A PICTURE BOOK OF---EVOLUTiON CHARLES DARWIN From a painting by Hon.John Collier &produced by permission of the Linnean Society of London A PICTURE BOOK. OF EVOLUTION

ADAPTED FROM THE WORK OF THE LATE DENNIS HIRD, M.A.

BY SURGEON REAR-ADMIRAL C. M. BEADNELL C.B., K.H.P., M.R.C.S.(ENG). Fellow of the Zoological Society and Member of the British Astronomical Association, Late Fellow of the Chemical Society and of the Royal Anthropological Institute

WITH A FOREWORD BY SIR ARTHUR KEITH, M.D., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.C.S., F.R.S.

LONDON: WATTS & CO., 5 & 6 JOHNSON'S COURT, FLEET STREET, E.C.4 First Edition (by Dennis Hird): Vol. r, 1906; Vol. 11, 1907. · &cond Edition (by Dennis Hird): I 920 Third Edition (by C. M. Beadmll) : I 932 . Popular Edition: I934 Fourth Edition (by C. M. Beadnell): 1948

BOOK PRODUCilON WAR ECON

THE PAPER AND BINDING OF THIS BOOK CONFORM TO THE AUTHORIZED ECONOMY STANDARDS

Printed and Published in Great Britain by C. A. Watts & Co. Limited, s & 6 Johnson's Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C.4 ·FOREWORD

By SIR ARTHUR KEITH, M.D., F.R.S.

y friend Surgeon Rear-Admiral C. M. Beadnell has asked me to write the Foreword for this book. He is under the impression M that my name is better known than his to the reading public. If this is so, then it is time that this impression should be altered. Naval surgeon by profession, Rear-Admiral Beadnell has been known to many of us for a long time as an able student of evolutionary problems. In bringing up to date, and indeed in rewriting, many chapters of the well­ known work by the late Mr. Dennis Hird he has rendered a re.al service to the Cause of Evolution. · He and I believe in Evolution, not as a· theoretical doctrine, but as a practical way oflooking at all manifestations oflife-ofpolitics, ofhistory, of all that pertains to the physical universe. The reader may ask: Is there anyone to-day who does not believe in Evolution ? If readers will look into their real beliefs, they will probably find that, although they accept Darwinism as truth, they think of it as a doctrine that was true in past times, but has in these modern days ceased to be operative. They are really not convinced evolutionists; they ~o not realize that the law of Evolution is going on in them and around them, shaping human destiny during every hour of the day. Most of us are willing to render· Charles Darwin a lip service, but only few of us realize that every thought we formulate and every act we perform or fail to perform alter. to an appreci­ able degree the course of events-the course which Evolution is taking in human affairs. We oft<;n boast of modern progress, forgetting that progress is in most cases merely another name for Evolution. The main aim of this book is to bring home to its readers that Evoh.ttion is not only a theoretical doctrine, but is also a practical issue. Hence the instances selected to illustrate the truth of Darwin's teaching have been chosen from common things-things with which all are familiar.,-in the streets, homes, and waysides of this goodly earth of ours and in the star- v· VI FOREWORD spangled heavens above. The examples chosen have been of a kind that -permit the illustrator's art free scope, and help readers to understand how potent and prevailing is the law of Evolution. This book itself, in the form now given to it, has undergone a true revolutionary metamorphosis; Rear-Admiral Be~dnell has adapted it to meet modem needs, and has thus rendered a service to all-both young and old, who are interested in the Cause of Evolution. ARTHUR KEITH. June, ·194 7. PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION

Bv THE CoMPILER

A BOUT a quarter of a century ago the present writer was one of a fiLondon audience attending a course of Lantern Lectures upon the absqrbingly interesting subject of Evolution delivered by that fascinating and popular lecturer, Dennis Hird, M.A., Principal of Ruskin College, Oxford. The appreciative reception, both in London and the provinces, accorded Mr. Hird's lectures made obvious the desirability of issuing them in book form. This was carried out by Messrs. Watts and Co., and the success of the first edition of Hird's Picture Book of Evolution soon rendered necessary the appearance of a second. As Mr. Hird died in I 920, a continued demand for the work has not, until the present issue, met with response. When Messrs. Watts asked me to undertake the task of revising the book, I confess to having had serious misgivings as to my competency to do so, in view of the enormous strides. taken by Science in its several branches during the last two decades.- Shortly after com­ mencing the work it became apparent, both to the Publishers and myself, that revision in the ordinary sense was impracticable, and that if the book was to rank ·as an up-to-date illustrated statement of the .ever-urgent message of Evolution it would have to be entirely recast. To such a degree has this had to be effected that the Picture Book of Evolution has now be­ come not unlike that woodman'~ axe that was successively fitted with a new blade and a new haft. All the' chapters have been re~written, and an. Index, Appendices, ·and many modern pictures and illustrations have been added, though, wherever expedient, the pictures chosen by Mr. Hird have been retained. But the woodman's axe, despite its renewal, was still, in a sense, the old and trusty implement of its owner; and so likewise this book still preserves that individuality which was iq1parted to it by the hand of Dennis Hird. · I take this opportunity to express thanks to the Publishers' Staff for much generous help in connection with the book. vii Vlll PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION

. Lasdy I must mention my ·indebtedness to my wife for the constant assistance she has given me throughout in the checking of the proof-sheets and the preparation of the Index. CHARLES M~ BEADNELL. Old Stacks, Ringwood, Hants. Mqy,. 1932. PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION

Bv THE CoMPILER

HE call for a further edition of this book is evidence of the un­ flagging interest taken by the intelligent section of the public in T the great truths of Evolution, whether these pertain to man or ape, to or plants, to extra-galactic universes, stars and planets, to crude matter and radiant energy, or to molecules, atoms, and sub-atoms. It has seemed to me that, in a book carrying the title this does, the " picture " is a most important component and that it should convey to the reader something more than the name and general appearance of the or other object depicted. With this end in view most of the captions have been considerably amplified. So great have been the strides of Science in its advance that ever since the last issue of the Picture Book of Evolution startling and revolutionary discoveries have been made, more especially in the behaviour and struc­ ture of such macroscopic systems as our own Milky Way and other colossal systems outside it, and of such ultra-microscopic systems as lie " beyond the atom." This has necessitated a certain amount of revision as well as the addition of a considerable quantity of fresh material. I feel confident that the late Mr. Dennis Hird would have warmly wel­ comed the incorporation of these further proofs of Evolution in the Picture Book. Whatever merits the two editions of this work that have passed through my hands may possess, the credit for the conception and creation of the book must be given to Dennis Hird; he laid its firm foundations, modelled and built up the greater portion of the edifice; my function has been to add a few rooms and modernize the whole building.

