History of Sound Motion Pictures by Edward W Kellogg Third Installment

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

History of Sound Motion Pictures by Edward W Kellogg Third Installment History of Sound Motion Pictures by Edward W Kellogg Third Installment History of Sound Motion Pictures by Edward W Kellogg Our thanks to Tom Fine for finding and scanning the Kellogg paper, which we present here as a “searchable image”. John G. (Jay) McKnight, Chair AES Historical Committee 2003 Dec 04 Copyright © 1955 SMPTE. Reprinted from the Journal of the SMPTE, 1955 June, pp 291...302; July, pp 356...374; and August, pp 422...437. This material is posted here with permission of the SMPTE. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the SMPTE. By choosing to view this document, you agree to all provisions of the copyright laws protecting it. FINAL I NSTA-LLMENT History of Sound Motion Pictures By EDWARD w. KELLOGG For the abstract of this paper which was presented on May 5,1954, at the Society's ing is reported by J. Crabtree in the Convention at Washington, D.C., see the first installment published in the June October 1933 and February 1934 Jour- Journal. The second installment appeared in the July Journal. See p. 437 for nals.232 errata in second installment. In 1934 C. N. Batsel described a non- slip contact printer2= employing a prin- ciple proposed and demonstrated earlier Developments Which Extended differs from this assumed average. By me- by A. V. Bedford for a different applica- the Frequency Range chanically stretching whichever film is tion.7@,234Bending a film stretches one shorter, two films can be moved together face and compresses the other, and it is Better Light-Modulating System for Vari- through an appreciable distance in per- only necessary that the contacting sur- able Area. Mention was made in the fect nonslipping contact. A printing sys- faces of the two films be made equal. section on loudspeakers of a demonstra- tem in which this was done was developed In the nonslip printer, the negative is tion by Dimmick and BelaP9 of sound by the Technicolor engineers for their rolled through the machine at fixed with extended frequency range. Aside color transfer, but it was not used for curvature, and the print stock (held from the 'improved loudspeakers and the sound prints. An extended investigation against the negative at the printing ribbon microphone (whose response was of the losses and irregularities in high-fre- point, where it is propelled solely by practically uniform from 60 to 10,000 quency response which result from slip- friction) is made automatically to assume cycles) there were a number of advances page and imperfect contact during print- the curvature at which identical numbers that contributed to the result. The new galvanometer and optical system made so much more light available that it was feasible to reduce the width of the April 8, 19.30. A V BEOFORD 1,754,187 recording beam to 4 mil, thus improving 8ELT OR STRIP DRIVING ARRANGEMENT resolution. No small factor in giving clean high frequencies is avoidance of flutter, Filed Nov 5. 1927 particularly rapid flutter such as 96 cycles. In the demonstrations, both Fig. I recording and reproduction were on magnetic-drive machines. * (The rotary R stabilizer was not yet available.) E f-' Ground-nois: reduction was by gal- vanometer bias with a single narrow line of transparent film when the modula- tion was zero, and it is my recollection that a measurement indicated a ratio better than 50 db between signal at full modulation and the ground noise when biased for zero modulation. Nonslip Printer and Improved Sprocket- Type Printers. With the sprocket-type contact printers in almost universal use, a certain amount of slipping of the nega- tive with respect to the print film is almost inevitable. The curvature at the sprocket compensates for a certain negative shrink- Fis.2. age at which the ratio of radii of the shrunk negative and unshrunk print stock is just equal to the ratio of their lengths. The sprocket diameter is designed to make this compensation correct for an average negative shrinkage, but it will be only ap- proximate for negatives whose shrinkage *The special film-phonograph used in the demonstrations was a prototype of those used in the Disney Fantasia reproduction (see Fig. 7, p. 136, Jour. SMPE, Aug. 1941). The film was pulled by the magnetically driven drum over a curved supporting plate where the tracks were scanned, and was steadied at the other end of the plate by another drum with flywheel. This was an anticipation of the double flywheel system Fig. 17. Control of film speed .by flexure (A. V. Bedford). Principle later used in now used with magnetic tape and film. nonslip printer. 