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Aftermath of Immigration Enforcement in a New Destination Community By The Browning of Threat: The “Unintended” Aftermath of Immigration Enforcement in a New Destination Community by Felicia Arriaga Department of Sociology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Supervisor ___________________________ Amada Armenta ___________________________ . Jessi Streib ___________________________ Martin Reuf Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 ABSTRACT The Browning of Threat: The “Unintended” Aftermath of Immigration Enforcement in a New Destination Community by Felicia Arriaga Department of Sociology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Eduardo Bonilla-Silva Supervisor ___________________________ Amada Armenta ___________________________ Jessi Streib ___________________________ Martin Ruef An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 Copyright by Felicia Ann Arriaga 2018 Abstract My dissertation is a mixed-methods approach to investigate how local law enforcement implements federal immigration enforcement programs throughout the state of North Carolina. I’ve spent time as a participant observer as well as conducted formal and informal follow-up interviews with attendees at 287(g) Steering committee meetings and/or persons previously involved with each program in each of the following counties: 1) Henderson County, 2) Gaston County, 3) Cabarrus County, 4) Wake County, and 5) Mecklenburg County. I’ve supplemented this information with archival data from counties during their adoption phase of the 287(g) program and incorporated related immigration information when relevant. In this research, first, I document how various entities became crimmigration entities. Second, I theorize how these partnerships became normalized in order to protect a variety of white interests. Lastly, I focus on how this one program might be situated within a broader framework, which attempts to define immigration enforcement practices at the local level. iv Dedication To my Latinx, immigrant community who pushed me to see that, “the only secure community is an organized one.” v Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... x List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. xi Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... xii 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.1. Why North Carolina? ............................................................................................... 10 1.3 Dissertation Overview ....................................................................................................... 12 1.3.1 Chapter 2 Overview: Relationships Between the Public and Crimmigration Entities in North Carolina: A 287(g) Program Focus ............................................................................. 13 1.3.2 Chapter 3 Overview: Collective Amnesia: White Innocence and Ignorance in the Devolution of Immigration Enforcement .............................................................................. 13 1.3.3 Chapter 4 Overview: Redefining Responses to Racialized Immigrant Threat ............. 14 2. Relationships Between the Public and Crimmigration Entities in North Carolina: A 287(g) Program Focus ............................................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 17 2.1.1 Racial threat and local law enforcement responses ...................................................... 17 2.1.2 Becoming crimmigration entities ................................................................................. 20 2.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................. 23 2.3 Findings ............................................................................................................................. 28 2.3.1 Program Adoption Rationale ........................................................................................ 28 vi 2.3.2 Program Implementation .............................................................................................. 31 2.3.3 Program Ownership ...................................................................................................... 35 2.3.4 Nonexistent Community Relationships ........................................................................ 40 2.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 44 2.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 45 3. Collective Amnesia: White Innocence and Ignorance in the Devolution of Immigration Enforcement ................................................................................................................................... 47 3.1 Local Immigration Enforcement ....................................................................................... 48 3.2 Data Sources ...................................................................................................................... 50 3.3 Additional Context ............................................................................................................ 51 3.3.1 Community Input During Initial Implementation ........................................................ 51 3.3.2 Reasons for Implementation ......................................................................................... 54 3.3.3 Maintaining Accountability .......................................................................................... 57 3.4 Collective Amnesia ........................................................................................................... 60 3.4.1 White Ignorance ........................................................................................................... 61 3.4.2 White Innocence ........................................................................................................... 65 3.4.3 White Savior Mentality ................................................................................................ 71 3.4.4 White Economic Power ................................................................................................ 74 3.5 Maintaining a System ........................................................................................................ 76 3.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 79 4. Redefining Responses to Racialized Immigrant Threat .................................................... 83 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 83 vii 4.2 Literature Review ........................................................................................................... 85 4.2.1 Racial Threat and Local Law Enforcement Responses......................................... 85 4.3 Data Sources .................................................................................................................... 88 4.4 Dimensions of Enforcement .......................................................................................... 92 4.4.1 Dimension One: Indirect Collaboration-Identification Procedures/Protocols Pre-Jail Entry ....................................................................................................................... 92 4.4.2 Dimension Two: Technology Usage ....................................................................... 93 4.4.3 Dimension Three: Deputized Staff .......................................................................... 94 4.4.4 Dimension Four: Reimbursement Funds ............................................................... 95 4.4.5 Dimension Five: Honoring Detainer/Hold Requests ........................................... 95 4.4.6 Dimension Six: Intergovernmental Service Agreements ..................................... 97 4.4.7 Dimension Seven: Participation in Interagency Task Forces with ICE .............. 97 4.4.8 Dimension Eight: Additional Context Needed to Aid ICE ................................. 97 4.5 How Various Departments/Offices Define Local Immigration Enforcement ........ 98 4.5.1 Local Government
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