July/August 2020 • Volume 48 • Number 4

Inside Special Issue:

George Floyd’s Murder Is Race, Police Violence, and Justice 3 the Twenty-first Century Emmett Till Moment: How Sociological Research Sociological Promise in an Age of Crises Informs Police Reform Aldon Morris, Leon Forrest Professor of years later, reached a similar conclu- pandemic, an economic crisis, and Police, Culture, and Sociology and African American Studies, sion: “Our nation is moving toward civil unrest. Perhaps now white 5 Inequality Northwestern University, and ASA two societies, one black, one white Americans are more likely to listen President-elect — separate and unequal.” However, to second sights from African 7 Legal Estrangement: A Second Sight Amidst Crises Douglass’ America did not move Americans because it is evident that, Concept for These Times to separate societies in the 1960s; as Martin Luther King, Jr. insisted, lack people separate societies emerged during “We are tied together in the single 9 Race, Violence, Justice, and Bpossess slavery and never transcended this garment of destiny, caught in an Campus Police critical second split caused by the original sin of inescapable network of mutuality. sights—abilities slavery. And whatever affects one directly Who’s Looting Whom? to critically W. E. B. Du Bois was acutely affects all indirectly.” King warned, 11 Criminal Justice as Revenue analyze struc- aware of the chasm between the “We must learn to live together as Racket tures and situ- Black and white world. He argued brothers or perish together as fo o l s .” ations— when Eight Bullets, Eight Aldon Morris that Black life existed behind a white Because of these triple threats, I evaluating 13 Minutes – What Breonna imposed veil that locked Black believe a unique historical moment America. One hundred sixty-eight Taylor And George Floyd people into a state of structural has emerged. Will we waste this years ago, as Blacks labored in Had in Common inequality and truncated self-con- newly opened window or embrace chains building the American sciousness. Because of their belief it creatively, thus enabling a vital The Love Note That empire, Frederick Douglass was in racial superiority, whites never transformation? 15 asked by the Rochester, NY Ladies’ bothered to look behind the veil and Launched a Movement Corona Pandemic Anti-Slavery Society to deliver a see Blacks as human beings. Rather, The Demography of speech commemorating the signing they treated Blacks with contempt, The COVID-19 pandemic has 17 Police-Involved Homicides of the Declaration of Independence. pity, and distorted their very being. shattered life across the globe. Douglass, an escaped slave and Because of their place behind the This is especially true for America ASA Election Results...... 18 towering abolitionist, was agitated veil, Du Bois grasped that Blacks because it is the epicenter of the virus with high rates of infection, ASA Award Winners...... 18 by even being asked to celebrate viewed America through a different the 4th of July while his people lens. Their lens revealed that white sickness, and death. Americans have New MFP Recipients...... 23 remained trapped in bondage. In Americans lived a deceptive lie of always considered themselves the New Sociological Theory Editor...... 24 the speech, Douglass spoke from white supremacy while preaching most advanced, powerful, and civ- his core personal experience, democracy but practicing oppres- ilized country in the world. I have Research Snapshot...... 25 “This Fourth of July is yours, not sion, especially racism. Although always been struck by how often New FAD Grantees...... 26 mine, You may rejoice, I must Blacks repeatedly tried to inform this claim is uttered without rebut- tal. Now the country is embarrassed Committee on Presidential mourn.” Then his oratory shifted to whites of this deadly hypocrisy, by its awful and unsophisticated Biographies...... 27 the collective when he put his white their arrogance, coupled with white audience on the racial hot spot: privilege, prevented them from response to the deadly virus. Often Professional Development What, to the American slave, listening to their “lesser” humans. “lesser developed” countries have Videos...... 28 is your 4th of July? I answer; a The black experience generated a developed more effective strategies Sections Support MFP...... 28 day that reveals to him, more rich authentic knowledge regarding for addressing the virus and mini- the nature of America. Because of mizing its devastating effects. This Thank You to Member Donors...... 29 than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty these painful accumulated experi- outcome ought to humble America’s Announcements...... 30 to which he is the constant ences behind the veil, Black people, sense of its exceptional greatness. victim….There is not a nation according to Du Bois, gained a Considering the virus, we should on the earth guilty of practices gifted second sight in this American juxtapose our human values to more shocking and bloody world. Yet, even today, it seems the how we value material possessions. than are the people of these barriers preventing whites from This is especially true of powerful United States, at this very hour. benefitting from Black second sight rich Americans who clutch their mansions, yachts, private planes and Douglass demonstrated that are too steep to overcome. But will dividends at the expense of most from the beginning Black and white that remain forever true? Americans, especially the poor and Americans lived in separate worlds. Americans are currently locked The 1968 Kerner Commission, 116 inside a triple prison: Corona Continued on Page 2 footnotes 1 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Race, Police Violence, and Justice

Sociological Promise knew many Black people were From Page 1 unemployed, but they thought it was Black’s own fault because they racial minorities. lacked a strong work ethic. For The pandemic has exposed whites, Black unemployment was a deep racial health disparities. For personal Black failure rather than a decades, sociologists, epidemi- structural problem. ologists and health experts have Because of the pandemic, unem- documented the health crises ployed whites are in the same job- confronting African Americans, less boat as Blacks. They don’t like it. Latinos, Native Americans and the Individuals as disparately posi- poor. Nevertheless, most whites tioned as the sociologist William have paid scant attention to these Julius Wilson and the presumptive disparities, although COVID-19 Democratic presidential nominee, may change these attitudes. As the Joe Biden, have argued that jobs are pandemic surged, Black and brown about much more than money. For bodies continued to expire in large Wilson, jobs provide people with numbers, making the conclusion hope and a sense of importance. mately led to violence, were police and police brutality. Slave revolts, inescapable that decades of racism For Biden, “a job is about a lot more actions in almost half the cases; bus boycotts, sit-ins, marches, and in health care accounts for the stag- than a paycheck. It’s about dignity.” police actions were ‘final’ incidents urban rebellions constitute pillars gering disproportionate numbers of Unemployed whites are experienc- before the outbreak of violence in 12 of this historic freedom struggle. Black and brown fatalities. ing this loss of dignity which they of the 24 surveyed disorders.” The social movement is a grassroots I have participated in numerous considered a God-given entitlement. Generally, whites have overlooked effort of the oppressed to overthrow conversations with white scholars They know their unemployment police brutality in Black commu- domination. Its power derives from and whites generally about racial is a structural problem that leaves nities, viewing it as necessary and the ability of masses to disrupt soci- health disparities leading to fewer them personally humiliated. The fair to control Black crime. Black ety so it cannot function as usual. In years of life, high infant mortality, question is whether they extend this people, utilizing their lived expe- his 1963 “Letter from a Birmingham hypertension, obesity, and diabetes structural analysis to unemployed riences and second sight, pleaded Jail,” Martin Luther King, Jr. suc- for people of color. But now those Blacks or continue to see them as with police, courts, and governing cinctly summarized what he hoped conversation are different. After the lazy welfare cheats. Worse, some elites to address police brutality. In the Birmingham campaign needed initial shock of massive Black and whites may blame Blacks for their return, police continued to beat, to accomplish to force durable brown deaths, whites are beginning unemployment woes, viewing them murder, and imprison Black people structural change: “The purpose to express righteous indignation as less qualified affirmative action which led to the present era of mass of our direct-action program is to about racism determining access hires. Perhaps whites will choose the incarceration. Repeated scenes of create a situation so crisis packed to quality health care. I challenge wisest route by gaining second sight Black mothers, fathers, and families that it will inevitably open the door them: “You are going to release your into the job market and empathize painfully funeralizing their unarmed to negotiation.” As I wrote in my outrage as soon as COVID-19 is with other races similarly displaced. children murdered by the police book, The Origins of the Civil vanquished and you return to busi- and white vigilantes played out like Rights Movement, contrary to ness as usual.” They exclaim “No, Police Brutality and Civil reruns of old movies. Protests often the sanitized, rose-colored glasses not this time. This is not right; we Unrest followed this injustice, usually with version of history, change was not will do better.” Are they developing African Americans have always courts issuing not guilty verdicts. generated through non-disruptive second sight into this serious form experienced brutal policing. During Meanwhile, the white community marches of people singing “We of inequality and will they try and slavery, practically all whites served continued business as usual believ- Shall Overcome.” Rather, Jim Crow eradicate it? I think this is possible as overseers to keep slaves sub- ing justice was served. collapsed because the Civil Rights despite warning by sociologists of jugated. Blacks were policed and Then a catastrophe occurred. Movement disrupted the roots of the gulf between what people say lynched during the Jim Crow period George Floyd was choked to death southern society. As soon as the and what they do. to ensure compliance with the by a white policeman who kept business leaders and political elite peonage system of sharecropping. his knee on Floyd’s neck until life realized that the demonstrations The Failing Economy As Blacks migrated to cities, they escaped his body while two other were indeed chronic, they negoti- The pandemic has wrecked the confronted heavy policing to ensure policemen aided in the slaughter. ated with movement leaders, agree- economy. Millions of jobs have been racially segregated neighborhoods The murder captured on video ing to dismantle racial segregation lost and numerous businesses are were maintained and Blacks stayed showed a handcuffed Floyd begging in commerce and public services. closing permanently. People with in “their place” within the racist for his life and calling for his dead The Black Lives Matter jobs find it difficult to work because industrial system. By the 1960s, mother as he sensed their reunion Movement (BLM) has made a good school closings make it necessary the relationship between Black city in eternity. start towards creating and sustain- for them to provide daycare and dwellers and the police constituted The historic second sense of ing “crisis-packed” situations across schooling. For the first time, many tinderboxes poised to explode into Blacks informs that the criminal the United States. Floyd’s murder whites are forced to join long food urban rebellions. The Kerner Report, justice system is fundamentally triggered mass demonstrations lines to put food on the table. Many which studied the causes of hun- racist despite white dissenting in every state and scores of other whites never thought they would dreds of race riots in northern cities, views that justice is blind. With countries that have been disrupting experience unemployment and the concluded that “‘Prior’ incidents, no place to turn, Blacks organize “business as usual” in virtually every lack of dignity it engenders. They which increased tensions and ulti- social movements to address racism Continued on Page 3

2 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Race, Police Violence, and Justice George Floyd’s Murder is the Twenty-first Century Emmett Till Moment: How Sociological Research Informs Police Reform Rashawn Ray, Professor of Sociology and Floyd’s death has entered us into police when they are not attacking and ability to breathe. But this Executive Director of the Lab for Applied a new racial awakening. Over 70% or do not have a weapon. A Black was after Lane pulled a gun on the Social Science Research, University of White people now realize that person in the United States is killed unarmed Floyd while Floyd sat of Maryland; Co-editor of Contexts; racism is real. For some, Floyd’s every 40 hours by law enforcement in his car. The Minneapolis Chief and David M. Rubenstein Fellow, The death is a modern-day lynching that and one in every 1,000 Black people of Police, Medaria Arradondo, Brookings Institution harkens back to public lynchings can expect to die from police vio- took swift action and fired the eorge Floyd’s of the past. Whites would gather to lence. The deaths of Breonna Taylor, officers and they were all charged Gmurder watch the hanging of a Black person Tamir Rice, Korryn Gaines, Natasha with crimes (including murder is the twen- like it was a picnic. They would even McKenna, Walter Scott, Michelle for Chauvin). Chief Arradondo is ty-first century bring their kids and dress in their Cusseaux, Philando Castille, Eric noteworthy because in 2007 he, Emmett Till Sunday’s best. For others, Floyd’s Garner, Michael Brown, and along with four Black officers, sued moment. death relives collective memories Freddie Gray exemplify and person- his own department for racial dis- As former of their own trauma with police alize these statistics. crimination in pay, promotion, and Minneapolis violence. For those of us with Black The interaction between Floyd discipline. The city of Minneapolis police officer Rashawn Ray children or who care for Black and the four police officers revealed settled the lawsuit for $740,000, and Derek Chauvin children, it reveals the sobering another troubling pattern — the in 2012 Arradondo was promoted pressed his knee into the back of reality that one day our babies will inability for law enforcement to to lead Internal Affairs. Some of Floyd’s neck, Floyd said “I can’t instantaneously go from “cute to hold their own accountable. Two Chauvin’s and Thao’s misconduct breathe” 16 times and yelled out for criminal” in the eyes and minds of of the officers, Thomas Lane and complaints came while Aradondo his “momma” who died roughly two so many, and their parents’ PhDs, or J. Alexander Kueng, were on some was leading Internal Affairs. years before his killing. As people their own degrees, cannot help them of their first shifts as officers, while For the past decade, I worked viewed Floyd’s public execution, outclass racism. the other officer, Thomas Thao, with colleagues, particularly in three other police officers stood Statistically, Floyd’s death high- had six misconduct complaints on the Lab for Applied Social Science guard and protected Chauvin as he lights some troubling patterns— his record. Lane repeatedly asked Research (LASSR) at the University enacted violence on Floyd’s body for Black people are 3.5 times more Chauvin if they should turn Floyd of Maryland where I serve as eight minutes and 46 seconds. likely than Whites to be killed by on his side to improve his comfort Continued on Page 4

Sociological Promise entrenched in the police and the changes. They require the re-alloca- regimes—slavery and Jim Crow— From Page 2 society. The movement is awakening tion of basic resources to equalize came tumbling down under the many whites, enabling them to see income and wealth, employment weight of massive disruptions. realm of life. Whether BLM creates America through a new lens and to and under employment and under- Conclusions meaningful and lasting change struggle to change it. employment, educational oppor- depends on the degree to which it The main question is whether tunities, incarceration rates, and As sociologists, we are challenged disrupts regimes of racial inequali- the Black Lives Matter movement access to quality health care. by this era of COVID-19, an econ- ties and can sustain that disruption can transform systemic racism in To dismantle white supremacy omy on the brink of recession and until the captains of white suprem- America. New voices and ideas structural changes are required. mass racial unrest. What is needed acy are ready to negotiate. This out- fostered by the movement are pen- They are very expensive to imple- is a vast infusion of second sight come is likely precisely because new etrating the media and disrupting ment, and they have a zero-sum into the body social that can guide forces have joined the movement. the engrained loyalty to many of logic that involves transferring us from the edge of disaster. This The current movement has the cultural practices and symbols money currently earmarked for is where sociology is key for it is a attracted masses of whites and endorsing and enforcing racism. So police weaponry to underfunded brand of second sight commonly people from all walks of life who far, these disruptions have yielded schools in Black communities; known as the sociological imagina- have joined the protests, augment- symbolic changes, including chang- slashing the military budget to tion. It provides critical understand- ing the strength of the movement. ing flags, replacing monuments, finance low-income housing; and ings of the relationships among Many whites could ignore no longer renaming buildings and streets, taxing obscene levels of executive biography, history, and social the police brutality because the amending music lyrics, and altering pay and bloated corporate profits to structure, enabling its possessors blatant murder of Floyd captured our vocabulary of discourse. These make the minimum wage a living to critically evaluate structures and on video could not be misread as changes are hard won and import- wage. To achieve these structural social situations. When times are anything other than murder. This ant, but the eradication of these changes, widespread and sustained bad in the world, they can be good realization converged with Blacks’ white supremacy symbols does not social disruptions must continue for sociology if sociologists boldly second sight that illuminate the ameliorate the material hardship until the powerful people and insti- embrace the challenge to produce reality of their experiences with a of systemic racism. These changes tutions whose funds are needed for and disseminate a sociological criminal injustice system. Moreover, do not cost billions of dollars. The equalization are ready to negotiate. imagination that engenders social for whites, movement participation structural changes that can reduce BLM has a difficult task ahead, but transformations enabling us to live produces second sight for it exposes or eradicate systemic racism are it must be inspired by the fact that together productively rather than them to the vast racial inequalities altogether different from cultural other seemingly unshakable racist perish as fools. footnotes July/August 2020 3 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Race, Police Violence, and Justice

George Floyd form. Under the current system, rate of return. Over 90% of calls in the street. Rather, community From Page 3 Chauvin may still receive his pen- for service have nothing to do with policing is about officers experi- sion and Floyd’s family’s own tax violent crime. Furthermore, the encing local communities by living Executive Director, to assemble money will be used to pay Floyd’s clearance rate for violent crime is in the neighborhoods they serve, some of the most innovative and family for his murder and dehu- abysmal. About 40% of homicides, sending their children to the local cutting-edge data on policing. We manization if there is a payout in 66% of rapes, and roughly 70% of schools, attending places of worship, have collected over thousands of a civil lawsuit. Civilian payouts for robberies and aggravated assaults exercising at local parks and gyms, virtual reality experimental data police misconduct must be restruc- go unsolved. When coupled with and having authentic conversations points on police officer interactions tured. Currently, civilian payouts are racial disparities in policing, this is with neighbors. with civilians from multiple police paid through general funds and not unacceptable. Police officers have a In addition to reallocating fund- departments across the country; police department budgets. Chicago series of responsibilities that can be ing, there may need to be funding 30 million tweets on Black Lives has spent over $650 million in civil- reallocated to other social services, shifts within the police budget for Matter; interview data about body- ian payouts for police misconduct particularly mental health and mandatory housing subsidies and worn cameras from hundreds of over the past two decades. Given addiction calls. mental health services for officers. officers and civilians; mental health what we know about the impact Housing subsidies will formalize Civilians on Police Trial Boards data from officers; civilian payout of education equity and work community policing, cut down on data on police misconduct; and lists infrastructure on reducing crime, During meetings, interviews, and commute times, and decrease work of police reform legislation around imagine the dent this funding could ethnographic observations with hours. Many of the officers who I the country. These data hold some have if reinvested in communities police officers, I realized that they have studied work 60 to 120 hours of the most in-depth findings on the like the South Side of Chicago. serve as judge and jury of other a week. Existing research shows social psychological underpinnings Given this, I recommend shifting officers. In most large police depart- the detrimental impact that a lack and cultural and structural orga- civilian payouts away from taxpayer ments, there is a trial board com- of sleep has on decision making. A nizational components of policing money to police department insur- posed of high-ranking officers. They lack of objective decision making that lead to over-policing, racial ance policies. This is similar to the make decisions on misconduct. In exacerbates racial bias, which leads profiling, and policing killings. They approach taken in healthcare when this model, most Civilian Review to racial profiling and disparities in also expose what Alyasah Sewell, surgery goes wrong in the operating Boards are symbolic and carry little police killings. Associate Professor at Emory room. Comparable to the civil liabil- weight in holding officers account- Police officers also havepoor University, calls “the collateral ity hospitals have, police depart- able for misconduct. My research mental health. About 80% of officers consequences and illness spillovers ments should have accountability shows that Black and Latino officers suffer from chronic stress and of policing.” rather than being absolved from are more likely to be sanctioned 16% report being suicidal and/or My research on policing, financial culpability. This shift takes relative to White officers. If civilians having substance abuse problems. published in Ethnic and Racial a market-driven approach to give are on the trial board, transparency, Troublingly, 90% of these officers Studies, Social Science Research, police chiefs and elected officials the trust, and equality will strengthen. never seek mental health services. Sociological Forum, Journal of ability to justify the termination of Bad Apple Enforcement List I recommend mandatory psycho- Urban Health, and American cops like Chauvin. and Good Apple Protections logical counseling for officers every Review of Public Health, lends quarter. Rather than only seeing Defund Police As I have written about exten- itself to a series of policy solutions a psychologist after a use of force sively at The Brookings Institution, to restructure and re-envision Policing funding encompasses incident, mandating counseling will bad apples come from rotten policing. over one-third of many cities’ and normalize and remove the stigma trees in policing. In line with the municipalities’ budgets. There attached to mental health services. Circumventing Qualified needs to be a “calls for service and George Floyd Justice in Policing Immunity clearance rate analysis” conducted Act that was passed by the House Upgrade De-escalation Qualified immunity, which is to determine whether resources of Representatives on what would Training the legislation that alleviates law allocated match output. In most have been Tamir Rice’s 18th birth- Police officers receive nearly 50 enforcement from civil liability, areas, the analysis will show a low day, officers who are terminated hours of firearm training but less must be abolished in its current due to misconduct or who resign than 10 hours of de-escalation train- while under investigation need to ing. To address this issue, LASSR be placed on a national database. developed an innovative virtual This list would have potentially reality decision-making program saved 12-year-old Tamir Rice who for law enforcement. LASSR’s was killed by Timothy Loehmann virtual reality platform tests how the in Cleveland. Loehmann left his setting, demographics of the virtual previous department after being reality actors, and demographics of deemed unfit mentally to be an the participants impact decisions. officer. We also need Good Apple The virtual reality scenarios focus Protections for officers who expose on key social interactions that police discrimination. officers encounter daily: traffic Re-envisioning Community stops, suspicious persons, domestic Policing and Officer Health house calls, and store incidents. The virtual reality characters Community policing is not sim- vary by race and gender but use ply about shooting a basketball or throwing a football with some kids Continued on Page 5