422 August 1955 Journal of the SMPTE Volume 64 of sprocket holes are fed through in a comes up only with 35mm-to-35mm nition was the fact that ultraviolet light given time. printing, for which optical printers are is more rapidly absorbed in the emulsion The nonslip printer was not built for rarely used. than is visible light. The increased sale by RCA, but free license and draw- In spi%e of such improvements as absorption must be compensated for by ings were offered, and numerous labora- have been made in developer turbulation increased intensity, but the net effect is tories built and used them, notably in the processing machines, the sprocket that the exposure is confined more nearly Consolidated Film Industries in Holly- type of printer does not appear to have to the surface where the silver halide wood and Ace Film Laboratory in any strong competitor for density prints. grains are more completely used, and the Brooklyn.23 In such a situation the efforts of several result is less graininess. Most important A printer based on the identical prin- Eastman engineers”2.113 to improve of all is that the light scattered by the ciple was developed independently by sprocket action are well justified. The emulsion does not spread as far sidewise, R. V. Wood.”6 shrinkage-compensating sprocket de- and thus enlarge the image, as does Although nonslip printers were not scribed above under “Mechanical Sys- visible light.N2s2a made in large numbers, and did not to tems” should result in great improve- Dimmick reported the results of tests any great extent displace the con- ments. The new film-base materials with with ultraviolet in August 1936.2u He ventional sprocket type of contact printer, their reduced shrinkage should also make had found it possible to obtain adequate they served to demonstrate how much for better results with printers of the exposure with the regular incandescent improvement was possible through better sprocket type.391 lamps and Corning No. 584 filters. printing, and in this way stimulated Conversion for ultraviolet recording makers and users of sprocket printers to Optical Printers. Cost and quick produc- involved provision for the filter, redesign improve their machines and maintain tion have been dominating considera- of the objective lens, and substitution of them in the best possible condition. tions in much 16mm production, and glasses with less ultraviolet absorption In a number of laboratories it appeared contact printing on the sprocket has pre- for other lenses in the system. Many of that better prints resulted if the teeth vailed, the printers being simpler than the variable-area recording systems were were removed from the side of the other types and available in large num- converted. Single-film newsreel systems sprocket next to the soundtrack, leaving bers to meet the heavy wartime de- (with the sound recorded on panchro- only a smooth supporting rim. The mands. However, registration of nega- matic negatives) were especially benefited theory behind this is not clear unless it tive and positive perforations is not a by use of ~ltraviolet.~~~,~~~ is that such disturbances of contact as factor in the quality of 16mm prints of The results obtainable by the applica- are due to film sticking on the teeth are either density or area tracks. There is tion of ultraviolet exposure to variable- thus kept further from the soundtrack. thus no obstacle on this score either to density films were studied and reported There were two reasons which limited nonslip printers or to optical printers by Frayne and Pagliarulo in June 1949.247 the use of the nonslip printer. Since with independently filtered film motion, They found major improvement in there is a very narrow region of close and both types have been used, the definition and reduced distortion, but contact: the printing beam had to be nonslip for printing from 16mm nega- only about 1 db reduction in ground narrow. Under such conditions any tives, and the optical principally for noise. Further experiences with ultra- speed irregularities cause variation in printing on 16mm film from 35mm nega- violet are reported by Daily and print exposure, which sometimes be- tive~,=~-~~~but also with a 1 : 1 optical Chambers.248 comes audible in density prints. While system for printing from 16mm negatives Many printers were modified to print there is no valid excuse for such speed (Precision Film Laboratories, New sound with ultraviolet. High-intensity variations, this trouble contributed to the York) mercury arc lamps were widely used for conclusion that the nonslip printer was The Eastman Co. has designed several the printers. unsatisfactory for density printing. Film models of optical reduction printers Ultraviolet exposure gives lower laboratory operators were naturally in which the 35mm and 16mm films gamma for the same development than averse to maintaining one type of printer are on sprockets on opposite ends of a does white light.
