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Subject Index

A , audio-frequency , 488-489; see also Amplifier , Class Ai ; Amplifier Abbreviations for periodicals , 839-840; , Class AB ; Amplifier , Class B see also Symbols balanced , 503 - 504 Accelerator , cyclic particle , 37 balanced-to-ground , 530-531 Acceptor , 780 bandwidth , limitations of , 498 Activation , , 90 , 92 broad -band , 490 , 563 - 570 , 765 Active circuit elements , 800 - 801 cascade , 487 - 608 Admittance , input , 419- 428 voltage amplification of, 493-494 Alkali metals , characteristics of , 113- 115 cathode -bias in , 397 - 399 , 416 - 419 , 463 , Alpha particle , 58 510 , 555 , 588 - 589 Ammeter , - type , 314 cathode - follower , 428 - 435 , 587 - 588 Amplification , see also Amplifier ; Gain characteristics of , representation of, by gas tube , 259 491 - 494 by grid control , 176 Class Ai , definition of , 403 by and , 416, 428 Class AB , 609 - 613 cathode - follower , 432 definition of , 403 - 404 complex , 413- 416 Class B , 619 - 629 definition of , 412 analysis tabulation for , 634 differs from amplification factor , 415 applicability of , .609, 619-620 frequency dependency of, 413-415 as modulator , 707 - 712 gas , 147 , 151 definition of , 404 limited by interelectrode capacitance, incremental equivalent circuit of, 625 202 , 425 linear , 626 modulation includes , 689 load resistance for , 628 noise limits , 494 optimum conditions in , 626- 628 nonlinear , 438- 439 ; see also Harmonic phase relations in , 622- 624 generation semi-graphical analysis for , 631-638 of modulated wave , 626 Class C , 629 - 652 po \ver , 176 analogy of, with pendulum clock, in cathode Folio \ver , 432 638 - 640 short - circuit current , 809 analysis tabulation for , 634 , 785 - 787 , 799 - 804 , 809 applicability of, 609, 630 voltage , with cathode impedance, 416- approximate analysis for , 630 419 cathode -modulated , 714 Amplification factor , definition of, 193 conditions in , for high efficiency , 640- differs from amplification , 415 641 gas , 151 - 152 definition of , 404 , 210 design considerations for , 638- 642 , constancy of , 189 , 195 grid -bias modulated , 713- 714 relation of , to tube capacitances, 189, grid -bias voltage for , 629- 630, 641- 193 643 sign of , 193 load resistance for , 637 variable - mu - tube , 211 - 212 over -all efficiency for , 641

854 SUBJECT INDEX

Amplifier , Class Amplifier C , plate , grounded dissipation -emitter in , transistor ,

638 796 - 798 , 808 - 810 , 812 - 813

plate efficiency grounded in , 638 -grid , 640 , -428- 641 429, 435- 437

plate modulation grounded of , -plate 630 , 705 , 428- - 713 435

Q of load forin , feedback 638 - 640 , 648 oscillator - 652 , 658 - 661 , 682 - 685

semi - graphical incremental analysis forequivalent , 631 - 638 circuit for , 405-

vector diagram 412, for , 643 625 - ; 644 see also Equivalent circuit

classes of , 403 - 404 , incremental

compensated , inductancc 563 - 570 -capacitance - coupled , 529-

complex voltage amplification530 in , 413 -

416 input admittance of , 419- 428

computer , 592 input impedance of , 585- 589

definitions of , integrating 390 , 403 - 404 , 592

degenerative , intermediate 570 , 577 -frequency , 563, 757- 758,

difference , 503 - 509 813 - 814

differentiatinginverse , 592 feedback , 570 - 600

direct - coupledlinear , 499 - , 509 Class B , 626

stair - step coupling conditions in , 502 for , 195 , 198 - 200 , 391 , 399 - voltage-dilider coupling in, 501-502 405 , 737 zero drift in, 503-504 load line for , 395 - 397 , 452 - 460 , 471 ; see distortion in, 437-438; see al.so Distortion also Path of operation in amplifier ; Harmonic generation load resistance for maximum power dri,;er stage of, 619 output from , 452- 455 dynamic transfer characteristicof, 439- loads for , 394 444, 737 maximum power output from , 448- 456 feedback, 570-600 maximum power sensiti \'ity in , 448- 451 analysisof, by superposition, 574-576 multistage transistor , 811- 814 complex locus for, 577-580 na1Tow - band , 491 , 547 distortion reducedin, 584-585 noise in , 494 - 499 , 581 - 584 , 761 , 772 - 773 dri\"ing point impedancein, 585-589 oscillations in , 596 , 598 - 600 , 681 - 682 gain stability in, 580-581 output impedance of , 585- 589 input impedanceof. 585-589 output in , 456- 458, 533- 534

noise reduction in , 581 - 584 for plate modulation , 712- 713

output impedance of , 585 - 589 overexcited , 404 - 405

resistance - capacitance - coupled , 592 - path of operation in , see Path of operation

600 in amplifier

stability in , 575 - 580 pentode in , 425- 428

for modulated , vave , 626 phase characteristic of , 491, 525- 527,

frequency characteristic of , 491 - 494 543 - 544 , 565 - 568

frequency - range classification of , 487 - phase -inverter , 530- 533, 592 491 phase relations in , 403, 409- 411, 414- " frequencyresponse of, 491-494, 563-570 415 , 622 - 624 gain-bandwidth product in, 525, 557 plate dissipation in , 445- 447, 638 ; see gain-of-minus-one,592 also Plate dissipation grid-bias voltage in, 395; see also plate efficiency of , 448, 455- 456, 638, Cathode bias 640- 641 ; see also Plate efficiency grid-currenteffect in, 393, 404-405, 523 plate -modulated , 630, 705- 713 grid-signalvoltage in, 399-400 . power output from , 444- 457 grounded-basetransistor, 789, 793-796, power supply in , common , 554- 555 807-808, 812 pulse , 217 grounded-collector transistor, 810-811, push -pull , see Push - pull amplifier 813 Q of , 557, 560, 638- 640, 648- 652 SUBJECTINDEX 855

Amplifier , quiescent operating point for , Amplifier , video , 490 ; see also Amplifier , 397 broad - band

quiescent operation of , 394- 399 voltage , 487

radio -frequency , 491, 554- 563 ; see also , ' oltage amplification in , 412 - 419 ; see Amplifier , tuned also Amplification ; Gain rate of rise in , 568 - 569 wide - band . 217

regenerative , 570, 577, 598 , \ 'ith reacti , "e load , 409 - 411 , 414 - 415 regenerative pulse , 821, 823 Amplitude , instantaneous , 770

resistance -capacitance -coupled , 509- 529 Amplitude modulation , see Modulation , complex locus for , 527-529 amplitude

feedback around , 592 - 600 Angstrom unit , 111

frequency characteristic of , 511- 525 Angular frequency , instantaneous , 693 , gain -bandwidth product in , 525 695 , 770

half -power frequencies in , 515- 516 re ~onan t , 548

logarithmic frequency characteristic Angular modulation , see Modulation , angular of , 519 - 520

middle range of frequencies of , 512- , 6 , 173 ; see also Plate 514 . 521 control , 273

non dimension a.1 frequency characteristic excitation , 248 - 251 for , 518-521 ignition , 248 - 251

phase angle in , 517- 518, 525- 529 starter , 273

phase characteristic of , 525- 527 Anode glo \v , 155 - 156

stray capacitance in , 511- 512 Anode sheath , 245 - 246

vector diagrams for , 516- 518 Anode voltage , see al .~o Maximum peak

voltage gain of , 511- 525 in \ ' erse voltage ; Plate voltage selectivity of , 557- 558 , 560, 563, 570, critical , 236 - 237

580 , 645 , 651 forward , maximum , 270 shift of dynamic load line in , 458- 460 Anode , "oltage drop in mercury arc . 246

shunt feed in , 530 Ans , , ' ers to representative problems , 837 - single-stage, 390-486, 803-811 838

stage of , 4"87 Antennas , size of , 490 , 690 , 702 - 703 stagger -tuned , 563 Aperture Jens , 28

time delay in , 567- 568 Approximations , for , Jinear , 282 - transformer -coupled , feedback in , 578- 284

579 , 595 - 598 for pentode , linear , 210 - 211

tuned , 558 - 563 for , linear , 198 - 200 , 406 untuned , 533 - 547 nonlinear , 187 , 734 - 738

transistor , 803 - 814 successive , 733 - 734 , 736 - 737 , 743

cascade , 811 - 814 Arc , 159 , 160 - 162 ; see .also Cathode spot ; intermediate -frequency , 813- 814 Mercury - arc ; Plasma tube symbols for , 391- 392 role of excited and metastable atoms tuned , 491 , 554 - 563 in , 148

capacitance -coupled , 554- 558 Arc - back , see Backfires

Class B , 619 - 629 Argon , 139 , 143 , 232 , 237 , 829 Class C , 629 - 652 Tungar contains , 241

e"ffective Q in , 557, 560, 648- 652 use of , in gas tubes , 243 , 270 gain -bandwidth product in , 557 Arrester , lightning , 159 - 160

transformer -coupled , 558- 563 Astable switching operation , 823 - 825

vector diagrams for , 643- 644 Atom , chemical behailor of , 62 tuned circuits for , 547 - 553 constituents of , 2 - 4 , 62 unilateral , 571 excited , 136

vector diagrams for , 409- 411, 643- 644 role of , in gas discharge , 148 856 SUBJECTINDEX

Atom , ionization of, 137-139, 145-148

metastable , 137-139 ( ~ ~

causes ionization belo,v ionizing voltage _ ~ -

, 230 " -

role of, in gas discharge, 148 : O -

normal state of , 136 a - penetration of, 145 0 (

physical properties of, 135-139 O a 00

radiation from , 136 . : ,

structure of , 62 . @

Atomic lattice , 62, 65, 96, 780 . ~ Atomic number , 63 Co

(

A tomic theory of matter , 61-62 ' (

Atomic vy'eight , of various gases, 829 Sa 0

Audibility , frequency limits of , 488-489 ~ ~ Auto -electronic Emil;sion, 101-102; see ~ I ((l.~o Field Emil;sion , i\ \ltomutic ,"olume control , 212, 219 Auto :o;yn, 378 A ,ouiluble po,ver, 450, 806 . A ,oailuble power gain , 806-807 A ,oalanche, , 152 A ,"ogadro number , 829