4 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Race, Police Violence, and Justice Police, Culture, and Inequality

Michael Sierra-Arévalo, Assistant for a more patient, less aggressive Perilous Pedagogy video of the 1998 murder of Deputy Professor of Sociology, The University of approach.” It also noted a “siege The primary lesson of the police Kyle Dinkheller is still shown nearly Texas at Austin mentality” among officers that academy is survival. The world, 30 years later, in departments that or many, the encouraged “confrontational atti- academy recruits are taught, is a are thousands of miles away from Fpast summer tudes of hostility and disrespect”. dangerous, deadly place. In order to the lonely road in rural Georgia of protests Most recently, President Obama’s return to their families, they must where Dinkheller was shot and and police Task Force on 21st Century Policing constantly be on guard for violence. killed during a routine traffic stop. violence seems received testimony that police To ensure “officer safety,” recruits While on patrol in Elmont, unprecedented. culture expects that officers “never learn to understand every interac- Officer Michaelson explained to But even back down from a confrontation,” a tion with the public as a potential me that this video and others like though the symptom of what some have termed catastrophe, and that they must be it show that any seemingly routine scale of these Michael Sierra-Arévalo a “warrior” culture. The Task Force ready and willing to use force in interaction can snap to lethal protests marks also made clear that culture is a order to keep themselves and fellow violence, and that everyone is a them as the largest in U.S. history, persistent barrier to police reform, officers alive. potential assailant. Training videos, the police culture that animates citing the old adage, “Organizational Graphic training videos are he explained, are designed to teach the racism, police brutality, and culture eats policy for lunch.” one way that academy instructors recruits to “not let your guard inequality that spawned them is The problem of police culture impart these life-or-death stakes to down…to show us how bad things anything but new. beats steadily through our long their recruits. Today, the Internet can go, and how quickly things can Police culture is the thread that history of police violence and the and social media platforms provide happen. Not to underestimate peo- connects and perpetuates these damage it does to the fabric of social an ocean of videos showing interac- ple just because they look a certain persistent social problems. After life. But as with culture in other tions with the public that have “gone way or are a certain age.” the “long hot summer” of 1967, the institutions and organizations, it bad.” Besides YouTube, police-cen- Recruits also learn the perils of Kerner Commission’s report on did not arise by chance. Instead, the tric Facebook pages and websites their chosen profession through the causes of urban riots across the contours of modern police culture like PoliceOne, Officer, and Law real-world training exercises. Officer country highlighted the widespread are perpetuated through particular Enforcement Today are replete Diggler, an academy instructor in “philosophy” of aggressive patrol arrangements of police socialization with news content and videos that the southwestern city of Sunshine, tactics linked to “excessive and and practice that center on danger academy instructors can draw on told me about one exercise that unjustified use of force.” and death--what I term “perilous to teach recruits the life-or-death is part of a broader curriculum In 1991, the Christopher policing.” As my ethnographic stakes of police work. designed to teach recruits that, Commission determined that research across three urban police One video [WARNING: “Everybody wants to murder you.” the LAPD fostered a culture that departments between 2014 and GRAPHIC], in particular, was In the training exercise, he emphasized “the use of force to 2019 shows, these arrangements are remembered by multiple officers explained, recruits undertake a sim- control a situation and a disdain anything but accidental. and is shown in academy classes ple traffic stop. The twist is that there across the country. The dashcam Continued on Page 6

George Floyd making and reduce bias. ous. Utilizing the intersectionality is no less important for being com- From Page 4 We have presented some of this framework and drawing attention to munity- and policy-relevant. Rather, work at The Brookings Institution, #SayHerName, we found that police I would argue that this research is the same words. We measure how and Long Doan, Assistant Professor officers treated Black women with more significant. Statements about officers’ decisions and the content at the University of Maryland, is less respect and White women with “me-research” are disrespectful of their speech vary by civilian presenting this work at a session on more respect compared to other to those of us whose research demographics. We can also evaluate “Racializing Police Violence” for groups. highlights the marginalized lives of physiological responses includ- the 2020 ASA Virtual Engagement In closing, Floyd’s death, and the people dying due to police violence ing heart rate, stress as indicated Event. In one of the first studies to deaths of those who do not become or COVID-19. Being disconnected in speech, eye tracking, body comprehensively examine implicit hashtags, continues to crystallize from local communities outside of movement, and weapon tracking. attitudes, explicit attitudes, and why I, we, must do more. We must the symbolic and physical barriers Participants also complete an behavior among police officers, use our research to inform the of the Ivory Tower that detach uni- attitudinal survey that allows us to we found that officers, regardless public and help policymakers use versities from the neighborhoods examine the impact that attitudes of race or gender, hold negative social and behavioral science to they are located in is a privilege that have on decision-making behav- racial biases towards Blacks. These make informed decisions. Science some of us do not have. iors. We use Implicit Association attitudes lead to Whites relative to and empirical truth are under “Public sociology” is impact. It Tests to measure implicit bias and Blacks receiving more deference attack, and for too long sociologists is impact in local communities, self-reported responses to measure and respect in the virtual reality sce- have remained on the Ivory Tower city councils, state capitals, and explicit bias. We present findings narios. Additionally, we found that sidelines. on Capitol Hill. It is time for more and write reports for police depart- the setting mattered. Officers were Some of us do not have the lux- sociologists to get off of the Ivory ments with recommendations even less deferential to Blacks when ury to sit in the Ivory Tower and do Tower sidelines and use their to help officers improve decision an interaction was more ambigu- “pure research.” And, our research research to make a difference. footnotes July/August 2020 5 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Race, Police Violence, and Justice

Police, Culture & Inequality walking on the sidewalk. At first, bulge in a pocket might have tipped ities in stops, searches, arrests, and From Page 5 he drove past the boys, none of the scales toward catastrophe. force are not evidence of a broken whom looked older than freshmen system. To borrow the words The Price of Peril is a simulation firearm in the vehicle or sophomores in high school, but of Ta-Nehisi Coates, “This is not in plain view. “If the trainee doesn’t then stopped his car in the middle The culturally informed practices our system malfunctioning. It is our see the gun,” Diggler explained, of the street and looked into his of police officers are implicated in system working as intended.” The “you kill the cop.” He went on, “If he rearview mirror. He growled, “Look the perpetuation of longstanding solution to the problem of police doesn’t see the at these little racial inequalities in the criminal culture, then, is unlikely to be found gun, when he shitheads…” legal system. Importantly, neither within policing itself. walks back With that, he reversed down I asked him if police training or officer behavior Peril and Policy to his car you the one-way street. Just before he knew the need be explicitly racialized to get out and contribute to existing inequalities. Despite changes to the structure stopping alongside the boys boys and he you fucking responded, Instead, policing is one of many of policing, the problem of police murder him.” and rolling down his window, he “No, I don’t, social institutions that is both culture is troublingly consistent. Taken unholstered his pistol and placed it actually...I embedded in and a producer of Wholesale reform is no small task. prevailing understandings of race, But departments can take concrete together, in his lap, the barrel of the weapon should, virtual and though.” place, crime, and threat. steps to, at the very least, not make pointed towards the door and the real-world With that, As described by Victor Ray in the problem worse. For example, training group of boys. he reversed his theory of racialized organiza- officers should not be allowed to engrain in down the tions, officers are part of organiza- attend 3rd party training semi- recruits one-way tions that are themselves nested in nars that preach “warrior” policing that no call for service is safe, and street. Just before stopping alongside existing arrangements of race, class, and amplify the life-or-death mental- no person is above suspicion. If the boys and rolling down his win- and gender. As a result, the behavior ity already so prevalent in policing. they hope to stay alive, they must dow, he unholstered his pistol and of individual officers is shaped by Neither should this type of training approach every interaction with the placed it in his lap, the barrel of the the wider ecosystem of police cul- be permitted within the context of understanding that, at any moment, weapon pointed towards the door ture, training, and policy that arose official police academy curricula. they may encounter lethal violence. and the group of boys. He asked the out of unequal and highly racialized Another option is to raise the understandings of the role of police minimum age requirement for polic- Perilous Practice boys what they were up to, if they were staying out of trouble, and how (and who should be subject to their ing from 21 to 25. Insurance compa- Police culture has real-world they were doing in school. The boys power). Even nies figured consequences. On patrol, officers responded with a mumbled chorus if we assume out long ago embody police culture in day-to- that individ- that young of “Yeahs” and one joked sarcasti- …the behavior of individual day behaviors intended to ensure cally that he was getting straight As. ual officers are people (espe- officers is shaped by the wider they survive their shift. Following Before driving away from this legally not overtly cially men, an uneventful traffic stop outside a “consensual” encounter, he told the and violently ecosystem of police culture, training, who make McDonald’s in West River, a mid- boys, “Alright, you guys stay out of racist, today’s and policy that arose out of unequal up nearly sized city on the west coast, one offi- most well-in- 90% of U.S. trouble. Have a good night.” and highly racialized understandings cer explained that he uses a particular As he holstered his fire- tentioned officers) are “POI” (position of interrogation) arm, Erickson explained to me, officers are of the role of police (and who should prone to car when speaking to anyone on patrol. nonetheless accidents, in unprompted, why he had held it in be subject to their power). This position is akin to a relaxed his lap, pointed toward the boys: (re)producers part because boxing stance: officers stand with “I always do that when I’m just of a policing they engage their feet bladed, one slightly in talking to someone out the window apparatus in risky front of the other, and their hands like that. You never know — they that, over time, has been empowered behaviors like speeding and drinking held up near their chest. This stance would’ve been able to shoot at us in politically and financially to dispro- alcohol. Knowing that human brains allows officers to, in a split second, a split second if they wanted. That’s portionately surveil and coerce vul- are not fully formed until age 25 and transition from talking or writing why I keep it down here, relaxed, nerable, marginalized communities. that younger officers use more notes to blocking, pushing, or finger off the trigger. But you have to The problem of police culture severe force options and use force punching. Because their feet are be ready for that, always have a plan is not one of “bad apples.” Nor is it more often, hiring older officers staggered, they are better able to of attack.” fundamentally one of “bad barrels” stands to reduce baseline levels of keep their balance and, if they draw The boys that he stopped, gun or “trees” i.e. bad departments. police violence. their firearm, they can easily assume barrel pointed at them through his Instead, police culture is a problem But these efforts at harm reduc- a “Weaver” shooting stance. car door, were not killed. They were with the very roots of the policing tion will not fundamentally change Though it reflects an underly- not verbally abused or beaten. They orchard, the deep, often unseen the nature of policing as a coercive ing preoccupation with potential were not arrested. Nonetheless, structures that set the conditions in institution. This reality is at the core violence, how an officer stands is a Erickson’s behavior, shaped by which policing developed. It is why, of calls to defund the police, itself relatively mundane, low-cost behav- a policing culture that demands even if we assume a preponderance an outgrowth of a broader aboli- ior. Other behaviors, however, are assiduous preoccupation with of “good” officers, the policing tionist framework that reimagines far more dire. danger and potential death, forced system and its ossified culture remain public safety as something bigger While on evening patrol with innocent boys into a situation poised plagued by problems as old as polic- than trends in crime statistics. Officer Erickson in Elmont, he on the edge of violence; a “furtive” ing itself. The massive resources dedicated spotted a group of six Latino boys movement, a shadow, or an alleged For these reasons, racial inequal- Continued on Page 7

6 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Race, Police Violence, and Justice Legal Estrangement: A Concept for These Times

Monica C. Bell, Associate Professor of A few months earlier, Julius had goals with the police officers. He I felt like they deprived me of Law and Sociology, Yale University stopped by a former close friend’s remembers that the officers seemed my education. Because of those ulius house, someone with whom he impressed and supportive at first. almost three weeks that I was JWilliams, 21 had been out of touch. While I’m talking to these officers there, my grades started drop- years old and Julius was catching up with his old and I’m thinking they will ping. You can’t miss. You can’t just beginning friend, police burst into the house understand where I’m coming miss one class—you go back to shed the and searched everyone. “I sat and from. They like, “Oh, so we see into school, you completely lost. wide eyes and chilled, and then that’s when the you got a good head on your So, like, I already was struggling lanky build of house got raided,” Julius said, with a shoulders.” They asked me with my finances. I already adolescence, still-obvious tinge of disbelief. what I was in college for. I said couldn’t pay for books. I would The police didn’t find anything on tried to distin- Monica C. Bell I want to be a marine biologist, have to sit in the bookstore to be guish himself Julius, but they confiscated pills that zoology. They gave me all this able to do my homework. By me from other young Black men in the were hidden in his friend’s pockets. bull crap. “Yeah, oh that’s good, being arrested, my grade point Baltimore neighborhood where he Nonetheless, officers handcuffed yeah.” average dropped immediately, both of them and brought them in grew up. “We had different outlooks Julius didn’t know then that this and I feel like that—it’s a part of for questioning. Julius believes that of the world,” he postulated. “I’ve polite, almost-caring style of com- the main reason why I’m not in on the way to the precinct, hoping always been like a peacemaker type munication is usually just a tactic: school now. Because I feel like, to get out of trouble by sharing of happy person.” Julius is preoc- Even as police officers bust doors, if that didn’t happen, maybe I information, Julius’ friend told cupied with observing animals, flip drawers, rip pillows, and make still would be struggling to do police where a gun was located. studying them, communing with arrests, they might idly, pleasantly school, but because of those Later, both Julius and his friend them. “I love animals — I love — I chitchat to increase suspects’ confu- weeks that I missed, that killed were charged for gun and drug pos- feel like I can relate to animals more sion and cooperation. (This is just my GPA. session. Examining the police report than humans . . . I feel like people one example of the discursive ele- “That kind of messed up my and legal can learn a lot from animals, the ments of legal experience with college,” he mused. documents, way that they do things, the way estrangement “Like, I didn’t even want to go back, Julius was how they’re organized, and how Julius’ experience with the through because I felt like, any day now, I astounded at they adapt to the world.” For as policing.) The can be arrested again for who knows the breadth criminal justice system did more than long as he can remember, Julius has officers still what? Just for being at the wrong of charges. make him feel watched, controlled, wanted to be a marine biologist or took Julius place at the wrong time. That’s “They just a zoologist. “That was something I and disrespected. It eroded his hope. to jail. Once something I can’t even control.” gave me a always wanted to do.” It made him believe there is no place in, he did not “The stuff the officers were saying list of a lot of Yet now, Julius’ goal of becom- think anyone, to me, it just — I don’t know, it was things.” Julius in America for him. ing a marine biologist or zoologist including his just false hope.” did not know seems very remote. Even staying lawyer, was While Julius has faced many that partly enrolled in community college concerned other challenges, this encounter because of the seems to him a Sisyphean task. about getting him out. with the legal system made him tumescence of criminal codes, pros- During our interview five years ago, After 21 days of detainment, especially forlorn. Even when offi- ecutors routinely pile on numerous shortly after theBaltimore Uprising, court records show that Julius cers seemed to respect his lifestyle overlapping charges from a single he had recently dropped out of the finally had an additional hearing. and his ambitions, he felt that the incident in order to marshal their community college he was attend- The prosecutor dropped the charges, legal system erected barriers any- strategic power over defendants in ing. He got too far behind, and and Julius was able to go home. But way. “That’s why I just — I have a the plea bargaining process. he had struggled to pay for books after three weeks away from home, very negative — uh — feeling about As the raid was underway, and and housing. Being involved in the school, and the bookstore where he the government, and police, and on the way to the police station, criminal legal system exacerbated studied, Julius felt too far behind in things of that nature,” he said. Julius shared his story and future those challenges. his schoolwork to catch up. Continued on Page 8

Police, Culture & Inequality shift will not occur overnight. implemented to more immediately more equitable system of policing. From Page 6 And caution is warranted lest we mitigate the harm of the current As the COVID-19 epidemic con- defund police without effectively policing system. tinues to rage and murder spikes in to policing, advocates for defund- bolstering the community infra- Reimagining public safety will cities across the U.S., we must stand ing the police argue, should be structure necessary to meet the take courage, from politicians and ready to provide the insights neces- dedicated to communities and needs of our most vulnerable. police chiefs as much as street- sary to guide policy decisions that, community-based organizations There are also clear short- and level workers and social scientists. for far too many, are a matter of life that research shows can reduce medium-term changes, such as Sociologists and others must use and death. violence long assumed to be the repealing qualified immunity and their skills to be part of the design, Note: Officer and city names are sole responsibility of police. bolstering agency-level accountabil- implementation, and measurement pseudonyms to prevent identifica- Of course, this massive resource ity infrastructure, that should be of what is hoped will be a new and tion of individuals and field sites. footnotes July/August 2020 7 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Race, Police Violence, and Justice

Legal Estrangement hancing or solidarity-diminishing— of legal estrangement’s theoretical — but a hyper-salient one given its From Page 7 that is, whether they tend to create scaffolding. role as the face of the state, espe- an environment for group inclu- Another piece of legal estrange- cially in race-class marginalized Julius still clings to his goal of sion or group exclusion at social, ment’s theoretical scaffolding can communities. working with animals, but to get political, and economic levels. Legal be found in the work of W.E.B. Du The concept of legal estrange- there he thinks he needs to find estrangement is thus especially Bois. In a series of studies of Black ment has been useful for studying another country to call home, one attentive to perceived inequalities of American life—most centrally the the possibilities and limits of police where his efforts might be less inclusion, or what Michèle Lamont 1904 report, “Some Notes on Negro reform. For example, Michelle vulnerable to arbitrary legal action. has called “recognition gaps.” Crime, Particularly in Georgia,” Phelps, Amber Joy Powell, and “At first, my goal was to just get out To some extent, legal estrange- Du Bois and his Atlanta School Christopher Robertson recently of Baltimore,” he said. “I want to do ment recaptures and deepens the collaborators collected survey, found that even if people in more than that. I want to get out of original denotation of legal cynicism interview, and administrative data marginalized, heavily policed United States, period. I want noth- as articulated by Robert J. Sampson on crime, arrest, and incarceration. communities have both positive ing to do with it.” Julius’ experience and Dawn Jeglum Bartusch in They found, among other things, and negative experiences with the with the criminal justice system did their groundbreaking 1998 article, that white officials and Black men police, positive experiences are less more than make him feel watched, “Legal Cynicism and (Subcultural?) had greatly divergent perspectives salient than negative ones. For this controlled, and disrespected. It Tolerance of Deviance: The on the possibilities of justice in reason, they conclude that “improv- eroded his hope. It made him Neighborhood Context of Racial Georgia courts. They reasoned that ing community trust through believe there is no place in America Differences.” There, Sampson and prevalent punishment practice at outreach and positive community for him. Jeglum the time, such as lynching, “spreads interactions alone is really difficult.” This is Bartusch among black folk the firmly fixed Yet, legal estrangement is not just a one exam- Legal estrangement is a define legal idea that few accused Negroes consequence of policing. The con- ple of legal cynicism are really guilty.” That report also cept is portable to other contexts. estrangement. process by which the law and its as “anomie condemns the relative lack of legal Asad L. Asad, for example, recently Legal enforcers signal to marginalized about law” protection for Black people, as well described system embeddedness — estrangement groups that they are not fully part and legal as practices such as convict leas- “individuals’ perceived legibility to is a process of American society—that they are authority. ing, that sent a message to Black institutions that maintain formal by which The defini- Americans that the purpose of the records” — as a force that may con- the law and not imbued with all the freedoms tion of legal system was to make money for the tribute to legal estrangement among its enforcers and entitlements that flow to other cynicism has state, not to rehabilitate supposed Latinx immigrants to the United signal to Americans, such as dignity, safety, evolved for lawbreakers. Newer research has States. More work needs to refine marginalized Sampson in examined the persistence of these and measure the concept, to clarify dreams, health, and political voice, groups that ensuing years; processes of legal exclusion, noting its relationship to related concepts, they are not to name a few. his magnum that they are part of broader, to ground it more richly in the fully part of opus, Great intersectional patterns of American literature on collective memory and American American racial exclusion. cultural trauma, and to explore its society—that City: Chicago and the Enduring Legal estrangement examines specific effects. they are not imbued with all the Neighborhood Effect (2012), even procedural, direct injustice on the Yet, it is clear that legal estrange- freedoms and entitlements that reimagines the concept as “moral/ level of individual interaction ment may be helpful for under- flow to other Americans, such as legal cynicism.” Legal estrange- with legal authorities, vicarious standing our current moment. It dignity, safety, dreams, health, and ment, by contrast, does not rest on marginalization at the social helps us see why movements would political voice, to name a few. Even the belief that there is a tight link network level, and structural call to defund, dismantle, or abolish though people who live in Black between legal and moral rules: Law exclusion at the legal and histori- police instead of merely reforming neighborhoods regularly call police is more defensibly a set of codes cal level. All three levels of these them. The multivalent, longstand- for help, there is no firm sense of that emerge from and enshrine processes contribute to group- ing, and historically rooted violence entitlement to state protection. domination, not collective moral based social exclusion through against marginalized communities, Though some Black Americans agreement. Law is a dynamic force law, and sociologists should study especially Black communities, resist legal expulsion and find hope with which people and commu- them in relation to each other. Too has deeper roots than research in collective autonomy, many do nities engage; that engagement many studies focus on only one of on police distrust or illegitimacy not. For youth in particular, legal can reinforce social solidarity or these levels of analysis, often with usually captures or theorizes. estrangement can profoundly limit further “estrange” marginalized emphasis on individuals’ direct As we know, sociology has at their sense of future possibilities. groups. The notion of “anomie interactions with legal authori- times played a troubling role in the The concept understands the crisis about law” can bring us not just to ties. Legal estrangement demands reproduction of racial injustice. Yet, of division between legal authority, the work of Durkheim, but also of attention to structural conditions sociology can—when used respon- especially the police, and racially Robert Merton, who repurposed that produce legal exclusion, such sibly—be a source of knowledge marginalized communities as indic- anomie into a key aspect of strain as segregation, racial margin- that communities, lawmakers, and ative of a long and tortured process theory: Anomie emerges from the alization, and dispossession. It social movements can draw upon of legal exclusion and internal exile. increasing ambitiousness of shared also demands attention to deeper to better understand the content of Instead of whether law feels binding goals throughout society, cou- cultural components, especially their grievances and the possible or efficacious, legal estrangement pled with society’s failure to make collective memories of state vio- outcomes of their proposals. Our is concerned with whether law and the means to achieve those goals lence and social exclusion. Policing discipline might be ready to step legal authorities are solidarity-en- widely available. This is one piece is only one part of those dynamics back into the light.