Recommended publications
  • John Logan Koepke and David G. Robinson* in the Last Five Years
    DANGER AHEAD: RISK ASSESSMENT AND THE FUTURE OF BAIL REFORM John Logan Koepke and David G. Robinson* In the last five years, legislators in all fifty states and many localities have made changes to their pretrial justice systems. Reform efforts aim to shrink jails by incarcerating fewer poor, low-risk defendants, and particularly, fewer racial minorities. Many jurisdictions are embracing pretrial risk assessment instruments — statistical tools that use historical data to forecast which defendants can safely be released — as a centerpiece of these changes. Scholars, system practitioners, advocates, and journalists are increasingly questioning the extent to which pretrial risk assessment instruments actually serve these goals. Existing scholarship and debate centers on how the instruments may reinforce racial disparities, and on how their opaque algorithms may frustrate due process interests. In this article, we highlight three underlying challenges that have yet to receive the attention they require. First, today’s risk assessment tools make what we term “zombie predictions.” That is, the predictive models are trained on data from older bail regimes, and are blind to the risk-reducing benefits of recent bail reforms. This will lead to predictions that systematically overestimate risk. Second, the “decision- making frameworks” that mediate the court system’s use of risk estimates embody crucial moral judgments, yet currently escape public scrutiny. Third, in the longer term, these new tools risk giving an imprimatur of scientific objectivity to ill-defined concepts of “dangerousness”; pave the way for a possible increase in preventive detention; and may entrench the Supreme Court’s historically recent blessing of preventive detention for dangerousness.
    [Show full text]
  • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title TESTING TECHNIQUES USED IN THE QUALITY SELECTION OF RCA 6810 MULTIPLIER PHOTOTUBES Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5jv0v3kb Author Kirsten, Frederick A. Publication Date 1956-10-16 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ' TWO-WEEK LOAN COPY This is a Library Circulating Copy which may be borrowed for two weeks. For a personal retention copy, call Tech. Info. Diuision, Ext. 5545 BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or the Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or the Regents of the University of California. · UCRL- 3430(rev.) Engineering Distribution UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Radiation Laboratory Berkeley,. California Contract No. W -7405-eng-48 • •·l TESTING TECHNIQUES USED IN THE QUALITY SELECTION OF RCA 6810 MULTIPLIER PHOTOTUBES .
    [Show full text]
  • V'j/SO14 RCA's Broadcast Antenna Center
    V'J/SO14 Broadcast and Teleproduction Happenings PTL-'The Inspirational Network" Expands WDZL -TV, New 24 -Hour UHF RCA's Broadcast Antenna Center Quality Video's Mobile Unit www.americanradiohistory.com On the move. for you! 4,-. ..._V,. at" \ ,,\ 1 bt, . V I . O.. I . ` . .,S{+?f " \ Y '1 y^$(.. 4 , ,. P .. 1N " 1 , ; rÿ: I:IYf . ;-- ' !Í "' II-, i..R . a. : RCA Y{RWJä1sCAb7 6Y&Taa -1 f, ...,p,a- -.Ni l¡ JI ^ Idi.1 0 1 f' .i.w , +u. --^jyL ' r +,., p _ f ÿ'S 1, y, wpkM3.xyn. ,, nasr : . l . r -.-- / ( ,r w. }'Y, ) `r---._ .:. , a./ _ .*.Yd.g j 'i2N'-rE .., 3 s!Y ` 5 -,:. .` 'ß` ,...7.!: r.i/ .. 1 c.i` 1,'fy.VrY, *--rit, j+i .. ;j -'' - , }. - r* 1,:& r.1. `da .a ..\.". 47-77::` N1u " ` yy',, C ` .a..s"ç. _- 1, - l'3aa-y..í.-,.+D:.. `... View from United Slates Avenue There is a new RCA Broadcast Systems Di- We're moving toward a full integrated vision, operating from a new headquar- operation -consolidating administration, ters location in Gibbsboro, New Jersey. engineering and manufacturing in one Administrative operations- marketing, area for added efficiency and customer - product management, Tech Alert, cus- responsive service. tomer service and finance -are already in RCA Broadcast Systems move to Gibbs - place on site, and a new building is under boro reaffirms our commitment to remain construction. When completed later this the industry's leading supplier of quality year, TV transmitter engineering and pro- products, with unequalled support duction will move from Meadow Lands, services.