Backfires , 248 shields to prevent . 248 - 251 . 253 Balanced - to -ground amplifier , 509, 530- 531 Band , allo \vcd , 66 energy level , 66 , 101 - 102 , 778 - 780 Fermi , 73 , 101 - 102 filled , 66 frcquency , 462, 488, 510 in transf ormer -couplcd , 535 si ~ ' ? ; ~ ? ; : ( ) ~ ~ 0 . . ~ 0 ) & ~ ~ a . : { ( ) CJ1 : : : 1 . , . . . - ' " - - CJ1 co ~ ~ . . . . - ' : : j ~ ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ro ( ' ) 0 . . ~ ~ S ( Jq - ~ ( Jq ~ I \ ) ( ) - - s ~ 00 : : r - 0 . . Co , ) ~ , . . . . " . . . ) : : : 1 ~ ( ' ) : : : 1 - ( 1 ) ~ : : : 1 ~ ~ ~ o . f " t - : > P ; ; . . 0 ~ 0 . . 0 . . ' : : j : ; : : ; . _ . ~ 0 ( J ~ ! ? . - - s ' - I ' ~ . 0 " . . . ~ ~ ~ : : : 1 ~ ( 1 ) - o ' - ~ 1 ) CJ1 ~ 0 ) 0 , " " ' CJ1 - ( ' ) : : : 1 ~ . . . . . : : : 1 : : : 00 " " . ( ' ) " " ' ( J ) ~ ~ 0 . . : : r - ( ' ) I \ ) Co , ) I ~ < 0001 \ ) . . . . . ) . . . . . ~ ( 1 ) < 0 . , . . . CJ1 - ~ : : : 1001 \ ) 0 ~ - o ( ) - - _ v . . ~ , . . . . , . . : . " . . . ~ 00 - 00 - . . . , ~ " " " . : { 0 . I : . ~ . , . . . . ~ CJ1 . . . . . ~ : : f } CJ1 ~ . . . . . ~ - - s " . . . ~ 0 " . . . ro : : : 1 . . . . . ' f ; ; - ~ 00 : : , " S ; ; ' S ' S : : : 1 ~ . Q a . : { ~ ~ - ~ Q - 0 ) ~ oo ro a . : { : : r - ~ " . . . - , . . . . ~ ~ 0 - ~ " " ' " t - : > - : : ' " . CJ1 - ( ' ) - ' . . . . ~ - . ~ ~ ( 1 ) ' U , . . . 0 ) ' " ' . . . . 00 I 0 ( ' ) , . . . 0 . . , I : . , 0 ( 1 ) - , . . . a . : { 0 ' - 11 0 - I \ ) 0 CJ1 ; : > ~ I \ ) \ . ~ Co , ) - - : : 1 " , " , , 1 : . , ' : : j 0 ' ) - ~ I . ~ - . - - - s ~ H ~ 00 - \ . ~ tt ' ? ; . . ~ . . . . - ~ cr - - . . . . 0 ~ . ~ cr - ( ) I \ ) - CJ1 : : : ; ' ; . . . . oo : : r - . - P - ~ v , ~ . ~ W . ' W ' " " ' CJ1 ro ( ' ) - " " 0 CJ1 v , ...... , . . . . ~ ...... " . . . - < 0 0 8 ~ . Co , ) : : : : . ro < 0 ~ ~ " . . . ~ ~ ~ u . ~ - - 0 " ' " ~ : ! ! . ~ O " . . . : : r - a . : { ( 1 ) . . . " ~ . , . . . - ' " " ' ( ) ; : > ~ ( 1 ) - ~ 0 I t - : > t - : > . . . . . - - s ( 1 ) 0 - - s 0 0 ) ' ( h o ~ ' < ( 1 ) 0 ) 0 OJ ' " ~ ~ @ ~ oo ~ - , I : . , Co , ) ~ g - - s : : : 1 ~ 0 . . a . : { - 0 . . I 0 . . ( ) " " ' " - Co , ) CJ1 - Co , ) ~ ; : > I \ ) - ( 1 ) . . . . . , ) ( 1 ) 0 ~ ( 1 ) ~ ~ ~ I - oo - : : ' " . 00 0 ) - - s 0 ) e ; : - t - : > cr - ~ I \ ) ~ I u , ~ t - : > - - 0 - ~ cr - g ) ~ S - < 0 . . . . . ~ - - q - ~ ro ~ ~ - - : : : 1 - t - : > ~ . ; : > < - ( Jq Co , ) I \ ) ro - 0 ' - 11 0 - CJ1 CJ1 - ~ 00 - J ) , I : . , ( J ) ~ 00 0 ...... t - : > a . : { . : { " ' " C ? ' : > ~ ( 1 ) ~ ~ I 00 ~ ' - 11 , I : . , ~ I \ ) ( ) ~ a . : { ~ ~ ~ a . : { t ~ CJ1 S I \ ) Co , ) ' - 11 I - - a . : { . h ~ 00 " ' " , I : . , 00 " - ' U ~ t - : > a . : { \ ) 0 ) < 0 I ~ ( ) - < ; : ) - I ' - I SUBJECTINDEX 857

Carrier wave , suppression of , 753 Characteristic cur \'cs, constant -current , Cathode , 6 ; see also Oxide -coated cathode 189 , 631 - 633 ; Thoriated -tungsten cathode ; critical -grid -voltage , 366- 367 Tungsten cathode crystal , 781 cold , 273 - 274 gas - diode , 233 cooling of , by electron evaporation , 171 gas- phototube , 150- 151 disintegration of, 236-238 gaseous-discharge, 159 e\"aporation of , in gas tube , 239 gated -beam tube , 216- 217 heat - shielded , 239 germanium po \vcr rectifiers , 783 indirectly heated, 94-95, 391-392 glo\v-discharge, 156-159 mercllry .;.pool, 101, 244-252 -input -filter , 343, 348 maintenance of , 333 Kino lamp , 159- 160 starting of , 247- 252 magnet ron , 52 Strobotron , 276 mercury - arc - rectifier , 246 symbols for , 391- 392 modulation , 705 Catllode bias, in Class At amplifier , 397- , 159- 160 399 , 416 - 419 , 463 , 510 , 555 , 588 - 589 pentode , 207- 209, 835, 836 in Class An amplifier , 613 phase -shift -control , 372- 374 in Class B amplifier , 618 phototube , 118- 119, 121, 150- 151 in push-pull Class At amplifier , 463 rectification , type 6H6 diode , 722 is current feedback , 588 - 589 , 202 - 203 , 205 voltage amplification with , 416- 419 thyratron , 260, 261, 265 Cathode current , 182 To \vnsend -discharge , 149, 159 Cathode -follower amplifier , 428- 435, 587- transfer , 189 , 209 588 , 788 - 792 unsymmetrical behavior of , 433 transition , 274 Cathode glow . 155 - 156 triode , 188 , 190 - 191 , 472 , 633 , 833 , 834 , Cathode-ray oscilloscope, 19-25, 35-36, 835 508 type 2A3 triode , 835 Cathode sheath , 235 , 245 type 5T4 diode , 350 Cathode spot , mercury - pool , 101, 244, type 5U4 - G diode , 832 247 - 252 , 333 type 5Y3 -G diode , 832 Cathode voltage drop , in glo ,v discharge , type 6A3 triode , 835 157 type 6A15 diode , 833 in mercury arc , 245 - 247 type 6AU6 pentode , 208- 209 in thermionic gas tubes , 235 type 6B4 -G triode , 835 Cality resonator , 223- 224 type 6C4 triode , 834 Cesium , 104 - 105 , 113 - 117 , 276 type 6CB6 pent ode , 836 Channel , frequency , 702 type 6H6 diode , 722 Characteristic , frequency , see Frequency type 6J5 triode , 833 characteristic type 6K6 -GT pentode . 836 Characteristic , phase , 438, 491, 525- 527, type 616 beam power tube , 215 543 - 544 , 565 - 568 type 6SJ7 pentode , 835 .Characteristic cur \'es, arc , 159 type 12A U7 triode , 196. 834 beam - power - tube . 213 . 215 type 12AX7 triode , 834 -in put -filter , 322, 324, 325, 350, type 929 phototube , 118- 119 351 type 931-A multiplier phototube , 121 cathode - bias , 398 - 399 type 5559j F G -57 thyratron , 262 . cathode - follower , 430 type 5720j F G -33 thyratron , 262 cold -cathode tube , 272, 274 type 5728j F G -67 thyratron , 262 compensated amplifier , 566, 567, 569 type 5851 phototube , 151 composite J 467-475J 611, 614 vacuum - diode J 166 - 168 , 722 , 832 , 833 858 SUBJECT INDEX

Characteristic cur ' " es , vacuum - phototube , Coefficients , , .acuum -tube , dependence of , 116 - 119 on plate current , 195- 196

vacuum - triode , 187 - 192 , 472 , 633 , 833 - measurement of , 198 835 reflex , 196

' " acuum tube , shape of , for linear operation relation of , to characteristic curves ,

, 195 , 198 - 200 , 391 , 399 - 405 , 195 - 198 737 relationship among , 195

Characteristics , vacuum - tube ,I average, variable - mu - tube , 211 - 212 175 Coil , see also Choke ; Inductor

Charge , alpha particle , 58 Q of , 340, 553, 650

electron , 3 , 829 Coincidence detection , 217

image , 96 Cold - cathode effect , 101 - 102

positive - ion , 137 Collector of transistor , 784 - 787 space , see Collision process es in a gas , 139 - 148 Charge -to -mass ratio for , 3, 34, Collisions between particles , consequences 48 , 829 of , 145- 148 Charged particles , liberation of , 61, 70- elastic , 141 , 145 75 ; see also Emission inelastic , 141 , 145 measurement of velocity of , 43- 44 prevention of , 145 motion of , in concurrent fields , 42 - 54 . probability of , 143- 145 in electrostatic fields , 8- 17 Color sensitivity of phototube , 113- 115 in magneto static fields , 29- 42 Common -mode component , in d-c ampli . path of , see Path of charged particles fier , 505 Charges on glass \,'alls , effect of , in thyra - Communication , frequency ranges of , . trons , 267 488 - 491 Child 's la \v , 132 ; see also Limitation of radio , see Radio communication current by space charge Commutation in rectifier circuit , 304 Choke , 338 ; see also Inductor Complex locus for amplifier , 527- 529, first , in rectifier filters , 344 , 346 , 374 577 - 580 radio -frequency , 678- 679 Complex numbers , symbols for , 47 swinging , 346 Composite characteristics , 467- 475, 610- Choke-input filter , see Inductor -input 618 filter Composite surfaces , see Oxide -coated Circuit breaker , 161 cathode ; Thoriated - tungsten Circular path of charged particles , 33- 34 cathode ; Photoelectric emission ; Secondary emission Clam per , 390 Concentration , see also Density Clean - up of gases , 243 , 270 - 271 of electrons in a metal , 69 , 73 Clipping , 217, 390, 433 of molecules in a gas , 142 Clock , analogy of , \vith Class C amplifier Condenser -input filter , see Capacitor - , 638- 640 input filter with oscillator , 657 , 678 Conditional stability , 579- 580 with resonator , 223 Conductance , mutual , see Mutual conductance Coating of oxide -coated cathode , 92 Code , binary , for pulse modulation , 698 Conduction , electrical , by electrons , 779- Coefficient , coupling , 558 780 electrostatic - induction , 184 by holes , 779- 780 temperature , of , in metals , 62 , 66 - 68 . 81 through vacuum , gases, and vapors , Coefficients , pentode , 210 1 , 124 - 163 po \ver - series , measurement of , 737 Conduction angle of rectifier circuit , 298- vacuum - tube , 192 - 198 299 SUBJECTINDEX 859 Conductivity , unidirectional , in a diode, Corona discharge, 155, 273 165 Cosmic rays , ionization by , 150 Conformal transformations , 183 Coulomb 's la ,v , 63 , 96 Conservation of energy , 11 , 15 Coupling coefficient , 558 Constant , atomic ,veight , 829 Coupling networks , oscillator , design of , A ,'ogadro , 829 674 - 678 Boltzmann , 69 , 829 tube -to -load , design considerations gas , 829 for , 644 - 652 Planck , 5 , 69 , 111 , 136 , 829 Crater lamp , 276 Stefan - Boltzmann , 82 , 173 , 829 Critical anode ,"oltage , 236- 237 Constant - current characteristic curies , Critical -grid -,'oltage curve , 366- 367 189 , 631 , 633 Cr :>'.'!Tai, piezoelectric , 659, 680 Constants , electronic , 3 , 829 solid , 62 , 65 , 96 emission , 77 - 80 , 89 , 93 ; see also Oxide - Crystal diode , 758, 781- 782 coated cathode ; Thoriated - tungsten Crystal lattice , 62, 65, 96 cathode ; Tungsten cathode imperfections in , 780 physical , 829, 831 Current , cathode , 176 - 178 tube , see Coefficients displacement , 129, 166, 186, 202, 220, Constituents of atom , 2- 4, 62 401 , 420 Contact difference of potential , 74- 75, emission , see Emission current 168 , 186 , 255 grid, see Grid current effect of , in triodes , 186 minimum , in mercury - arc rectifiers , 247 on grid -current curve , 255 in voltage -regulator tube , 355 Continuous control of , by plate , see Plate current phase -shift of grid voltage , 372- 382 random positi \"e-ion . 263- 264 Control , feedback in , 600 ratio of electron to positive -ion , 231- grid , see Grid control 232