CHARLES M. BEADNELL. Wayside, Steep, Petersfield, Hants. June, 1947.

IX CONTENTS

·PAGE FoREWORD BY SIR ARTHUR KEITH, M.D., F.R.S. v

PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION vii

PREFACE ·To FouRTH EDITION ·ix CHAP. I. SIMPLE EXAMPLES oF EvoLUTION I

II. AsTRONOMY i7 III. GEOLOGY 52 IV. ZooLOGY (AMmsA, FisH, REPTILE, ) . 83

V. ZooLOGY (MAMMAL, MoNKEY, APE, MAN) io8

·VI. AN OuTLINE oF THE LAws oF EvoLUTION I45

VII. DEVELOPMENT AND vARIATION 1 I 55 VIII. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY r6g

IX. EMBRYOLOGY AND RUDIMENTS I go

X. PEDIGREE OF MAN 224 SOME BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 249

APPENDIX: ATOMIC BOMBS .AND NEW STARS ' . 262 BoOKS REcoMMENDED _ .. 273 INDEX --277

xi INDEX [Where the page-number is printed in italics the reference will be found in the description of the illustration.] ABIOGENESIS, 224 Anthropoid apes, relationship Ball, Sir ·Robert, on sun's Abyss, deepest, 53 to man, 15 shrinkage, 41 Acorn and its germ, 2 Anthropoidea, 12g, 132 Barramunda, 92 Acorn-worm, 84. See Balano- Anthropopithecus, 245 Bat,.I25 . . glossus. Anthropozoic era, 57 Bats, first appearanceof, 125 Acrania, 87, 235 Antlers, fossil, 163 Beadnell, H. J. L., 76; dis.- Actinodeon, 238 Antlers of one deer, r64 covery of Arsinoitherium, Actinopterygii, 8g Apes, fossil, 15; first appear, 74 • · · · Adams and Leverrier discover 6o; first true, 78; sacred, Beddard, Dr., 126, 135 Neptune, 25 of India, 7g; near blood Beebe, C. W., on young orang, Ada pis, skull of, 74 relatives to man, 134; tailed, 141 · £pyornis, 107 r 34; group of tailed, 137 Berg discovers masurium, 48 Aerolite, 43 · Aphanostomum, 227 Bernard, Claude, 24g Aeroplane, 3, 4 Apogee, 33 Bicycle, evolution of, 2-4,3 Agnostus princeps, 59 Appendicitis, 222 Bimana, 172 · Allen, Charles Grant, 24g · Appendicularja, 228, 233, 234 Binary star, 27 Allosaurus, 64 Apteryx; 107 Biogenesis, 160 Alouatta, 243 Arachnids, ancient, 66 Biogeny, law of, rsg Amblypoda, 73 Archregosaurus, 66, 238 Biographical sketches, 24g Amreba, 1g3, 194,· 200, 232; Archreopteryx, 105, 106; tail Bionomics, 157 fission of, 83 ; in active state, of, 166 Birds, first toothed, 58; sig- 225 Archreozoic era, 57 nificance of scales, 108; Amphibians, age of, 57; roof- Archenteron, 85 weight and incubation, 213 headed, 58 ; origin of, g6, Arenicolites didymus, burrows Birds and arise from 96; first appearance, 166; of, 6o Theromorph reptiles, gg early, 238 Argo, nebula in, size of, 47 Bland-Sutton, Sir John, 24g Amphimixis, 1g6 Arizona, meteorite crater in, 45 Blastreads, 233 Amphioxus, 86, 87, 161, 17g, Armadillo, 158, 159; signifi- Blastopore, 85 . ~04, 228, 234, 235; palin- cance of scales, 108 Blastula, 85 ' . genesis of, 162; larva of, Arrhenius, Svante, 24g Blenny, a viviparous fish, go, 94 231 Arsinoitherium, 74, 75 Blood, of mammals and I:ep- · Amphisbrena, g3, 97 Arthropods,first,59; ancient, 56 tiles, 112; of various ani- Amphitherium prevostii, 114 Artificial Selection, 157 ff. mals; I 1g; as index of ev