    [Show full text]
  • 42" 1080P LCD Flat Panel HDTV
    L42FHD37 42" 1080p LCD Flat Panel HDTV Features and Benefits For the ultimate in High Definition viewing, RCA introduces the new Full 1080p L42FHD37. It featuresFull 1080p HDTV technology performance for crisp, lifelike details, SRS® WOW Audio Enhancement, fast panel response times, and 5 HD inputs: 3 HDMI (v1.3) and 2 HD Component. This television is also HDMI-CEC compliant making it easier to control your components connected via HDMI with the TV’s remote control. The RCA L42FHD37 is an incredible value that is designed to be a breeze to operate with stunning picture performance and sensible innovations. RCA HDTV. Color Beyond Reality. This TV is ENERGY STAR® qualified and features RCA’sIntuilight™ light sensor which detects ambient room light to automatically adjust contrast on the screen. The result is more energy-efficiency that is perfectly balanced for your room’s environment—night or day. PRODUCT SIZE (W X H X D) WITH stand: 40 X 28.4 X 10.2 INCHES || W/O stand: 40 X 26 X 4.4 INCHES * Cable TV subscription required. Check with your cable company for availability in your area. L42FHD37 Specifications JACK paNELS Side Panel Back Panel TECHNOLOGY REAR CONNECTIONS — OUTPUTS Tuner NTSC/ATSC/QAM Digital Audio Output (SPDIF) 1 - Optical Analog Video Formats (NTSC/480i) Composite, S-Vid, Component SIDE PANEL — INPUTS Video Formats (480p, 720p, 1080i, Component, RGB, HDMI Composite Video Input 1 1080p) S-Video Input 1 R L HDTV Capability Yes Audio Input for Composite 1 R L Category LCD HDMI Inputs ** 1 DVI AUDIO INPUT USB Input 1 - SW
    [Show full text]
  • Iii. Modern Electronic Techniques Applied to Physics and Engineering
    _~__~~n~~____ I_~__ III. MODERN ELECTRONIC TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING A. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MICROWAVE ACCELERATOR Staff: Professor J. C. Slater Professor A. F. Kip Dr. W. H. Bostick R. J. Debs P. T. Demos M. Labitt L. Maier S. J. Mason I. Polk J. R. Terrall Since the last progress report, primary emphasis has been on con- struction of additional lengths of accelerating cavity and the associated equipment necessary for operation. Primary design work has been finished on all components necessary for operation of the accelerator and most com- ponents are in the process of being assembled. The following items include recent developments and design details which have not been mentioned earlier. Delivery on the 2-Mev Van de Graaff machine is expected at an early date. A pulsing circuit to modulate the electron beam from the Van de Graaff machine has been designed and built. Since this circuit is to be placed in the dome of the machine at high pres- sure, all component parts have been subjected to 400 lb/in2 pressure to ensure that they have the necessary strength. Machining work on the one-foot accelerator sections is essentially completed. Assembly and brazing of the parts are now in progress. The final design for the 20-foot accelerator tube has been slightly modified in that it has been divided into three sections which are isolated from each other rf-wise by short drift tubes which act as waveguides beyond cut-off. The primary purpose of this procedure is to allow for tuning each section to optimum frequency independently.