of thyratrons , see Thyratron circuits reference direction for , 391 - 393 Control characteristic of thyratron , 261- saturation , see Saturation current 262 space , 77 , 126 effect of changes in , 370, 375 space -charge limitation of , see Limitation Control ratio , grid , of thyratron , 262 of current by space charge Control voltage , 621, 667 thermionic - emission , 77 , 78 ; see also Control led gas tubes , see ; Per - Emission current matron ; tube ; Strobotron ; Current amplification , transistor , 785, Thyratron 787 , 799 - 804 , 809 Control led - rectifier circuits , 365 - 389 Current - carrying capacity of a tube , effect Conversion f.actors , 17- 19 , 830 - 831 of gas on , 230 Conversion transconductance , 760 - 761 Current density , at cathode spot , 244 Converter , frequency , vacuum -tube, 210, field - emission , 101 218 - 219 , 759 - 761 in germanium po \ver rectifiers , 783 pentagrid , 219, 761 in glow discharge, normal value of, Cooling , anode, 173 157 - 158 . grid , 174 random , in a metal , 66 , 102 mercury - arc - rectifier . 247 - 248 . 251 space-charge limited , 130-132 of cathode by electron evaporation , 171 Current feedback , 571 , 573 ; see also })late ,' 173 , 447 Feedback Co - ordinate system , rectangular , 31 Curve , tube , see Characteristic curves Copper -oxide rectifier , 277, 314, 783 Cut - off , in diode , 170 Copper -sulphide rectifier . 783 Cut -off frequency , transistor , 818 Core material ~ for oxide - coated cathode , Cut -off grid voltage , 180 92 indefiniteness of , 180, 186 860 SUBJECTINDEX Cut -off grid ,'oltage , remote , 211- 212 Diameter, electron, 5, 141 Cycloidal path of charged particles , 44- 48 molecule, 5, 141 Cyclotron , 36- 37, 58 Dielectric constant , 129 , 130 of free space . 63 . 829

D Difference component , in d-c amplifier , 505 D -c power output of rectifier , 290, 295 Differences , method of finite , 726 - 730 Dark spaces in glow discharge , 155- 156 Differentiating amplifier , 592 Daiisson chart , 82 - 83 Diode , 7 , 164 Decibel , 492 - 494 , 519 - 520 crystal , 277, 781- 782 Decibels ' per octave , 520 as mixer , 758 Decoupling circuit , 555 noise in , 498 Deflection , electron - beam , electrostatic , equivalent , 181 19- 25 gas , 229 - 243 magnetic , 35- 36 cathode disintegration in , 236- 238 DeForest triode , 185 cold - cathode , 271 - 276 De -ionization time in thyratrons , 266- 267 critical anode voltage of , 237 Delay time in amplifier , 567- 568 effect of gas in , 229 - 232 , 239 - 243 Demodulation , 491 , 691 - 777 ; see also effect of spacing in , 236 Detection ; Modulation filament \"oltage rating of , 238 definition of , 690 - 691 firing of , 233 square - law , 740 forward breakdown in , 233 Demodulator , 390 ; see also Demodulation inyerse -peak -voltage rating of , 241- ; Detection ; Detector ; Modulation 243 peak -current rating of , 238 Density , see also Concentration permissible pressure range in , 241- current , see Cun 'ent density 243 space -charge , 129, 132 plasma in , 235- 236 tungsten , 88 potential distribution in , 234- 236 Detection , 491 , 690 - 777 potential maximum in , 235 anode - bend , 749 , .olt - ampere curve of , 233 conversion , 758 voltage drop in , independent of current definition of , 690 - 691 , 234 grid -current , 749- 750 ,.oltage -drop magnitude in , 234 linear , 715 - 725 ideal , 283 - 284 re \"erts to square - law , 750 ',.acuum , characteristics of , 165 - 172 plate , 749 current -vol tage characteristic of , po \.."er , 750 166 - 168 squareIa \\' , 716, 740 displacement current in , 129, 166, distortion in , 748 - 750 720 with diode , 750 linear approximations for , 282- 284 with triode , 746 - 750 linear detector , 715 - 725 Detector , 390 ; see also Demodulation ; logarithmic characteristic of , 170 Detection ; Modulation oxide - coated cathode , 167 - 168 diode , 715 - 725 , 740 , 750 potential distribution in , 125- 132 first , 757 potential minimum in , 126 linear , 715 - 725 po \\' er series for , 725 - 730 square - law , 740 , 746 - 750 rating of , 172- 176 Determinant , circuit , 804 - 805 rectification characteristics for , 721 - Deviation , amplitude , 692 724 frequency , 693- 696, 765, 766- 768 space -charge distribution in , 132 pha ~e angle , 694- 696 Taylor series for , 730- 734 SUBJECT INDEX 861

Diod E', ' "a('Utlffi, tungsten -filament , 167, Distribution, potential-energy, of electrons 229 in a metal, 64-65, 70-71 tlltra -high fr {'quency , 220 ~pace-charge, in vacuum diode, 132 Dire ('t transffiis ~ion, 575 temperature, along filament, 170-171 Directions of currents and voltages , reference velocity, amongemitted electrons, 255- , meaning of , 391- 393, 395, 256 476 in plasma, 236 Diseharge, g

frequency , 438 , 492 , 568 Dynode , 120

in amplifiers , 437 - 444 E

for . push - pull operation , 465 - 467 , 474 - 475 Ear, characteristicsof ~ 489-491 permissible maximum , 441 , 451 Edison effect, 171 in linear detectors , 723 - 725 Efficiency, emission, see Emission efficiency

in modulation , 746

in square - la \ v detection , 748 - 750 plate, see Plate efficiency intercept , 438 power conversion, in transistor, 819 intermodulation , 438 , 744 Elastic collisions, 141, 145

nonlinear , 437 ; see also Harmonic generation Electrode voltages, conventional reference point for, 393

feedback reduces , 570 , 584 - 585 Electrolysis of glass, 174 Distribution , Fermi - Dirac . 68 - 72 Electrometer tube, 191-192

kinetic energy , of electrons in a metal , Electron, see Electrons 68 - 71 Electron ballistics. 1-60

of secondary electrons , 106 Electron beam, density-modulated, 221-

of free paths among particles , 143 - 145 222

of radiant power from incandescent ,-elocity-modulated, 221-225 lamp , 115 [ 156 Electron device, definition of, 1

of \ clrious quantities in glow discharge , Electron emission, 61-123; see also Field

potential , along filament , 170 emission; Photoelectric emission;

bet ween infinite parallel planes , 12 Secondary emission; Thermionic

in beam po \ ver tubes , 212 - 213 emISSIon

in gas diodes , 234 - 236 f our modes of, 76

in mercury arc , 244 - 247 Electron escapefrom a metal, 61, 70-75 in pentodes , 206 - 207 Electron gas, in a metal, 62-71 in tetrodes , 203 - 204 in a plasma, 236

in triodes , 178 , 183 - 184 Electron gun, 21; see also Focusing; in \ - acuum diode , 125 - 132 Lens, electron,

relation of space - charge distribution Electron lens, see Lens, electron to , 234 - 235 Electron loading of the grid, 220