Browsing and grazing animals Chrysalis, 58 D'Aiernbert, 29 in evolution, 74 "'I Chrysanthemum, 156, 157 Dandy bicycle, 3 Buffon, 249 Chrysanthemum Indicum, I56 Dart, Prof., 246 Burbank, Luther, 24.$1 Cladothrix, 192 Darwin, Charles, Frontispiece, Burnett salmon, 92, 174 Claspers, 92 v, I, 82, I49• ISO, 163, 168, Cleavage, cell, 202 250 Ca asteroid, 20 Cleavage in rocks, 55 Darwin, Erasmus, 250 Ca:cilia lumqricoidea, 93, 97 Clenelloides, 59 Darwin, Sir G. H., 33 ; on Cainozoic era, 57 ; period, 71 Climbing fishes, 95 birth of moon, 39 Caisson disease, 1 17 Cloaca in kangaroos, 111 Darwinian tubercle, 176 Calamoichthys, air-bladder of, Clock, a cosmic, 167 Dasee, 12, 14 8g Clodd, Edward, 249 Davidson, Dr., F.R.A.S., on Calcium flocculi on sun, 31 Coccosteus decipiens, 64_ meteor streams, 44 Calcolynthus, ovum of, 225 Crelornata, 84 Dawn man, 81 Callorhynchus, 92 Colloids, age of, 57 Days, origin of names, 19 epoch, '57 Comb of Aye-Aye, 132 De Beer, G. R., 200 Camel, 12; foot of, 13 Cornet, 42; weight of an aver­ Deer, pigmy musk, 119 Canes Venatici, nebula in, 32 age, 42; tail of, 42 ; size, 43 Deinocephalian, 103 Canida:, 152 Cornets, composition, 42, 43 ; Descent by modification, 148 Cannon-bone, 11 source of, 42 ; structure of, 43 Desert horse, g epoch, 57 Condylarthan mammals, origin Desman, 242 Carnivora, ancestors of, 58 of, s8 Development, kinds of, 159 Cartilage in fishes, 88 Coney, 14 epoch, 57 Cartilaginous fishes, 89 Conifer trees, wind-fertilized Devonshire pony, 158 Catarrhines, 132, 133, 242 ; flowers, 207 Diana monkey, I34, 137 division of, 134 Conjugation, 195 Dibelodon, 76 Catastrophic theory, 82 Connecting link between bats, Didelphys Marsupialis, 240 Cats, first appearance, 6o . flying squirrels, and lemurs, Diffiugia Corona, 156 Caucasians, 144 127 Diffuse nebula:, composition of, Cebida:, 134,241; group of, 135 Connecting links, g6 47 .. Celebesian black ape, 243 Conocyerna, gastrulation, Digitigrade gait, I6g, I72 Cells, 197 ; fission, 196 stages of, 85 Dimetrodon, 239 Cenogenesis, 159, 160 · Conservation of matter and Dirnorphodon, 70 Cephalaspis murchisoni, 64 energy, 50 Dinoceras, 73 Cepheid variables, 44 Conularia hornfrayi, 6o Dinosaurs, 69, 70, 71; rule the Ceratiocaris papilio, 66 Convergence in evolution, IOS land, 58; bipedal, 99 .Ceratodus, 17-4. 237 Cope, Prof. E. D., 249 Diplodocus, weight of, 58 Ceratopsia, 71 Copelata, 233, 235 Dipneusts, 88, g6, 236 Cercopithecida:, 79 Copernicus, 250 Dipnoi. See Dipneusts. Cerebellum, 177 Corpus callosum, II4, I77, Diprotodon Australis, 113 Ceres, asteroid, 20 ~83; absence of, 111 Dodo, extinction of, 101 Cha:tonotus, 229 Coryphodon, 7I, 73 Dog-fish, 91 ; egg-case of, 91 Chamberlin and Moulton on Cow and lizard, 109 Dogs, a group of, 151 tidal disruption, 34 Craniata, 235 Dolichosorna, 238 Cheek pouches absent in Si­ Creodont mammals, 78, II4; Dominants, 256 rniida:, 135 rise of, 58 Double-breathers, 96 Chemotaxis, positive and neg- epoch, 57; birds, I63 Double-livers, 96 ative, 199, 225 Crile, Prof. George W., 250 Drosophila, 156 Cheops, 168 . Crossopterygii, 8g, 96, 236, 237 Dubois discovers Pithecan- Chicken, brain of, I86 Crustaceans, first, 59 ; what thropus, 79, So Chirna:ra, 92 they are, 63 Duck-billed Platypus, IIO Chirna:rida:, 88 Cultures, 245, 247 Duck-mole, s8, IIO, 178 Chima:ropsis, 92 Cuvier, 82, I8g, 250 Dwarf Mouse Lemur, 242 Chimpanzee, I 40, 245 Cyclopterus, 94 Chirornys, I 29 Cyclostorna, 235 Cholera bacillus, 191 Cyclostomata, 88 Ear, anatomy of, 177 ; dia­ Cholera vibrios, I92 Cyclostornes, 63, 89 grammatic scheme of, 182 Chordata, 87 Cyclotron, 49 Ear-bones of bat, shrew, IB2; animals, 166 Cygnus, nebula in, 48 of monkeys and man, 182 --, 235 · Cynocephalus, 79 Ears, a group of, 1Bo Chromatin bodies, I94, 199 Cynodictis, I54 Earth, diameter in relation to Chromosomes, 199, 202 ff. Cynognathus, 68 other planets, 20 ; path and Chromosphere, 38 Cynopithecus niger, 243 distance from sun compared Chroococcus, 224 Cytolysins, 229 with other planets, 21 ; speed INDEX 279