    [Show full text]
  • HOLLYWOOD – the Big Five Production Distribution Exhibition
    HOLLYWOOD – The Big Five Production Distribution Exhibition Paramount MGM 20th Century – Fox Warner Bros RKO Hollywood Oligopoly • Big 5 control first run theaters • Theater chains regional • Theaters required 100+ films/year • Big 5 share films to fill screens • Little 3 supply “B” films Hollywood Major • Producer Distributor Exhibitor • Distribution & Exhibition New York based • New York HQ determines budget, type & quantity of films Hollywood Studio • Hollywood production lots, backlots & ranches • Studio Boss • Head of Production • Story Dept Hollywood Star • Star System • Long Term Option Contract • Publicity Dept Paramount • Adolph Zukor • 1912- Famous Players • 1914- Hodkinson & Paramount • 1916– FP & Paramount merge • Producer Jesse Lasky • Director Cecil B. DeMille • Pickford, Fairbanks, Valentino • 1933- Receivership • 1936-1964 Pres.Barney Balaban • Studio Boss Y. Frank Freeman • 1966- Gulf & Western Paramount Theaters • Chicago, mid West • South • New England • Canada • Paramount Studios: Hollywood Paramount Directors Ernst Lubitsch 1892-1947 • 1926 So This Is Paris (WB) • 1929 The Love Parade • 1932 One Hour With You • 1932 Trouble in Paradise • 1933 Design for Living • 1939 Ninotchka (MGM) • 1940 The Shop Around the Corner (MGM Cecil B. DeMille 1881-1959 • 1914 THE SQUAW MAN • 1915 THE CHEAT • 1920 WHY CHANGE YOUR WIFE • 1923 THE 10 COMMANDMENTS • 1927 KING OF KINGS • 1934 CLEOPATRA • 1949 SAMSON & DELILAH • 1952 THE GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH • 1955 THE 10 COMMANDMENTS Paramount Directors Josef von Sternberg 1894-1969 • 1927
    [Show full text]
  • 7.4 UV, Visible and Near IR Detectors
    7.4 UV, Visible and Near IR Detectors • in the photoelectric effect light ejects an electron from a metal surface • a vacuum phototube converts a light flux into an electrical current, and is useful for detecting high levels of light • a photomultiplier converts a single photon into a current pulse, and is useful for detecting low levels of light • photodiodes are based on the promotion of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band of semiconductors, and are useful for detecting both high and low levels of light 7.4 : 1/8 Photoelectric Effect • because metals contain free electrons they can absorb UV, visible, and near IR radiation • if the energy of the absorbed photon is greater than the ______ ________ of the metal, an electron is ejected into the vacuum • the energy of the photon equals the work function of the metal plus the kinetic energy of the electron hc1 hc =+mv2 ωλ = λ 2 0 ω where ω is the work function, and λ0 is the wavelength that just barely ejects an electron • alkali metals are commonly used in detectors metal Li Na K Rb Cs ω 2.9 eV 2.75 2.3 2.16 2.14 λ0 428 nm 451 539 574 579 • mixtures of alkali metals can give λ0 as high as ______ nm • because __________ energy can combine with optical energy, the onset of photo-ejection is gradual 7.4 : 2/8 Vacuum Phototube A metallic surface with a low work function is placed inside an evacuated tube. When light interacts with the metal, electrons are photo-ejected.