8 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Race, Police Violence, and Justice Race, Violence, Justice, and Campus Police

John J. Sloan III, Professor Emeritus agencies for nearly 25 years, of Criminal Justice, University of improper behavior by “campus Alabama-Birmingham cops” is not surprising to me xtensive because both campus and municipal Emedia police agencies: coverage has • are relatively complex bureau- occurred cracies with high levels of of ongoing specialization; nationwide • are paramilitary organizations protests over relying on a system of ranks and issues like racial chain of command; profiling and John J. Sloan III violence perpe- • serve similar functions; and trated by municipal police officers • have officers who are part of an against people of color. Less well occupational culture that values covered have been protests at the “blue wall of silence” which Yale, the University of Chicago, proscribes them from “turning on these factors combine to create years, watchmen became a feature Johns Hopkins University, and the their own.” problems that campus law enforce- of many college and university University of Minnesota (among Why wouldn’t agencies adopting ment agencies need to address. campuses. These individuals, acting others) over campus police officers primarily in a custodial capacity, the same organizational model, The Evolution of Campus Police allegedly engaging in the same kind were tasked with protecting uni- processes, and procedures, and in America of behavior toward people of color whose members possess the same versity property. During the 1950s, as their municipal counterparts. As occupational culture experience the The first recorded instance of their duties expanded to include punishment, protestors have called same problems? police officers patrolling a college more quasi security guard-related for defunding, disarming, or abol- To understand why this moment campus occurred in 1898 when endeavors that included enforcing ishing campus police departments in campus policing arrived, one Yale University hired two off-duty campus rules, reporting crime inci- that are found at over 60 percent of must first understand the history, City of New Haven police officers to dents to local police, and detaining all four-year postsecondary institu- structure, and function of these walk around campus and check for suspects. tions in this country enrolling 2,500 departments. One needs to also open doors, signs of forced entry or In the late 1960s and early 1970s or more students (see Table 1). understand both the context and vandalism, and identify spots where the first campus police departments Having studied, written about, complexity of campus policing. fires could develop. Enough schools and worked with campus police Finally, one must understand how copied Yale that over the next 50 Continued on Page 10

Table 1. Campus Law Enforcement Agencies at Four-Year Postsecondary Institutions (2011-2012)*

Officers Armed Officers Authorized to Use Schools Operating Sworn Total Chemical/ Locus of Institutional a Campus Law Officers Conducted Energy Campuses Sworn Armed Sidearms Batons Pepper Control and Enrollment Enforcement Agency Per 1,000 Device (e.g., TASER) Spray Students Number Number Percent Percent Percent -- Percent Percent Percent Percent All Campuses 905 861 95 68 63 2.4 94 93 94 40 Public 501 493 98 92 91 2.2 98 95 95 45 15,000 or more 173 172 99 96 94 1.4 98 97 98 54 10,000-14,999 83 82 99 96 95 1.6 100 94 96 43 5,000-9,999 146 144 99 92 90 2.3 98 93 92 38 2,500-4,999 95 95 96 84 83 4.2 99 93 93 39 Private (Non-Profit) 404 368 91 38 30 2.9 82 86 89 23 15,000 or more 31 31 100 61 55 2.3 94 93 93 13 10,000-14,999 37 32 86 49 43 3.7 89 93 100 27 5,000-9,999 96 89 93 46 35 2.8 81 86 89 23 2,500-4,999 240 216 90 30 22 2.9 77 83 85 25 Source: Reaves, B. A. (2015). Campus law enforcement 2011-2012. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics

* Most recent years for which data are available. The data are part of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) ongoing Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies (SCLEA) which to date has collected three waves of data from 1994-1995, 2004-2005, and 2011-2012. Collection of a fourth wave of data to cover 2019-2020 is scheduled for later this year. footnotes July/August 2020 9 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Race, Police Violence, and Justice

Campus Police hired officers who had retired from sive, publicly controlled, doctoral more like their municipal police From Page 9 other agencies. As departments granting institutions and small, counterparts, despite mounting grew and matured, they not only private, special focus colleges. evidence that many problems con- appeared, largely in response to continued to lure officers from other Agencies are found at schools in the fronting these agencies are systemic. growing levels of campus unrest. agencies but they also began to seri- heart of large cities and schools in Although bad apples certainly exist, As protests became more national ously recruit into their ranks current very rural areas. Campus police are the real problem is the barrel and the in scope, so did the specter of local and recently graduated secondary used at largely commuter schools fact is both municipal and campus police (and even National Guard and postsecondary students inter- and those where most students live police agencies are effectively using troops) in full riot gear coming ested in law enforcement careers. on campus. Agencies also police the same one. on campus to quell them. The Further, applicants for sworn officer campuses that feature large-scale The first problem with the barrel presence of state or local police on positions would now undergo medical centers drawing people is that it is selective but not neces- campus was untenable for many screening similar to that experi- to them from all over the world. sarily in good ways. While gains faculty members and most students. enced by applicants for municipal Institutional diversity thus creates are clearly being made, compared Postsecondary administrators police positions. New hires would the context of campus policing. One to their share of the population, realized, however, they had to take also be required to complete the could thus reasonably expect differ- white males are disproportionately appropriate measures to keep order same police academy basic training ent “models” of campus policing for found among the ranks of munic- on campus — otherwise outsiders program required of new hires in these varied contexts. The problem ipal and campus police officers. In would do it for them. The solution other agencies. The end result was is that very often campus agencies some instances, the lack of diversity was for colleges and universities to not only that campus officers would over-rely on the standard model of among campus police officers is create their own police departments look like “real” police, they would policing, “tried and true” methods stunning. For example, during 2011- that would keep order but also be undergo the same screening and of recruitment, and police acade- 2012 — the most recent years for part of the larger campus commu- training to prepare them for their my-based training for new hires. It which agency data are available — nity. With the help of legislators, work. But what exactly is the work is from these features of campus law among campus agencies with sworn school administrators were success- of the campus police? enforcement that problems can arise. officers, 33 percent of them had ful in getting enabling legislation no sworn officers of color. About The Complexity of Campus Issues Confronting Campus passed in multiple states. Thus one-half of agencies (48 percent) Policing Police were born campus police agencies had between zero and two female that organizationally resembled Scholars generally agree that the Organizational theory can explain sworn officers. While these data are municipal police agencies, replete police serve three primary functions not only why campus police agencies out-of-date, I’m fairly certain there with ranks, written policies and in society: crime control, order were created, that mimetic isomor- has not been a radical change in the procedures, and operating budgets, maintenance, and service. These phism — the tendency of organiza- (lack of) diversity of campus police whose officers would be uniformed, functions are reflected in an officer’s tions to imitate another’s structure officers the past decade. sworn law enforcement officials, “scope of duties.” Focusing on the because the structure is believed The lack of diversity in campus possessing full arrest powers, who scope of duties of campus police, beneficial to achieving organizational policing is strongly tied to recruiting would patrol campus, deter crime, surveys of campus law enforcement goals — was the mechanism used, to the status quo. For over 50 years, respond to calls for assistance, and agencies find officers most often and municipal police agencies were the recruitment of people into and maintain order. engage in the standard model of the model being emulated. Further, as screening processes for sworn officer Beginning in the 1980s and policing that relies on preventive campus agencies became common, positions have revolved around four extending into the 1990s profes- patrol of campus and rapid response pressure developed to professional- areas: physical agility, psychological sionalization of campus policing to on-campus calls-for-service. ize them, a movement that was also fitness, medical fitness, andpossessing took center stage and focused on Additionally, officers provide occurring in policing more broadly. the proper values. While significant making campus officers even more security for events, facilities, and Campus executives and their law advances have occurred in testing like their municipal counterparts, people; are involved with vehicular enforcement experts again looked to and screening procedures in the first partly in an effort to bring campus enforcement; perform public safety municipal police for guidance in how three areas, little has changed regard- officers neededlegitimacy . This pro- functions; and engage in specialized to respond. ing screening prospects for possess- fessionalization began with officers functions including representation Because campus agencies have ing “proper values” that can then be wearing a military-style uniform on multi-agency task forces, par- mimicked their municipal counter- fine-tuned via police academy, field, (complete with badge, name tag, ticipation in search/rescue actions, parts, claims of serious improprieties and in-service training. The problem and markings indicating rank and or staffing special weapons and being perpetrated by campus officers is that the skill-sets and values years-in-service) and utility belt tactics (SWAT) teams. Importantly, are hardly surprising. But note that deemed “proper” too strongly relate which stores the equipment of law these duties are often performed in I strongly reject the argument that to the “noble cause” of policing which enforcers. Campus officers even- incredibly varied contexts. miscreant officers are “bad apples” is to “get the bad guys off the street.” spoiling the barrel, and that the best tually began wearing bullet-proof- The Context of Campus Until recruiting and testing focuses solution is to fire and/or prosecute vests as well. Policing less on “the noble cause” and more on Professionalizing campus police them. Although employment and the importance of possessing values According to the Carnegie also focused on enhanced recruit- legal action should be taken when and skill-sets relating to cultural Classification of Institutions of ment of, and training for, campus warranted, this will not solve the diversity, mediation, and conflict Higher Education, postsecondary officers. During their infancy, cam- problem of police mistreating people management, real change is unlikely. institutions in this country can pus police departments typically of color. Rather, blame should be Yet fewer than 40 percent of campus be classified along more than 90 “fished” officers, especially at -com squarely placed on the mimetic agencies report that they use screen- differentdimensions . Campus mand levels, from local police and isomorphism that continues to ing procedures that include testing county sheriff’s departments and/or police departments are thus found push campus police to become ever at large, world-class, research-inten- Continued on Page 11

10 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Race, Police Violence, and Justice Who’s Looting Whom? Criminal Justice as Revenue Racket

Joshua Page, Associate Professor of Edward Banfield, an intellectual for- dollars from race-class subjugated dispossession for centuries. Through Sociology and Law, University of bearer of broken windows policing, (RCS) communities throughout most of this history, however, crimi- Minnesota; and Joe Soss, Cowles Professor are “in it for fun and profit.” That the United States. We classify such nal codes and law enforcement have for the Study of Public Service, Hubert same day, The Wall Street Journal’s practices—e.g., fines, fees, forfeitures, mainly supported labor extraction, as H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs, editorial board tut-tutted about poor commercial bail, jail and prison in the cases of slave patrols, convict University of Minnesota people destroying their own com- profiteering—aspredatory because leasing, and prison industries. ight on cue. munities and mocked “intellectuals” they leverage state authority and Although labor predation continues, RAs protests who, like Martin Luther King Jr., view social exclusion to strip resources the scope and character of criminal over the police rioting and looting as “merely the from targeted communities and turn justice predation has changed such killing of persuasive language of the unheard.” them into corporate and govern- that financial extraction has become George Floyd We heard similar condemnations ment revenue streams. In doing far more common and lucrative. spread from in 2014 when, after a grand jury so, they subsidize the lives of more Especially since the late 1980s, Minneapolis failed to indict officer Darren Wilson advantaged Americans as taxpayers, financial takings have become a across the for killing Michael Brown, angry investors, and wage-earners. prominent feature of the criminal-le- world, the Joshua Page protests in Ferguson, MO, spilled The concept of predation helps us gal field, siphoning billions of dollars scolds arrived into looting incidents. The bitter understand U.S. extractive crimi- from millions of legally entangled with their usual irony of this public scolding was nal-legal operations in relation to persons and their families. fixation on soon revealed by a U.S. Department the long history of expropriation Police stand at the frontlines looting—using of Justice report that showed in and dispossession that includes, for of this massive operation. In RCS it as evidence fine-grained detail how the city of example, chattel slavery, the taking communities across the country, of the need Ferguson had been operating a pred- of Native lands, and various forms as in Ferguson, the police stop and for repression atory system of government. Police of colonialism. It also helps us locate fine people as they drive, bike, walk, rather than a there were street-level enforcers for a these practices within a broader or otherwise go about their normal symptom of it. Joe Soss program that used fines and fees to, complex of predatory operations; business. Using asset forfeiture laws, Late in the in a word, loot resources from poor payday lenders, subprime mortgage they dispossess people of money and evening of May 28, 2020, President communities of color and deliver and auto loans, high-interest credit goods based on nothing more than Trump fired off his now infamous them to municipal coffers. card scams, and other enterprises an allegation that something they tweet announcing “when the Ferguson’s regime of plunder was similarly target RCS communities own has illicit origins. Asset forfei- looting starts, the shooting starts.” no anomaly. In our book-in-prog- with business models designed to ture, justified as a necessary weapon Criminologist Barry Latzer later ress, Preying on the Poor: Criminal produce debt and trap people in in the “wars” on drugs and terror, insisted in The Wall Street Journal that Justice as Revenue Racket, we show ceaseless payments. has soared, often funding govern- looters aren’t protesters with legiti- how its operations fit into a broad Criminal-legal predation isn’t new. ment agencies’ continued predation, mate grievances—they’re criminals system of predatory criminal-legal Laws, courts, police, and penal insti- who, in the words of political scientist practices that extracts billions of tutions have facilitated projects of Continued on Page 12

Campus Police devote less than five percent of had a unit using specialized military reflect their municipal counterparts From Page 10 total contact hours to topics like tactics and equipment to address not only organizationally, but in conflict de-escalation, use of “high-risk” situations — threats recruitment practices, training on cultural diversity or assessing the excessive force, community build- of terrorism, crowd control, and required, and tactics used — mediation/conflict management skills ing, problem solving, ethics, and hostage taking — that are beyond including those associated with of applicants. cultural diversity and 44 percent the capabilities of “ordinary law the military. They also increas- Further, while police academy of total contact hours to opera- enforcement.” Radley Balko has ingly face criticism similar to that training for new campus officers tions and weapons training; and been among the most vocal critics levied against municipal police may be “good for professionalizing • whose completion rates evidence of a growing tendency by many over excessive force used during campus policing,” I question the significant differences by trainee different types of police agencies to arrests, overly aggressive patrol usefulness of academy training: race and gender. overutilize SWAT teams to perform tactics, racial profiling, and mili- • that can occur at any one of Finally, I would be remiss if I routine tasks (e.g., serving search tarization. Explanations that “bad nearly 600 different academies failed to mention how the history, warrants) that ultimately result in apples” are to blame have limited run by state police, county police recruitment, and training of campus unnecessary casualties among citi- utility. Instead, explanations that or sheriff’s departments, munic- police along with the professional- zens and damage to property. holistically consider the history, ipal police, and colleges and structure, function, and culture of ization movement risks militariza- Conclusion universities, among others; campus policing offer better insight tion. In 2011-2012, 27 percent of Over the past 50 years, uni- • whose scope and cumulative campus police agencies surveyed into problems that need address- formed, armed, sworn police ing. In this watershed moment in requirements widely vary; had officers assigned to a tactical officers with full arrest powers have operations (SWAT) team. This American policing, as potentially • whose atmosphere may inten- become part of the fabric of life at radical change comes to polic- tionally mimic a military style means that of the approximately 900 many postsecondary institutions. ing more broadly, campus police “boot camp”; campus police departments operat- Increasingly, campus police officers ing at that time, about 250 of them agencies will once again undergo • whose curricula cumulatively and the agencies employing them change. footnotes July/August 2020 11 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Race, Police Violence, and Justice

Revenue Racket contracts alone represent a $5 billion ates public From Page 11 industry, with additional revenues for and private detention in the areas of immigration revenue. In mostly through small takings from and asylum seeking. an analysis poor and working-class people. But it isn’t just private penal facil- of asset When police make arrests, they ities that prey on the poor. Today, forfeiture, usher people into other extractive every state except Hawaii and the the Southern institutions, beginning with the District of Columbia allows public Poverty courts. As sociologist Alexes prisons (and jails) to defray costs Law Center Harris shows in A Pound of Flesh, by charging prisoners pay-to-stay rightly defendants are charged a host of fees—room and board, for instance, concludes: fees for “using” court services. as well as medical care, clothing, and “there has Approximately 43 states and the basic needs such as menstrual pads. been a District of Columbia allow courts Revenue-starved state authori- massive to charge indigent defendants for ties further commodify the human transfer of in liens, wage garnishment, and tax their own legal representation, many bodies they control in carceral wealth and assets from American rebate interception.” For those on requiring application fees to access a facilities by selling extraction rights. citizens—and especially the most probation and parole, failure to pay public defender. Some states charge Contracts for access allow firms to economically vulnerable—to police, can result in losing public benefits. defendants extra fees to exercise exploit prisoners, first, as underpaid who can largely use the funds Delinquent debtors risk losing their their right to a jury trial. The courts labor and, second (and more deeply) however they see fit.” “The burden driver’s license or getting locked up, tack on an array of “surcharges,” as a captive market for overpriced falls most heavily on communities either of which could result in loss of which typically have little or no goods. Consider prison phone of color and low-income commu- employment or wages. And in many direct connection to defendants’ calls. Capitalizing on prisoners’ nities,” the ACLU reports in a study states, people with outstanding legal alleged actions, to fund legal and efforts to maintain connections, the of asset forfeiture in California, and debt cannot vote (in Florida, the non-legal government operations Telecoms earn roughly $1.6 billion the benefits flow upward to people fight over debt-based disenfran- (e.g., education). a year on per-minute prison phone and institutions higher in the social chisement has recently reignited). For many defendants, court calls, a portion of which they give order. The same can be said of all the The primary targets of crimi- involvement leads to costly entan- to government partners; in 2013, extractive practices that have spread nal-legal predation are, in many glements with the commercial bail they doled out about $460 million in across the criminal-legal field since respects, the families and friends of industry. In this system, defendants commissions. the late 1980s. justice-involved individuals—par- who can’t afford to pay their bail turn Outside prisons, public officials For people of means, predatory ticularly women. Mary Katzenstein to businesses that charge non-refund- retrofit community supervision as practices may be frustrating and, and Maureen Waller argue that such able premiums (typically 10% of the an extractive operation. From 1990 in the extreme, put a crimp in their practices operate as a form of “cash bail) to get them out. Since the early to 2014, for example, the number lifestyle. For people living pay- extraction that draws on ties of fam- 1990s, in conjunction with tough- of states charging people for their check-to-paycheck, these practices ily dependency within the poorest on-crime politics, bail amounts have own probation and parole supervi- are not only more common, but stratum of American society.” In the skyrocketed, pushing defendants’ sion rose from 26 to 44. For-profit more often sources of hardships and cases of commercial bail and prison dependency on bail bonds. probation companies now operate in crises. Sociologists Katherine Beckett profiteering, for example, businesses The amount of money that several states, while other businesses and Alexes Harris explain that even directly target defendants’ and flows from RCS communities to make money by furnishing govern- “‘small’ payments of, for example, $50 prisoners’ loved ones—most often bail companies (and the corporate ments with supervision technolo- a month can consume a signifi- mothers, grandmothers, and roman- sureties that underwrite their bonds) gies such as electronic monitoring cant share of defendants’ monthly tic partners—to maximize profits. is unknown. Unlike government bracelets. As Noah Zatz and col- income.” A single asset forfeiture, Criminal-legal predation is agencies, bail companies may keep leagues show, some courts mandate the ACLU argues, can “strip people particularly harmful for low-income their finances secret.A 2016 study community service for criminal-legal of money needed for rent, medicine, women of color, especially Black by the Maryland Office of the debtors, which “functions as a system child care or other expenses, or cars women, as a study by Alabama Public Defender, however, sug- of unregulated and coercive labor.” required to get to school or work.” Appleseed underscores: “While gests the amount is massive. The Criminal-legal institutions also Criminal-legal debt forces people other Alabamians are saving for Office reported that bail companies play an important role in extractive into increasingly difficult choices, retirement, paying off mortgages, “extract tens of millions of dollars relations by coercing payments for such as forgoing necessities like and helping their children with from Maryland’s poorest zip codes, debts that do not arise from matters food, rent, and medical care. They payments for higher education and contributing to the perpetuation of of crime and punishment. Police and do so because nonpayment has seri- other expenses, African-American poverty.... The money bail system courts act as backstops and enforcers ous repercussions: courts, collections women with no criminal histories has a disproportionate impact on for debts owed to government agencies, and bail bond companies are paying other people’s court debt.” racial minorities: over five years, (e.g., child support) and private tack on additional charges, pushing Criminal-legal debtors frequently black defendants were charged pre- companies—healthcare providers debtors deeper into the red. And, suffer psychological and emotional miums of at least $181 million, while and landlords, along with more as the ACLU explains, nonpayment strain. In interviews, many express defendants of all other races com- distinctly predatory payday lenders, “can damage credit scores and fatalism and fear, as if they’re bined were charged $75 million.” credit card companies, and auto and directly compromise access to credit, haunted by a specter of future Incarceration results in exposure to home-mortgage lenders. rental housing, mortgages, automo- disaster. Debtors feel the full weight another wide array of revenue-gener- Criminal justice predation rein- biles, and employment. They can of the state, threatening to knock ating schemes. Prison-management forces social inequalities as it gener- lead to civil judgments that result Continued on Page 13