of rotation, gravitation, Eocene epoch, 57 Ganoid fishes, 8g volume and density com­ Eohippus, 7 ; first appearance, Ganoids, 236 pared with Jupiter, 22, 22; 6o Garpikes, origin of, go density compared with Epihippus, 7 Gases, age of, 57 moon, 26; earh-sun distance, Eros, asteroid size, 20 ; last Gastrreads, 85, 233 , 27, 53; orbit round sun, 28; opposition, 21 ; value to Gastrophysema, 204,. 226 inclination to sun, 29; rela­ astronomers, 21 Gastrotricha, 229 tive size to rrioon, 2g; speed Euglena viridis, 197 Gastrula, 226 . of motion through space, 33; European, skull outline of, 8o Gastrula-like animals; 85 diameter in terms of sun, 37; Eurypterus remipes, 66 Gastrulation, 204 amount of sun's heat inter­ Eutheria, 1og, 112 Gegenbaur, Karl, 252 . cepted, 41 ; increase of Everest, Mt., height of, 53 Genealogical tree of , weight caused by meteors, Evolution, 1 ; periodicity of 246 43 ; deepest abyss, 53; dis­ cosmic, 51 ; course of, 83 ; Generalized forms of animals, tance of moon, 53 ; distance great principles of, 148 14 from sun, 53 ; highest land, Extinction, causes of, 108 Genes, 202 53; increase of temperature Extra-galactic nebula:, speed ·Genesis, account of creation, 62 with depth, 53 ; land area, of recession, 32 ; colour and Geological epochs of horse's 53 ; mass of, 53 ; mean ,shape, 47; density of, 47; ancestry, 1 o · specific gravity, 53; ocean mass of, 47; number of, 47; Geological time-scale, 57 ; in area, 53 ; orbital velocity, distances apart, 48 relation to culture periods, 53 ; radii of, 53 ; total 247 . surface area, 51; velocity of Fayum fossil apes, 15 Gestation-periods, 213 rotation, 53; volume of, 53; Feet, of ancestral horses, 8, 9; Giant's Causeway, 56 temperature at centre, 54 of primates, 175 Gibbon, 136, 137; skull out­ Earth's recession from sun, Femaleness, 1g8 line, 8o; gait of, 138; white­ rate of, 41 ; strata, table of, Fermi discovers transuranium handed, 244 57 elements, 4g Gill-arches, in fish, bird, mam­ Earthworm, 84 Fertilization, 199 mal, 215; in lizard, 215 · Echidna hystrix, 239 Finger of man, 172 Gill-clefts, number of, in fishes, Echidnidre, 110 Fins, origin of paired, 88 91 ., Eddington, on number of stars, Fish, in · the making, 63 ; Gill-slits, 85 44, 45 ; and Emden on cen­ armoured, 64 ; walking, 95 ; Giraffe, 12 tral temperature of sun, 41 ; climbing, 95 Glacial ice, .extent, 6o; thick- and Jeans on finiteness of Fisher, R. A., 251 ness, 6o universe, 45 Fishes, age of higher, 57; age Glacial periods commence, 6o Edentata, 15g of primitive, 57 ; common Gliding a precursor of flying, gg Eft, g6 ancestor of, 88 ; climbing, go ; Globular dusters, 44; dis- Egg of giant reptile, size of, 69 pouched, go ; viviparous, 90 ; tance, 46 ; number of stars in, Egg-case of dog-fish, 91 significance of large eyes, 92 44, 46; position of, 46; size Egg-cell, human, 201 Flammarion on cosmic evolu- of, 46 Egg-cells, 200 tion, 51 Gnathostoma, 235 Einstein, Albert, 250 Flower, Sir William, 18i Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von,· Elasmobranchs, 88 Flowers, age of modern, 57 252 . Electric eel, g3, 97 Flying fish, 96 Goodrich, E. S., 252 Elephant, digits of, 12; foot Flying preceded by gliding, gg Gorilla, 138, 139; and chim­ of, 13; first appearance, 75; Foot, bones of, 170; of man, panzee, difference in char­ ancestry of, 76 ; African dog, and horse, 171; of horse, acter, 140 . compared with Indian, 78; section of, 172 Grazers succeed 'browsers, 6o first true, 78 · Forest horse, 8 Grazing and browsing animals Elephants, geneaological tree Fossil, living, 92, 101 in evolution, 74 · of, 77 Fossils, cambrian, 6o; nature Greenland whale, skeleton of, Elliot Smith, 8o of, 61 220 Elotherium, 75 Frog, g7 ; common, 98 Gregory, Sir Richard, 252 Embryo, human, 208-212, 222, Frog-spawn, g7, 98 Gunnel, 94 223 Gut,. the first, 85 Embryology, 1go Embryos, a group of, 216 Galactic circle, 4 7 ; diameter, Emden on central temperature 51; volume, 51 Haeckel, Ernst, 15g,' 166, 252 of sun, 41 Galactic· nebula:, 47; com- Hrematococcus, 195 Energy, forms of, 40 ; liber­ position, 47 Hair tracts on arms, 181 ated by sun, 41 Galilei, Galileo, 24, 251 Haldane, J. B. S., 252 Enteropneust, 230 Galla boy, 11:3 Half-lop rabbit, 158 Eoanthropus, 81 Galton, Francis, 251 Halley's comet, diameter, 42 280 INDEX

Halysites escharoides, 6r pearance; 6o ; three-toed, volume, 22 ; as abode of life, Hammurabi, 38 78; dapples on, 108 23 ; clouds, 23 ; number of Hand of man and paddle of Hottentots, 143 moons, 23; surface tempera­ whale, 177 Hubble, E. P., 253 ture, 23 ; origin of moons, 24 Hands, of primates, 174; three Human embryo, 223 archreopteryx, 163 skeletons of, 179 ·Human family, divisions of, 143 Jurassic epoch, 57 Hatteria Punctata, roo, 102 Human ovum, 201 Hapalidle, 133, 241 Huxley, Julian, 253 Kangaroo, III; immature, III Heat-death of universe, 50 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 180, Kant, 28, 29, 30 Hector, asteroid, position of, 181, 183, 253 Katabolism, 198 20 ; year of, 20 Huyghens, 24 Keith, Sir Arthur, v, 8o, 131, Hedgehog, 125, ·I26 Hylobates Jar, 244 I 87, 246, 254; on features of Helmholtz, von, 253 ; on Hyrnenocaris vermicauda, 6o face in man and orang, I41 sun's contraction, 38 Hyolithes operculatus, 6o Kelvin, on sun'scontraction and Heptanchus, number of gill- Hypohippus, 8 heat, 38; on age of globe, 55 clefts, 91 Hyracotherium, 7, 71, 73 Kepler, Johann, 254 Herschel, William, 28, 29, 30 Hyrax, 14; description in Keraterpeton, 238 Heredity, law of, 148 Bible, 12, 13; digits of, 12; Kerr, G.; 63 Herring and whale, r 13 intestine of, I 3 ; relation­ Killer-whale, II3 HesperorniS regalis, 72, 163 ship, 13 ; affinities, r 4 King-crab, 232 Heterocercal tail, r65 King, G. M., 208 Heteromita, 200 Ichthyomis victor, 72 Kiwi, 107 ; position of nostrils, Heteromita rostrata, 196 Ichthyosaurs, 58 ; character- 107 Hipparion, 79 ; foot of, 9, 78; istics, 104 Kutorgina cingul'\ta, 6a · ·stature, 78; Miocene, 217 Ichthyosaurus, a reptile, roe Hipparion gracilis, 78 Incus, i 77, r82 Lacchini, Prof., 20 Hipparion whitneyi, 78 lndris, forefinger of, I 30 Lake, floor of, 54 Hippidion, 9 Infant supporting its own Lamarck, 82, 254 Hippocampus, 94 weight, 217 Lamprey, 88, 89, 235; larva Hippopotamus, digits of, 12 lnge, Dean, on taking refuge of, 234 Hird, Dennis, v, vii, ix in biological gaps, 82 Lancelet, 86. See Amphioxus. Hoatzin, r88; right wing of, Insect feeders, the first, I I 4 Lankester, Prof. Sir Ray, 254 189 Insectivora, I25, 126, 127, 240; Laplace, 28, 28, 29, 30, 34 Hobby-horse bicycle, 3 ancestors of, 58 ; early in Larvre, cause of their appear- Hollow bones in pterosaurs, 70 man's ancestry, 74; largest, ance, 58 . Holmes, Dr. Arthur, on age of I26 Larval organ in kangaroo, 1 13 ro~:ks, 55 Intelligence of monkeyS and Lavoisier, A. L., 254 Holocene epoch, 57 apes, I4I, I42 Le Conte, Prof., I61 Holocephali, 88 Intestines, origin of, 84 Lemuroidea, I29 Holopea, guelphensis, 6r Invertebrates, ages of, 57 ; Lemuroids, 130 Hominidle, 134, 245 nature of, 84 Lemurs, 24I, 242; first ap­ Homocercal tail, r65 Island. universe, 51 pearance, 6o; an early, 74; Homa:othermal mammals, 112 entry into Madagascar, 74 Homologous organs, 105 Jeans, Sir James, 23, 24, 34-5, Lepidosiren, 89 ; air-bladder Homo sapiens, 167 253 ; on number of stars, of, 93 ; use of hind fins, 93 Homo sinanthropus, skull out­ 27, 45, 46; on sun's heat, Leptothrix, 192 line, 8o 39 ; on conservation of Leucocytes, 197 Hoof, structural significance, 11 matter and energy, 40 ; on Leverrier and Adams discover Hoofed mammals, ancestors central temperature of sun, Neptune, 25 of, 58 4I ; on size of extra-galactic Light, time taken to reach earth Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, 253 nebula, 47; on luminosity from sun, 2I; speed of, 27; Hoolock, 137 of Andromeda nebula, 48 ; components of" white," 46 Hormones, nature of, 103 on heat-death of universe, 50 Light-year, 27 Hornaday, Dr., on man and Joule, James Prescott. See Limb-buds, I 75 ape, 143 Lavoisier. Limbs, ofman and quadrupeds, Horse, evolution of, 6-12; Juno, asteroid, 20 176 earliest,. 7 ; four-fingered, 7 ; Jupiter, orbit of, r8; com­ Limulus, 232 three-fil)gered, 8, 9 ; first parative· size, 20; atmo­ Lingulella Davisii, 6o __· one-fingered, 9 ; . table show­ sphere, 22 ; Belts, 22; den­ Lingulella ferruginea, 6o ing evolution, 10 ; first sity, 22 ; diameter, 22 ; Link-animals, I 12 appearance of modem or gravitation, 22 ; rotation Linnreus, 130, 204,.255 true, 11 ; with divided hoofs, period, 22; speed of rota­ Lizard and cow, I09 12; foot of, IJ; first ap- tion, 22; surface area, 22 ; Loeb, Jacques, 255 INDEX

