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(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Injury to Soybean: Physiological Response and Injury Guild-Level Economic Injury Levels

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(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Injury to Soybean: Physiological Response and Injury Guild-Level Economic Injury Levels University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology Entomology, Department of 2003 Imported Longhorned Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Injury to Soybean: Physiological Response and Injury Guild-Level Economic Injury Levels Thomas E. Hunt University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Leon G. Higley University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Fikru J. Haile Dow AgroSciences Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub Part of the Entomology Commons Hunt, Thomas E.; Higley, Leon G.; and Haile, Fikru J., "Imported Longhorned Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Injury to Soybean: Physiological Response and Injury Guild-Level Economic Injury Levels" (2003). Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology. 294. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub/294 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FIELD AND FORAGE CROPS Imported Longhorned Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Injury to Soybean: Physiological Response and Injury Guild-Level Economic Injury Levels 1 2 3 THOMAS E. HUNT, LEON G. HIGLEY, AND FIKRU J. HAILE Department of Entomology, Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, University of Nebraska Northeast Research and Extension Center, 57905 866 Road, Concord, NE 68728 J. Econ. Entomol. 96(4): 1168Ð1173 (2003) ABSTRACT The imported longhorned weevil, Calomycterus setarius Roelofs, is an occasional pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.), and can cause substantial defoliation of seedling soybean when the weevil is present in large numbers. Because weevil populations can reach high levels, the potential exists for signiÞcant seedling injury, so economic injury levels (EILs) are needed for imported longhorned weevil on seedling soybean. Because the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), also is present on seedling soybean, injury by this insect should be included in EIL calculations. This study was conducted to (1) determine daily soybean consumption rates of imported longhorned weevil; (2) compare soybean injury responses between weevil injured and noninjured soybeans; and (3) develop multiple species EILs for imported longhorned weevil and bean leaf beetle. Field and laboratory studies were conducted in 1997 to determine weevil daily consumption rates. Field experiments were conducted in 1998 to examine physiological responses of soybean to weevil injury. Field and laboratory consumption rates were 0.16 and 0.21 cm2 per day, respectively. There were no signiÞcant differences in physiological responses (i.e., photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates) between noninjured soybean leaßets (caged) and weevil-injured leaßets. Multiple-species EILs were developed for imported longhorned weevil and bean leaf beetle on VC through V3 soybean. KEY WORDS Calomycterus setarius, soybean, photosynthesis, Cerotoma trifurcata THE IMPORTED LONGHORNED WEEVIL, Calomycterus se- numerous, weevils and defoliation are easily observed tarius Roelofs, is an occasional pest of soybean, Glycine and of concern to soybean producers. max (L.), that can cause substantial injury to seedling Although seedling soybean has great compensatory soybean when weevils are present in large numbers capacity, economic damage can result when injury (Rice and Pilcher 1997). Since its introduction from delays plant growth so that the critical leaf area index Japan in 1929 (Mutchler 1930), the weevil has spread (when 90% of light is intercepted) is not exceeded west from New England and Virginia to eastern Ne- before the plant reaches reproductive stages (Hunt et braska (Rice 1994). In the Midwest, adults emerge in al. 1994). Therefore, economic injury levels (EILs) grassy areas or pastures during mid-June (Frye 1961) are needed for imported longhorned weevil on seed- and defoliate seedling soybean. When present in large ling soybean. To develop accurate EILs, quantiÞcation numbers, it is common to observe Ն15 weevils per of insect injury during the seedling stages is crucial. seedling (T.E.H., unpublished data). The weevil is Fifty to 100% of soybean leaf tissue is expanding during ßightless and parthenogenetic (Johnson 1944). Spread the seedling stages (seedling stages are deÞned as of the weevil is slow, and soybean injury typically stages for which 50% or more of the leaf tissue is occurs along Þeld margins (Rice 1994, Rice and expanding), therefore it also is important to consider Pilcher 1997). However, in 