862 SUBJECT INDEX

Electron optics , 25- 29 ; see also Lens , Emission , auto - electronic , see Field emisSIon electron Electron tubes , see also Diode ; Gas electron , 61 - 123 ; see also Field tubes ; Pentode ; Tetrode ; Thyra - emission ; Photoelectric emission ; tron ; Triode ; Tubes ;. Vacuum Secondary emission ; Thermionic tubes emISSIon classification of , 6- 7 , 164 field , see Field emission vacuum , applications of , 390 four modes of , 76 Electron volt , 17- 19 , 829 photoelectric , see Photoelectric emisSIon Electronic -computer tube , 217 Electronic conduction , 1, 2 , 62 , 66 - 68 secondary , see Secondary emission Electronics , definition of , 1 thermionic , see Thermionic emission Electrons , 3- 5 Emission constants , see Thermionic average kinetic energy of thermioni - emission , constants of ; Oxide - cally emitt .ed, 256 coated cathode ; Thoriated -tungsten bound , 66 cathode ; Tungsten cathode concentration of , 69 , 73 Emission current , 77 , 80 , 126 conduction by , 779- 780 field effect on , 99 dispersion of , around grid wires , 207 grid , 174- 175, 254 drift velocity of , in metal , 62, 66 plate , 173 in plasma , 236 . pulsed , 95 energy levels of , 65 space current differs from , 77 , 126 free ; 62, 66, 71 temperature coefficient of , 81 heat of evaporation of , 171 Emission efficiency , 84, 88, 91, 94 ; see initial velocities of , 134 also Oxide - coated cathode ; Thori - mean energy of , in a gas discharge , ated -tungsten cathode ; Tungsten 147 cathode mean free path of , 141- 145 gas - pressure effect on , 239 - 241 path of , see Path of charged particles gas - tube , 238 - 239 photoelectric emission of , 110- 121 photoelectric , 105 potential energy of , 63, 65, 70- 71 secondary -emitter , 104 primary , 103- 104 Emissivity , spectral -radiation , 82, 93 probability of escape of , 77, 111 total - radiation , 82 , 84 , 91 , 93 properties of , 3- 5, 101 Emitter of transistor , 784 - 787 random current density of , 66 Energy , excitation , 136, 139 recombination of , with ions , 137 internal , 135 secondary , 45, 103- 110 ; see also Secondary ion , 137 - 139 emission Energy level , Fermi , 69 in pentodes , 206- 207 zero , 72 in tetrodes , 203 Energy levels , 65- 69, 102, 136- 139 suppression of , in beam -power tubes , band of , 66 , 101 - 102 , 778 - 780 212 - 213 of mercury atom , 138 - 139 space charge of , see Limitation of transitions between , 136 - 139 current by space charge ; Space Energy storage in tuned circuit , 638- 640, charge 677 temperature of , 147 Energy transfer at a collision , 145- 147 total ionizing power of , 146 Envelope of modulated wave , 699, 717- valence , 62 , 65 - 66 , 70 720 , "elocity distribution of , in plasma , 236 Equivalent circuit , incremental , cathode wave nature of , 5 , 77 , 101 - 102 follower , 430 - 432 x - associated kinetic energy of , 71 - 72 Class B amplifier , 625 Element , chemical , 62 current - source , 407 SUBJECTI.lVDEX 863 Equi\"alentcircuit, incremental, grounded- Figure of merit , for tuned cir (:uit , 549 grid amplifier, 435-437 for , 192 , 525 linear Class Al amplifier, 405-412 Filament , see Cathode ; Oxide - coated pentacle, 407, 426-428 cathode ; Tungsten cathode pu~h-pull amplifier, 463-465 Filament voltage , maximum , in gas tetrode, 407, 427 tubes , 238 transistor, 798-803, 808, 810 Filter circuit , rectifier , capacitor , 316- 328 ultra-high-frequency applicability of, capacitor -input , see Capacitor -input 219 filter veetol' diagrams for, 409-411 choke -input , see Inductor -input filter voltage-souree, 407-408 condenser-input , see Capacitor -input with interelectrode capaeitancesineluded filter , 420, 426-427 inductor , 329 - 334 Eseapement, analogy of Class C amplifier inductor - input , see Inductor -input ~.ith, 638-640, 678 filter Evaporation, rate of, 84 necessity for , 316 Even function, 442 Firing , of gas diode , 233 Excitation energy, 136, 139 of thyratron , 257- 258, 266, 270 Excitation probability, 146 Fischer - Hinnen method of harmonic Excited state of atom, 136, 148 analysis , 442- 444 Excitron, 250-251 Five -halves -power equation , 170 Exclusion principle, Pauli, 68 Flicker noise , 498 Extinction angle of rectifier circuit, 319 Flip -flop switching operation , see Bistable Extinction eurrent in mercury arc, 247 switching operation Extrinsic semiconductor, 780 Fluorescent screen , 21 , 107 - 110 Eye, relative luminosity of, 113-115 Flywheel effect of tuned circuits , 638- 640 , 677 F Focusing , electrostatic , 25- 29 magnetic , 41- 42, 59 Feedback, amount of, 577 Focusing electrodes , in beam -power tube , applied to modulation, 715 212 bridge, 589-592 Force , between electrons , 6 current, 571, 573 image , 96- 97 effect of, on half-power frequencies, on a charged particle , 8, 12, 30, 33, 42 594-595, 597 Forming process , transistor , 787 in none!eetrical systems, 600 Forward transistor characteristics , 789 - in transistor amplifier, 794-795, 811 792 negative, definition of, 577 Fourier integral , 488 shunt, 589-592 Fourier series , for full - wave rectifier , 294 types of, 570 for half - wave rectifier , 289 , 327 voltage, 571-573 for plate current , 440- 444 Feedback amplifiers, 570-600; see also Free electrons , 62 , 66 , 71 Amplifier, feedback Free path , 141 Feedback factor, 572 Free paths , distribution of . 143- 145 Feedbackratio, complex, 526 Free-running switching operation , 823- Feedback transfer impedance, 573 825 Feedbacktransfer voltage ratio, 571 Frequency , angular , instantaneous , 693, Feedback transistor characteristics, 789- 695 , 770 792 resonant , 548 Field emission, mercury-pool-cathode, audio , 488 101, 245 carrier , 554 , 699 F.igure of merit, for triodes, 450 geometric -mean , 519 864 SUBJECTINDEX Frequency , half - power , 515- 516, 552 Gas , inert , 135 ; see also Argon ; Helium ; mid - band , 519 Krypton ; Neon ; Xenon middle range of , 512 - 514 , 521 , 542 kinetic theory of , 140- 145 modulation , 699 mean free path in , 141- 145 of atomic radiation , 136 monatomic ; see also Argon ; Helium ; radio , 489 - 491 , 554 Krypton ; Mercury vapor ; Neon ; ~ide, see Side frequencies Xenon threshold , 111 excitation energies of , 139 , -ideo , 489 - 490 ioniza tion energy of , 139 wave , 691 - 692 Gaseous discharges, 148-149, 154-155, Frequency characteristic , 491- 494 162 ; see also Arc ; Breakdown ; logarithmic , 519- 520 Glo \v discharge ; Townsend discharge with negative feedback . 594 - 598 Frequency -conierter tubes , 218- 219, 757- classification of , 148 - 149 761 lo \v-pressure , spectrum of , 137 Frequency limits of thyratron , 266 Gas noise , 498 Frequency modulation , see Modulation , Gas pressure , effect of , in gas tubes , 229 - frequency 232 , 239 - 243 Frequency -modulation tube , 217 in thyratron , 269- 271 Frequency ranges , communication , 488- on grid current , 252- 258 491 . on sparking voltage , 152- 154 of amplifiers , 487- 491 in vacuum tubes , 124 , 134 , 145 , 232 , Frequency response , 491- 494 252 - 258 extension of , 563 - 570 of mercury vapor , effect of temperature Full -wave rectifier , see Single - phase rectifier on , 242 circuits J full -wave Gas tubes , 6, 164, 229- 276 ; see also Diode Functional notation , 280 , 468 ; Phototube ; Rectifier ; Thyra - tron ; Triode

G amplifier , 259 behave as short circuits , 234 Gage , ionization , 256- 257 clean - up of gas in , 243 , 270 - 271 Gain , 400; see also, Amplification critical anode voltage of , 236- 237 available power , 806 - 807 glo \v- discharge , 354 loop , 572 life of . 237 - 238 maximum available power , 807 maximum filament -voltage rating of , operating power , 806 238 stabilization of , by feedback , 580- 581 pressure range permissible in , 241- 243 voltage , see also Amplification , voltage smoothing capacitor not used with , ('ascade -amplifier , 493- 494 326 , 334 decibels of , 493 - 494 spacing effect in , 236 Gain -bandwidth product , inresistance - use of inert gases in , 243 , 270 - 271 capacitance-coupled amplifier , 525 voltage -reference , 359 in tuned amplifier , 557 voltage -regulator , 354- 359 Gain stability , feedback amplifier , 570 Gas-type rectifier , 283- 284, 297- 392 ; Gas , breakdown voltage of , 152- 154 see also Single - phase rectifier circuits clean - up of , 243 , 270 , 271 collision process es in , 139 - 148 Gated - beam tube , 214 - 217 effect of , in a diode , 229 - 232 , 239 - 243 Gating , 216, 390 in a triode , 252 - 258 Gauss ' law , 128 on cathode evaporation , 239- 241 Geometric -mean frequency , 519 electron , 62 - 71 German i urn rectifier , 783 . in electronic devices , 124 , 134 - 135 Glass , electrolysis of , 174 SUBJECTINDE.,(Y 865 Glass , for electron tubes , 172 Grid current , thyratron , effect of, in puncture of , 107 phase -shift circuit , 381- 382 Glo ,v , anode , 155 - 156 effect of , on grid -voltage waveform , negative , 155- 156 371 , 373 Glo ,v discharge , 155- 160 limiting necessary for , 367 abnormal form of , 158 - 159 , 160 vacuum - tube , 174 - 175 , 190 - 192 cathode voltage drop in , 157 displacement , 420 in thyratrons , 270 effect of , in amplifiers , 393, 404- 405, normal form of , 157 - 159 523

positive . column of , 155- 157 ; see also effect of , in oscillators , 665 , 670 - 672 , Plasma 675 - 678 transition to arc from , 160 - 161 electron , 178 , 254 - 258 Glo ,v modulator lamp , 276 limits grid resistor , 523 Gradient . 8 magnitude of , 191- 192 potential , in mercury -arc plasma , 245- positive -ion , 254- 258 246 reduction of , 192 Graphical analysis , of nonlinear circuits , subscript indication of , 403- 405 280 - 282 , 395 - 397 Grid -driving po\ver, 619 of transistor circuits , 789 - 798 in Class C amplifiers , 637, 641- 642 Grid , 7 in oscillators , 674 - 678 accelerator , 214 Grid emission , in thyratron , 268 ; see also blocking , 268 Grid current control , 201 in vacuum tubes , 174 - 175 , 254 in polyphase rectifiers , 267 Grid -leak -and -capacitor bias voltage , 642- in thyratron , 267- 269 643 trigger action of , 258- 259 build - up of , 670 - 672 in vacuum tubes , control of current effect on oscillator stability of , 676- 678 by , 176- 187 Grid -signal voltage , 399- 400 electron loading of, 220 Grid voltage , bias, 395; see also Cathode emission current from , 174 - 175 , 254 bias heating of, 174-175 customary reference point for , 393 nonuniform , 211- 212 cut - off , 180 , 186 limiter , 214 remote , 211 - 212 quadrature , 214 Grounded -base transistor amplifier , 789, screen , 202 , 206 , 425 - 428 793 - 796 , 807 - 808 , 812 shield , 268 Grounded - base transistor pulse circuit, space -charge , 201 819 - 823 suppressor , 206 - 207 , 212 - 213 , 714 - 715 Grounded - collector transistor amplifier, trigger , 268 810 - 811 , 813 Grid -bias voltage , 395 ; see also Cathode Grounded - emitter transistor ~- - ~ amplifier, bias 796 - 798 , 808 - 810 , 812 - 813 Grid control , in polyphase rectifier circuit Grounded -emitter transistor pulse circuit , , 267 824-825 in vacuum tubes , 176 - 187 Gun, electron , 21; see also Focusing ; of thyratron rectifiers , 365- 382 Lens, electron Grid control ratio of thyratrons , 262 Grid current , 195 - 196 ; see al .so Screen - grid current H causes of , 252 - 255 Half-power frequencies, effect of feedback gated -beam tube , 217 on, 594-595, 597 thyratron , 259- 260, 263- 265 Half-power frequency, transistor, 818 866 SUBJECTINDEX Half -wave rectifier , see Single-phase rectifier Incremental resistances , of transistor , 799 , circuits , half -wave 801 - 803 Hall effect , 68 , 780 of vacuum tube , see Coefficients ; Plate Harmonic analysis , Fischer -Hinnen resistance method of , 442 - 444 Induced -grid noise , 497 Harmonic generation , see also Distortion Inductance , cathode lead , 220 - 221 effect of feedback on , 584 - 585 critical , 344 , 346 , 374 in Class A amplifier , 438- 444 incremental magnetizing , 536 per cent , 441 , 443 Inductor ; see also Choke permissible maximum , 441, 451 Q of , 340, 553, 650 push -pull , 465- 467, 474- 475 Inductor -input filter , 338- 348 Harmonics , see also Distortion ; Harmonic critical inductance in , \vith thyratrons , generation 374 in polyphase rectifiers , 307- 308 for , 346 in single -phase rectifiers , 289, 294 internal impedance of , 340- 341 Heating , anode , 172- 173, 446- 447 multisection , 345 grid , 174- 175 Inelastic collisions , 141 , 145 induction , 658 Inert gas, see also Argon ; Helium ; plate , 172- 173, 446- 447 Krypton ; Neon ; Xenon Heating time of heat -shielded , use of , in gas tubes , 243 , 270 - 271 239 Initial velocities of emission , 255- 256 Helical path of charged particles , 40-41 Initial voltage , 152 Helium , 110, 139, 143, 232, 829 Injection , electron and hole , 785- 787 use of , in gas tubes , 243 , 270 Input impedance , see also Driving -point Heptode , 164 impedance Hexode , 164 of t \vo -Loop net \vork , 562, 586- 587 Holes , 67 Input -resistance curves , 793- 796 conduction by , 779- 780 Input resistance of two - terminal -pair Hook - collector transistor , 788 net \vorks , 805 Hot spots on oxide -coated cathode , 94 Input signal voltage , 430- 431 Hum , 495 , 584 Instability in transistor circuits , 794, 796, Humps , potential -energy , 64, 70, 73 804 Hydrogen , atomic weight of , 829 Insulator , 67 , 779 mean free paths in , 143 secondary emission from , 107- 110 Integrating amplifier , 592 I Interelectrode capacitance , 181 effect of , on input admittance , 419- 428 , 488 grid -to -plate . 201- 202 Igniter , band , 252 ; see also Ignitor incremental equivalent circuit including Ignition angle of rectifier circuit , 299 , 420, 426, 427 Ignition voltage , 152 limits amplification , 202, 425 Ignitor , 251 measurement of , 419 reverse current detrimental in , 382 pentode , 425- 427 Ignitron , 251- 252, 365 reduction of , by screen grid , 202- 203, Ignitron circuits , 382- 384 425 Image charge , 96 Impedance , effect of feedback on , 585- tetrode , 201 - 203 , 425 - 427 589 Interference , radio , minimization of , 492 , . Impedance angle , 331 554 . 767 - 773 Imperfections in crystal lattice , 780 Intermodulation distortion , 744 Imprisonment of radiation , 148 Intrinsic semiconductor , 780 Impurities in semiconductors , 780 Inverse feedback , see Feedback SUBJECTINDEX 867 Inverse -peak voltage , in rectifier circuits , Lamp , gaseous-discharge, 137 291 - 292 , 297 , 313 - 314 , 316 , 318 , 329 , cathodes for , 239 - 241 334 glow modulator , 276 Inverse -peak -voltage rating , of gas tube , incandescent , radiation from , 115 241 - 243 mercury -arc , problem on , 361 of vacuum tube , 174 neon , characteristic curve of , 159 In \"erter , d-c to a-c, similarity of , to oscillator oscillator -stabilizing , 684 , 657 Langmuir 's equation , 132 phase , 530- 533, 592 I Jattice , atomic , 62 , 65 , 96 , 780 Ion , 4 Leakage current , grid , 255 energy qf , 137- 139 Lens , electron , 28 - 29 , 41 - 42 multiple -charged , 4, 146 Level , energy , see Energy levels negative , \~ee Negative ions Life , cathode , 84 , 85 , 88 , 94 positive , see Positive ions excited state , 136 Ionization , 137 - 139 , 145 - 148 metastable atom , 137 by collision , 147 thermionic gas tubes , 237 - 238 by photons , 148 vacuum tube , 176 by positive -ions , 147 Light , speed of , 4, 829, 831 increase of space-charge-limited current Limitation of current by space charge , by , 229-232 125 - 134 ; see also Three - halves - multistage , 148 power equation probability of , 146 effect of ionization on , 229 - 232 residual , 150 in positive -ion sheath , 235- 236, 262- 264 Ionization gage , 256 - 257 Limiter , amplitude , 217, 390, 765- 766, 771 Linear amplifier , Class B . 626 Ionization time in thyratrons , 266 Ionizing energy, 139 Linear approximations , for diodes, ~82- 284 Ionizing potential , drop in gas tube differs for triodes , 198 - 200 , 406 from , 230 Linear operation of vacuum tube , conditions Ionizing power of electrons, 146 for , 195, 198- 200, 391, 399- Isotopes, 34 405 , 737 J Lines of electric force , 127 Load line , 395 - 397 , 452 - 460 , 471 ; see also Jones and Langmuir tables , 85- 88 Path of operation in amplifier Junction transistor , 784 - 788 a - c , 459 d - c , 458 - 459 K dynamic , shift of , 458- 460 I Joad resistance , Class Al amplifier , 192- Kenotron , 165 ; see also Diode , vacuum 193 , 394 Kinescope tube , 19-25, 35-36, 488 for maximum power output , 452- 455 Kinetic energy of electron , x - associated , for push -pull connection , 475 71 - 72 for resistance -capacitance coupling , Kinetic theory of gases, 140- 145 521 - 523 , 221- 225 Class B amplifier , 628 . Konel metal , 92 Class C amplifier , 637 Krypton , 139, 232, 829 plate -to -plate , 463, 475 use of , in gas tubes , 243 , 270 Loading , electron , of the grid , 220 Logarithmic diode characteristic , 170 Logarithmic frequency characteristic , to 519 - 520 L/ C ratio, 558, 648 Loop transmission , 572, 575 Lamp, fluorescent. 359 Loud speaker, winding of, 450 ! 868 SUBJECTINDEX