12 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Race, Police Violence, and Justice Eight Bullets, Eight Minutes – What Breonna Taylor and George Floyd Had in Common Nikki Jones, Professor of African jail. Bland was incarcerated in the Taylor accompany current protests As Breonna Taylor’s boyfriend American Studies and faculty affiliate jail after a police officer escalated against police violence and struc- shared in the aftermath of Taylor’s with the Center for the Study of Law and an already suspect traffic stop by tural racism. Saying the names of killing, such invasions are terrify- Society, University of California, Berkeley threatening to “light [Bland] up” Breonna Taylor and George Floyd at ing and disorienting. The“surprise eorge Floyd with a taser and dragging her out of the same time resists the tendency attack” nature of the intrusions Gwas killed her car on the side of a Texas road. to subjugate the experiences of are intentional, meant to prevent a by Minneapolis The #SayHisName hashtag is Black women, but, as I argue in my person from destroying evidence or police on May intended to elevate and perhaps recent book, it is important to do from readying a retaliatory attack 25, 2020. His even sanctify the life and memory more than say her name too. As I’ve against police — neither of which body was of George Floyd — calling on us to discovered in my own work, which were happening on the night officers buried in remember more of him than the last builds on the work of Patricia Hill killed Taylor. Taylor had no criminal Houston, TX, eight minutes of his life captured on Collins and other Black feminist record and no drugs were found in a plot next Nikki Jones video and digitally catapulted across scholars, we learn much more in her home. The spontaneous to his deceased the globe. Yet, as Black feminists from speaking and thinking about eruption of force that accompanies mother. Thousands of people have argued, the pronoun change these experiences as both distinctly no-knock warrants leaves little attended the homegoing cele- also has the consequence, intended gendered and structurally similar. room for anything but coerced com- bration that preceded his burial, or otherwise, of subjugating and Doing so allows for a more expan- pliance and turns any move on the including the families of Trayvon erasing the experiences of Black sive understanding of the harms part of a civilian — a simple ques- Martin and Michael Brown, victims women with police violence. done by police violence and what it tion or a startled reaction — into an of police violence whose names The seemingly simple trans- would mean to build a world that act of resistance, which only invites will be forever fixed to the rise of mutation of the #SayHerName liberates all Black people from the more violence from officers. Black Lives Matter. The Black Lives hashtag returns us once again to an persistent threat of state violence. In cases like the killing of unfinished Black feminist project, Breonna Taylor, it is the officers, Matter movement was ignited No Safe Space after the 2013 acquittal of George one that was articulated over 40 not civilians, who are protected Breonna Taylor’s killing is a power- Zimmerman for the killing of years ago in a statement from the by recent Supreme Court rulings ful illustration of Black women’s lack Trayvon Martin in Florida, and Combahee River Collective and on fourth amendment cases. of protection from police violence. exploded a year later after the has animated my research on Black Since Taylor’s killing, it has been Her case is also a powerful illustra- police killing of Michael Brown in gender ideologies, policing, and reported that the original no-knock tion of the substantial power that Ferguson, MO. violence: how do we talk about the contained factual mistakes. Yet, the Supreme Court precedent provides Along the procession route for experiences of Black women and law often protects officers who make to the police. Breonna Taylor, a Floyd’s funeral and outside the Black men (cis, trans, and gen- “good faith” mistakes. 26-year-old emergency medical cemetery, activists chanted the der non-conforming) with police In a scathing dissent to a 2016 technician in Louisville, KY, was phrase, “Say His Name.” The chant violence without privileging the Supreme Court ruling in Utah vs. killed by police officers in her home. and the #SayHisName hashtags that suffering of Black men and silencing Streiff, justice Sonia Sotomayor The officers who invaded her home trended on social media following the voices of Black women? warned of the threat posed to the had acquired a no-knock warrant. George Floyd’s murder borrow One response to this decades- American public by the court’s No-knock warrants allow officers to from the rise of another contem- old question is to talk about these persistent erosion of fourth invade a residence unannounced, porary movement against police experiences at the same time — to amendment protections, especially often using a battering ram to burst violence: #SayHerName. Launched make space in calls for justice for in light of glaring racial disparities through a person’s front door, as they by Kimberlé Crenshaw and the multiple, gender-inclusive stories, as in all phases of the criminal justice did the night they killed Breonna African American Policy Forum in #SayHerName encourages us to do. system: “[This case] says that your Taylor. Taylor was shot at least eight 2014, #SayHerName gained ground Some activists and protestors have body is subject to invasion while times by police after they invaded her in the summer of 2015 after Sandra done this, for example, by insisting courts excuse the violation of your that the life and death of Breonna apartment. Bland was found dead in a Texas Continued on Page 14

Revenue Racket fuel anger at government, especially at least 46 times, leaving him with your car, so that ain’t nothing From Page 12 the police that govern RCS commu- thousands of dollars in fines and but money.” nities. Many Black, Indigenous, and fees. Speaking at a recent remem- The anger Castile expresses is at (or perhaps knock down) their people of color feel that the police brance, Ms. Castile said: made all the worse when people who doors, upend their lives, and take view them not as equal citizens …And I told my son once benefit from systematic, state-sanc- them away. The haunting is espe- deserving of safety and justice, but before he had got murdered, tioned plunder ignore or discount cially fraught for Black Americans, as subjects to control and groups “These people ain’t even the harm it causes — and instead who have endured racialized state to strip-mine for dollars. We hear looking at you like a man, they decry far smaller and more episodic violence for centuries. They know, this sentiment from Valerie Castile, looking at you as revenue… forms of looting without bothering first-hand, how quickly interactions mother of Philando Castile, a young Because every time they stop to ask why people in RCS communi- with the police can turn deadly. Black Minnesotan killed by police you, they are going to give you ties are so enraged and desperate in As recent protests evidence, pred- in 2016. In the 14 years before his a ticket, they are going to tow the first place. atory criminal justice practices also death, the police had stopped Castile footnotes July/August 2020 13 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Race, Police Violence, and Justice

Eight Bullets death. From Page 13 Reporting in the wake of Floyd’s murder revealed that officers use rights. It implies that you are not force against Black residents in a citizen of a democracy but the Minneapolis at 7 times the rate of subject of a carceral state, just white residents. Officers routinely waiting to be cataloged.” That cat- rely on aggression, violence, and aloguing, as we’ve seen in Breonna exploitation in their dealings with Taylor’s case, can be performed by residents of the Third District, a judge issuing a warrant, an officer where George Floyd died with executing a warrant, or a coroner Derrick Chauvin’s knee on his cataloguing the lethal consequence neck. The Minneapolis Star Tribune of a warrant. documented multiple abuses from The killing of Breonna Taylor court records and police reports: cautions against calls for police “One officer kicked a handcuffed reform and instead directs our suspect in the face, leaving his jaw attention to what legal scholar in pieces. Officers beat and pis- Paul Butler has described as the tol-whipped a suspect in a parking “superpowers” the Supreme Court lot on suspicion of low-level drug has granted to police officers: the charges. Others harassed residents powers to detain, arrest, incarcerate, of a south Minneapolis housing the fatal encounter also reveals the saying their names. We should also and kill. These superpowers have project as they headed to work futility of Floyd’s efforts to save honor their lives by allowing each been reinforced by the highest law and allowed prostitution suspects himself. Long before his appeal killing to teach us something more in the land even as the devastating to touch their genitals for several to his deceased mother for help, about the depth of the problem at racial disparities of mass incar- minutes before arresting them in Floyd’s actions revealed a man who hand and the world that needs to ceration have been made more vice stings.” is familiar with the regular routine of be built. evident by activists, scholars, and A comment from Abigail Cerra, policing, as well as haunted by previ- Asleep in her bedroom at night, policymakers, which leads Butler to a commissioner for Minneapolis’ ous encounters with police violence, Breonna Taylor had no time to conclude, as others have as well, that Police Conduct Oversight both direct and vicarious. plead with officers for her life. police reform will always ultimately Commission and former public Floyd’s first words to officers after On a Minneapolis street in the fail because much of what the police defender, reveals that the most they approach his car are defer- daylight hours, George Floyd pled do is constitutional. This does not extreme forms of bodily invasion ential and apologetic: “Hey, man. for his life until his final breath. As mean that the Louisville city council that Sotomayor warned against I’m sorry.” He repeats his apology Black feminist scholars and Black, vote to ban no-knock warrants is in her dissent were routine in after being directed by the officer queer women leading protests meaningless. There are approxi- Minneapolis: “Clients were con- to remain in the car, “I’m sorry, I’m against police violence remind us, mately 20,000 no-knock warrants stantly getting anal searches. Not at sorry!” And quickly tries to dis- Breonna Taylor’s story matters as executed per year in the United the hospital. At the Third Precinct.” abuse the officer of the presumption much as George Floyd’s. We should States. These bans can potentially The commissioner’s disclosure, that he is a wrongdoer: “I didn’t do #SayHerName. It is important to save some lives. Yet, Taylor’s killing along with the circumstances of nothing.” These types of pleas, espe- highlight what is distinctly gendered reminds us that it is not one type of Breonna Taylor’s and George Floyd’s cially when uttered by Black men, about police violence, as well as police action that is responsible for deaths, makes clear that the threat often have the opposite reactions on those experiences that are shared. the threat to Black people’s lives — of bodily invasion is not restricted officers. Just under two minutes into Talking and thinking about the the threat is much more substantial by binary gender categories. This the encounter, Floyd tries to contex- police killings of Breonna Taylor and comprehensive than such one- shared vulnerability to bodily tualize his actions for the officers. “I and George Floyd at the same time off reforms suggest. invasion turns Black people across got shot,” he says, before apologizing reveals how expansive the power of the gender spectrum into crimi- “Please don’t shoot me, Mr. once again. “Last time I got shot, policing is and what little protection nally catalogued bodies that can be Officer” it was the same thing,” he explains, from police violence exists for Black accessed, penetrated, and controlled after the officer has directed him to people. The killing of George Floyd at will and without recourse. put his hands on the top of his head. Breonna Taylor and George Floyd also tells us something about Body camera footage reveals Floyd would go on to ask the officer shared a vulnerability to bodily unchecked police power and the that George Floyd could not escape to “please don’t shoot me” five times invasion at the hands—and knee— limits of reform. As has been widely this vulnerability, either. As was over the next minute-and-a-half of the police. Breonna Taylor was reported, prior to George Floyd’s reported in the New York Times: (according to the time stamps on killed by eight bullets. George Floyd killing, Minneapolis had been “Throughout the video, [Floyd] the transcript). In the end, Floyd had the breath choked out of him the site of intensive police reform never appeared to present a physical was not able to escape the tragic over eight minutes. Acknowledging efforts. Yet, these reforms were not threat to the officers, and even after fate that he saw clearly during the their shared vulnerability to state enough to save George Floyd’s life. he was handcuffed and searched for earliest moments of his encounter violence allows Black people across George Floyd’s murder, and the weapons, the officers seemed to be with Minneapolis police. the gender spectrum to organize as perceived failure of reforms, ignited more concerned with controlling his allies, not subordinates, and to build protest against racism and police body than saving his life, the footage A Shared Struggle violence, yet the kindling had been up a world that is truly liberating showed.” We should honor those who assembled years prior to Floyd’s for us all. A court-released transcript of have been killed by the police by

14 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Race, Police Violence, and Justice The Love Note That Launched a Movement

Carly Jennings, Doctoral Student verdict in July 2013 until the end of repeating for hundreds of American to protect their Black lives. and Research Assistant, Texas A&M that year, about 30 reminders per years. Harriet Tubman’s serial fugi- Say What? University day that Black people’s lives matter tivity lived by that uncomplicated We don’t deserve to be killed with were posted – 5,106 times in total. tenet. Ida B. Wells, the 19th century Tangentially, and in retort to impunity. We need to love ourselves The following summer, consolation Black investigative reporter who #BLM’s organic and robust online and fight for a world where Black was again needed. On August 9, exposed social intricacies of vigi- presence, a subgroup of general lives matter. Black people, I love 2014, Ferguson, MO police officer lantism and lynching, said so in her Twitter users began tweeting you. I love us. We matter. Our lives Darren Wilson ended Michael exhaustive survey of extra-judicial “#AllLivesMatter (#ALM).” More matter. — Alicia Garza, in her “Love Brown’s life. Pew Research reports killings, many planned with cooper- than 1.5 million times between Letter to Black Folks” (2013) that in the sudden aftermath, 58,747 ation from off-duty police officials. 2013 and 2016, some people #BLM tweets per day were posted. In current-day Chicago, Nicole actually contested, in writing, in ow can Between 2013 and 2016, Black Van Cleve has exposed the brutal public, the notion that “Black lives Hthere be a Twitter and allies found it necessary “quality” of life meted out by Cook matter.” #ALM posters evinced counter-frame to tweet their mantra 11.8 million County’s judicial system. Black par- clear patterns: the number of #ALM to a prima facie times, repeating Garza’s thesis: Black ents racially socialize their children posts rose and fell in concert with, observation people deserve to live, #BLM. on how to stay alive during police as counter to, #BLM declarations, that Black lives encounters, instead of enjoying the which themselves were countering matter? Why Black Lives Literally Matter privilege of expecting police officers Continued on Page 16 do people read This year, on June 25, Black “Black lives Carly Jennings Twitter commemorated Tamir Rice’s matter” as birthday. He should have become “Black deaths matter”? This article an 18-year old instead of forever focuses on data-dense Twitter dis- being a child who was executed at course for analyzing this particular the playground by an unfit police conversation about Black lives’ officer. Space-camp kid Trayvon merit in America. Martin — his life mattered. He did She Said What She Said not deserve to be stalked and killed by a self-deputized gun owner. Garza’s love letter to Black people Recently elected Congresswoman flowed from her aching response Lucy McBath’s life matters, and to the verdict in a criminal case. A so did the life of her son Jordan. Florida jury had decided not to hold Jordan’s life ended while he was George Zimmerman responsible for still a teen. Some adult shot him his shooting and killing of 17-year at a convenience store because the old Trayvon Martin who was only guy thought Jordan’s friend’s music armed with iced tea, candy, and a was too loud. Jordan’s musical taste little swagger. Perhaps as alarming did matter, though. The guy who as the verdict was the nihilism shot him hates rap music. Twenty- Garza heard in response. Many six-year-old Breonna Taylor’s life of her peers had predicted such a mattered — the part she lived and response to this perversion of life’s the future life she deserved to have. natural course for the Black teen- One night after Breonna and her ager. Alicia Garza’s friend, Patrisse partner Kenneth had fallen asleep, Cullors, immediately “co-signed” police with a “no-knock” warrant the love letter’s simple thesis by knocked down the door with a tagging her posts on Twitter with battering ram. Kenneth grabbed his #BlackLivesMatter (#BLM). Black weapon — his 2nd amendment right Twitter, a densely populated cul- — but was assailed by a barrage of ture-based network within Twitter, police bullets, eight of which tore quickly embraced Alicia’s reminder: into Breonna’s body. For the last “we deserve to live.” five minutes of her life, Breonna Connections between collec- gasped and bled before succumbing tive grief and #BLM’s messages of to those injuries. People who say consolation are clear. In addition to “Black lives matter” should be taken adopting #BLM as a hashtag, online literally and seriously. It is unkind to supporters amplified the message by discomfort people in mourning. disclosing their personal experi- The notion that Black people ences surviving violent policing. deserve to live did not suddenly According to Pew Research Center, occur to Alicia Garza one night in from the day of the Zimmerman 2013. That simple tenet has needed footnotes July/August 2020 15 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Race, Police Violence, and Justice