    [Show full text]
  • Film Essay for "This Is Cinerama"
    This Is Cinerama By Kyle Westphal “The pictures you are now going to see have no plot. They have no stars. This is not a stage play, nor is it a feature picture not a travelogue nor a symphonic concert or an opera—but it is a combination of all of them.” So intones Lowell Thomas before introduc- ing America to a ‘major event in the history of entertainment’ in the eponymous “This Is Cinerama.” Let’s be clear: this is a hyperbol- ic film, striving for the awe and majesty of a baseball game, a fireworks show, and the virgin birth all rolled into one, delivered with Cinerama gave audiences the feeling they were riding the roller coaster the insistent hectoring of a hypnotically ef- at Rockaway’s Playland. Courtesy Library of Congress Collection. fective multilevel marketing pitch. rama productions for a year or two. Retrofitting existing “This Is Cinerama” possesses more bluster than a politi- theaters with Cinerama equipment was an enormously cian on the stump, but the Cinerama system was a genu- expensive proposition—and the costs didn’t end with in- inely groundbreaking development in the history of motion stallation. With very high fixed labor costs (the Broadway picture exhibition. Developed by inventor Fred Waller from employed no less than seventeen union projectionists), an his earlier Vitarama, a multi-projector system used primari- unusually large portion of a Cinerama theater’s weekly ly for artillery training during World War II, Cinerama gross went back into the venue’s operating costs, leaving sought to scrap most of the uniform projection standards precious little for the producers.
    [Show full text]
  • First Words: the Birth of Sound Cinema
    First Words The Birth of Sound Cinema, 1895 – 1929 Wednesday, September 23, 2010 Northwest Film Forum Co-Presented by The Sprocket Society Seattle, WA www.sprocketsociety.org Origins “In the year 1887, the idea occurred to me that it was possible to devise an instrument which should do for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear, and that by a combination of the two all motion and sound could be recorded and reproduced simultaneously. …I believe that in coming years by my own work and that of…others who will doubtlessly enter the field that grand opera can be given at the Metropolitan Opera House at New York [and then shown] without any material change from the original, and with artists and musicians long since dead.” Thomas Edison Foreword to History of the Kinetograph, Kinetoscope and Kineto-Phonograph (1894) by WK.L. Dickson and Antonia Dickson. “My intention is to have such a happy combination of electricity and photography that a man can sit in his own parlor and see reproduced on a screen the forms of the players in an opera produced on a distant stage, and, as he sees their movements, he will hear the sound of their voices as they talk or sing or laugh... [B]efore long it will be possible to apply this system to prize fights and boxing exhibitions. The whole scene with the comments of the spectators, the talk of the seconds, the noise of the blows, and so on will be faithfully transferred.” Thomas Edison Remarks at the private demonstration of the (silent) Kinetoscope prototype The Federation of Women’s Clubs, May 20, 1891 This Evening’s Film Selections All films in this program were originally shot on 35mm, but are shown tonight from 16mm duplicate prints.
    [Show full text]
  • Exposing Eddie Cantor, Trouble -Maker Why Frank Munn Sings to a Lost Love
    THE LARGEST CIRCULATION OF ANY RADIO MAGAZINE FRED ALLEN AND PORTLAND HOFFA EXPOSING EDDIE CANTOR, TROUBLE -MAKER WHY FRANK MUNN SINGS TO A LOST LOVE . www.americanradiohistory.com New Kind of Dry Rouge aCt y Ataiz.0 on ag cz'ary. ALL NIGMT f , ,d,u.,.,g,r.,,,, ,1,1 de, ,,,h, , . ra :°;'.r,;, NAIL 1,1_ How often you have noticed that most dry rouge seems to lose the i uiry of its color within an hour or so of its application. That is beeatse the sr.droucc particles are so coarse ve n texture, , that they simply, fall areuy from your skin. SAVAGE Rouge, as Your ,nse of touch will instantly tell you, is a great ,lead finer in restore and :miter thin ordinary rouge. Its particles being so infinitely line. adhere much more closely to the skin than rouge has ever clung before. In leer, SAVAGE Rouge, for this reason, clings so insistently, it seems to bee a part of the skin itself ... refusing to y eld, even to the savage caresses its tempting smoorhirers and poise- quickening color might easily invite. The price its ?Cc and the shades, to keep sour lips and cheeks in thrilling harmony, match perfects' drove of SAVAGE LIPSTICK . known as the o transparent-colored indelible lipstick that aer1.1,11y keeps lips seductively soft instead Of drain.e them as indelible lipstick usually does. Apply it rub it in, and delight i ,hiding your lips lusciously, lastingly tinted, yet utterly grease- less. Only :Cc .rid each or the tout hues is as vibrantly alluring, as completely intoxicating as a ¡oriole niche Everyone has found them so.