Lumen , 115 , 119 Mercury -arc rectifiers , conditions for high Luminosity curve , relative , for eye , 113- efficiency in , 301- 302 115 extinction in , 247

M glass bulb , 247- 248 grid control of , 267 Magnet ron , 48- 54, 60, 103 Mercu I' Yapor , atomic weight of , 829 cavity , 225- 226 cathode -disintegration voltage for , 237 Majority carrier , 785- 786 . condensation of , in rectifiers , 247 - 248 Mass , alpha -particle , 58 energy le ,..els of , 138 - 139 dependence of , on speed , 4 excitation and ionization energies of , electron , 3 , 829 139 positive -ion , 137 ion speeds in , 232 rest , 4, 829 mean free paths in , 143 Matched transistor load resistance , 807 pressure of , 241 - 243 Matched transistor source resistance , 807 secondary emission by ions of , 110 Matching , impedan (~e, 451- 458 , 806- 808 Meson , 3 Matrix representation , of electronic circuits Metal , atomic structure of , 62 , 67 , 574, 811 boundary of , 64 Maximum available power gain , 807 conduction in , 62 , 66 - 68 , 779 - 780 Maximum peak in \'erse voltage , double - electron gas in , 62 - 71 way rectifier , 313 - 314 Metallic rectifier , 782 full - \\'a ve rectifier , 297 Metastable atom , 137 - 139 , 148 , 230 half ':'wave rectifier , 291 - 292 Meter -kilogram -second units , 830- 831 polyphase double -way rectifier , 316 Microphonic noise , 495 with capa ('itor filter , 318 , 329 Microscope , electron , 25- 26 Vv'ith inductor filter , 334 frequency , 489 Maximum power output , see Po \ver output Microwa , -e tubes , 221 , maximum Mid -band frequency , 519 Mean free path , 141- 145 Middle range of frequencies , 512- 514, 521, Measurement , of charge -to -mass ratio , 542 34 . 48 Miller effect , 422 , 593 of charged -particle velocity , 43- 44 Minority carrier ; 785- 787 of Class C amplifier grid -driving power , Mixer , 210 , 390 , 757 - 761 642 penta grid , 219, 758 of constants for Richardson 's equation , Modulated wave , amplifier for , 626 80 - 84 components of , 700- 704, 763- 767 of h , n , and k , 69 differs from beat wave , 757 of intereleetrode capacitance , 419 envelope of , 699, 717- 720 of phototube spectral sensitivity , 114- sinusoid differs from , 699 - 700 115 Modulation , 490 , 689 - 777 of potential distribution in triodes , 183 alternating -current , 689- 691 of po \ver - series coefficients , 737 amplitude , 692- 693, 698- 705 of thermionic - emission constants , 80 - definition of , 692 84 linear , 705 - 706 of tube coefficients , 198 modulation characteristic for , 705 - of , .acuum , 256 - 257 706 Mechanical model of rectifying device , square - law , 704 277 vector representation of , 693, 700- Melting points , of metals , 79, 113 701 Mercury -arc rectifiers , 101, 161, 247- 252 wave zeros during , 697, 701 circuits for , see Polyphase rectifier circuits angular , 692- 697, 761- 773 wave zeros during , 697, 701

SUBJECTINDEX 869

Modulation , balanced , 750 - 753 Mod \ llator , :;emieonduetor , 725 cathode , 714 Moleeules , average kinetic energy of , 141 definition of , 689 concentration of , 142 density , 221- 222 mean free path of , 142- 145 di ~tortion in , 746 radius of , 5 for d- c amplification , 503 Monatomic gases, 139 ; see also Argoll ; frequency , 692- 697, 761- 773 Helium ; Krypton ; Mercury vapor alternator example of , 694 ; Neon ; Xenon comparison of , \,'ith phase modulation Monostable swit (~hing operation , 821- 825 , 695- 697 Motion of charged particles , see Charged definition of , 693 particles , motion of interference with , 767- 773 Multiplieation with vacuum tubes, 218, modulation index for , 763 592 narrow - band , 762 - 763 Multiplier , frequency , 622, 765 wide - band , 764 - 766 M \lltiplier photo tube , 44- 48, 103, 119- 121 frequency deliation in , 765, 766-768 Multivibrator , 390 frequency translation by , 690-691, 702- Music , frequency range of, 488-489 703 Mutual conductance , 194 grid -bias , 713- 714 a \ "erage , 668 Reising , 707 constaney of , 195 in radio , 690 , 702 - 703 in pentodes , 210 pentode , 714- 715 Mutual impedance, 562, 586 per cent , 699 , 704 maximum for detector , 724 N phase , 692- 697, 765

alternator example of , 695 it - p - n transistors , 785 - 788 comparison of, with frequency modulationNegative conductance, at input of triode , , 695-697 423 - 425 definition of , 694 Negati \"e feedback, see Feedback plate , 630, 705- 713 Negative glo\v, 155-156 pulse , 692, 697- 698 Negative ions , 4, 137- 138 single -side -band , 704, 753, 771 effect of oxygen on formation of , 138 square - la \v , 737 properties of , 137- 138 with diodes , 738 - 742 , 750 N (' J!ative resistance , in diode , 220 with triodes , 742 - 746 , 750 , 753 in secondary -emission tube , 218 , 210, 714- 715 in tetrode , 205 - 206 tetrodc , 714 X egati ve transconductance , 216 time - varying -parameter , 689, 741- 742, N ega ti ve - transconductance oscillator , 759 685 , 688 types of , 691- 698 Xeon , 139 , 143 , 232 , 237 , 829 Van der Bill , 713 , 744 - 746 in Strobotron , 276 , 'elo ('ity , 221- 225 use of , in gas tubes , 243 , 270 Modulation characteristics , 705- 706 X eon lamp , see I,amp, neon Modulation factor , 698 - 699 Neon sign , 155, 160 . for square - la \v modulation , 740 Neutralization , electron -space - charge , Van der Bill , 746 147 , 229 - 232 Modulation frequency , 699 in amplifiers , 425, 558, 562, 707 Modulation index for frequency modulation positive -ion , at \vails , 147 , 763 Neutrino , 3 Modulator , 390 ; see also Modulation Neutron , 3 amplifier as, 707 Nitrogen , mean free paths in , 143 balanced , 750 - 753 Noise , amplifier , 494- 499 870 SUBJECTINDEX I

. Oscillators , local , 757 - 761 '

, magnetostriction , 659 - ~ "

( magnet ron , 53, 659 cot

~ master , 754 : .

" modulated , 697 , 707 ~ (

" negative -resistance , 658, 822- 826 ' 2 negative -transconductance , 685, 688 ~ C nonelectrical , 657 - 00

1 nonlinearity stabilizes , 669, 684 C 00

0 piezoelectric , 659, 680 C

I Q of tuned circuit for , 674- 675, 677- 678 C . C relaxation , 388 , 659 , 822 - 825 00 C

C resistance -capacitance , 682- 685

I self -starting of , 670- 672 011

: shunt feed in , 678 - 679 I sinusoidal , 659 , 682 - 685 transistor , 825 - 826 tuned -grid , 679 tuned -grid tuned -plate , 679- 680 tuned -plate , 664- 670, 672- 678, 680- 681 0 design of , 672- 678 frequency of oscillation in , 666- 667, O<:toue, 164 674 , 680 - 681 Offset of tungsten filament, 89 self - excitation in , 664 - 670 , 680 - 681 On - or - off control of thyratrons , 365 , 370 - starting of , 668- 671

