, and Their Functional Properties of Visual Pigments Using A1 and A2 Chromophore: From Molecules to Ecology Relation to the Biology and Evolution of Mammals 32/2012 Paula Peltopuro Transcriptional Regulation of GABAergic Neuron Differentiation in the Developing Diencephalon, Midbrain and Anterior Hindbrain 33/2012 Pauli Turunen Studies on OX1 Orexin Receptor Coupling to Arachidonic Acid and Endocannabinoid Signaling 34/2012 Alexandros Kiriazis Synthesis of Six-Membered Rings and Inhibitors of Protein Kinases 35/2012 Jonna Saarimäki-Vire Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in the Development of the Midbrain and Anterior Hindbrain 36/2012 Hongbo Zhang UGTs and Glucuronidation Analyses in Caco-2 Cells, Human Microsomes and Recombinant Enzymes 37/2012 Violeta Manole Structural Studies on Viral Receptor-Binding Proteins 38/2012 Anthony Christian Mgbeahuruike Physiological and Molecular Analysis of the Interaction between the Conifer Pathogen, Heterobasidion annosum s.l. -
1 Old World Monkeys
2003. 5. 23 Dr. Toshio MOURI Old World monkey Although Old World monkey, as a word, corresponds to New World monkey, its taxonomic rank is much lower than that of the New World Monkey. Therefore, it is speculated that the last common ancestor of Old World monkeys is newer compared to that of New World monkeys. While New World monkey is the vernacular name for infraorder Platyrrhini, Old World Monkey is the vernacular name for superfamily Cercopithecoidea (family Cercopithecidae is limited to living species). As a side note, the taxon including Old World Monkey at the same taxonomic level as New World Monkey is infraorder Catarrhini. Catarrhini includes Hominoidea (humans and apes), as well as Cercopithecoidea. Cercopithecoidea comprises the families Victoriapithecidae and Cercopithecidae. Victoriapithecidae is fossil primates from the early to middle Miocene (15-20 Ma; Ma = megannum = 1 million years ago), with known genera Prohylobates and Victoriapithecus. The characteristic that defines the Old World Monkey (as synapomorphy – a derived character shared by two or more groups – defines a monophyletic taxon), is the bilophodonty of the molars, but the development of biphilophodonty in Victoriapithecidae is still imperfect, and crista obliqua is observed in many maxillary molars (as well as primary molars). (Benefit, 1999; Fleagle, 1999) Recently, there is an opinion that Prohylobates should be combined with Victoriapithecus. Living Old World Monkeys are all classified in the family Cercopithecidae. Cercopithecidae comprises the subfamilies Cercopithecinae and Colobinae. Cercopithecinae has a buccal pouch, and Colobinae has a complex, or sacculated, stomach. It is thought that the buccal pouch is an adaptation for quickly putting rare food like fruit into the mouth, and the complex stomach is an adaptation for eating leaves. -
Macaques at the Margins: the Biogeography and Extinction of Macaca Sylvanus in Europe. Sarah Elton1 and Hannah J. O'regan2 1D
Macaques at the margins: the biogeography and extinction of Macaca sylvanus in Europe. Sarah Elton1 and Hannah J. O’Regan2 1Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE 2Department of Archaeology, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD. KEYWORDS Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, primate, fossil, modelling, Eurasia, time budgets ABSTRACT The genus Macaca (Primates: Cercopithecidae) originated in Africa, dispersed into Europe in the Late Miocene and resided there until the Late Pleistocene. In this contribution, we provide an overview of the evolutionary history of Macaca in Europe, putting it into context with the wider late Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene European monkey fossil record (also comprising Mesopithecus, Paradolichopithecus, Dolichopithecus and Theropithecus). The Pliocene and Pleistocene European Macaca fossil material is largely regarded as Macaca sylvanus, the same species as the extant Barbary macaque in North Africa. The M. sylvanus specimens found at West Runton in Norfolk (53°N) during the Middle Pleistocene are among the most northerly euprimates ever discovered. Our simple time-budget model indicates that short winter day lengths would have imposed a significant constraint on activity at such relatively high latitudes, so macaque populations in Britain may have been at the limit of their ecological tolerance. Two basic models using climatic and topographic data for the Last Interglacial and the Last Glacial Maximum alongside Middle and Late Pleistocene fossil 1 distributions indicate that much of Europe may have been suitable habitat for macaques. The models also indicate that areas of southern Europe in the present day have a climate that could support macaque populations. However, M. sylvanus became locally extinct in the Late Pleistocene, possibly at a similar time as the straight-tusked elephant, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, and narrow-nosed rhinoceros, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus. -
Evolution CHARLES DARWIN from a Painting by Hon.John Collier &Produced by Permission of the Linnean Society of London a PICTURE BOOK
A PICTURE BOOK OF---EVOLUTiON CHARLES DARWIN From a painting by Hon.John Collier &produced by permission of the Linnean Society of London A PICTURE BOOK. OF EVOLUTION ADAPTED FROM THE WORK OF THE LATE DENNIS HIRD, M.A. BY SURGEON REAR-ADMIRAL C. M. BEADNELL C.B., K.H.P., M.R.C.S.(ENG). Fellow of the Zoological Society and Member of the British Astronomical Association, Late Fellow of the Chemical Society and of the Royal Anthropological Institute WITH A FOREWORD BY SIR ARTHUR KEITH, M.D., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.C.S., F.R.S. LONDON: WATTS & CO., 5 & 6 JOHNSON'S COURT, FLEET STREET, E.C.4 First Edition (by Dennis Hird): Vol. r, 1906; Vol. 11, 1907. · &cond Edition (by Dennis Hird): I 920 Third Edition (by C. M. Beadmll) : I 932 . Popular Edition: I934 Fourth Edition (by C. M. Beadnell): 1948 BOOK PRODUCilON WAR ECON<J,.tY SfANflo\RI) THE PAPER AND BINDING OF THIS BOOK CONFORM TO THE AUTHORIZED ECONOMY STANDARDS Printed and Published in Great Britain by C. A. Watts & Co. Limited, s & 6 Johnson's Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C.4 ·FOREWORD By SIR ARTHUR KEITH, M.D., F.R.S. y friend Surgeon Rear-Admiral C. M. Beadnell has asked me to write the Foreword for this book. He is under the impression M that my name is better known than his to the reading public. If this is so, then it is time that this impression should be altered. Naval surgeon by profession, Rear-Admiral Beadnell has been known to many of us for a long time as an able student of evolutionary problems. -