Love Note living Emmitt was available only to fide movement activists on “both African American theorizers lead to From Page 15 those who knew him while he had sides.” The #ALM proclaimers do confrontation with dominant white life — Black people, for the most not engage in organized, collective framing. I see the audacity of trying illegitimate police usage of violence. part. For others, he was and remains praxis or organized mobilization; to rename a movement as another The #ALM proclaimers do not framed as death. they just heckle. way of presuming there is consensus engage in significant or sustained How does one come to count- Why is that short slogan about on the desirability of Black assimila- self-determined collective action er-frame a counter-frame of death? Black lives so troubling to nay- tion to white norms. — they are content with interrupt- By operating from several mistaken sayers? Is it because something Typically, a call-and-response ing potentially lifesaving calls and presumptions. One such presump- is elevated to importance? I don’t ritual is a unifying, or at least responses. The timing of #ALM’s tion is that the #BLM slogan needed think so — America’s merit trope socially regulating, mechanism. It deployment correction is beloved. Is the word “lives” the is not unusual for Black people to suggests it is – that “All problem? Certainly not. That would encourage each other’s words with more than Lives Matter” mean naysayers “don’t care if some- yet more words. When a sermon flippant When used, #ALM is a better one dies,” — an apt definition of (a call) sets out upon a crescendo, correction watchword hatred I learned from a young child. listeners respond, “Preach!” If of a slogan amounts to an attempted than “Black “Black.” Could that be what triggers I register a valid complaint to a they dislike. undoing of something many Lives Matter.” attempts to de-center Blackness in sympathetic ear, in return I will When used, By presuming this outcry over systemic existential hear, “I know THAT’s right!” But if #ALM people are not comfortable an emphasis threats? Say it ain’t so. Surely serious I re-hash an oft-repeated complaint amounts seeing: Black folk engaged in on “Black” people would not think it necessary I might get a lukewarm “I heard to an was a deficit, to correct Black people who are that…” Adhesive-strength unanim- attempted a conversation FUBU (for us rather than an talking to other Black people about ity might inspire a response difficult undoing of intentional call. Black people. That would be akin for non-Black people to decipher: something by us). Black is consid- to one’s neighbor stopping by to “Who YOU telling?” Someone many people ered beautiful announce they dislike your book being unreasonable or shocking is are not by many, not club’s choice of literature. Your likely to hear “Oh no you didn’t” – comfortable something to neighbor doesn’t know Spanish, even though they clearly just did. A seeing: Black folk engaged in a con- be avoided. #ALM advocates are so “shouldn’t the book choices be child’s misbehavior can be reined in versation FUBU (for us by us). again mistaken when they pre- something all people would like?” by a vague, yet prophetic, “mHmm. In the harrowing context of sume there is a place for them in a The perplexing part: your neighbor Keep on!” Someone untrustworthy extrajudicial killings of Black movement of which they are explic- is not a member of the book club. “ain’t shit,” which sounds like a good people, #BLM became a public itly not a part. Especially if they So, what fuels their presumption thing to accuse someone of not soothing, a life-affirming count- cannot even bring themselves to say of authority? With saintly courtesy, being — but trust me, it isn’t. er-frame to premature death, as well “Black.” Another #ALM error stems some members of the book club Similarly, as a large, dynamic, as a memorialization of lives lost. from mistaking a self-reflexive, might respond, “¿De que habla? conversational community, Black But the word “life” in the middle prognostic and solution-oriented Nos encanta la poesía de Excilia Twitter is a pitch-perfect venue of this slogan is often misread by framing by Black activists for a diag- Saldana,” though others might just for Black messaging and issues #BLM rebutters as “death.” Why? nostic frame that would attribute close the door, leaving the interloper framing. Its denizens provide calls, I suggest this begins with mental blame to white people, and thereby outside. Similarly, the Black Lives responses, and reality checks on and racial frames white people center white people. The words Matter movement does not need to matters “for us, by us.” It is therefore connect to Black people. More often “Black Lives Matter” contain moti- change its words — because only unsurprising that Black Twitter than not, those frames are incom- vational resources, Afro-centered those words can make the salient has become an online space where plete. For example, in the mid-20th epistemology, and a prophetic tone point the movement exists to make. coded conversations flow freely. century, Emmitt Till was one of so familiar to those who speak With home culture frames as points This is a “A” and “B” Conversation, a few African Americans whose “Black.” The phrase does not contain of reference, Black folk on Twitter So “C” Your Way Out name was recognized by millions the stuff of which diagnostic frames join together to laugh, celebrate, of white people. But most white are composed: deficit, blame, deceit, What undergirds the disempow- grieve, wickedly understate, glee- folk did not actually see Emmitt’s injury, and complaints thereof. ering boundary breaches the #BLM fully overstate, jab, signify, watch face in life; they met only his corpse Although the #BLM movement movement experiences? Whereas the BET awards, and applaud each on September 6, 1955, after a gang has evolved to interrogate systemic I have sometimes named hubris other. More than other factors I of adult men kidnapped, lynched, racism, their foundational words as the primary spiritual malady have considered while theorizing and disfigured him. Emmitt’s do not assign blame. Yet, since the causing people to overstep racial the bifurcated response to those courageous mother, Mamie, aware hashtag’s inception and amplifica- discursive bounds, sociologist three plain words, “Black Lives of intense media attention sur- tion, there has been pushback work- Glenn Bracey might suggest more Matter,” it is Twitter’s demonstrated rounding her son’s murder, opted ing to diffuse the slogan’s impact dynamic root causes such as pre- capacity to sustain and encourage for an open-casket funeral, thereby and subsequent blame. This matter suming Black people are desirous Black people’s rhetorical cultures displaying the teratology of white of life and death misread should not of becoming more recognizable that indicates how insular the #BLM American racism. Therefore, when be mistaken for what sociologists by others (i.e., assimilation) and hashtag was, and was intended to Emmitt was referenced in the ensu- call a “framing contest.” Falsely further, that Black people’s success is be, at its inception. Alicia Garza said ing decades of racial reckoning, the equating one “side” with the other facilitated by being recognizable to as much: She wrote a love letter to white American imaginary could erroneously suggests parity between others. Whatever the depth of anal- Black folk, not a hypothesis to be not compose a living Emmitt. A two sides. There are not bona ysis, many analytical paths taken by subjected to “peer” review.

16 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Race, Police Violence, and Justice The Demography of Police-Involved Homicides

Michael Esposito, Postdoctoral Fellow, and race/ethnicity. Our analysis finds fatal civilian-police interactions in Moving Forward Institute for Social Research, University that about 52 per 100,000 males and the United States are not equally According to Fatal Encounters of Michigan; Frank Edwards, Assistant 3 of every 100,000 females will be distributed across the United States. data, U.S. law enforcement kills Professor of Criminal Justice, Rutgers killed by police. For comparison, In an analysis of adult males, we find University; and Hedwig Lee, Professor of more than 1,000 people per year or the lifetime risk of an individual — that where an individual resides is Sociology, Washington University in St. more than 3 people each day. When Louis male or female — being killed in a tied to their chances of being killed these figures are situated alongside firearm-related homicide is about by law enforcement (2018). rates from advanced industrialized he recent 350 per 100,000 population (which Perhaps most interestingly, we find democracies, it becomes clear that the Tmurders of includes police-involved shootings). that race-specific rates of being killed U.S. is unique in the violence enacted Breonna Taylor We find that police are responsible by police vary among clusters of U.S. by its law enforcement institutions. In and George for approximately 8 percent of all states. Indeed, among adult Black other countries, such as England or Floyd by law homicides with adult male victims males, overall risk of being killed by Germany, police kill fewer individuals enforcement every year. law enforcement is highest in Pacific over the course of a few years than have ignited one Our analysis also demonstrates (e.g., Washington, California) and U.S. police do over the course of a few of the largest Michael Esposito sizable racial disparities in the risk West North Central (e.g., Minnesota, days. In addition, our work highlights social move- of being killed by police. According Missouri) states — where more than how racial/ethnic disparities in risk ments in U.S. to our estimates, approximately 1 of 3 per 100,000 men are estimated to be are quite severe — and how police are history. Citizens every 1,000 Black men/boys can be killed by law enforcement each year. a principal source of early mortality across the coun- expected to be killed by law enforce- Among Latino adult males, risk is by among young males, especially young try have taken ment. (Note that 1 in 1,000 is also far the greatest in Mountain states (e.g., African American men. Altogether, to the streets the mortality rate of measles which, Arizona, New Mexico), where police the current demography of police-in- to demon- according to Rhea Boyd, pediatrician are estimated to kill around 1.9 per volved homicides suggests that the strate against Frank Edwards and Director of Equity and Justice for 100,000 Latino adults each year. White U.S. has an unignorable issue in how it excessive, yet The California Children’s Trust, is “... adult male risk appears relatively more performs policing. seemingly rou- a risk deemed so deadly, it has near stable across regions, but is somewhat We and other sociologists (e.g., tine, police use constant public health surveillance elevated in Mountain states and indi- Sewell and Jefferson 2016; Sewell, of force — and, and prevention.”) For American vidual states like Oklahoma. Jefferson, and Lee 2016; and Vitale more broadly, Indian and Alaska Native men/boys, Racial disparities in risk are also 2017) suggest that police-involved against racism lifetime risk of being killed by police quite heterogeneous across the U.S. deaths, and other forms of violent that is deeply is about 1 in 2,000 and for White men landscape. Black-White disparities interactions with law enforcement, are embedded in and boys, this risk is approximately 1 appear most exaggerated in Middle not solely the result of the inade- Hedwig Lee our social, eco- in 2,500. Despite rates among women Atlantic (e.g., New York, New quacies in criminal justice policy. nomic, and cultural systems. being nearly 20 times lower than Jersey); East North Central (e.g., Instead, the United States’ high rate of With widespread demonstrations rates among men, racial disparities in Michigan, Indiana); and West North police-involved homicides is rooted in introducing the notion of racial injus- chances of being killed by police are Central states — where adult Black our health, education, and economic tice in policing to new audiences, it is still quite pronounced among females: males are estimated to be up to 8 structures. Ensuring that communities perhaps worthwhile to recapitulate the we estimate that Black and American times more likely to be killed by law are safe from excessive, fatal police demographics of all too common fatal Indian/Alaskan Native women and enforcement than their White male use of force will thus require upstream police-civilian interactions. As W.E.B. girls are about 1.5 times more likely peers. Disparities in risk between interventions, including educational Du Bois — the founding father of to be killed by law enforcement than adult Latino and White males and economic investments; improved social demography — demonstrated their White female counterparts. remain fairly consistent across the housing infrastructure; robust social through his seminal research, simply We also find that risk of being entire country. services and improved access to health describing inequalities via careful killed by law enforcement fluctuates While less pronounced than care. Directly addressing policing is demographic methods can be a pow- across the life course. Young men and state-based variation, we also find only the tip of the iceberg. erful tool for informing effective social women, particularly between the ages differences in risk across metropoli- More personally, following civically change. In this spirit, we thought that of 20 and 29, have the highest rates tan types. Individuals living in large, engaged scholars who study inequality it might be helpful, for the current of police-involved killings among all central metropolitan areas are gener- (Hunter 2018; Itzigsohn and Brown moment, to share demographic age groups. For young men, police ally at the highest risk of being killed 2020; Morris 2017), we believe that estimates from our work that outline violence ranks as the sixth leading by police, at about 1 death due to it is critically important to share our the scope of fatal police-violence in the cause of death, after accidents, sui- police per 100,000 population each research with the public and highlight United States. cides, other homicides, heart disease, year. However, we find that about the inequities that plague our society. Risk of Being Killed by Law and cancer. Risk of being killed two-thirds of all police-involved We cannot look away, but must act. In Enforcement by Gender, Race, by law enforcement is particularly killings occur in suburbs (e.g., places the words of the late U.S. congressman and Age pronounced among young men of like Ferguson, MO), smaller cities John Lewis, color, with police being responsible and rural counties. Indeed, we find When you see something that is In a study published late last for 1.6% of all deaths to Black men that in rural areas, law enforcement not right, not fair, not just, you have year, we used data provided by between the ages of 20 and 24. officers are responsible for more to speak up. You have to say some- Fatal Encounters to estimate how than 10 percent of all homicides with thing; you have to do something. one’s risk of being killed by U.S. law Geographic Variation in Risk adult male victims. We hope that we are doing our part. enforcement varies by age, gender, Our analyses show that rates of footnotes July/August 2020 17 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News 2020 ASA Election Results

SA is Vice Van Tran, The Graduate Center, Nilda Flores-Gonzalez, Arizona Apleased President-Elect City University of New York State University to announce One-year Committee on Committees Fatma Müge Göçek, University of the results of term as Vice Michigan the 2020 ASA President- Two-year terms election. Thank Elect, one-year Waverly Duck, University of Elaine Hernandez, Indiana University you to all the term as Vice Pittsburgh Allison Pugh, University of Virginia candidates who President, and Cecilia Menjívar Nina Bandelj Jenny Irons, William T. Grant generously vol- one-year term Committee on Publications Foundation unteered their as Past Vice President Three-year terms Neda Maghbouleh, University of service, and congratulations to our Nina Bandelj, University of Marlese Durr, Wright State University new leaders. Toronto California-Irvine Gary Alan Fine, Northwestern President-Elect Alyasah “Ali” Sewell, Emory University Council Members-at-Large One-year term as President-Elect, University Three-year terms Saher Selod, Simmons University one-year term as President, and one- Committee on Nominations Jessica Calarco, Indiana University year term as Past President Two-year terms Governing Documents Cecilia Menjívar, University of Gilda Ochoa, Pomona College Revised ASA Bylaws and restated Cynthia Feliciano, Washington Articles of Incorporation were California-Los Angeles Daisy Reyes, University of University in St. Louis approved. Connecticut

ASA 2020 Award Winners

e are pleased to introduce you and, ultimately, her signature book, diverse cities. Bashi Treitler’s second archiving and producing film footage Wto the distinguished winners of Survival of the Knitted (Stanford book, The Ethnic Project (Stanford to educate the world on issues of ASA’s 2020 awards. The winners will University Press, 2007). Based University Press, 2013), continues central importance to the African be honored in person next year in on analysis of interview data and in this vein, revealing the challenges Diaspora. Bashi Treitler also served Chicago with the 2021 winners. Each multi-site ethnographic observation groups face as they attempt to manage in 2015 as Chair of the Nominations of the pieces below was submitted by in the West Indies, New York, and simultaneously racial and ethnic and Election Committee for the the relevant award selection commit- London, Bashi Treitler develops a identities in the United States. Tracing United Nations NGO Committee tee chair, and we thank the commit- new theory to explain the migration the histories of immigrant and for Human Rights, served for nine tees for their good work. patterns of West Indian blacks. Prior indigenous groups — Irish, Chinese, years as a member of the Board to her work, scholars believed that Italians, Jews, Native Americans, of the International Sociology Cox-Johnson-Frazier Award migrants with plans to reach the Mexicans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Association’s Research Committee Vilna Bashi Treitler, University of United States would first seek to African Americans — Bashi Treitler on Racism, Nationalism, and Ethnic California-Santa Barbara acquire the requisite social capital shows that these groups adopt a Relations, and is an active member In the tradition of Oliver Cox, to facilitate their move. Survival of strategy employed by white ethnic of the Institute for the Study of Latin Charles Johnson, and E. Franklin the Knitted challenges this dominant immigrants generations before them: America and the Caribbean’s working Frazier, this award amplifies and narrative, showing in meticulous they attempt to draw distinctions group, Afrodescendants of the honors the scholarly work and activ- detail that West Indians who never between their group and native-born Americas, based at the University of ism of those who have devoted their intended to migrate are encouraged blacks under the realization that to get South Florida. She was also a found- research agendas to advancing the to do so by migrant relatives already ahead in America means discrimi- ing member of ASA’s section, Global interests of disadvantaged popula- living abroad. These migrants nating against the group located at and Transnational Sociology, serving tions, here in the United States and mobilize their friends and relatives the bottom of the racial hierarchy. She as Program Committee Member on the global stage. As the award to move to the U.S. too, relying on shows that this pattern is one way, from 2009-2013. stipulates, recipients should have these extended networks as a mech- amongst many, in which the racial Citing her innovative scholarship. a record of outstanding work such anism to challenge structural racism order in the U.S. is upheld. activism, and extensive professional as, but not limited to, social justice in America, helping new migrants In addition to her scholarship, service, scholars working in her field issues, human rights, or committed to leverage opportunities established Bashi Treitler has worked to chip identify Bashi Treitler as “one of the to analyzing activism among groups migrants have carved out for them. away at social inequality globally in most accomplished, influential, and who have endured a long history of Scholars in her field note that her professional activities. Since 2015, internationally recognized scholars racial discrimination. Survival of the Knitted established she has served as Vice-Chair of the working in immigration and trans- Bashi Treitler received her Bashi Treitler as a “scholar of interna- United Nations (UN) Committee national studies in the United States PhD from the University of tional distinction,” focusing as it did for the Elimination of Racism, today,” making her an ideal recipient Wisconsin-Madison in 1997. It on the experiences of West Indians Afrophobia, and Colorism, and for the prestigious Cox-Johnson- was in Wisconsin, as a graduate who left their predominately black is also a Board member and UN Frazier Award. student, that she began the work country of origin for a new homeland Representative for the Drammeh that would become her dissertation in two of the world’s largest, most Institute, an NGO committed to Continued on Page 19

18 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association ASA News

Award Winners this realignment of sociology’s con- for the Humanities to work with a well established … for those of us From Page 18 tribution to public policy is novel, film producer to createThe Global working in gender and global and Dissertation Award seamless, and compelling. Her Assembly Line, a documentary that transnational connections, her work empirical contributions, methods, won an Emmy award in 1987, thus is widely recognized as foundational Christina Cross, University of and writing are simply outstand- bringing sociological analysis to a to work that has developed in the Michigan, for “The Color, Class, ing. Her approach is undeterred global audience. Fernandez-Kelly last two decades. She has organized and Context of Family Structure in its systematicity and precision. has received grants from the Ford many panels and edited volumes, and Its Association with Children’s Beautifully written and wonderfully Foundation, Revson Foundation, and has spread her generosity among Educational Performance” focused, this study offers up truly and Tinker Foundation for her colleagues, students, and a broader Christina Cross is currently a novel and exciting findings. Taken research into the exploitation of community of the disenfranchised. I Postdoctoral Fellow (2019-2022) together, this dissertation uses women by globalizing companies. think she is in a class of her own and and Assistant Professor (beginning sophisticated methods to advance Fernandez-Kelly held a research deserves the highest recognition.” 2022) of Sociology at Harvard sociological theories about race professor position at Johns Hopkins Distinguished Contributions to University. and family life. Christina Cross’s University Department of Sociology Teaching Award, co-winner In her dissertation, “The Color, intervention calls for a refashioning from 1987-1997 and received federal Class, and Context of Family of sociological theories that have funding for an ethnographic study Brian Powell, Indiana Structure and Its Association with had a tremendous influence on how in African American neighborhoods University-Bloomington Children’s Educational Performance.” society views Black families and in Baltimore. Grounded in nearly Brian Powell is the James H. Rudy Christina Cross speaks directly to core how society should formulate public a decade of ethnographic data col- Professor of Sociology at Indiana sociological concerns with inequality policies to support Black families. lection, her book, The Hero’s Fight: University-Bloomington. Professor and to heated debates in studies of African Americans in West Baltimore Distinguished Career Award for Powell is an exemplary communi- family, education, and poverty. In a and the Shadow of the State (2016) the Practice of Sociology ty-oriented scholar-teacher and a groundbreaking, carefully executed received a C. Wright Mills Finalist tireless supporter of students and analysis, Cross challenges the policy Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, Princeton Award from the Society for the the discipline. Dr. Powell is highly impulses of sociological research that University Study of Social Problems. deserving of this special recognition situate nuclear families as the primary Dr. Patricia Fernandez-Kelly is Fernandez-Kelly subsequently for his contributions to teaching intervention mechanisms in eliminat- Professor of Sociology and Research became the Acting Director of beyond his home department, his ing ethnoracial disparities in children’s Associate at the Office of Population the Program in Latino Studies at personal record of outstanding teach- educational achievement. Christina Research, and Director of the Center Princeton, focusing on national ing evidenced by his many awards, Cross offers a simple, persuasive, and for Migration and Development at security and deportation. She co-ed- his scholarship on teaching and nuanced repositioning of Black fami- Princeton University. ited, with Paul DiMaggio, Art in the learning, and his contributions to the lies in public policy solutions, turning As one of her nominees describes, Lives of Immigrant Communities in enhancement of teaching at the local, a fascinating eye on extended kin net- “… through her work at the Center the United States (Rutgers University regional, and national levels. works that include a wide array of kin, for Migration and Development she Press, 2010). She worked on a He has received countless awards not just grandparents. The writing brings together voices in sociol- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation for his teaching and mentoring quality is stellar, and the mastery of ogy, community action, and the grant documenting barriers to excellence, winning virtually every complex datasets is impressive. arts about the moral plights and health care, and from this created internal departmental and uni- Contrary to popular and academic social dilemmas of immigrants to a program for Latino prisoners in versity teaching and teaching-re- perceptions, Cross finds that it is not academic and community audi- a state prison, starting a journal, lated award offered at Indiana unusual for children to experience ences; this powerful combination of Inside Out, in which prisoners wrote University, including the Sociology being raised in an extended family sociological insights, social action, their stories and poems. Department’s Sutherland Award; household and that Black youth are and the arts reflects a lifetime of Dr. Dr. Fernandez-Kelly helped found Certificates of Distinction awarded more likely to transition into such Fernandez-Kelly’s public projects The Latin American Legal Defense by Blue, Golden Key, and Mortar households before reaching adult- and initiatives that have served as and Education Fund where she Board; the Indiana University hood than youth of other ethnoracial models of public sociology.” still chairs the Board of Trustees. President’s Teaching Recognition statuses. Parental education and Fernandez-Kelly earned a PhD She has helped organize a range Award; the Sociology Department’s other social class factors explain in 1981 from Rutgers University of legal services for immigrants Mentoring Award; and the North such transitions into extended kin with an original investigation into and their families facing deporta- Central Sociological Association’s networks, irrespective of ethnoracial the outsourcing of skilled hand- tion. With Alejandro Portes, she Schnabel Teaching Award. status. Most importantly, the socio- work by globalizing corporations to is co-editor of The State and the As one of the co-creators of Indiana economic precedents of extended women in low-wage factory towns. Grassroots: Immigrant Transnational University’s Preparing Future Faculty kin households are less harmful to Her book on Mexico’s maquiladora Organizations in Four Continents Program, Professor Powell has played the educational outcomes of Black program, For We are Sold, I and (Berghahn Books, 2016). She is a critical role in conceptualizing and children than those of white children My People: Women and Industry currently working on a book titled building the program. The innova- and of Afro-descended native-born in Mexico’s Frontier (SUNY Press, Hialeah Dreams: The Making of the tive program has helped develop adolescents than their West Indian 1984), in which she interviewed 510 Cuban-American Working Class in generations of teacher-scholars who counterparts. These relationships workers in 14 different plants, in South Florida. She is a prolific scholar prioritize teaching and mentoring hold across a wide array of educa- addition to working in one of the with over 12 books and well over 50 and who have gone on to win a raft of tional outcomes, including high factories, has become a “hallmark book chapters and journal articles. teaching-related awards and publish school completion, grades, grade- of ethnographic expertise.” From As one recommender sums up, their own scholarship on pedagogy level repetition, and suspensions. this work she received a grant “her many accomplishments and and in the research areas of education, The evidence Cross marshals for national stature in the field are from the National Endowment Continued on Page 20 footnotes July/August 2020 19 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News