371 , 374 vector diagram for , 673- 675

One - shot switching operation , 821 - 825 types of , 658- 660

Operating po \ver gain , 806 ultra -high -frequency , 225

Oscillation , in amplifiers , 596 , 598 - 600 , Wien -bridge , 682- 685 681-682 Oscilloscope , electron , 19- 25, 35- 36, 58, in transistor circuits, 794, 796, 798, 804, 508 823-825 Outgassing , temperature for , 172 O$eillators, 390, 657-688 Output impedance, see also Driving -point amplitude stability of, 668-670, 672, impedance 675-678, 684-685 Output -resistance curves , 793- 794 analogy of, with clock, 616 Output resistance of t \vo- termina .1-pair analysisof, 659-664, 672-678, 680-681 networks , 805 Bark hausencriterion for, 662-664, 680- Overexcited operation of vacuum tube , 681 404 - 405 Bark hausen-Kurtz, 56, 659 Overshoot , transient , in amplifiers , 568 beat-frequency, 754-757, 771 Oxide - coated catllode , 91 - 95 blocking, 390, 678 diode \vith , 167 - 168 ela~sifi(~ation of, 658-661 disintegration of , by positive ions , 236- Colpitts, 679 238 dynatron, 206, 659 effect of field on emission from , 93 feedbaek, 596, 658-685 gaseous -lamp , 241 self-excitation in , 660-664, 666, 668, heat - shielded , 239 680-681 emission efficiency of , 239 frequency stability of, 660, 680, 754 heating -time requirement of , 239 Gill -Morrell , 659 hot spots on , 94 Hartley , 678-679, 681-682 indirectly heated , 94- 95, 238- 239 heterodyne , 754-757 Oxygen , 138, 143 ~ " 1 - " , , , " oJ 1 - ' " " I - - c ; 1 - 7 . ' " , " " " , ; : . L " / . . L " / . / . ~ L " - - : ~ OO ~ O ~ O ( " + O ( " + ( " + ~ - O 00 - : ~ . . . . ~ C / ) ~ ' " 1 " " ' " 1 : : : - - ( 1 > 0 " " - C / ) ~ - - ~ C / ) ~ ( 1 > p . . " ' ( / ) ( ' ) ~ ~ ' - " . . . . . ' " 1 ...... ( 1 > . . . . - . . . . ~ ( i J " ' . . . . ' " \ V " ' " ~ . . . . ' " " ' " " . . . . . I ~ / ) _ . - rJJ _ - - - - t ' " " ' v O ' ) , " " C / ) C / ) t : j ( " J " ' " - Cl " ' - ( ; ) II : . . ' i ' ~ ( i J OO ( 1 > " " ' ~ " " ' P , , " , " ' " 1 ( 1 > ~ ~ COt : j ' " 10 ~ = . CO ~ ~ aq ~ ~ . . . . ( 1 > " - : ; ~ ~ 0 . . 1 PC / ) ' " 1 ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ 0 , . - 0 , 0 ( i J . : . , . . . . ' " 1 - ~ ( ' ) . . . . . ( i J - - t ~ ' " 1 ' " 1 ' " 1 ~ ~ ~ " O ' " lo . . C ; 1 " " ' ~ ~ ' " 1 . . : . ~ ~ ( 1 > ~ II : . . ( 1 > q P ~ ( / ) ~ " " ' " ~ ~ . . ~ ~ _ II : . . . ~ C ; 1 " " ' ( " J ~ 1 > t : j ( 1 > . . . . . ~ ~ " ' " ~ ~ ? II : . . ~ OO II : . . COO ~ " ' " " " " " cot - ~ ~ V , " " ' . . . CO " " ' I ~ ~ " " p . . ~ C ; 1 ' " " o ~ - c - t " co ' " ' s : S - . . . . . : : ; ...... : : : - . : : - ! ~ ; : : . cfx : < r - > ~ oo II : . . , . . . . ' : < . . - 0 ' ) ( i J - II : . . _ . 0 ~ I ~ 00 Q ) " < C ; 1 ( " J ; 1 ~ ~ aci I ~ ~ ' " 1 ~ ~ ~ ( ! > - ~ - < : ) 0 - I C / ) ( i J - aq - - t ' 0 ~ - - t rot co ~ ro " ~ ~ ~ . C ; 1 ~ C ; 1 t : j I ( i J , < C ; 1aqO 9 - - tp ~ p . . ~ ; 1 ~ ~ . ~ 1 " ' = ( ! > _ w , . . . . cot - C / ) - - t ( 1 > ~ ~ ' " ' ~ " ' " CI ) ( ! > ~ ~ c - t " ~ 00 ; 1 ~ 0 ~ C / ) ~ ' ~ ~ < 1 > ~ ! ' " : ; / ) ' " 1 C / ) . . . . c " " C ; 1 ; 1 ( 1 > t : j ~ p . . C / ) P ~ ...... 0 / ) 0 p . . - jg . : - : ~ ' - - t ~ : ; ; 01 ~ 0 - ? ~ ( i J r ~ ' " " S SUBJECTI1VDEX 871

872 SUBJECT11VDEX

Plate , heating of , 172- 173, 446- 447 Polarity , 395 ; see also Directions of currents permissible power dissipation of , 173 and voltages , reference water - cooled , 173 Polyphase rectifier circuits , 302- 312, 314- Plate characteristic curves , see Characteristic 316 curves advantages of , 302- 303 Plate current , a function of two variables bridge , 314- 316 , 187 , 189 commutation in , 304 average value of , 441 delta , six -phase , doul )l('-\vyc , 310- 312 Fourier series for , 440 - 444 del ta - \vye - conneeted , 303 - 304 rectified component of , 441 dire (~t output voltage in , 304 .c:pace -charge limited , 132, 133 double - \vay , 314 - 316 total differential of , 195 , 405 effect of leakage reactance in , 312 Plate dissipation , 445- 447 harmonics in , 307 - 308 during modulation , 710- 712 interphase transformer in , 310- 312 in Class C amplifier , 638 load current in , assumed constant , 309 in push -pull amplifier , Class AB , 612 losses in , 312 Class B , 61 .S- 617 p- phase , 306- 310 in tuned Class B amplifier , 626- 628 transform3r rating for , 309- 310 permissible , 173 reactor in , 309 quiescent , 445 . rectified voltage in , 304, 306- 307 Plate efficiency , Class A amplifier , 448, tran ~former effect in , 304 .455 - 456 Polyphase rectifiers , 248, 302- 312 ; 314- Class AB amplifier , 613 316 ; see also Mercury -arc recti - Class C amplifier . 638 . 640 - 641 fiers ;' Polyphase rectifier circuit ~ during modulation , 710, 711- 712, 714, Positive column in glow discharge , 155- 715 157 ; see also Plasma in push -pull amplifier , Class AB , 613 Positi \ .e ions , 4 , 137 Class B , 615 - 617 cathode disintegration b)1, 236- 238 Plate modulation , see Modulation , plate current augmentation by , 147, 151 Plate power supply , to be understood in deactivation by , 91, 93 diagrams , 503- 504 diffusion of , in thyratrons , 266- 267 Plate resistance , (~omposite -tube , 470 disintegration voltage for , 236- 238 constancy of , 195 grid -current contribution of , 254- 258 diode , 732 ionization by , 147 ne CTati\ ' e 220 " , motion of , in plasma , 235- 236 d ) ' namic , 194 neutralization of , at \vails , 147 incremental , 194 neutralization of electron space charge negative , 205- 206 b )1, 147 , 229 - 232 pentocle , 210 random current density , 263- 264 \ 'ariational , 194 recombination o~, \vith electrops , 137 Plate -to -plate load resistance , 463, 475 secondary emission by , 110 Plate voltage , 12, 129, 133 speed of , relati \.e to electrons , 232 customary reference point for , 393 sputtering by , 148, 161, 236- 237, 241 .limitations on , 174 transfer of energy at collisions by , 147 maximum -inversc -peak , 174 ; see also Positron , 3 Maximum peak inverse voltage Potential difference , contact , 74 - 75 , 168 , reference direction for , 392 - 393 186 , 255 Plutonium , 62 Potential distribution , see Distribution , Point - contact transistor , 784 , 787 - 788 potential Point discharge , 155 Potential - energy barrier , 65 , 71 , 96 - 99 , . Poisson's equation , 128-130, 234 101 , 103 , 111 SUBJECT INDE..Y 873 Potential -energy distribution , see Distribution Put :h-pull amplifier , nonlinear operation , potential - energy in . 465 - 476 Potential minimum , in diode , 169 plate -to -plate load re:;i:;tanee in , 463, in triode , 180 475 Power , a-c output , 446- 448 quiescent operation in , 461- 462 cools plate , 447 Class AB , 609 - 613 a \ "ailable , 450 , 806 Class B , 614 - 619 d - c load , 445 composite character i~tics for , 467- 475, direct - current , 440 - 445 610 - 618 Power - emission chart , 82 - 83 composite tube for , 467- 474 Power output , maximum , Cla::;~ Al amplifier even harmonic ~ eliminated in . 466 . 472 , for large 1.1.mp Jituclc.-:, 451- plate -to -plate load resistance in , 463, 456 475 Class A amplifier , for push -pull connection in , 462 - 466 , 474- 475 Pyrometer , optical , 80, 82 Class A amplifier , for small amplitudes , 448- 451 Q from square - law modulator , 740 , 742 Q, coil , 449- 450, 553, 650 from transistor , 818 - 819 effective , in t \}ned amplifiers , 557, 560, maximum undistorted , 452 648 - 652 Power sensitivity , 449 filter - inductor , 340 maximum , Class A amplifier , 448- 451 interstage -transf ormer , 543 Po \ver series , 725- 730 ; see I1Zs0Taylor series piezoelectric -crystal , 680 tuned - circuit , 549 effect of square term in , 739 - 740 in oscillators , 674 - 675 , 677 - 678 for dynamic transfer characteristic , 440, loaded . 648 - 652 . 674 - 678 444 , 737 relation of , to energy storage , 639, utility of , 725, 730, 738 677 Preemphasis circuit , 772- 773 Quantized values for pulse modulation , Pressure , gas , see Gas pressure 698 Probability , collision , 143- 145 Quantum of energy , 111, 136 electron - escape , 77 , 111 Quiescent operating point , 397 ex ('itation , 146 Quiescent operation of amplifiers , 394- ionization , 146 399 Propagation , radiation , 490 R Proton , 3 , 62 Proximity effcct limits Q, 553 lladar frequencies , 489 Pulse carrier , 698 Radar , microwave , 48 Pulse modulation , 692 , 697 - 698 Radiation , black -body , 115 Pulse operation of transistors , 819- 825 excited - atom , 136 Pulse train , 698 of a - c po ' \'er , 690 , 702 - 703 Puncture of glas ~, 107 imprisonment of , 148 Push -pull amplifier , Cla ~s AI , 460- 476 photon of , 111, 136 autotran :;former effect in , 462 - 466 , propagation of , 490 468 recombination !:;eldom a cause of , 137 cathode -bias in , 463 [ 475 Radio communication , amplitude -modulation harmonic generation in , 465- 467, 474- , 754- 755 incremental equivalent circuits for frequency -modulation , 761- 773 linear operation of , 463- 465 frequency range of , 489- 491 load resistance for , 475 modulation essential for , 690 , 702 - 703 maximum po \\'er output from , 474- single -side -band , 704, 753, 771 475 system for , 754- 755 874 SUBJECTINDEX Radio frequency , 489- 491, 554 Rectifier , mercury - arc , see Mercury -arc Radio receiver . 754 . 757 - 761 . 777 rectifiers Radius , electron , 5 mercury -pool , 244- 252 molecule , 5 , 141 nonlinear , 277 - 280 of cur \'ature of electron path , 33 polyphase , 248, 302- 312, 314- 316 ; see Ramsauer effect , 143 al ,~o Merculy -arc rectifiers ; Polyphase Random cunoent density of electrons , 66 rectifier circuits Rating , absolute maximum , 175 selenium , 277 design -center maximum , 175 semiconductor , as modulator , 725 gas- tube , inverse -peak -voltage , 241- 243 synchronouss \vitch , 278- 280 maximum -filament -voltage , 238 time -varying , 278- 280 maxim um - f or \varu - anode - vol tage , \ "acuum -type , 283- 284 [ 284 270 - 271 approximate representation of 283- peak -current , 238 po \ver loss in , 290 , 295 mercury -arc -tube , peak -current , 247 Rectifier circuits , see Polyphase rectifier \ ' ac \ lum - tube , 172 - 176 ('ircui ts ; Single -phase rectifier circuits maximum -in \"erse- peak -voltage , 174 ; Thyratron circuits maximum -plate -,' oltage , 174 Rectifier filter circuit , see Filter circuit , plate -heating , 173 rectifier Rationalized units , 17 , 830 - 831 Rectifier -type insu 'ument , 313- 314 l -teactance , leakage , effect of in rectifier Rectifying de\'ice, seeRectifier circuits , 312 Rectigon , 241 lleactor ; see al ,)'o, Choke ; Inductor Regeneration , 570, 571, 598 load , polyphase rectifier , 309 Regulation , in single -phase rectifier , \vith Reciprocity theorem , 800 inductor -input filter , 343 Recombination of electrons and ions , 137 \vith smoothing capacitor , 325- 326, llecontrol time in th ) Tatrons , 266 - 267 352 Rectification , 278 ; see also Polyphase Relativity , 4 rectifier circuits ; Rectifier ; Single - Resistance , bleeder , 338 , 339 , 344 . phase rectifier circuits Resistance , grid , for thyratrons , 367 sufficient condition for , 737 for vacuum tubes , 523 Rectification characteristics , 721 - 724 grid leak , 642- 643, 670- 671, 677 llectified component of plate current , load , see Load resistance 441 , 737 plate , see Plate resistance Rectified voltage , 304 ; see also Polyphase plate -to -plate load , 463, 475 rectifier circuits reflected , 560 , 647 Rectifier , 165 ; see also Detector ; Diode ; , carbon , noise in , 498 Mercury -arc rectifiers Resonance , 547 - 553 ; see also Tuned circuits ban 'ier -layer , 277, 782 battery -charging tube , 241 Resonance curve , uni \ "ersal , 551 cold - cathode , 271 - 272 Resonator , cavity , 223- 224 copper - oxide , 277 , 314 , 783 Rest mass of electron , 4 , 829 copper -sulphide , 783 Return ratio , feedback , 572 definition of , 277 Richardson 's equation , 77- 81, 102 elementary theory of , 278- 280 Ripple , suppression of , by feedback , 584 gas-type , 283- 284 Ripple factor , 291, 297 approximate representation of , 283- with capacitor -input filter , 328, 329 284 \\'ith inductor -input filter , 342, 345 po ,ver loss in , 301 hi 'Th- , "olta ITe 174 0 0 , S ideal , 283 - 284 . mechanical analogy of , 277 Samples for pulse modulation , 698 SUBJECTINDEX 875