London day, 7 Matthew, W. D., 6, 127; 'on Monkeys, first, 6o ; manlike, Loris, slender, IJI brontosaurus, 69; on man's · 132; broad-nosed, 132; nar­ Lowell, Dr. Percival, predicts' Eocene ancestor, 74 row-nosed, 132 ; lowest, 134 ; presence of Pluto, 25 Mayer, Julius Robert, 256 flat-nosed, a side-line of Loxomma, 238 McCabe, Joseph, 255 human evolution, 134; squir­ Lucretius, 255 Megalosaurus, 69 . rel, 134, 136; woolly, 134 Lull, Richard Swann, 6, 142, Megaspha:ra planula, Nor- Monotremata, 110, II2 143, 255; on ancestry of wegian, 226 Monotremes, 23S elephant, 76 " Melon " in whales, 117 Moon, probable fate of, 24; Lumpsucker, go, 94 Mendel, Gregor, 256 appearance at first quar.ter, Lunate bones, 172 Mendeleeff, Dmitri, 257 26; density compared to Lun~-fish, rise' of, 58, 88; Mercury, comparative size, 20; earth's, 26; diameter, 26; African, 92 orbit of, 21 ; surface tem­ distance from earth, 26; Lycopods, age of, 57 perature, 23 speed of revolution around Lyell, Sir Charles, 8r ; pre- Merista lcevis, 6r earth, 26; weight of, 26; pares way for Darwin, 82 Merychippus, g birth of, 30, 3g Mesohippus, 7 ; foot of, 8 Mora:ads, 225, 232 M.13 star duster, 44, 46 Mesopithecus, 79 Morgan, Lloyd, 257 M.31 nebula, 51 Mesozoic era, 57 , Morula, 85, 207 , M.51 nebula, 32 Metatheria, 10g, 114, 15g Morula stage, 202 · · MacBride, 127 Metazoa, origin of, 84 Mosasaurs invade the abysses, ~1acrococcus, 192 Metchnikoff, Elie, 257 sa Magnetic storms in sun, perio- Meteor crater in Arizona, 45 Motor vehicles, 3, 4 dicity, 36 ; cause <>f, 37 Meteorite, 43, 44; Arizona, Mountain horse, 7 "~1agnitudes," 25 43, 44; Gross Divina, 43, Mouth, the first, 85 Maleness, 1g8 44 ; Siberian, 43, 44 Mud-skipper, 95 Malleus, 177, r82 Meteors, and sun's heat, 38 ; Multi-tuberculata, 240 Mammal, first, 58 ; a six­ composition and size, 43 ; Muscles, vestigial of human horned, 73; smallest, 125,126 number falling on earth and ear, 219 Mammal brains, twelve, 184 sun, 43; origin of, 44 Musk shrew, 242 Mammal-reptiles, first appear­ Microcebus, 242 Myogale, 242- ' ance, 114 Micrococcus, 192 Myrmecobius, 15g, r6o Mammals, age of, 57; become Micromitra labradorica, 6o Myxomyce'tes, 198 dominant, 58; origin of, 58~ Micro-organisms, 1g3 first appearance of placental, Midas, 178 Natives of Lake Chad, 144 6o; dawn of, 70; meaning of Milky Way, distance from NatUral selection, 1, 150, 152, word, 1o8 ; significance of nearest island universe, 31; !64, !68 claws, 108 ; division of, 10g ; distance to " edge " of uni­ Nauplius, 204 lirst true, 114; origin of, 166 verse, JI; nebula: inside, 47; Neanderthal man, 81 !\Ian, family tree of, 15,245,246; density, 51 ; distance covered Nebraskan horse, 8 age of, 57 ; direct origin of, by our sun during one rev­ Nebula, stars in extra-galactic, 131; late evolution of, 131; olution, 51; length of orbit of 27; whirlpool, 32; density and gorilla, skeletons of, 153 ; average peripheral star, 51; of our solar-system, 35 ; and horse, comparative view mass of, 51 ; number of suns diffuse, 47; irregular, 48; of the skeleton of, 170; and in, 51; revolution period, 51; in Orion, density, 49 ; ' in chimpanzee, cerebral hemi­ speed of peripheral stars, 5 r ; Orion, volume, 49 ; in spheresof, r87; tailof,222, 223 speed of revolution of peri­ Orion, size and mass, 49 1\lan-ape, So; becomes man, 6o phery, 51 . Nebula:, kinds of, 47; shapes Marmosets, IJJ, 178, 241; Millikan, Robert Andrews, of, 48 first appearance, 6o 257; on synthesis of matter Nebula:, ·number of extra­ .Mars, comparative size, 20 ; in the cosrrios, 51 galactic, 27, 32; . apparent orbit of, 21 Minerals discharged into recession, 32 Marsh, 6 oceans, weight of, 53 Nebular hypothesis, 28, 30, 34 ~1arsupials, 112, 113, 240 Miocene epoch, 57 Nemertine worm, 230 Mastodon, 75 Miohippus, foof of, 8 Neo-Ceratodus, 88, 92 1\lastodons, first appear, 6o; Missing links, 15 Neptune, orbit of, r8; com- ancestry of, 76 Mitchell, Sir Peter Chalmers, parative size, 20; bright­ Masurium, 48 257 ness, 25 ; diameter, 25 ; dis­ Matter, transformation into Moa, 107 covery of, 25 ; distance from energy, 40 ; break up of, 50 ; , Moeritherium, 74, 76 sun, 25; number of moons, and c:uergy, conservation of, Mole, 125, 126 25 ; revolution period, 25 40 ; and energy intercon­ Molluscs, , 6r Nereites loomisii, trail of, 6r vertible, so, 264 Monera, 232 Nests of fi§hes, go · · INDEX

