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Skeleton of Late Paleocene Plesiadapis Cookei

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Skeleton of Late Paleocene Plesiadapis Cookei SKELETON OF LATE PALEOCENE SKELETON OF LATE SKELETON OF LATE PALEOCENE PLESIADAPIS COOKEI (MAMMALIA, EUARCHONTA): LIFE HISTORY, LOCOMOTION, AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS DOUG M. BOYER and PLESIADAPIS COOKEI PHILIP D. GINGERICH DOUG M. BOYER and PHILIP D. GINGERICH SKELETON OF LATE PALEOCENE PLESIADAPIS COOKEI (MAMMALIA, EUARCHONTA): LIFE HISTORY, LOCOMOTION, AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS PAPERS ON PALEONTOLOGY — RECENT NUMBERS 26. The Clarkforkian Land-Mammal Age and Mammalian Faunal Composition across the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary by Kenneth D. Rose (1981) 27. The Evolutionary History of Microsyopoidea (Mammalia, ?Primates) and the Relationship between Plesiadapiformes and Primates by Gregg F. Gunnell (1989) 28. New Earliest Wasatchian Mammalian Fauna from the Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming: Composition and Diversity in a Rarely Sampled High-Floodplain Assemblage by Philip D. Gingerich (1989) 29. Evolution of Paleocene and Eocene Phenacodontidae (Mammalia, Condylarthra) by J. G. M. Thewissen (1990) 30. Marine Mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: Stratigraphy, Age, and Paleoenvironments by Philip D. Gingerich (1992) 31. Terrestrial Mesonychia to Aquatic Cetacea: Transformation of the Basicranium and Evolution of Hearing in Whales by Zhexi Luo and Philip D. Gingerich (1999) 32. Fishes of the Mio-Pliocene Ringold Formation, Washington: Pliocene Capture of the Snake River by the Columbia River by Gerald R. Smith, Neil Morgan, and Eric Gustafson (2000) 33. Paleocene-Eocene Stratigraphy and Biotic Change in the Bighorn and Clarks Fork Basins, Wyoming by Philip D. Gingerich (ed.) and others (2001) 34. Form, Function, and Anatomy of Dorudon atrox (Mammalia, Cetacea): An Archaeocete from the Middle to Late Eocene of Egypt by Mark D. Uhen (2003) 35. The Tiffanian Land-Mammal Age (Middle and Late Paleocene) in the Northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming by Ross Secord (2008) 36. Earliest Eocene Mammalian Fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, Southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming by Kenneth D. Rose, Amy E. Chew, Rachel H. Dunn, Mary J. Kraus, Henry C. Fricke, and Shawn P. Zack (2012) 37. Late Eocene Sea Cows (Mammalia, Sirenia) from Wadi Al Hitan in the Western Desert of Fayum, Egypt by Iyad S. Zalmout and Philip D. Gingerich (2012) 38. Skeleton of Late Paleocene Plesiadapis cookei (Mammalia, Euarchonta): Life History, Locomotion, and Phylogenetic Relationships by Doug M. Boyer and Philip D. Gingerich (2019) Museum of Paleontology The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1085 SKELETON OF LATE PALEOCENE PLESIADAPIS COOKEI (MAMMALIA, EUARCHONTA): LIFE HISTORY, LOCOMOTION, AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS Frontispiece: Jay H. Matternes’ restoration of the skeleton, musculature, and pellage of Plesiadapis cookei based on UM 87990. Images ©Jay H. Matternes. Used by permission of the artist. ii SKELETON OF LATE PALEOCENE PLESIADAPIS COOKEI (MAMMALIA, EUARCHONTA): LIFE HISTORY, LOCOMOTION, AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS Doug M. Boyer Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Biological Sciences Building, 130 Science Drive, Duke University Durham, North Carolina 27708 [email protected] Philip D. Gingerich Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Museum of Paleontology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1085 [email protected] UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PAPERS ON PALEONTOLOGY NO. 38 2019 Papers on Paleontology No. 38 Museum of Paleontology The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1085 Matt Friedman, Director Jeffrey A. Wilson, Editor TABLE OF CONTENTS Frontispiece ...................................................................... ii IV. Postcranial Morphology ......................................... 51 Description ............................................................ 51 Title Page ......................................................................... iii V. Life History .............................................................. 127 Table of Contents ............................................................. v Body weight and encephalization .................... 127 Sex of UM 87990 ............................................. 130 List of Figures .................................................................. vi Sequence of tooth eruption and rate of growth 131 List of Tables .................................................................... viii Ontogenetic stage of development of UM 87990 131 Discussion ........................................................ 