    [Show full text]
  • Fantasias Music History Through Animation Background
    Disney’s Two Fantasias Music History Through Animation Background “The beauty and inspiration of music must not be restricted to a privileged few, but must be made available to every man, woman and child.” - Leopold Stokowski, 1940 “Fantasia is.. the beginning of a new technique for the screen.. and a greater development of sound recording and reproduction.” - Walt Disney, 1940 - Disney’s idea of marrying animation and music had begun in 1929 with the Silly Symphonies series (The Skeleton Dance, 1929, Flowers and Trees, 1932, first Technicolor release, The Old Mill, 1937, first multi-plane animation). Mickey was purposely left out. - by late-1930’s, Mickey’s popularity was failing, so Disney conceived the idea of starring Mickey in a Silly Symphony based on Paul Dukas’ The Sorcerer’s Apprentice - Disney ran into Stokowski in a Beverly Hills restaurant and discussed the idea with him. They soon elaborated it into a feature length film consisting of several contrasting musical works. Disney at first called it The Concert Feature. - Stokowski suggested Fantasia, a musical term meaning “a composition unrestricted by formal design, free reign for fantasy and imagination” - originally conceived as a continually changing concert program, with new pieces added and old ones withdrawn on a continuing basis. Leopold Stokowski • born in London, 1882 emigrated to New York in 1905 • 1912 conductor of Philadelphia Orchestra • an early champion of recorded orchestra music - • “The recording process will one day reproduce music better than heard in the concert hall” • experiments with 3-channel stereo sound at Bell Labs • Philadelphia Orchestra transmitted over three phone lines to Washington, DC • unconventional positioning of instruments in order to produce a better recording • conducted without a baton (hands only), as shown in Fantasia and parodied in Long Haired Hare • by 1937 was well known to American audiences through film & radio appearances • had developed a 9 microphone recording system (mixed to mono) for earlier film recording.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Template
    Copyright by Colleen Leigh Montgomery 2017 THE DISSERTATION COMMITTEE FOR COLLEEN LEIGH MONTGOMERY CERTIFIES THAT THIS IS THE APPROVED VERSION OF THE FOLLOWING DISSERTATION: ANIMATING THE VOICE: AN INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS OF VOCAL PERFORMANCE IN DISNEY AND PIXAR FEATURE ANIMATION Committee: Thomas Schatz, Supervisor James Buhler, Co-Supervisor Caroline Frick Daniel Goldmark Jeff Smith Janet Staiger ANIMATING THE VOICE: AN INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS OF VOCAL PERFORMANCE IN DISNEY AND PIXAR FEATURE ANIMATION by COLLEEN LEIGH MONTGOMERY DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN AUGUST 2017 Dedication To Dash and Magnus, who animate my life with so much joy. Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the invaluable support, patience, and guidance of my co-supervisors, Thomas Schatz and James Buhler, and my committee members, Caroline Frick, Daniel Goldmark, Jeff Smith, and Janet Staiger, who went above and beyond to see this project through to completion. I am humbled to have to had the opportunity to work with such an incredible group of academics whom I respect and admire. Thank you for so generously lending your time and expertise to this project—your whose scholarship, mentorship, and insights have immeasurably benefitted my work. I am also greatly indebted to Lisa Coulthard, who not only introduced me to the field of film sound studies and inspired me to pursue my intellectual interests but has also been an unwavering champion of my research for the past decade.
    [Show full text]