Newt, 98; resembles Dipnoi, g6 Paradoxides bohemicus, 59 Plants, age of unicellular, 57 Newton, Isaac, 25, 257 Parahippus, 8 Platodaria, 227 New World monkeys, rela- Paramrecium, 201 Platodes, 233 tionship to man, 15 Parental love, 2#1 · Platypus, I 10 N.G.C. 1499 nebula, 47 Pariasaurus baini, 67, 239 Platyrrhines, 132, 133, 241,243 N.G.C. 5194 nebula, 32 Parietal eye in lamprey, By Pleiades, nebula in, distance N.G.C. 6205 globula cluster, 46 Parsec, 27. from us, 47 N.G.C. 6992 nebula, 48 · Patagium, 70, I25 Pleistocene epoch, 57 N.G.C. 7006 cepheid variable, Pavlov, Ivan, 258 Plesiosaurs, 58 distance, 44 Pearson, Karl, 258 Pliocene epoch, 57 Nictitating membrane, 2I8 Peking man, 131; skull out- Pliohippus, 11 ; foot of, 9 Noddack, discovers masurium, line, Bo Pluto, orbit of, IB; compara- 48 Pelycosaurs, 67 tive size, 20 ; time taken for Norwegian megasphrera, 226 Penny-farthing bicycle, 3 sunlight to reach, 2 1 ; sur­ Notochord, 85, B6, 227, 235; Pentamerus Knightii, 6I face temperature, 23 ; bright­ of tadpole, B7 Pentamerus oblongus, 6I ness of, 25 ; discovery of, 25 ; Nucleolus, 198 Perch, climbing, 95 distance from Neptune, 25 ; Nuttall, Prof., 119, 230 Perigee, 33 distance from sun, ·25, 31 ; Periophthalmus, go, 95 magnitude of, 25; shape of Oceans, masS of, 53 Perissodactyles, 169, I70 orbit, 25 Odontognathre, 72 epoch, 57 Poikilothermal reptiles, 1 12 Old World monkeys, relation- Phalanger, 240 Polypterus, 237; air-bladder, 8g ship to man, 15 · Phenacodus, 114 Porto-Santo rabbit, 156 Olenellus Thompsoni, 59 Phylogenesis, 160 Poulton, E. B., 258 Olenus micrurus, 59 Phylogeny, '59· See Phylo- Pre-Cambrian epochs (upper Oligocene epoch, 57 · genesis. and lower), 57 Omega centauri, distance, 44; Piano, derivative of bow and Prehistoric cultures, 247 globular cluster, 46 arrow, 5, 6 Prenatal growth, of human Onohippidion, 9 Pig, 12; foot of, 13; first, 79 head, 213 ; table of relative Ontogenesis, 160 Pig, effect of artificial selection rates, 214 Ontogeny, 159 on, 149 Primary era, 56, 57 Oocytes, 205 Pigeons, artificial selection, r 46 Primates, 171, 229; composi­ Oogenesis, 202, 205 Piltdown man, 81; age of, 81 tion of, 129; origin, 129; Oogonia, 205 Pineal eye, functional, 66; in skeletons of, 142; first Opisthocomus. See Hoatzin. lamprey, By; of Sphenodon, appearance of, 166; genea­ Opossum, 112, 240 · roo; vestige of in man, 102; logical tree of, 246 Orang-utan, r4r, 244 remains in rabbit, roi; re- Pro-Chordonia, 235 Orca, IIJ, 124 mains in lampreys, frogs, and Pro-mammals, 238 epoch, 57 lizards, 102; right or left of Prominences, height of solar, Orit:in of species, 1, 82 ancestral pair, 102; present- 37.38 Orion nebula, 49; distance day functions, 102-3 Proreptilia, 99 from us, 47 Pineal foramen, 6B Prosaurians, 99 Ornithopoda, 65 Pipe-fish, go, 94 Proterozoic era, 57 Ornithorhynchus, I w, 189 Pisces, 88 Protococcus, I95 Orohippus, 7 Pithecanthropus, 152, 187, Protohippus, 9 ; foot of, 9 Orthoceras ornatum, 61 188; position in genealogi- Protomyxa, 198 , Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 258; cal tree,' I5; age of, 8o; Protoplasm, 191 on the length of geologic height of, 8o; skull outline, Protopterus, 89, 92 ; air-blad- evolution, 62 Bo; teeth and mastication der of, 92 ; annectans, 92 Over-production and over- by, So; erectus, 166 Prototheria, 109, 110, 112 population, the law of, 149 Placenta ofsimiidre, 136_ Protozoa, 84 Ovum, 199, 225; of sponge, 225 Plagiaulacidre, 240 Protozoon to Gastrula, B5 Owen, Sir Richard, 258 Planetary nebula:, 47 Proxima centauri, distance, 27 Planetesimal theory, 34 Pseudopods, 194 Palreomastodon beadnelli, 74, Planetoids. Set Asteroids. Pteraspis rustrata, 64 76 Planets, paths of outer, IB; Pterichthys milleri, 64 Palreospondylus gunni, 63 nuinber of and names, 19; Pterodactyl, 70, 105 Palreozoic era, 57 lengths of orbits, 21 ; com- Pterosaurs, 70, 105; conquer Palingenesis, 160 parative sizes, 20; and the air, s8 Pallas, asteroid, 20 satellites, proportional weight Pterygotus anglicus, 66; four Palu.dina, Bo of sun's weight, 34; ·cause eyes of, 66 Pangolin, white-bellied, 161 of recession from sun, 41 Ptychodus, 92 Papisk discovers vir&_inium, 49 Plantigrade gait, 169, 172 Pupa, 58 INDEX