1997, injury occurred leaf expansion (defoliation injury expands along with throughout some soybean Þelds in the Þrst year re- expanding leaf tissue). Leaf expansion matrices can be moved from the Conservation Reserve Program in used to determine the Þnal loss of leaf tissue after full northeast Nebraska (T.E.H., unpublished data). Be- leaf expansion resulting from insect injury (Hunt et al. cause seedlings are small and weevils can be quite 1995). The EIL concept, Þrst deÞned by Stern et al. (1959), 1 E-mail: [email protected]. has become a central principle of integrated pest man- 2 Department of Entomology, 202 Plant Industry Bldg., University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583. agement. To date, EILs for over 100 insect pests on 43 3 Dow AgroSciences, Western Research Center, 7521 W. California commodities have been developed (Peterson 1996). Ave., Fresno, CA 93706. Almost all of these EILs are single-species EILs, which 0022-0493/03/1168Ð1173$04.00/0 ᭧ 2003 Entomological Society of America August 2003 HUNT ET AL.: IMPORTED LONGHORNED WEEVIL INJURY TO SOYBEAN 1169 can present an implementation problem. Most crops silty clay loam (Þne, montmorillonitic mesic cumulic are susceptible to a variety of pests throughout their Haphaquoll). The Þeld was plowed once the previous growth period. Different pests may be present at levels fall and disked twice in the spring. A tank mix of below their respective EILs, but the sum result of their alachlor (2.13 kg AI/ha) and metribuzin (5.1 kg AI/ injury may cause economic damage. This problem is ha) was applied for weed control before planting. Row addressed in part by the use of injury guilds and orientation was north-south. Row width was 76 cm, multiple-species EILs (Pedigo et al. 1986, Hutchins et and planting density was 25 plants per row-m. al. 1988, Hutchins and Funderburk 1991, Peterson et Adult weevils were collected from seedling soybean al. 1995, Peterson 1996). An injury guild is a collection and held overnight at room temperature. Seventy-Þve of insect species that cause a common injury produc- weevils were taken to the Þeld and placed in groups ing similar physiological responses in a plant. To be of Þve into 6.5- ϫ 8.0-cm nylon mesh envelopes (seven included in a guild, an insect species must (1) produce squares per cm mesh size). Fifteen plants were ran- the same type of injury (e.g., an individual cannot feed domly selected and each envelope was taped around on leaves and fruits during the same period), (2) a fully expanded leaßet. A leaßet enclosed by a mesh produce injury during the same plant stage, (3) pro- envelope represented the experimental unit. Every duce injury of similar intensity (e.g., within the same morning for 7 d weevil mortality was recorded, the order of magnitude), and (4) produce injury to the envelopes were moved to new plants and secured to same plant part at the same strata (e.g., injure leaves fully expanded leaßets, and the dead weevils were in the same level of the plant canopy). Multiple-spe- replaced. Mean daily temperatures were recorded. cies EILs can be developed by converting guild-mem- The old leaßets were taken to the lab and photo- ber injuries into a common injury term (injury equiv- copied. Leaf area consumed was measured with a alent) and using this term in EIL calculations. In the microcomputer-based digital imaging system and dig- Midwest, both adult imported longhorned weevil and ital analysis software (Sigmascan Pro, SPSS Science, adult bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), Chicago, IL). The area measured for each experimen- defoliate seedling soybean by removing leaf tissue. tal unit was divided by Þve to obtain consumption per Physiological responses (e.g., photosynthetic rates) of weevil per day. When a dead weevil was found, the soybean to insect defoliation have been demonstrated area was divided by the number of remaining live to be similar across several insect defoliators, such as weevils. adult bean leaf beetle, adult soybean leafminer (Odon- For laboratory measures of consumption, 30 fully tota horni Smith), redlegged grasshopper [Melanoplus expanded soybean leaves were removed in the Þeld, fumurrubrum (DeGeer)], soybean looper [Pseudo- placed in water pics, and returned to the lab. A leaßet plusia includens (Walker)], velvetbean caterpillar on each leaf was enclosed in a nylon mesh envelope [Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner)], and green clover- containing Þve weevils and placed in an environmen- worm [Hypena scabra (F.)] (L.G.H., unpublished tal chamber (23ЊC, Ϸ 60% RH, photoperiod 14:10 h data). Because the injury caused by imported long- L:D). Every morning for 10 d weevil mortality was horned weevil and bean leaf beetle to seedling soy- recorded and new leaves were provided. The old bean is physically and temporally similar, we believe
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