The Paromomyidae (Primates, Mammalia): Systematics, Evolution, and Ecology
The Paromomyidae (Primates, Mammalia): Systematics, Evolution, and Ecology by Sergi López-Torres A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto © Copyright by Sergi López-Torres 2017 The Paromomyidae (Primates, Mammalia): Systematics, Evolution, and Ecology Sergi López-Torres Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto 2017 Abstract Plesiadapiforms represent the first radiation of Primates, appearing near the Cretaceous- Paleogene boundary. Eleven families of plesiadapiforms are recognized, including the Paromomyidae. Questions surrounding this family explored in this thesis include its pattern of extinction, its phylogeny and migration, and its dietary ecology. Firstly, there is a record of misclassifying small-sized omomyoid euprimates as late-occurring paromomyid plesiadapiforms. Here, a new omomyoid from the Uintan of California is described. This material was previously thought to pertain to a paromomyid, similar to previously named supposed paromomyids Phenacolemur shifrae and Ignacius mcgrewi. The new Californian species, Ph. shifrae, and I. mcgrewi are transferred to Trogolemurini, a tribe of omomyoids. The implications of this taxonomic change are that no paromomyids are found between the early Bridgerian and the Chadronian, suggesting that the group suffered near-extinction during a period of particularly warm climate. Secondly, migration of paromomyids between North America and Europe is poorly understood. The European material (genus Arcius) is taxonomically reassessed, including emended diagnoses for all four previously named species, and description of two new Arcius species. A cladistic ii analysis of the European paromomyids resolves Arcius as monophyletic, implying that the European radiation of paromomyids was a product of a single migration event from North America. -
Mitogenomic Phylogeny of the Common Long-Tailed Macaque
Liedigk et al. BMC Genomics (2015) 16:222 DOI 10.1186/s12864-015-1437-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Mitogenomic phylogeny of the common long- tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis) Rasmus Liedigk1*, Jakob Kolleck1, Kai O Böker1,2, Erik Meijaard3,4,5, Badrul Munir Md-Zain6, Muhammad Abu Bakar Abdul-Latiff6, Ahmad Ampeng7, Maklarin Lakim8, Pazil Abdul-Patah9, Anthony J Tosi10, Markus Brameier1, Dietmar Zinner11 and Christian Roos1,12 Abstract Background: Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are an important model species in biomedical research and reliable knowledge about their evolutionary history is essential for biomedical inferences. Ten subspecies have been recognized, of which most are restricted to small islands of Southeast Asia. In contrast, the common long-tailed macaque (M. f. fascicularis) is distributed over large parts of the Southeast Asian mainland and the Sundaland region. To shed more light on the phylogeny of M. f. fascicularis, we sequenced complete mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomes of 40 individuals from all over the taxon’s range, either by classical PCR-amplification and Sanger sequencing or by DNA-capture and high-throughput sequencing. Results: Both laboratory approaches yielded complete mtDNA genomes from M. f. fascicularis with high accuracy and/or coverage. According to our phylogenetic reconstructions, M. f. fascicularis initially diverged into two clades 1.70 million years ago (Ma), with one including haplotypes from mainland Southeast Asia, the Malay Peninsula and North Sumatra (Clade A) and the other, haplotypes from the islands of Bangka, Java, Borneo, Timor, and the Philippines (Clade B). The three geographical populations of Clade A appear as paraphyletic groups, while local populations of Clade B form monophyletic clades with the exception of a Philippine individual which is nested within the Borneo clade. -
The Convoluted Evolutionary History of the Capped-Golden Langur Lineage 2 (Cercopithecidae: Colobinae) – Concatenation Versus Coalescent Analyses
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/508929; this version posted March 25, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 The convoluted evolutionary history of the capped-golden langur lineage 2 (Cercopithecidae: Colobinae) – concatenation versus coalescent analyses 3 Kunal Arekara, *, Abhijna Parigia, b, K. Praveen Karantha 4 aEvolving-Phylo Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 5 560012, India 6 bpresently at Integrative Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 7 Michigan 48824, USA 8 *Corresponding author. Email – [email protected] 9 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/508929; this version posted March 25, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 10 Abstract 11 Evolutionary studies have traditionally relied on concatenation based methods to reconstruct 12 relationships from multiple markers. However, due to limitations of concatenation analyses, 13 recent studies have proposed coalescent based methods to address evolutionary questions. 14 Results from these methods tend to diverge from each other under situations where there is 15 incomplete lineage sorting or hybridization. Here we used concatenation as well as 16 multispecies coalescent (MSC) methods to understand the evolutionary origin of capped and 17 golden langur (CG) lineage.