Pycraft, !\1r., 188 rings of, 23 ; as abode of life, sity, 31; renegades of, 42 ; Python, 221; hind limbs of, 221 24; distance from earth, 24; mass of, 31; composition distance from sun, 24 ; origin of, 35 (luadrumana, 172 of moons, 24 ; origin of rings, Sollas, William J., 63, 260 Quagga, origin from hcrse, 11 24; size of rings, 23, 24 Somatopleure, 175 Quaternary era, 56, 57 Saturn's rings, thickness, 23; Sow and sucklings, 109 Quinton, R., 258 width, 23 Special-Creationists, 180 Sauropod, 69 Species, number of, 96; defini- Rabbit's brain, ror Scaphoid bones, 172 tion of, 157 Rabbit-fish, 92 Schwarm, Theodor, 259 Spectroscope, 47 Radiation and matter, 40 S. Doradus, rate of Joss of Speech, dawn of, So Radium, as a cause of sun's weight, 39 Spencer, Herbert, 155, 260 heat, 39 ; energy of, 39 Sea-cat, 92 Spermatids, 204 Ramphorhyncus, 104 Sea-horse, go, 94 Spermatocytes, 202 Rana temporaria, 98 Sea-squirt, 85 Spermatogenesis, 202 Rays, 88 Seal, skeleton of, 220 Spermatogonia, 202 Recessives, 256 Seasons and earth's orbit, 28 Spermatozoon, 199, 204 Red howler, 243 Secondary era, 56, 57 Sphenodon, roo, 101 Reid, Sir George Archdall, 258 Segmentation, 202 Spinal cord, 85 · Reproduction, 203, 213 ; and Segre isolates masurium, 49 Spirillum, 192 the growth of the sperm, Selachii, 174, 236 Spirochrete, 192 egg-cell, 200 Se~nnopithecus, 7g Splint bones, 7, 12, 78 Reptile, a dog-jawed, 68; a Serres, M., 200 Sponge, ovum of, 225 flying, 70; meaning of word, Shanny,94 Springing monad, 1g5, 196 97 Shapley, Harlow, 25g; on Stapes, 177, r82 Reptile-birds, 72, ro6 cepheid variables, 44 Stars, nearest, 27; number in Reptile-mammal, 68; recent Sharks, 88, 236; early forms, Milky Way, 27, 44; number discovery, 103 65; hammer-headed, 90; visible to naked eye, 27, 44; Reptiles, age of, 57, 58; sud­ Thresher, go number recorded, 27; num­ den extinction of great, 58 ; Sharpey-Schafer, Sir Edward, ber in universe, 46 that gave rise to mammals, 259 Stegocephala, 66, 67, 173, 238; 63; Jurassic, 64; descen­ Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott, evolved into reptiles, gg ; dants of, 83 ; origin of, 99 ; 259 give rise to Theromorphs, gg first appearance, 166; early, Shetland pony, 11 Stegocephalian amphibians, 238 Shipley and MacBride, 127, 135 first appearance, 63, 66, 67 Rhabdoccelum, 228 Shooting stars. See Meteors. Stegodon, ancestral elephant, Rhea, 107 Shrew-mouse, r26 77. 78 Rhinoceros, 12; foot of, 13 Shrews, 16, 125, 126, 127; Stegosaurs, 70 Rhyncocephalia, roo relationship to man, 15 Stinking pheasant. See Hoat­ Rifle, derivative of bow and Silurian epoch, 57 zin. arrow, 5 Simia satyrus, 244 Stirrup bone of mole, hedge- Ring nebula in Lyra, 50 Simiidre, 135, 245 ; division hog, marmot, sloth, r82 Rivers, total discharge of, 53 of, 136; members of, 142 Streptococc~ 192 Robinson, Dr. Louis, 221 Siren, absence of hind-limbs, Strophomena antiquata, 6r Rock Wallaby, ur, 112 g6 Struggle for existence, 14g, 150 Rocks, stratified, 53, 54; un­ Siriometer, 27 Sturgeon, origin of, go stratified, 53 ; stratified and Sivalik fossil apes, 15 Sun, central density, 31; cen­ unstratified, 55 Skates, 88, 91 tral temperature, 31; · dia­ Rodney, H.M.S., 6 Skeleton, of Greenland whale, meter,' 31; direction of Romanes, George john, 259 220; of seal, 220 motion, 31 ; distance from Rudiments, 175, 216 Skull outlines of man and apes, centre of Milky Way, 31; Ruminants, 161 8o ; of man and horse, 173 emission of radiant energy, Rutherford, Lord Ernest, 259 Skulls of man and apes, r87; 31 ; gravitation on, 31; of monkeys and man, 136 kinetic energy of, 31 ; loss Safety bicyle, 3 Smith, Grafton Elliot, 187, 25g of matter from, 31 ; mass Sagitta, 204 Smith, William, 25g; on of, 31; mc1 energy, 31; Salts of oceans, quantity of, 53 fossils in series, 55 mean density, 31; mid­ Satellites, 17 ; danger zones, Snail, series of varieties, 8o section area, 31; rotation 24; irregular behaviour, 24 Snout-worms, 230 period, 31; surface area, Saturn, orbit of, 18; com­ Soddy, Frederick, 260 31 ; surface temperature, parative size, 20 ; atmo­ Solar system, 17 ; outer aspect, 31 ; velocity in space, 31; sphere, 23 ; diameters of, r8; inner aspect, 21; dia­ velocity of escape, 31 ; velo­ 23; number of satellites, 23; meter of, 25 ; mean den- city of rotation, 31; volume, INDEX