133 Appendix Figures and Tables ........................................... viii VI. Phylogeny ................................................................. 134 Cladistic methods ............................................. 134 Abstract ............................................................................ xi Results .............................................................. 136 I. Introduction ............................................................... 1 VII. Discussion and Conclusions ................................... 143 History of study ...................................................... 1 Cranial morphology ......................................... 143 Objectives ............................................................... 13 Postcranial morphology ................................... 145 Institutional abbreviations ...................................... 14 Life history ....................................................... 148 Generic abbreviations ............................................ 14 Phylogenetic relationships ............................... 149 Anatomical terminology ........................................ 14 Summary and conclusions................................ 151 Material examined.................................................. 14 VIII. Literature Cited ....................................................... 153 Methods .................................................................. 15 VIIII. Appendices ........................................................... 159 Measurements and analysis ................................... 15 I. Cranial and dental figures and measurements 159 Acknowledgments ................................................. 16 II. Postcranial measurements ........................... 171 II. Systematic Paleontology ........................................... 17 III. Body weight estimation.............................. 211 Stratigraphic range of Plesiadapis cookei ............. 18 IV. Cladistic evaluation of new observations ... 216 III. Cranial Morphology ................................................. 21 V. Crania of other North American and Euro- Description ........................................................ 21 pean Plesiadapidae ........................................... 227 Comparisons ...................................................... 38 VI. CT-scan documentation .............................. 263 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure Page 1. Skeleton of Plesiadapis cookei, UM 87990, from 23. Basicranium of the South American plains University of Michigan locality SC-117 in the viscacha Lagostomus maximus ............................. 44 Clarks Fork Basin of Wyoming ............................ 2 24. Petrosal and ectotympanic of Lagostomus 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Plesiadapidae ........ 3 maximus ................................................................ 45 3. Distribution of Plesiadapis cookei-bearing locali- 25. Petrosal of Indri indri .......................................... 46 ties in the Clarks Fork and northern Bighorn ba- 26. Basicranium of Ignacius clarkforkensis ............... 47 sins of Wyoming ................................................... 18 27. Basicranium of Acidomomys hebeticus ................ 48 4. University of Michigan locality SC-117 yielding 28. Plot of posterior carotid foramen sizes of UM 87990 skeleton of Plesiadapis cookei ........... 19 selected plesiadapiforms with those of extant 5. Stratigraphic ranges of taxa defining the early, primates ............................................................... 49 middle, and late Clarkforkian land-mammal age, 29. Cervical vertebrae of Plesiadapis cookei (UM Cf-1, Cf-2, and Cf-3, respectively, in the Clarks 87990). .................................................................. 52 Fork Basin of northwestern Wyoming ................. 19 30. Thoracic vertebrae of Plesiadapis cookei (UM 6. Cranium of Plesiadapis cookei (UM 87990) in 87990) ................................................................... 55 dorsal view ........................................................... 24 31. Lumbar vertebrae of Plesiadapis cookei (UM 7. Premaxilla of Plesiadapis cookei (UM 87990) .... 25 87990) ................................................................... 57 8. Maxillary teeth of Plesiadapis cookei (UM 32. Sacrum of Plesiadapis cookei (UM 87990) ......... 58 87990) ................................................................... 26 33. Caudal vertebrae of Plesiadapis cookei (UM 9. Cranium of Plesiadapis cookei (UM 87990) in 87990) ................................................................... 60 left lateral view ..................................................... 27 34. Sternebrae of Plesiadapis cookei (UM 87990) .... 61 10. Cranium of Plesiadapis cookei (UM 87990) in 35. Ribs of Plesiadapis cookei (UM 87990) .............. 62 palatal or ventral view .......................................... 28 36. Clavicle and scapula of Plesiadapis cookei (UM 11. Cranium
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