Award Winners students at all levels, and research analysis was published in Sociological Distinguished Scholarly From Page 19 on teaching (and universities, more Methodology and was written to Book Award, co-winner broadly) has created generations of allow faculty to teach their students family, and inequality. As one letter Trans Kids: Being Gendered in scholars who genuinely care about network analysis by providing math- writer put it, “Far from just mentoring the Twenty-First Century by Tey teaching and see it as an essential ematical models and proofs to use individuals, Brian is in fact mentoring Meadow, Columbia University part of our careers as sociologists.” before any package programs for net- a family of scholars -- some of whom Tey Meadow’s Trans Kids: Being work analysis had been developed.” happen to be ‘family scholars.’” Distinguished Contributions to Gendered in the Twenty-First Century Second, Schwartz pioneered the Powell’s nominator, Bernice Teaching Award, co-winner (University of California Press, 2018) design and implementation of a Pescosolido, wrote, “Brian’s teaching is a beautifully written ethnographic Michael Schwartz, Stony Brook “track paper” system, which served superpower is really his mentoring.” analysis of one of the most pressing University as an alternative to traditional Another letter writer describes social issues in society today, how Michael Schwartz is a comprehensive examinations. The his experience of reaching out to gender categorization and gender Distinguished Teaching Professor “track paper” system continues to Professor Powell’s mentees as part nonconformity is being navigated of Sociology, Emeritus, at Stony provide students with an opportu- of building the nomination packet: within families. Understanding the Brook University. Professor Schwartz nity for professionalization and to “What struck me the most was how context and challenges individuals is a consummate sociologist and develop publishable research early much their responses illustrate the and their families experience as scholar-teacher who has acted as an in their graduate careers. Students fact that Brian’s mentoring is com- youths change their assigned gender unwavering supporter of students, learned to “do sociology” in a ways pletely selfless. This man has no ego. category creates new possibilities for colleagues, and the discipline during that required an “applied, authentic He does have a strong sense of self, thinking about gender as an accom- his five-decade career. Dr. Schwartz is and meaningful use of information a strong sense of professionalism plishment with more fluidity than highly deserving of this special recog- instead of reproducing facts,” and and of professional ethos — but no hitherto recognized or legitimized. nition for his breadth of contributions the system gave students space to ego. Instead the collective responses Unlike ethnographic research that to teaching in the United States and take intellectual risks, experiment show that his mentoring approach, focuses on a particular geographic globally. His dedication and work to with topics, and build academic while deeply grounded in an effort location or particular social site, influence and shape several genera- confidence. His nominators write, to help individual mentees find their Meadow travels across different sites tions of PhD students at Stony Brook “The innovation gave an oppor- own way, pursues the collective goal to produce an “ethnography of a cat- and beyond is an outstanding model tunity and safe environment, of advancing our discipline.” egory” that interrogates how gender for the discipline. As one letter writer especially for several minority and One former graduate student categories are produced, challenged, attests, “Whether as colleague, as working-class students mentored by who served as a TA for Professor and reframed. chair, and basically in every context Michael, to begin analyzing the role Powell reflected, “Dr. Powell made Over the course of four years, I have come to know him – I cannot of subaltern groups in redressing every class nothing short of magical. Meadow hung out with families and think of anyone for whom the notion inequality, as the letters testify. His The students came to class and did trans kids in different settings, such of ‘generosity of spirit’ would be more depth of mentoring, particularly of amazing amounts of work because as conferences for families, children, appropriate. And we are fortunate under-represented groups, is also he so inspired them and ignited their and day care providers in five differ- that his unabated enthusiasm contin- central to what makes Michael truly interest in sociology and gender. His ent cities; professional conferences for ues to enrich us, in the department, exceptional as a teacher. He has ‘a enthusiasm, breadth of knowledge, mental health professionals working the discipline and the American very natural way of making you ease of rapport, and openness to his with gender nonconforming and Sociological Association at large.” feel as though you belong,’ former students was something I watched transgender youth; hotels; medical His nominators focused on student Alex Trillo says, which ‘for in awe as a graduate student. It is fair clinics; schools; and gatherings of Schwartz’s three innovations that many students, can be a major part to say that his teaching is always in families at work or play. Meadow have had deep global impacts, of the battle.’” the back of my mind as I prepare and conducted 80 in-depth interviews informing and diffusing new teaching Third, with Judith Tanur and deliver my own lectures…. I think with 62 parents of 50 gender noncon- techniques and ideas: 1) new teaching Stephen Cole, Professor Schwartz I owe my own success in part to the forming and transgender youth. approaches to methods and statistics; designed a teaching practicum that strong start and example I received Theoretically innovative, Meadow 2) creating innovative assessments; included supervised teaching, still from Dr. Powell.” builds on, but also challenges, West and 3) curricular innovations. used at Stony Brook. As the current Finally, a nomination let- & Zimmerman’s classic model of First, Professor Schwartz chair of the Sociology Department at ter co-signed by 67 former and “doing gender” through interaction. developed one of the first graduate Stony Brook, Daniel Levy states, “As current students sums up why the Meadow demonstrates that gender methods classes on computers. far as I know, his (mandatory) class Distinguished Contributions to does not dissolve but changes, with Shortly after arriving at Stony Brook for our doctoral students was the Teaching Award Committee enthu- a variety of new categories develop- in 1970, he introduced a computer first one of this kind in the country.” siastically selected Powell for this ing among gender nonconforming analysis course for advanced students Ninety-five students and col- award: “Professor Powell has had an children. How Meadow captures that trained them in writing Fortran leagues endorsed Professor Schwartz’s outsized influence on the develop- each youth’s enactment of challeng- programs and utilizing early statis- nomination. The primary letter ment of teacher-scholars in our field. ing a gender binary to explore what tical packages on mainframes. His demonstrates why the award com- While many senior scholars have is right for them offers new insight nominators describe the import of mittee enthusiastically chose to honor trained scores of graduate students on gender and gender nonconform- this contribution: “Michael taught Schwartz: “Michael has dedicated who have gone on to conduct socio- ing processes in everyday life. The the first generation of students who his life to sociology and his students, logical research, Professor Powell is vibrant description of a kid wearing used computers to analyze large teaching us to use our sociological unique in his emphasis on teaching hot pink jeans with “deliberately sparse matrices; something that imagination, think critically, and and mentorship. His careful atten- coiffed brown hair,” artful makeup, apply sociology where it really mat- tion to classroom pedagogy and cur- diffused from Stony Brook to other universities. His paper on network ters: in changing the world.” ricula, supportive relationships with Continued on Page 21

20 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association ASA News

Award Winners Distinguished Scholarly incorporate into urban gay commu- society. Dr. Jennifer Glass, Centennial From Page 20 Book Award, co-winner nities in U.S. cities and their sexual Commission Professor of Liberal and romantic relationships with Arts at University of Texas at Austin, and dramatic vocal inflections Pathways of Desire, The Sexual U.S.-born Latinos and non-Latinos has achieved distinction in the field while demonstrating dance moves Migration of Mexican Gay Men in the United States. He skillfully by producing a compelling body clued in Meadow to the complexity by Héctor Carrillo, Northwestern weaves together stories of sex, sexu- of scholarship that tests common of displaying identity with aspects University ality, and romance on both sides of assumptions about the structural of being “gay” and simultaneously Héctor Carrillo’s, Pathways of the Mexican border. Carrillo offers disadvantages of mothers in the “deeply and essentially feminine” Desire: The Sexual Migration of us a complex theoretical interpre- workforce and informs policymaking (p. 1-2). This portrait is but one Migration of Mexican Men (The tation of the issues, institutions, through methodologically rigorous example of gender nonconforming University of Chicago Press, 2017) and aspirations affecting Mexican research. Just as importantly, she and transgender kids doing a range offers new insight on migration gay men and significant others embodies the full spirit of the award of identities across different social processes that challenge researchers in their lives. The framework of by acting as a strong advocate on landscapes. Meadow notes that to consider the role of sexuality in desire that reverberates throughout behalf of women, feminist scholar- maleness is more brittle and policed transnational relocations of signif- this impressive study also gives us ship, and gender-inclusive policies than femaleness; intervention with icant number of migrants, namely insight into ways in which the intri- through her transformative institu- transgirls comes earlier than for gay and bisexual men. Until recently, cacies of cross-cultural sexual and tional leadership and mentorship in transboys. Many youth simply the field of migration and immi- romantic relations may affect the the profession. switch to the other side of the gender gration focused on economic and sexual health and HIV risk of trans- Based on a long and impressive binary but express more fluid iden- political motivations for migrants to national immigrant populations. record of scholarship, grants, and tities. Atypical gender evolves into a relocate, with few researchers inves- Carrillo shows that sexual glo- awards, Glass has significantly new form or forms of gender. tigating reasons to migrate among balization is a bidirectional, albeit advanced the current state of the What also sets Meadow’s work gay, bisexual, and transgender sub- uneven, process of exchange between field by revamping our conven- apart from other accounts of trans- jects. Carrillo’s ethnographic work countries in the global north and the tional understanding of gender, gender and gender nonconforming is important not only for giving us a global south. Carrillo’s work seeks to work and religion. Glass is widely subjects is the analysis of children window into migrant communities “destabilize assumptions about the recognized for her research on the and the complex processes whereby that we know relatively little about, directionality of sexual globalization” role of work-family reconciliation their parents (largely cis-gender along but it is also timely given the rising (p. 267), particularly the assump- policies in the labor market as well with a number of gay parents and asylum claims based on sexual tion that the Global North vis-à-vis as whether and how mothering parents of color) became activists in oppression and violence. the Global South is more sexually responsibilities explain working supporting their children’s desire for Understanding how gay and enlightened for gay and bisexual women’s stagnant wage growth and legitimacy of their identity or iden- bisexual men navigate their home- men. While many of his interview- concentration in low-wage jobs and tities. The parents (mostly mothers), land’s sexual climate, and why many ees articulate this narrative, Carrillo their underrepresentation in the after an “epiphany day,” facilitate their choose to leave the communities argues this assumption offers at best STEM fields. Her work reaffirms the kids’ gender transitions or gender they were born in or those they felt a partial and limited understand- role of inhospitable work environ- nonconformity. Meadow talked and “at home” in, are essential features ing, given the dynamic character of ments and employer perceptions on walked with parents in workshops of migration and immigration sexuality in countries such as Mexico, the work trajectories of mothers and and in clinics as they discussed how processes that Carrillo explores. which are becoming more accepting pushes both scholars and policy- they were growing to learn to call Carrillo and his research team, con- of sexual diversity. Encouraging makers to reassess the role of gender their children new names, allow ducted semi-structured interviews scholars to delve more deeply into the inequality in shaping work experi- them to wear whatever clothing they with 150 gay and/or bisexual men, assumptions regarding motivations ences and labor market outcomes. choose, and demand that the state including 80 men born and raised for migration and the context for The high quality and broad alter the gender designation on their in Mexico, 36 U.S.-born Latinos, immigration and incorporation are impact of her work is evidenced by children’s passports and birth certif- and 34 non-Latinos who had sexual major contributions in this research. her regular publication in top-tier icates. Meadow develops a complex relationships with Latinos, most of In sum, Pathways of Desire is essential journals in family, gender, and matrix of gender identities and sexual whom agreed to be re-interviewed reading for scholars, practitioners, sociology and substantial support orientations within the context of one year later for a total of 265 and activists in a wide range of fields, for gender and family research from harassment by communities (includ- interviews. In the interviews with including sociologists of immigra- top funding agencies, such as the ing violence) and parental desire to Mexican men, Carrillo contextu- tion/migration, queer studies, public National Institutes of Health, the protect their children. The importance alizes their migration experiences health, and public policy as well as National Science Foundation, and of storytelling about trauma as part of by exploring men’s situations in Mexican migration studies. It is an the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. the process of defining new categories Mexico, their relations with signifi- exceptional interdisciplinary study. Glass has also inserted these issues and making social change is a major cant others, and their motivations to into the public forum through her contribution. Meadow argues that: migrate to the United States. These Jessie Bernard Award various op-ed pieces and media “social change is produced not merely interviews, alongside participant Jennifer Glass, University of Texas at appearances on prominent media by social actions or organizations but observation in several sites where Austin outlets on topics such as contra- by bundles of emergent stories” (p. gay and bisexual men congregate, The Jessie Bernard Award is given ceptive mandates, telecommuting 214). How parents become activists provide an engaging and enlighten- in recognition of cumulative scholarly among working parents, and the for trans kids is a narrative that cap- ing narrative that problematizes our work inclusive of research, teaching, impact of conservative views on sex tures our attention. This book brings understanding of the sexual climate mentoring, and service that has and marriage on divorce rates. Her home the need to reconsider gender for gay and bisexual men in both enlarged the horizons of sociology to near decade of service to the Council categories many, if not most of us, in countries. Carrillo discusses the encompass fully the role of women in the U.S. naturalize. challenges many of the men faced to Continued on Page 22 footnotes July/August 2020 21 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News

Award Winners Virginia Commonwealth University. them, one by one” (p. 126). of thinking in a variety of subfields From Page 21 Cottom completely embodies As one committee member wrote, inside and outside of our discipline, the essence of this award and was “while all the candidates are very it has helped reorient scholarship in on Contemporary Families as selected for her impressive and impressive, she stands apart from the sociology itself. His innovative work Executive Director, Board Member, inspiring commitment to furthering others because of the scale and scope in the study of social movements, for and Treasurer has been instrumental the role of sociology in the public’s of her platforms for public engage- example, created a paradigm shift in in helping the nonprofit organi- understanding, and creatively using ment. For example, who else among discussions and understandings of zation push academic research on sociology for the public good. us has been on The Daily Show not collective behavior and social move- gender, families, relationships, and Cottom, who earned her PhD once but multiple times discussing ments. His insightful analysis of the sexuality to the forefront of public from Emory University, is a digital various aspects of our research?” emergence, endurance, and success discourse. sociologist, author, speaker, colum- Another committee member of the U.S. Civil rights movement, Through prominent leadership nist, and a social media force. She is stated that “Dr. Cottom clearly specifically, remains a lasting con- positions both at her university and a prolific writer, including co-edit- weighs in on important conversa- tribution. Morris’ more recent work throughout the profession, Glass has ing two volumes on technological tions that are current today, includ- on W.E.B. Du Bois provides, as one also demonstrated her unwavering change, inequality, and institutions, ing the rise of for-profit colleges. colleague stated, a “fundamental reor- commitment to anti-discrimination and authoring Lower Ed: The She engages in various public con- ganization of our thinking about the and gender-inclusive policies and Troubling Rise of For-Profit Colleges versations by writing and speaking basic canon and history of sociolog- institutional reform that has helped in the New Economy (Palgrave to a number of non-sociologist ical theory making.” Apart from this pave the way for future generations MacMillan, 2017), and THICK: And audiences. Looking at her CV and impressive scholarship, Morris has of gender scholars. According to her Other Essays (The New Press, 2019). letters provides ample support for distinguished himself with his role in colleagues, she has worked zealously Importantly, she is on the cutting her voluminous engagement within institution-building and mentoring. to strengthen parental leave policies edge of many of the leading areas in the tradition of public sociology”.” Professor Morris’ illustrious career and promote a gender equitable public life. This includes co-found- And still another committee began at the State University of New campus environment through a ing the nation’s first program member noted that “the quantity and York-Stony Brook, where he received multitude of service activities during in Digital Sociology at Virginia quality of Dr. Cottom’s engagement his PhD in sociology in 1980. her time at the University of Notre Commonwealth, helping to prepare with the general public is extraor- Morris then joined the Sociology Dame, the University of Iowa, and a new generation of sociology dinary. Moreover, she’s truly raising Department as an Assistant Professor her current employment at University students with highly developed skill the profile of sociology. She’s on the of Sociology at the University of of Texas at Austin. One of her nom- sets for engaging in public sociology. trajectory of some of the best-known Michigan-Ann Arbor in 1980. His inators highlights how, among her Her voice and thoughts have influ- academics in America. And I can’t unique scholarly contributions began many accomplishments, she played a ence nationally and internationally on imagine a better representative. If one almost immediately with the pub- critical role in reviving and build- issues in the digital world, race/class/ measure of success in this arena is lication of his now influential 1981 ing the new Gender, Women’s and gender inequality, higher education, visibility, then she is at the top.” ASR article, “Black Southern Student Sexuality Studies Department while and the media. She and her work have Clearly, Tressie McMillian Sit-In Movement: An Analysis of Chair during her final years at the been featured on The Daily Show with Cottom is a public sociologist of Internal Organization.” This work, University of Iowa. Finally, her record Trevor Noah, The New York Times the highest order and a most fitting published in our discipline’s flagship and letters of support clearly high- Book Review, NPR, Inside Higher winner of the ASA 2020 Public journal, provided a perceptive light the many students and junior Ed, Slate, TheChronicle of Higher Understanding of Sociology Award. account of the “local movement scholars who have benefited from Education, Afrikana Film Festival, centers” that fueled protest that, on her generosity, pragmatic wisdom, W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Congressional Veterans Committee, its surface, appeared spontaneous and inspirational support through Distinguished Scholarship Award The New Black Fest, and the State of and unorganized. Morris further informal and formal mentorship and California Department of Finance to Aldon Morris, Northwestern developed this and related ideas in numerous research collaborations. name a few. University his first major book,The Origins of The members of the Jessie Bernard But her engagement in pub- the Civil Rights Movement: Black Award committee are proud to join The W.E.B. Du Bois Career of lic sociology goes further. In the Communities Organizing for Change a large circle of esteemed feminist Distinguished Scholarship Award book The New Education: How (Free Press, 1984). Morris argued that scholars and past recipients in sup- recognizes scholars who have exhib- to Revolutionize the University to previous social science treatments porting Jennifer Glass as recipient of ited outstanding commitment to the Prepare Students for a World in Flux had “for too long ... portrayed the this year’s distinguished award. profession of sociology and whose by Cathy Davidson (2017), six pages scholarship has been of ground- masses as a flock of sheep reacting Public Understanding of are devoted to our award winner. breaking significance contributing blindly to uncontrollable forces.” Sociology Award Among other items, the author notes in important ways to the advance- He instead offered an “indigenous” Tressie McMillan Cottom, Virginia that Cottom is among the nation’s ment of the discipline. Aldon perspective that emphasized the role Commonwealth University most followed sociologists (over Morris, Leon Forrest Professor of of social connections, cultural beliefs 35,000 Twitter followers), is one Sociology and African American and leadership that preexisting insti- Dr. Tressie McMillan Cottom of the most persuasive activists on Studies at Northwestern University, tutions like Black churches provided. recently joined the University of what is often called #BlackTwitter, the recipient of this award, is As he put it, “internal organization North Carolina-Chapel Hill as and that she “is fearless in the face of President-elect of the ASA and was the critical factor that enabled Associate Professor in the School of white supremacist trolls and hackers past President of the Association of the movement to gain momentum Information and Library Science and who frequently assail her with Black Sociologists. He is eminently and endure” (1984: xii). Origins won Senior Research Fellow at the Center racist and misogynistic insults. She qualified for the Du Bois award. numerous awards, including the for Information, Technology and maintains her professionalism and Morris’ vast scholarly work has American Sociological Association’s Public Life. Before that she was an systematically critiques or exposes not only challenged prevailing modes Associate Professor of Sociology at Continued Page 23

22 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association ASA News

Award Winners This is not a mere biography but, as Bonilla-Silva Outstanding Book Association of Black Sociologists; From Page 22 one colleague described it, “an epic, Award from the Society for the Study the John D. McCarthy Award monumental study that represents of Social Problems, the Betty and for Lifetime Achievement in the Distinguished Scholarly Book Award a sea change for the discipline of Alfred McClung Lee Book Award Scholarship of Social Movements (1986), our discipline’s highest award sociology.” It suggests a “fundamen- from the Association for Humanist and Collective Behavior; the Award for scholarly books. tal reappraisal of the very founding Sociology, the R. R. Hawkins Award for Outstanding Leadership in Social Other important edited volumes of American sociology,” another from the American Association of Activism, Community Organizing, followed, including Frontiers in colleague said. Morris argues in this Publishers, and the Prose Award for and Scholarly Teaching from the Social Movement Theory, co-edited book that Du Bois played a critical Excellence in Social Sciences. New York City Council; the William with Carol Mueller (Yale University role in the development of modern We sociologists are proud to note Julius Wilson Award for Sociological Press, 1992) and Oppositional sociology, indeed was a central figure his additional achievements, which Practice; and the Lester F. Ward Consciousness: The Subjective Roots in the founding of U.S. sociology. The include the ASA Cox-Johnson- Award for Sociological Practice. It is of Social Protest, edited with Jane book has already rightfully received Frazier Award (2009); the Lifetime in these lights that ASA President- Mansbridge (University of Chicago a variety of awards, including the Achievement Award from the elect Aldon Morris, the Leon Forrest Press, 2001). And, by all indications, Oliver Cromwell Cox Book Award ASA History of Sociology section; Professor of Sociology and African Professor Morris’ most recent book, from the ASA Section on Race and the Joseph Sandy Himes Award American Studies at Northwestern The Scholar Denied: W. E. B. Du Bois Ethnic Minorities, the Distinguished for Lifetime Scholarship; the A. University, is the 2020 recipient of and the Birth of Modern Sociology Scholarly Publication Award from the Wade Smith Award for Teaching, the ASA W.E.B. Du Bois Career of (University of California Press, 2015), ASA History Section, the Eduardo Mentoring and Service from the Distinguished Scholarship Award. stands to accomplish even more.