Saturation current, 80, 93, 96, 100; see Ser , "omeeh ,mi ::;ms , 600 also Emission currcnt; Spacecurrent Sh ~mnon sampling theorem , 698 Shearing in graphieal analysis , 282 effect of gas on, 231 Sheath , anode , 245 - 246 from ,oxide-coated cathode, 93 eathode , 235 , 245 from thoriated-tungsten cathode, 90 positive -ion , 235 in gas discharge, 150 arot !nd thyratron grid , 262- 265 in phototubes, 118 at mer <:ury -pool eathode , 245 true value of, 100 o,"crlapping of, 264, 266 Saturating-reactor ignitor cxcitation, 384 .':ihell , atomic , 65 Schottky effect, 96-101,167-168 ~ hi elding , pentacles and tetrodes require , with oxide-coated cathode, 93 428 with thoriatcd-tungsten ('athode, 90 to prc , oent hum , 495 Screen, fluorescent, 21, 107-110 ~ hields to prevent backfires , 248 - 250 , 251 , Screen-grid current, 204, 208-209 .C)~3 . , t ) Screen-grid tube, SeeBeam po\ver tubes; Shift of dynamic load line , 458- 460 Pentode; Tetrode Short -circuit current amplification , transistor Secondaryemis.sion, 22, 45, 75, 103-110 , 809 by positive ions, 110 Short - circuit unstable transi ~tor , 808 elimination of, in beam power tubes, Shot noise , 496 212-213 Shunt feed ,. 530, 678 in pentodes, 206-207 Side bands , amplitude -modulation , 702- grid current from, 254 704 in tetrode, 203 separation of , from carrier , 704, 753 in vacuum tubes, 175 frequency -modulation , 763, 76{}-768 limits tetrode po\ver output. 205 Side frequencies , 700- 702 Secondary-emission electron multiplier, for frequency modulation , 763, 76{}-768 44-48, 103, 119-121 power in , 703 Secondary-emissionnoise, 498 separation of carrier from , 704, 753 Secondary-emission ratio, 104, 107 Signal -source line , transistor , 793- 794 Secondary-emission tubes, 217-218 Signal -to -noise ratio , 498, 582- 584 See-saw, electrical, 593 Silicon rectifier , 783 Selected-ordinate method of harmonic Single -ended tubes , advantages of , 428 analysis, 442-444 Single -phase rectifier circuits , 277- 364 Selectivity, 557-558, 560, 563, 645, 651 battery -charging, 302 feedback improves, 570 biphase , see full -wave ( below ) of coupling net\vork, 645-646, 651 bleeder resistor in , 338 , 339 , 344 of detector, 724 -bridge , 312- 314 Selenium rectifier, 782 conduction angle of , 298- 299 Self-impedance, 562, 586 control led , see Ignitron circuits ; Thy - Self-maintained gaseousdischarges, 149, ratron circuits 154-155, 163; see also Breakdown d - c power output of , 290 , 295 Sel..,yn, 378 diametric , see full -,vave ( below ) ,Semiconductor, 67, 92 double - \vay , 312 - 314 classesof, 780 efficiency of , 290- 291, 296 definition of, 778 extinction angle of , 319 Semiconductorrectifiers, 778-784 full -,vave-circuit advantages, 295-297 Semi-graphical analysis, Class Band full -\vave gas-type with R load , 302 Class C amplifier, 631-638 full -,va ve vacuum - type with R load , Series, Fourier, see Fourier series 292 - 297 power, see Power series efficiency of, 296 Taylor, see Taylor series Fourier series for , 294 876 SUBJECTINDE..:Y

Single-phase rectifier circuits, full-wave . Space charge , effect of , on potential distribution ,"acuum-type with R load, similarity in triode , 183- 184 of, to Class B amplifier, 615 limitation of current by , 125- 134 ; see full-wave with capacitor-input filter, also Limitation of current by space 285-286, 348-354 charge ; Three -halves -power equation full-wave with inductor-input filter, 337-348 necessary for grid control , 177- 178 full-Wale with smoothing capacitor, neutralization of , by positive -ions , 147, 321, 328-329 229 - 232 gus-type with R load, 297-302 unimportant in phototube , 118 graphical analysis of, 280-282 utilization of , in beam power tubes , grid control led, see Thyratron circuits 212 half-wave gas-type wit.h battery load, Space -charge distribution , glo \v-discharge 302 , 156 half-wave gas-type with R load, 297- vacuum - diode , 132 302 Space current , in tetrode , 204 hl:Llf-wave vacuum-tj'pe with II load, Spacing , effect of , in gas tubes , 236 286-292 on sparking voltage , 153- 154 efficiency of, 290-291 Spark , 154 Fourier series for, 289 Sparking voltage , 152 ~imilarity of, to Class B amplifier, Spectral scnsiti \'ity of phototubes , 114- 616 116 half-wave with C load, 317-318 Spectrometer , ma ~s, 34 half-wave with smoothing capacitor, Spectrum , characteristic line , 136 316-328 forbidden lines in , 139 as linear detector, 715-725 frequency , 488 half-,va\'e ,vith smoothing inductor, for amplitude modulation , 701- 704 329-334 for frequency modulation , 763, 766- ignition angle of, 299 768 peak cul Tents with smoothing capacitor line , 136 in, 326, 334 of lo \v-pressure gaseous discharges , 137 regulation of, with smoothing capacitor mercury - \ ' apor , 138 - 139 , 325-326, 352 visible , 112 ripple factor of, 291, 297 Speech , frequency range of , 488- 489 simplif)"in,gassumptions for analysisof, Specd ; see also Velocity 282-286 effect of , on ma ~s, 4 transformer effect neglectedin, 284-285 of light , 4, 829, 831 vacuum-type with R load, 286-297 positive -ion , relative to electron , 232 voltage-multiplying connections Spot , cathode , see Cathode spot 334 - 337 Sputtering , by positive ions , 148, 161, Skin effect , limits Q, 553 236 - 237 , 241 Smoothing -filter circuit , see Filter -circuit effect of gas pressure on , 241 , rectifier of electrodes in arc , 161 Solid state , 778 of oxide - coated cathode , 241 Solids , atomic structure of , 61 - 63 of thoriated - tungsten cathode , 236- 237 Space , dark , see Dark space Square -la \v modulation , see Modulation , Space charge , 7 square - law around thyratron grid , 262- 265 Square term in po \\'er series , effect of , density of, related to potential distribution 739 - 740 , 234-235 Squegging , 678 effect of , on potential distribution in Stability , gain, in amplifiers , 570, 580- diode , 125 - 132 581 . , . ~ . = . Y 00 ~ ~ - ~ - ~ ~ " - ! " " . ; : - . ~ = . : ~ ~ " , " ! : : . , - : SUBJECTINDE..:Y 877 Stability , in feedback amplifiers , 576- 581 Synchronous commutator as rectifier, of oscillators , amplitude , 668- 670, 672, 278-280 675 - 678 , 684 - 685 Synchrotron, 36, 39 frequency , 660, 680, 754

Stability criterion , transistor , 804- 805, T 808 , 810 Stabilization of direct voltage , electronic , Tantalum , 84 , 173 357 - 359 Taylor series , 198, 406 ; see also Po \ver by gas tube , 354- 357 serIes Stage , driver , 619 for diode , 730 - 734 Stage of amplification , 487 for diode and load , 732 - 734 Stagger -tuning , 563 for nonlinear functions , 198 , 730 - 735 Starter anode , 273 for triode , 198 , 734 - 738 State , of atom , excited , 136 , 148 for triode and load , 736 - 738 metastable , 137 - 139 utility of , 730, 734, 738 normal , 136 Telegraphy , frequency range of, 488-489 Static , 764 , 767 Telephone transmitter . 689 Static characteristics of vacuum triode , Telephony , carrier -current , 691, 744- 746, 187 - 192 ; see also Characteristic 753 curves frequency range of , 488- 489 Statistical methods , 68 - 71 Television , frequency range of, 489-490 Stefan -Boltzmann la \v, 82, 173 Temperature , brightness , 82 Sticking potential , 110 condensed - mercury , 242 Storage tubes , 103 distribution of , along filament , 170- 171 Stroboscope, 388 for outgassing of glass , 172 Stroboscopic photography , 275-276 of electron gas , 147 Subcarrier . 698 practical -operating , oxide -coated - Successive approximations , method of , cathode , 94 733 - 734 , 736 - 737 , 743 thermionic - emitter , 84 , 88 , 90 , 94 Sum component , in d-c amplifier , 505 thoriated -tungsten , 91 Superheterodyne , 757- 761, 777 Tetrode , 7, 164 , 200 - 206 ; see also Beam Superposition method of feedback analysis power tubes . 574- 576 as mixer . 758 Suppression of carrier wave , 753 gas, see Strobotron ; Thyratron , shield Suppressor grid , 206- 207, 212- 213, 714- grid 715 incremental equivalent circuit for , 407, Surges , in thyratron grid circuit , 265 427 Sweep generator , 390 in tuned amplifier , 558, 560, 562- 563 Switching operation , transistor , 819-825 input admittance of , 428 Symbols , for e]ectron tubes , 391- 392 intcrelectrode capacitances in , 201- 203, for grid current , 403- 405 425 - 427 for grids , 201 modulation with , 714 f or transistor 788 , negative resistance in , 205- 206 for ,'acuum - tube circuit ana ]ysis , 391- plate characteristic curves of , 202- 203, 393 , 441 , 476 - 477 205 problem on , 485- 486 potential distribution in , 203- 204 for vectors , 8 , 32 screen - grid , 202- 206 functional notation , 280 , 468 secondary emission in , 203 Symmetrical components in d-c amplifier shielding required for . 428 , 505 space -charge -grid , 201 Synchro, 378 transistor , 787 - 788 Synchrocyclotron, 38 voltage amplification ,vith , 416, 428 878 SUBJECTINDEX - Thermal noise , 495 - 496 Thyratron circuits , grid control in , 365- Thermionic emission , 75 - 95 ; see also 382 Oxide - coated cathode ; Thoriated - grid resistor for , 36i

tungsten cathode ; Tungsten on -or -off control of , by a.c., 374 cathode by d .c., 370- 371

constants of , 77 - 80 , 89 , 93 by phase shift of grid voltage , 374

current density of , 77 , 78 phase -shift control in , 372- 382

The \ ' enin 's theorem , use of , 514 , 539 , 589 Time -' -~lrying circuit element , as modulator