31 ; height of prominences, Theromorphs, foreshadow sun, 25 ; number of moons, 36 ; periodicity of magnetic mammals, 67 ; skull of, 68; 25 ; discovery of, 29 storms, 36; candle-power, evolve from stegocephala, Uraster, 204 37; diameter in miles in 99 ; give rise to mammals terms of earth, 37; eclipse and birds, 99; nature of, 103 Variation, law, 148 of, 37 ; heat of, 3 7 ; pres­ Theropod, 69, 70 Veddahs, 5 sure at centre, 37; promi­ Third eye, 103 Vegetable cells, 197 nences, 37; surface area in Thomson, Sir J. Arthur, 217, Venus, comparative size, 20; terms of earth's, 37; volume 234. 260 orbit of, 21 in terms of earth, 37; age Thompson sub-machine-gun, 7 Vermalia, 233 of, 38 ; chromosphere, 38; Throw-back, 12 Vermes, 233 contraction of, 38; past Tidal disruption hypothesis, Vermiform appendix, 219 volume of, 38 ; rate of con­ . 28 ; theories, 34, 35 Vertebrre, human, 88 traction, 38, 39 ; shrinking of, Time-duration of life, 164 Vertebrated tail fin, r65 38 ; loss of weight, 39 ; rate Tinoceras, 71, 73 Vertebrates, most primitive, ofloss of weight, 39; weight Titanophoneus potens, 103 84; common features, 84; of, 39 ; birth of, 40 ; energy, Toe, animals that walk on appearance of, 227 how and where stored, 40 ; one, 12 Vesta, asteroid, 20 Jeans on rate of emission of Tombaugh, C., verifies Low- Vestiges, 175 energy from, 39, 4 1 ; central ell's prediction of Pluto, 25 Vestigial muscles .of human temperature, 41; energy Tommy-gun, 5, 7 ear, 219 set free by, 41; past and .Toothed birds, 72 Vibrio, 192 present contraction, 41 ; and Trachodon, 65 Virginian Spider-wort, 191 planets drawn to scale, 31 Tradescantia, 191 Virginium, 49 Sun~s heat, amount inter- Traquain, 63 Viviparous fishes, 90 cepted by the earth, 41 · Tree-shrew, 241 Volta, Count, 20 Sun-spots, 38; magnetism of, epoch, 57 Vries, de Hugo, 260 36; periodic appearance of, Triceratops, size of, 71 Wallace, Alfred Russel, r, 168, 37 ; size of, 37, 38 Trilobites, ancestors of, 59; q6, 261 Survival of the fittest, 4 Cambrian, 59 Webb, C. W., 189 Swire Abyss, depth and pres­ Trilophodon, 76 ; wanderings Weight, daily increase in em- "sure, rr7 of, 76 bryo, 213 Sylvian fissure, 178 Tsetse fly, as a cause of ex­ Weismann, August, 261 Syngnathus, 94 termination of · ancestral Wells, Herbert George, 261 horses, 11 Whale and herring, 113 Tachyglossus aculeatus, 239 Tuberculosis, bacilli of, 192 Whales, classification of, 115 ; Tacke, discovers masurium, 48 Tunicates. See Ascidians. evolution of, 115, 119, 120; Tadpoles, 98; of frog and sea- Turbellaria, 228, 233 fresh water, 115; nature squirt, 86; adhesive disc of, Turner, on changing length of of, 115 ; depth of sounding, 87 ; development of, 99 day, 33, 34 116; largest, 116; sperm, Tail of man, 222 Tuscanre globular cluster, 46, 4 7 II 8; zenith of, 116 ; deep-sea Tarsipes rostratus; 240 Tyndall,John, 260 pressure devices, 117 ; pres­ Tapir, 12, 14; position ·of Type never forced back by sure in depths, 117 ; fastest, teats, 14 evolution, 103 rr8; embryo of, 120; teeth Tarpan kiang, table showing Tyrannosaurus rex, 65 ; size of, 120 ;mouth of, 121; whale­ evolution of, 10 · of head, 68 bone,121j brainof,122; milk­ Tarsioids, relationship to man, teeth in, 122; value of, 124 15, 131 Uintatherium, 73 Whirlpool nebula, 32; dis­ Tarsius, 130, 131 Ungulate mammals, stirrup tance, 32 Taxonomy, 157 bone of, 182 Wiedersheim, Robert, 261 Tcheli monkey, 134 Ungulates, nature of, 12, 169 Wilberforce, Bishop, tries to Teleost fishes, origin of, 8g Unicellular plants, age of, 57 crush Darwin, 82 Teleosts, 88; first appearance, Universe, 17 ; finite or infinite, Wings of reptile, bird, mam­ 58 ; number of species, go 45; Eddington and Jeans on mal, 105 Telescope, 200 in., probable finiteness of, 45 ; number ()f Wolf fish, 94 penetration of space, 32 stars in, 46 ; composition of, Wolf Nebelnest nebula, den- Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 260 48. sity, 47 Tertiary era, 56, 57 Uranium, disintegration of, 49, Wood-Jones, 131 Testes, abdominal, n 1 50 Woodward, Br Tetralophodon, 76 Uranus, orbit of, 18; com­ Therapsid, 68 parative size, 20 ; abnormal Zebra, table showing evolu­ Theromorpha, 169 orbital movement, 25; dia­ tion, ro Theromorph relltile, 239 meter, 25; distance from Zygote, 206