Congratulations to the New Minority Fellows: Announcing MFP Cohort 47 SA’s Minority Fellowship Program (MFP) has a long and distinguished history. Founded in 1974, the program has supported over 400 scholars from Adiverse backgrounds who have significantly enriched our discipline. We are pleased to introduce five scholars who comprise the newest MFP cohort, Cohort 47. These talented PhD candidates were chosen from a highly competitive pool of applicants by the MFP Advisory Board The MFP program provides a stipend, mentoring, and a cohort opportunity to predoctoral minority students. The new Fellows will attend a two-part virtual orientation during the ASA’s Virtual Engagement Event as well as a series of additional professional development and networking activities throughout the fall term. ASA is committed to strong support for the Minority Fellowship Program and is grateful to the many organizations, groups, and individuals who have supported, and continue to support, these fellowships. In recognition of these organizations’ substantial and historic contributions to the MFP program, the 2020 Fellows are each formally associated with either Alpha Kappa Delta (AKD), the Association of Black Sociologists (ABS), the Midwest Sociological Society (MSS), or Sociologists for Women and Society (SWS). For a list of the many other supporters of the program see the ASA website, and please visit www.asanet.org/donate if you would like to contribute. Shannon Malone Gonzalez zations and promote foster youth long talks with her elders and long ate oppressive (Sociologists for Women in involvement in state policies. Her hikes in the rural South with family ideologies Society MFP) interests are black feminist criminol- and friends. for American ogy and social policy. Her research Indian and Graduate Sofia Locklear (Sociologists for incorporates an intersectional Alaska Native Institution: Women in Society MFP) University of analysis into the study of police people. Graduate Institution: University of Texas at Austin surveillance, criminalization, and Locklear’s violence. Gonzalez’s dissertation, “In New Mexico broader Shannon Sofia Locklear Her Place: Black Women Redefining Sofia Locklear is a member of the research areas Malone and Resisting Police Violence,” uses Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina include the Gonzalez is mixed-methods to interrogate the and a part of the vibrant urban sociology of Indigenous Peoples; from Jackson, Shannon Malone social conditions that shape and mar- Native community in Seattle, WA. sociology of race and ethnicity; and MS, where Gonzalez ginalize black women and girls’ lived She earned her BA in sociology the sociology of health, focusing on she graduated experiences with police across cul- from Seattle University, her MA the intersections of colonialism and from Tougaloo tural and institutional contexts. She is in sociology from the University Native health outcomes. Locklear is College with her bachelor’s degree especially interested in understanding of New Mexico, and is currently a an instructor at Seattle University in English. She subsequently how police officers leverage institu- PhD Candidate at the University and also works for a tribal epide- received her master’s degree from tional power to inflict gender-based of New Mexico. Her dissertation miology center assisting urban the University of Pennsylvania in and sexual violence against black explores the social construction Indigenous communities across the Nonprofit and NGO Leadership. women across social class. Gonzalez’s of white identity among individ- country to showcase their knowl- Prior to becoming a PhD candidate research is published in Gender & uals in the Pacific Northwest who edge and resilience. In her down at the University of Texas at Austin, Society and forthcoming in Social work with American Indian and time, Locklear provides care to her Gonzalez spent several years working Problems. Her work is supported by Alaska Native issues and peoples plants, tries to read for fun (but, on issues around health, reproductive the National Science Foundation, through semi-structured, in-depth somehow, it always ends up being justice, and violence against women Ford Foundation, and Horowitz interviews. This project links white something sociological), travels, and girls of color in Mississippi. She Foundation for Social Policy, and individual understandings of racial and spends time with friends and has also worked in philanthropy to she is a W.K. Kellogg Community formation to the larger institutional relatives. support local community organi- Leadership Fellow. Gonzalez enjoys systems that uphold and perpetu- Continued Page 24 footnotes July/August 2020 23 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News Iddo Tavory Is the New Editor of Sociological Theory

Ann Swidler, University of the ideal person to lead Sociological makes a difference for how empirical responsive appreciation of new ideas California-Berkeley Theory in this new era. Tavory, sociology would be practiced.” and the endless creativity of his own he old stereo- currently Associate Professor at New Iddo Tavory is an international theoretical imagination has also led Ttype of socio- York University, formerly at the New scholar to the core: From Israel, Iddo to a remarkable career for a logical theory School, describes his aspirations for with his BA and MA from Tel young scholar. is a highly Sociological Theory as bringing work Aviv University, and his PhD from He is absurdly energetic; a gen- specialized field: from “outside the core countries of UCLA, he has done research in uinely original thinker brimming stuffy, arcane, sociological production in Europe Malawi (where I first met him), with ideas; theoretically playful but and involuted. and North America, thus expanding Los Angeles, Israel, New York, and also deeply serious. Tavory’s own But Iddo the community of inquiry.” And his collaborative work in Finland. He theoretical agenda, while enormously Tavory shares Iddo Tavory objective is “for conceptual work is multi-lingual, reading sociology varied, develops a new approach the vision of that applies to a wide variety of in English, Hebrew, French, and to analyzing the interconnections sociological theory as an enterprise sub-fields by providing people in Spanish. More important, especially among situations. Tavory analyzes central to sociology: lively, open and different sociological communities for an editor, Iddo resonates to the inter-situational structure of ambitious. By temperament, biog- a shared intellectual infrastructure,” others’ ideas, which spark his own social life, as situations are linked emphasizing “theoretical work that engaging creativity. This vibrant, raphy, and intellectual gifts, Iddo is Continued on Page 25

MFP ities of Black and Latino boys and uses the plasma South Florida From Page 23 young men. Guided by community pharmaceutical Edlin Veras Uriel Serrano (Alpha Kappa engaged methods, Uriel positions industry as is a first-gen- Delta MFP) Black and Latino young men as a case study eration college situated knowers and knowledge to analyze student and Graduate producers to link and advance how medical instructor at the Institution: critical theories of masculinity, markets shape, University of University of intersectionality, and social move- and are shaped Caty Taborda South Florida. Edlin Veras California- ments. His work is published in by, cultural He earned Santa Cruz Race, Ethnicity and Education and and moral his BS degree in Criminal Justice Uriel Serrano Association of Mexican American beliefs about the body. She draws on and Sociology at Clayton State is a first-gener- Educators Journal, and forthcoming interviews and fieldwork to analyze University, before matriculating to ation student in Sociological Perspectives. Serrano how people come to understand the Georgia State University to com- from South Uriel Serrano has also contributed to several social, economic, and moral worth plete his MA in African American Central Los community-engaged research of their bodies, and to show how Studies. Stemming from his own Angeles and a PhD candidate in projects, published reports through such constructions of worth help to experiences with relocating from Sociology and Critical Race and University of Southern California’s maintain broader social inequali- the Northeast to the Deep South, Ethnic Studies at the University of Program for Environmental ties. In addition to her dissertation, his research is diasporic, exploring California-Santa Cruz (UCSC). He and Regional Equity, and co-led Taborda is currently working on issues of colorism, racialization, and earned his BA and MA in sociology program evaluations for UCSC’s two collaborative national research identity among African descendants from California State University- Student Success Equity Research projects, one analyzing how people in the U.S. and Latin America. His Los Angeles. Serrano’s areas of Center and The California make sense of medical enhance- ethnographic dissertation project specialization are gender and mas- Endowment. When not working, ments, and another on religious examines the disparate treatment culinity, children and youth, social he is cuddling his pitbull mix, narratives about alternative medi- of Haitians and Haitian descen- movements and youth activism, drinking coffee, or spending time cine. Through her previous work at dants living in shanty towns in the sociology of education, and Du with loved ones. a large nonprofit health care system, Dominican Republic and their Boisian sociology. Hisdissertation, Taborda examined the bound- Caty Taborda (Midwest experiences with colorism, racism, “Coming of Age in South Central: ary-making processes of innovative Sociological Society MFP) and xenophobia. Veras’ work has Gender Ideologies, Youth Activism, healthcare workers and, in a co-au- been published in The Journal of and the Carceral State,” examines Graduate Institution: University of thored manuscript in the Journal Public and Professional Criminology how gender ideologies, gender Minnesota - Twin Cities of Interprofessional Care, she shows and Sociology of Race and Ethnicity. socialization, activism, youth Caty Taborda, a doctoral candi- how these same workers navigate the Beyond research, Veras is committed groups, and the history of South date in the Department of Sociology emotional exhaustion of professional to public sociology and accessibility Central intersect and mediate at University of Minnesota, earned care work. Her research has been through his collaborative efforts with Black and Latino young men’s con- her BA from Hamilton College and supported by the Ford Foundation OwnYourIam.org, an organization temporary experiences. Drawing her MA in Sociology and Women’s and various fellowships from the centered on educating and spread- on ethnographic methodologies, and Gender Studies from Brandeis University of Minnesota. ing awareness about colorism and surveys, and document analysis, University. Her research interests Edlin Veras (Association of texturism. In his spare time, he likes this project responds to theories of include sociology of health and Black Sociologists MFP) to travel, run, and Play Mas (a mas- masculinity that do not adequately illness, medical markets, the body, querade band in Trinidad Carnival). reflect the material and social real- and morality. Taborda’s dissertation Graduate Institution: University of

24 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association ASA News Research Snapshot: Sociology Department Structure Varies by Institution Type his research snapshot draws from our ongoing analysis of the ASA T 81.8% 38.3% 29.5% 32.4% survey of sociology departments, most recently conducted in the fall of 2019. One question we had was where sociology is located in the institution and whether this 54.3% location varied by institution type. 43.2% In what types of universities was it 54.3% more likely that sociology share a departmental home with another Department Structure: discipline or major, for example? Broader Division We found that most sociology Joint Department departments at research (R1) Sociology Alone institutions are stand-alone depart- ments (82%), while joint sociology 24.3% departments are more common 16.4% 16.2% at other types of institutions. Joint 1.8% departments are most commonly 7.4% shared with anthropology (25% of R1 Other Doctoral Master's Baccalaureate joint departments) or criminology (n=77) (N=104) (N=160) (N=92) (17%) (data not shown). Sociology programs located within broader divisions or units with multiple Source: American Sociological Association Department Survey, 2019 disciplines (such as a Social Science Note: To adjust for survey nonresponse, percentages are weighted to reflect the Carnegie classification distribu- division) are most likely to be found tion for all institutions offering a bachelor’s degree or higher in sociology. at Baccalaureate institutions.

Sociological Theory qualitative data. ASA, for which he currently serves ally intense and hilariously funny. From Page 24 Tavory also published a slew of as Treasurer. He has presented at and While working on our “Condom influential articles, many sole-au- co-organized the Junior Theorists Semiotics” paper, we realized we temporally, spatially, and in terms of thored, but a dozen with collab- Symposium, and, in 2017, he needed to learn more about a popular the identities they evoke. Combining orators from varied sociological received the Lewis A. Coser Award Malawian brand of scented condoms, a pragmatist-inspired attention to traditions: myself, Nina Eliasoph, for Theoretical Agenda Setting. so we bought a box and passed them interaction and experience with a Gary Alan Fine, Robin Wagner He has published regularly in both around for examination by a group of focus on the rhythms and expecta- Pacifici, Terry McDonnell, Eeva Sociological Theory and Theory and eight or ten Malawian and U.S.-based tions of social life, his work (empiri- Luhtakallio, and several others. He Society, has reviewed for a wide array researchers who had been chatting as cal, theoretical, and methodological) is co-author of Measuring Culture, of journals, and currently serves on we checked questionnaires. Inspired pushes sociologists to think about the just published, with John Mohr, the editorial boards of several jour- on the spot to write a brief parody ways in which situations are related Chris Bail, Maggie Frye, Jenn Lena, nals, both in the United States and in about our “methods,” Iddo described to each other, evoked, and antici- Omar Lizardo, Terry McDonnell, Europe. in pitch-perfect, pretentious sociol- pated. This line of his work is evident Ann Mische, and Fred Wherry. He I have known Iddo since he arrived ogese our “inter-sniffer reliability,” in his second book, Summoned, is currently finishing two books— in Malawi the summer after his first among other matters. a finely observed ethnography of one on pro bono work and its over- year at UCLA. He is unfailingly inter- With his deep engagement in ultra-Orthodox Jewish life in a Los lapping notions of virtue in New esting to talk to, warm and funny, and ideas and his vision of sociologi- Angeles neighborhood. Summoned York’s advertising world, the other a veritable fountain of ideas. He has cal theory as at the core of social shows how the temporal rhythms of a companion to his first book with a remarkable array of interests, and I inquiry, across disciplinary and Orthodox life, the physical environ- Stefan Timmermans—while work- remember his enthusiastically report- national boundaries, Iddo Tavory ment ultra-Orthodox Jews traverse, ing on a third book, based on over ing that Dickens, out of copyright, will bring energy and ambition to and the identities their world contin- a year of ethnographic research in was free on Kindle, so he was reading the journal, prodding authors to ually invokes “summon” them into one of New York’s most prestigious David Copperfield. I can also testify tighten arguments and to speak a particularly intense form of social advertising agencies. that he is one of the kindest people to important questions, to be bold engagement. His first book,Abductive Tavory has demonstrated his I know, appreciative of others and rather than hesitant, and to make Analysis (with Stefan Timmermans) commitment to sociological theory, eager to learn from them, generous theory matter. Sociological Theory develops a sophisticated pragmatist both in his own work and as an active with his ideas, his friendship, and could not have found a better approach to developing theory from member of the Theory Section of his warmth. Iddo is both intellectu- editor. footnotes July/August 2020 25 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News New ASA Fund for the Advancement of the Discipline Grantees

he Fund for the Advancement current immigration policy, the Bodies at Risk in the Public Sphere that they perceive that gentrification Tof the Discipline (FAD) is increase of white nationalism) and ($7,940) reconfigures their work conditions a small grants program funded kept race relations squarely in the Public spaces can pose particular in both beneficial and detrimental by the Sociology Program of the public debate. Using a qualitative risks (psychosocial and physical) ways. It affects social support and National Science Foundation (NSF). longitudinal approach that allows for Blacks as they navigate a public safety, police presence, competition, Applications are reviewed by an for the gathering of data from the terrain through the veil of racial and ultimately their stroll selection. advisory panel composed of ASA same respondents at different points projects of exclusion. With this This study extends prior research in Council members-at-large. Since in time, this study examines the project, Lofton and Purifoye address two ways: 1) by determinig the role 1987, the competitive FAD program ways that race has impacted the the complexities of associated harms community stakeholders play in the has funded nearly 400 research experiences, practices, and choices at the intersection of place and race relationship between gentrification projects and conferences. Proposals of adoptive parents. Particular in the context of leisure (parks), and the outdoor sex trade and, 2) are accepted biannually — June and attention will be paid to the ways mobility (transit), and work. For by assessing how and in what ways December. All PhD sociologists are in which parents’ understanding of many, public parks serve as places recent political and socio-cultural eligible to apply. Individuals who are race has evolved over time. of respite, while transportation hubs shifts in this region have reshaped early in their careers, at community Ellen Lamont, Appalachian are often designed to include areas outdoor sex markets. This research colleges, or based at institutions State University, for Remaking of relaxation and consumption; not only highlights sex workers’ without extensive support for Relationships: Appalachian Families however, Blacks, as consumers, vis- agency but it will simultaneously research are especially encouraged in Flux ($7,600) itors, and workers, are often denied shed light on how they arrive at to submit a proposal. Innovative This project explores how respite, safety, and spatial freedom strategic decisions that have impli- proposals that have the potential to working-class heterosexual women in these same spaces. Focusing on cations for their emotional, physical, advance the discipline of sociology and men navigate gender in their downtown public parks, streets, and and financial well-being. can receive funding of up to $8,000. intimate relationships in Appalachia, transportation hubs in Washington, Amy L. Stone, Trinity University, for For more information, see www. a place where conservative cul- DC, the project seeks to answer two LGBTQ Youth and Family Support: A asanet.org/funding/fad.cfm. ASA tural beliefs often clash with new main questions: 1) How are Blacks, Longitudinal Study ($8,000) is pleased to announce five awards economic conditions that destabi- as visitors, workers, and consumers, Family support is key to under- from the December 2019 round of lize conventional expectations for vulnerable to risk and/or unequally standing the economic condition, proposals to the FAD program. gender complementarity. In this exposed to harms? 2) What forces mental health, and physical health Carla D. Goar, Kent State context, religiosity, social conserva- restrict and/or disrupt unfettered of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgen- University, for Revisiting Race: White tism, and men’s backlash reactions to respite for Blacks? This project seeks der, and queer (LGBTQ) youth and Adoptive Parents’ Narratives on economic upheaval can be imped- to address Black men and wom- adults, but most studies of family Children and Race ($6,720) iments to gender equality. But in ens’ experiences with social risks, support and LGBTQ youth focus This project examines the ways this region working-class women’s such as aggression, avoidance, and on parents and ignore the roles of that white, adoptive parents of chil- job prospects are often significantly hyper-surveillance, and how they, siblings, grandparents, and other dren of color describe their evolving better than those of working-class as passengers, transit personnel, relatives. This project is a pilot awareness and lived experiences men, especially in communities that workers, tourists, and pedestrians, longitudinal study of the dynamics of race. These parents occupy an rely on manufacturing and mining are denied protection or respite from of family support and hostility for unusual place in the racial landscape jobs. In many working-class rela- racism, racial projects of exclusion, a racially diverse group of LGBTQ since, as the primary caretakers of tionships, it is the woman who has and psychosocial harms. youth in urban and rural South children of color, they are required the higher earnings and more stable Sharon Oselin, University of Texas. The research team will to address race and racism in ways job. Drawing on in-depth interviews California-Riverside, and Katie conduct in-depth interviews with that few other white individuals find with working-class men and women Hail-Jares, Griffith University, for 30 LGBTQ youth age 16 to 24 years necessary. This is addressed through in a conservative, mostly rural Different Strolls, Different Worlds? old, at least 10 of whom would be in-depth interviews with parents region in Appalachia, this research Gentrification and its Impact on the recruited from rural South Texas who, a decade ago, attended culture investigates changing economic Outdoor Sex Trade ($7,768) counties. In addition, participants camps in the hopes of deepening the conditions as a potential catalyst for A robust body of research reveals will be given a monthly survey connection between their children’s greater gender equality in intimate that gentrification produces mixed about family support and hostility birth and adopted cultures. The relationships. This project will pro- effects for longtime residents and for the 10 months after the initial initial study (2007-2010) produced vide insight into processes of social legal small businesses. However, interview. This pilot study is inno- 47 interviews with 56 parents, and change in conservative communities there is minimal examination of vative in two ways: one, it measures results suggest that parents move and add to our knowledge of the the ways in which gentrification fluctuations in family support and deftly between colorblind and connections between employment, impacts illicit outdoor marketplaces hostility for LGBTQ youth over the race-conscious discourse and both gender, and family in working-class and the people who operate within course of the year, accounting for resist and acquiesce to stigmatized communities that are struggling them. To address this gap, this study intensified times like the holidays; ideas attached to their child’s race. to adapt to changing conditions in compares how outdoor sex workers two, this study uses an expansive In the years that have passed since order to thrive. assess changing working conditions definition of family that includes the initial data collection, significant Richard Lofton, Jr., Johns Hopkins across “strolls” as a result of urban siblings, fictive kin, and extended developments have impacted the University, and Gwendolyn redevelopment within Washington, family members like aunts and racial culture of the United States Purifoye, North Park University, for DC. Preliminary findings from grandparents who may be emotion- (e.g., the rise of Black Lives Matter, Targeted as Troubled: Putting Black interviews with sex workers indicate ally significant for youth.