Thoriated - tungsten cathode , 89 - 91 , 689, 741- 742, 759

carburization of , 89 - 90 fiS rectifier , 278 - 280

disintegration of , by positive ions , 236 - Tolerance in , .acuum - tube ratings , 176 237 Total differential of plate current , 195,

limitations of , 91 405

Three - halves - power equation , derivation Townsend discharge ,' 149- 152, 159

of , 127 - 132 Trajectory , .S'ce Path of charged particle

for po :;itive - ion sheatll , 236 , 263 Tran ~conductance , con , -ersion , 760 - 761 in triodes , 187 grid -plate , 194 ; see al ::;o Mutual conductance

Thyratron , 254 , 258 - 271 ; see also Thyra - tron circuits negati ,-e, 216, 685, 688

control character i :; tic of , 261 - 262 , 370 , Tran ~fer characteristic cur -yes , 189 ; see 375 Ql .~(} Characteristic curies

current - limiting impedances necessary Transformation , conformal , 183

with , 259 , 265 Transformer , air - core , 558 - 563

definition of , 258 effect of , in polyphase rectifiers , 304 de - ionization time in , 265 - 267 in push -pull amplifier , 462- 466, 468

effect of negative grid voltage in , 258 , in single -phase rectifiers , 284- 285 262 - 265 input , 533

grid action after firing in , 262 - 265 interphase , 310- 312

grid action before firing in , 260 interstage , 533- 547

grid in , 257 - 259 , 267 - 269 output , 456- 458, 533- 534

grid sheath in , 262 - 265 for plate modulation , 712- 713 hydrogen , 265 - 267 push -pull , 462- 466

negative - control , 262 , 268 peaking , 375- 3i6

phototube control of , 367 , 370 , 380 rectifier , see Polyphase rectifier circuits

positive - control , 262 , 266 , 268 , 270 shielded , 530

shield - grid , 268 - 269 Transformer coupling , in amplifiers , 533-

starting characteristics of , 260 - 262 , 370 , 547 , 558 - 563 , 578 - 579 , 595 - 598 375 Transient response of compensated amplifier

trigger action of grid in , 258 - 259 , 568-569

Thyratron circuits , average current in , Transistor , see Transistors 368 - 369 Transistor amplifier , 803- 814

classification of control methods in , Transistor coefficients , 798 - 803

365 Transistor cut - off frequency , 818

continuous control of , by amplitude of Transistor incremental equivalent circuits

a .c ., 377 - 378 , 798- 803, 808, 810 Transistor oscillator , 825 - 826 [ 819 by d .c ., 367 - 371 Transistor performance limitations , 814- by d .c . and a .c ., 375 - 377 by phase - shift of grid voltage , 372 - Transistor pulse operation , 819-825 382 Transistor in!!," operation , 819-825

critical - grid - voltage curve for , 365 - 367 Transistors , 778 , 784 - 826

effect of grid cun 'ent in , 371 , 373 , 381 - ad ,-antages and disadvantages of , 778 382 feedback with , 5iO , 576 SUBJECT IiVDEX 879

Tran ~i~tors , frequency limitation :; of , Tuhes, capacitron, 251-252 817 - 818 cathode-ray, 19-25. 35-36 maximum power output from , 818- 819 characteristic curve .'; of , l3ee Character - noise in , 498 , 814 - 817 i ~tic curvc ~ power efficiency of , 818- 819 cold - cathode , 164 , 271 - 276 types of , 784- 788 Corn ! Jo:.;itc , 467 - 474 Tran :;it time , 14 , 15 , 25 , 54 , 56 , 166 , 219 - corona discharge , 273, 354 220 , 222 , 437 ('ounting , 275 in o :;ciliator :;, 667 critieal - di ~tl .m (~(). 212 tran ::;i~tor~ dispersion in , 818 diode , ,~(~e Diode Tran ~ition ; between energy leiel ~, 136 - di ::ic- seal , 221 139 electrometer , 191 - 192 from glo ,v to are , 160- 161 electron - beam , (:Iassification of , 20 from vacuum to gas diode , 229 - 232 electron -multiplier , 44- 48, 103, 119- 121 from \'acuum triode to thyratron , 257 electronic -computer , 217, 275 Translation , frequency , by modulation , excitron , 250 - 251 490 , 690 - 691 , 702 - 703 frequency -converter , 218- 219, 759- 761 Trigger action of th }Tatron grid , 258- 259 frequency -modulation , 217 Trigger generator , 390 gas , see all3o Gas tubes Triode , as mixer , 758 . amplifier , 259 cathode - bias for , 399 gated -beam , 214- 217 definition of , 7, 164 glo \v-discharge , 354 gas, 252- 258 ; see also Thyratron high -vacuum , l3ee Vaeuum tubes vacuum , amplification factor of , 189, ignitron , 251- 252, 365 193 inductive - output , 224 at ultra -high frequencies , 220, 223 Kenotron , 165 capacitance ratio in , 185, 193 Klystron , 221- 225 eharacteristic eurves of , 187 - 192 ; lighthouse , 221 see also Characteristic curves mercury - arc , see Mercury -arc rectifiers coefficients of , 192 - 198 microwave , 221 cut -off grid voltage in , 180 pentode , see Pentode disadvantage of , 201- 202 Per matron , 271 effect of contact potential difference plasmatron , 259 in , 186 radar , 210 electric field in , 178 - 180 reactance , 764 - 765 figure of merit for , 450 Rectigon , 241 grid current in , see Grid current remote - cut - off , 212 linear approximations for , 198- 200, secondary -emission , 217- 218 406 sharp -cut -off , 212 maximum power output from , 456 stepping -relay , 275 mutual conductance of , 194 storage , 103 })Iate resistanee of , 194 Strobotron , 275 - 276 }Joten tial distribution in , 178 , 183 supercontrol , 212 }Jotential minimum in , 180 telephone ringing , 275 rttting :; of , 174- 176 television , 19 , 25 , 210 reflex coeffieients for , 196 tetrod C', sec 'feu 'ode :;pace eharge in , 176- 178 thyratron , see Thyratron Taylor 8eries for , 734- 738 tra \"cling -wave , 225- 226 Tripier , frequeney , 622 trigger , 217- 218 Tube ~, band - igniter , 252 triode , see Triode battery -charging , 241 Tungar , 241 beltm power , 212 - 215 ultra -high-frequency , 219-226 880 SUBJECTINDEX . Tubes, ,'acuum, .~('e Vacuum tubes Vacuum tubes , per \ "eance of , 134 , 181 variable-}l., 212 plate resistance of , 194 velocity modulated, 221-225 rating of , 172- 176 voltage-reference, 359 Vacuum -type rectifier , 283- 284 ; see all5o voltage-regulator, 272-273, 354-359 Single -phase rectifier circuits Tuned circuits, 547-553 Valence electrons , 779 Class Band C amplifiers require, 619- Val \ "e , 277 , 640 ; see al ..,.o Gas tubes ; 620 Tubes ; Vacuum tuhcs ('oup~ed, 644-652 Vector cross products , 32 fly\, heeI effect of, 638-640, 677 V c (.tor ~, represcn ta tion of , 8 , 32 ; sce a l,.,.o }\alf-power frequenciesin, 552 Complex numbers in o~cillators, Q of, 674-675, 677-678 Velo <:ity , angular , of electron , 37 L/ (~ ratio in, 558, 648 charged particle , measurement of , 43- lo~..;f'~ in, 547-550 44 r('pr(\sC'ntation of, 547-550, 556 ot 'ift , in a mclcll , 62 , 66 ~ltlggi:;hnessof, 677-6i8 in plasma , 235- 236 :;tored energyin, 638-640, 677 initial emi :3~ion , 14 , 169 , 180 , 186 , 255 - Ttlnrrur!:? , 241 256 T\mg::;ten <:athodc, i9, 84-89 random , of electron ~ in a metal , 66 ('mi::;~ion constantsfor, 79, 85-88 Velocity di ~tributioll , in plasma , 236 life of, 84, 85, 88 of emitted electron H. 255 - 256 Velo (~ity -modulated (' le('tron beam , 221- u 225 Video frequen (~i(~~, 489- 490 unipolar fielu-effe<.:t tran:;i:;tor, 788 Vit ;ihle spc <:trum , 112 Unit.'::, ntlmericalcomputation~ with, 17- Vi :::ibility turvc , 113 19 Volt , electron , 17- 19 , 829 rationalization of, 17, 830 Volt - ampere character i~tic , see Characteristic tablesof, 830-831 curves Uranium, 62 Voltage , anode , see Anode , .oltage Utilizationfattor. 310. 316 control , 621 , 667 grid , see Grid voltage v in \.er~e, see Inverse - peak voltage plate , see Plate voltage Vaeuum, te~t for, in ,.aeuum tubes, 254 referente direction for , 391 - 393 , 395 , Vaeuum mea:5urement, ionization gage 476 for, 256-257 Volt 'ctge equi ,oulcnt of work funetion , Vaeuum tubes, 6, 164-228; 8ec al8u Diode 73 , 79 ; Pentode; Tetrode; Triode Volt 'ctge feedbuek , 571 - 573 ; I$('C al8o applieations of, elassified, 390 Feedbuek at very high frequencies, 219-226 Volulge -multipl )'ing conneetions of single coefficients for , 192-198 -phase re (~tifiers , 334- 337 eft'cct of gas pressureon grid current Voltm C'tcr , peak - indi Citlting, 329 in, 252-258 peak - la -peak indicating , 336 figure of merit for, 192, 450, 525 reetifier -type , 314 gas pressurein, 135, 145, 232, 252-258 Volume expander , 219 grid control in, 176-187 mean free path in, 145 w multielectrode, 218-219 multiplication of ,.oltage in, 218 \\-aic , definition of, 689 mutual conductanceof, 194 modulating, 689 SUBJECTINDEX 881

Wave nature of electron , 5 , 77 , 101 - 102 x Wavelength , threshold , 111, 114 White noise , 497 x - a:;:;oeiatetl kinetic energy of an electron . 71 - 72 Wien bridge , 682 \ \ Tork funetion , 73 - 75 X - ra~'s, eontribution of , to grit ! current , 254 definition of , 73 Xenon . 139 , 232 , 829 effe (:t of field on , 96 - 99 of oxide - eoated cathodes , 93 \ I~e of , in gas tub C's, 243 , 270 photoelectric , 113- 114 , 'ariation of , 80 z voltage equivalent of , 73, 79 Zero-drift , 502