26 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association ASA News Biographical Monuments: Committee on ASA Presidential Biographies Organizes Revision of Online Profiles Stefan Bargheer, University of California- and the red scare. Yet there were and begins with the biography of the first impression for a lay audience Los Angeles also those who took a stand in favor president serving in 2000. interested in sociology and a starting hen the nomination com- of—not in opposition to—racial Beginning in summer 2019, the point for scholars who do research Wmittee of the newly formed segregation, immigration restriction, Section on the History of Sociology on the history of the discipline. American Sociological Society (ASS) prohibition of mixed marriages, and formed a Committee on the ASA At a moment when people in announced the first president of eugenic sterilization laws. While the Presidential Biographies (CAPB), this country and elsewhere in the the society, Lester F. Ward, it came former set of engagements rarely whose aim it is to bring the online world are reckoning with their with more than the usual amount of fails to be mentioned, the latter is fre- presentation up to date and to close monuments, it is more than timely admiration for an outstanding col- quently, albeit not always, overlooked. gaps in the historical record. The for the ASA to take a closer look league. “All sociologists,” the speaker The constitution of the ASA and revision of the biographies aims for at the biographies of its presidents. declared, “are under a heavy debt of the rules and procedures for electing a unified style with an eye toward One does not have to believe in gratitude to him, and their indebted- presidents have likewise changed readability by the public. The revised evolutionary progress, as Ward did, ness to Ward is at least as great as to over time, and so has the status of the biographies are not intended to to recognize that there is currently August Comte and Herbert Spencer” association within American sociol- be exhaustive, but to provide a some room for improvement. (AJS Vol. 11, No. 4, Jan 1906: 569). ogy and its relation to sociologists in In accordance with Ward’s sociology, other countries. Given these trans- the debates leading up to the event formations, it would be farfetched had pictured the development of to argue that the biographies of the the discipline as part of a process of presidents of the ASA provide a Open Call: ASA Online social evolution, following a trajec- window into the history of American tory of gradual social differentiation. sociology at large. What they never- Presidential Biographies The differentiation of sociology from theless provide a window into is the he Committee on ASA 9, 2020. If available, although not the family of the social sciences to way the discipline remembers its past. Presidential Biographies absolutely necessary, previous which the creation of the ASS stood Compared to the ASA centennial T (CAPB) seeks contributions for a publications dealing with the witness was thus not merely an publication Sociology in America: A revision of the biographies of the president in question or the important step along this trajectory, History (Edited by Craig Calhoun, Association’s more than one hun- relevant time period should be but, to the eyes of contemporaries, 2007), the presidential biographies on dred former presidents, available highlighted. Applicants will be came close to a proof of concept. the ASA website reflect the breadth on its website: www.asanet.org/ informed about the decision by Not much has remained of this and sophistication of the available about-asa/asa-story/asa-history/ January 22, 2021. initial framing of the formation scholarship on the history of the past-asa-officers/presidents. All contributing authors will of the ASS, later renamed the discipline only incompletely. The Online Presidential be provided with publication American Sociological Association. To some extent, no doubt, this is Biographies are one of the tools guidelines in order to ensure con- What has stayed with us, however, is due to the fact that they were pro- that the Association uses to sistency in style. The completed the tribute paid to the achievements duced for very different purposes. remember the history of the biographies are due nine months of the former presidents of the asso- As they stand, the biographies fall discipline and to present it to after the receipt of the acceptance ciation. The biographies of Ward and into at least four segments. One the public. In order to close letter and are subject to a final by now more than 100 subsequent segment, beginning with Ward in gaps in the existing record and editorial review by the committee presidents figure prominently in the 1906-1907 and running through the to bring the biographies up to prior to publication on the ASA accounts of the history of American 1923 presidency, is a series of biogra- date with recent scholarship, website. All biographies will list sociology and they are on display on phies written by Michael Murphy, a the Committee seeks single- or the name of the author(s). the website of the ASA. Yet glancing former ASA staff member and inau- co-authored biographies that For further questions and to over these biographies more than gurator of the project. In a second meet scholarly standards, while submit proposals, please con- a century after the formation of segment, spanning the time from written in a publicly accessible tact the chair of the Committee, the association, one cannot fail to 1924 to 1952, entries vary substan- style. Contributions shall not Stefan Bargheer: bargheer@soc. notice how much the discipline has tially in length and rely heavily on exceed 900 words, plus a select ucla.edu. transformed. Howard Odum’s American Sociology (1951) and a number of additional bibliography of original and Not only the leading theories, Committee on ASA sources that range from biographical secondary sources. methods, and empirical topics of Presidential Biographies information taken from archive cat- The revision of the biog- sociology have changed over time, (CAPB): raphies will be carried out in but also the political circumstances alogues to obituaries. A third version several waves. For the current Stefan Bargheer (chair) under which sociologists produced of the biographies begins in 1953 inaugural wave, proposals are their work. Among the previous and offers a uniformly very brief Kevin Anderson solicited for biographies of the generations of ASA presidents are treatment of each president, with Kerby Goff many being only one or two sen- presidents serving from 1906 to those who used their scholarship to Bradley Nash, Jr. 1938. Prospective authors are promote human and civil rights and tences long. The fourth and current asked to submit a short letter of David Swartz to defend democracy against fascism form consists of portraits written by interest and a CV by November Joyce E. Williams and communism, and later, against contemporary colleagues — usually anti-communism, i.e. McCarthyism as election profiles forFootnotes — footnotes July/August 2020 27 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News ASA’s Professional Development Videos Provide Members with Deep Dives into Careers in Practice Settings, Article Publishing, and Media Relations f you have not yet visited the Video information about how to search Kentucky and former chair of the your audience and planning your Iand Webinars page on the ASA for jobs in practice settings, apply ASA Committee on Publications, message. website, we urge you to do so. Visit for these jobs, navigate the hiring leads this ten-part series. She Other Resources in the ASA www.asanet.org, log in, and go to process, and understand workplace will explain how to prepare your Video and Webinar Archive “Video and Webinars” under Careers. culture in practice settings. Practical manuscript, choose a journal, deal Here you will find three video series issues are addressed, such as how with revise and resubmits and The new and expanding ASA focused on important professional to convert a CV into a resume, how rejections, and turn your disser- Video and Webinars page also houses development topics sociologists have to prepare for a job interview, and tation into a book, among several recordings of ASA’s robust webinar told us they want to understand how to negotiate a compensation other topics. series. Visit the page to learn about better. These are highly substantive package. Advice is offered on how to strategies for being a more produc- Working with the Media pieces with experts who provide decide whether this is a path for you. tive and creative writer and scholar knowledge and advice. The series also includes personal Many of us want to engage with with Tanya Golash-Boza; non-fac- narratives from the featured sociol- the media, but don’t know where ulty career opportunities in higher Careers in Practice Settings for ogists describing their professional to start. In this five-part video education with Brandy Simula; Sociologists experiences and career trajectories. series, designed specifically for teaching modules for integrating This nine-part video series sociologists, ASA’s former com- climate change into sociology courses features sociologists who work in Academic Publishing munications director describes the with Andrew Szasz; and more. This government, industry, and non- Claire Renzetti, Professor of rules of engagement with media as repository is continually updated, so profit organizations. It provides Sociology at the University of well as the basics of understanding check back regularly.

ASA Sections Generously Provide ASA Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant Program (ASA DDRIG) Support to the Minority Fellowship Deadline: November 1. Application link available: September 1 Program The American Sociological Association has received a grant from the National Science Foundation to manage the Sociology Doctoral he vast majority of ASA sections, listed below, donated some or all of their Dissertation Research Improvement Grant Program for the next four T2020 section funds that otherwise would have been used for in-person years. The ASA DDRIG program will support theoretically grounded Annual Meeting activities to the Minority Fellowship Program fund. Founded empirical investigations to advance understanding of fundamental in 1974, the ASA Minority Fellowship Program has supported over 400 schol- social processes. Up to 25 awards of a maximum of $16,000 will be ars from diverse backgrounds who have significantly enriched our discipline. given each year. Grant funds can be used for costs directly associated The continued importance of this program is evident, and this infusion of with conducting research, such as dataset acquisition, statistical or support contributes to its ongoing vitality. We are grateful for your generosity. methodological training, equipment, payments to research subjects Aging and the Life Course Organizations, Occupations, and or research assistants, data transcription, and costs associated with Alcohol, Drugs, and Tobacco Work conducting archival research or field work. Living expenses, includ- Animals and Society Political Economy of the World ing dependent care, are also allowed, as are travel expenses to attend Asia and Asian America System professional meetings, including the ASA Annual Meeting. For more Children and Youth Race, Gender, and Class information, visit www.asanet.org/careers/grants-and-fellowships/ Collective Behavior and Social Rationality and Society asa-doctoral-dissertation-research-improvement-grant. Movements Science, Knowledge and Technology Communication, Information Social Psychology Technologies, and Media Sociology Sociology of Body and Embodiment Community and Urban Sociology Sociology of Consumers and Comparative-Historical Sociology Consumption Crime, Law, and Deviance Sociology of Culture Economic Sociology Sociology of Development Editor: Nancy Kidd Environmental Sociology Sociology of Education Managing Editor: Johanna Olexy Associate Editor: Margaret Vitullo Evolution, Biology and Society Sociology of Emotions Article submissions are limited to 1,000 words and must have journalistic Family Sociology of Human Rights value (e.g., timeliness, significant impact, general interest) rather than be History of Sociology Sociology of Law research oriented or scholarly in nature. Submissions will be reviewed for Inequality, Poverty, and Mobility Sociology of Mental Health possible publication. Obituaries are limited to 600–900 words and An- nouncements, 200 words. International Migration Sociology of Population Labor and Labor Movements Sociology of Religion All Footnotes communications can be directed to: American Sociological Mathematical Sociology Sociology of Sex and Gender Association, 1430 K Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20005; (202) Marxist Sociology Sociology of Sexualities 383-9005; email [email protected]. Medical Sociology Teaching and Learning Copyright © 2020, American Sociological Association. Methodology Theory

28 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association ASA News Thank You to ASA’s Generous Member Donors SA acknowledges the generous support of the following individuals, whose financial contributions (July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020) to the association Ahave strengthened our discipline. Some of these donations provide unrestricted support to ASA, and others will be used specifically for the American Sociological Fund, the Carla B. Howery Teaching Enhancement Fund, the Community Action Research Initiative, or the Fund for the Advancement of the Discipline. In addition, this list includes both five-year leadership pledges and one-time donations for the Campaign for Inclusion. This Campaign supports our longstanding Minority Fellowship Program and our Annual Meeting Travel Fund. If you are interested in making a contribution to support ASA in its mission to serve sociologists in their work, advance sociology as a science and profes- sion, and promote the contributions and use of sociology to society, visit www.asanet.org/donate. +Five-year lead- David Brady Jesse DiValli Kimberly Ann Nancy and Stephen Ramiro Martinez, Jr.+ Sarah Elizabeth ership pledge to Carmen Marie Brick Stell Dorsey, III Goyette+ Kidd+ Syeda Quratulain Patterson the Campaign for Clifford L. Broman Paula J. Dubeck Mary L. Gray K. Jill Kiecolt Masood Mary E. Pattillo+ Inclusion Donald C. Bross Angela Durante Sara E. Green Nadia Y. Kim+ Adrianne Showalter Pamela M. Paxton Joshua Travis Brown Jo Anne L. Earp Miriam Greenberg Zachary Dillon Kline Matlock Hugh Gilbert Peach Deborah A. Abowitz Tricia C. Bruce Mark G. Eckel Josephine T.V. George W. Knox Suzanne B. Maurer Willie Pearson, Jr.+ Margaret Abraham+ Michael Burawoy+ Michelle L. Edwards Greenbrook Melvin L. Kohn Thomas F. 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Eslinger Natalie Hannon Francois Joseph Victor Agadjanian+ Damon Jeremy Phillips Nadia Almasalkhi Peter Scott Cameron Wendy Espeland and Amy Hanser Lachapelle Melinda Jo Frances Fox Piven+ Elbert P. Almazan David Cañarte Bruce Carruthers+ Susan Harding Paul Lachelier Messineo+ Jack Nusan Porter Lejla Alvarez Cheryl Roberta Espinoza+ Jill Lindsey Harrison Karyn Lacy Ruth Milkman+ Alejandro Portes Duane F. Alwin and Carpenter-Siegel Erin M. Evans Rachel Harvey Michèle Lamont and Skye Miner Malcolm Stewart Linda Wray+ Jean Carroll Eve L. Ewing Anthony Ryan Hatch Frank Dobbin+ Amanda A. Mireles Potter Margaret L. Youngjoo Cha Susan A. Farrell Darnell F. Hawkins Annette Lareau+ Joya Misra+ Isabelle Reedy Powell Andersen+ Daniel F. Chambliss+ Joe R. Feagin CiAuna Heard Pat L. Lauderdale Mignon R. Moore+ Stephanie A. Pullés Ronald M. Andersen Margaret M. Chin+ Roy E. Feldman Karen A. Hegtvedt Leora Lawton Thomas S. Moore Lincoln G. Quillian Albert F. Anderson Joyce N. Chinen Cynthia Feliciano and Nathalia Hernandez Michael Lebow Richard Mora Ana Cristina Ramirez Jacqueline and Ron Susan P. Chizeck Geoff Ward+ Vidal Caroline W. Lee Catherine L. Moran Leticia Ramirez Angel+ Levon Chorbajian Myra Marx Ferree and Esther Elizabeth M. Lee Jessica Christine Meredith M. Redlin John Angle George F. Clark, Jr. G. Donald Ferree, Hernandez-Medina Mary Clare Lennon Moronez Holly E. Reed Michele T. Aronica Shirley M. Clark Jr. + Barbara Heyns Betsy Leondar-Wright Alessandro Morosin Ellen R. Reese Mikaila Mariel Mary Ann Clawson Victor Manuel Ferreira Robert B. Hill Ming D. Leung Boris Lee Morring, Jr. Linda Renzulli Lemonik Arthur Mariah Brennan Clegg Gina M. Finelli Sally T. Hillsman+ Sharon Leung Aldon D. and Kim Chris Rhomberg Amani Michael Trudie Coker Ryan Finnigan Barbara A. Hirshorn Felice J. Levine+ Morris+ Brian L. Rich Awwad Patricia Hill Collins+ Claude S. Fischer Vivian S. Hixson Amanda Lewis and Marietta Morrissey Patricia P. 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Nieri Teri Andrea Rosales Walden Bello Kevin Dahaghi Herbert J. Gans+ Ashley Colleen Feely Nathan Charles Aug Nishizaka Vincent J. Roscigno+ Josephine A. Amanda K. Damarin Lorena Garcia Hutson Lindstedt Bruce C. Mary R. Rose Beoku-Betts Sarah Damaske Betsie Garner Michael Indergaard Bruce G. Link Nordstrom-Loeb Perdana Putri Mabel Berezin+ William V. D’Antonio Sarah Bracey Garrett Jose Itzigsohn+ Jay Livingston Gilda Laura Ochoa Roswaldy Helen A. Berger Arnold Dashefsky Deborah L. Garvey Dianne J. Iverson William E. Loges Hmoud Salem Olimat Joseph W. Ruane Catherine White Na’ilah Dawkins Linda K. George+ Tristan Ivory Dan C. Lortie Pamela Oliver+ Essie Manuel Rutledge Berheide+ Jessica Dawson Kathleen Gerson+ John Jackson, Jr. Kathleen Sue Lowney Willie Oliver Rogelio Sáenz+ Ellen Berrey James V. DeFronzo David R. Gibson Michelle M. Jacob+ Freda B. Lynn Michael Omi Gary D. Sandefur+ Tirth Raj Bhatta Kirsten A. Dellinger Cheryl Townsend Jane James Leslie Elva Fumiya Onaka Kyi Kyi Sann Leah Binkovitz Vasilikie (Vicky) Gilkes Kevin Lamarr James MacColman Marc O’Neill Michael Lewis Sanow Rolf K. Blank Demos Christopher S. Girard Jiwook Jung Timothy R Macias Tracy E. Ore Teresa L. Scheid Ricky N. Bluthenthal Marjorie L. DeVault Kerby Goff Grace Kao+ Thomas V. Maher Anthony M. Orum Karin Schittenhelm Eduardo Augusto Diana Phillip B. Gonzales Basil Kardaras James Mahoney Brian Ott Lynn Schlesinger Bonilla-Silva+ Benjamin Juan L. Gonzales, Jr. Walda Robert Allen Manduca Ann Owens Christopher Schmitt Thomasina J. Borkman DiCicco-Bloom Jennifer Goode Katz-Fishman+ Liv Mann Anthony Paik+ Michael Schwartz+ Christine E. Bose+ Torry D. Dickinson Jeff Goodwin Trica Keaton Alex Manning Thomas M. Painter Mildred A. Schwartz Stefan Bosworth Bonnie Thornton Bridget Goosby Bernadette M. Keenan Cora B. Marrett Jerry G. Pankhurst James F. Scott Viviane Dill+ Elizabeth H. Gorman Erin Kelly+ Molly A. Martin Diana Papademas Brachet-Marquez Paul J. DiMaggio Monika Gosin Dustin Kidd Patricia Yancey Martin Robert Nash Parker Continued on Page 30 footnotes July/August 2020 29 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News

Thank You Milan Skobic Robin Stryker Mary Nell Trautner Orenda Lee Sarah Willie-LeBreton and From Page 29 Emerson Smith Mark C. Suchman Joseph G. A. Trumino Warren-Malbrough Jonathan LeBreton+ Jason A. Smith Kevin Jace Victor and Christopher Uggen+ Celeste M. William Julius Wilson+ Jane Sell+ Joel Smith Sue-A-Quan Miren Uriarte Watkins-Hayes+ George L. Wimberly Richard T. Serpe William L. Smith-Hinds Stephen A. Sweet Zulema Valdez+ Elfriede Wedam Howard Winant Cynthia Lee Shanks C. Matthew Snipp+ Ann Swidler Steven Vallas Melissa F. Weiner Celia Winkler Louise I. Shelley David Snow and Roberta David T. Takeuchi+ Nicole Gonzalez Van Henry Tiger Weng Lynne M. Woehrle Basil J. Sherlock Lessor+ Richard Tashjian Cleve Laura Wentworth Robert P. Wolensky Elena Shih Paula J. Snyder Angela P. Taylor Eric R. Van Rite Rachel Wetts Celine Yin-Li Wong Jean H. Shin+ Margaret R. Somers Marylee C. Taylor Reeve Vanneman Ilga Whealy Melissa Wooten Susan E. Short Roberta M. Spalter-Roth Ralph Brecken Taylor Gloria S. Vaquera Gregory James White Erik Olin Wright+ Adam James Sidun Gregory D. Squires+ Youyenn Teo+ Diane Vaughan Michael J. White Mike Yarbrough Andreja Siliunas Yanick St. Jean Julia B. Ticona William Velez Kevin A. Whitehead Peter Cleary Yeager Jennifer M Silva Stephen F. Steele Grace Tien Lydia Villa-Komaroff Bruce B. Williams Gay Young Blake R. Silver Peter J. Stein Kathleen J. Tierney+ Margaret Weigers Christine L. Viviana A. Zelizer+ Benjamin H. Sims Carl W. Stempel Michael Timberlake Vitullo+ Williams+ Afshin Zilanawala Jennifer Patrice Sims Ron Stewart Donald and Barbara Matthias vom Hau Joyce E. Williams Mary K. Zimmerman Carlene Sipma-Dysico Rob Stones Tomaskovic-Devey+ Dirk vom Lehn Rhys H. Williams+ Sharon Zukin

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information, visit www.mdpi.com/ 2020. For more information, visit www. WCCO television in Minneapolis, MN, Calls for Papers journal/genealogy/special_issues/race. ircpl.columbia.edu/claremont-prize. on January 10, 2020. Gender, Work & Organization is seeking manuscripts for a special Tressie McMillan Cottom, University issue on gender and employment Meetings Funding of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Cynthia during COVID-19. The contributions October 5-9, 2020. Association for The William T. Grant Institutional Miller-Idriss, American University, to this special issue aim to give a Applied and Clinical Sociology (AACS) Challenge Grant encourages re- and Monica Bell, Yale University, were clear overview of women’s current Virtual Conference. Theme: “Making search institutions to build sustained interviewed in a June 4 Politico article, labor market position, with attention Sociology Actionable: Translation, research-practice partnerships with “It Really Is Different This Time.” to short- and long-term changes Implementation, and Intervention public agencies or nonprofit organi- Kathleen J. Fitzgerald, University of brought about by global experienc- Design for Social Change.” AACS is zations in order to reduce inequality North Carolina-Chapel Hill, was quot- es with the COVID-19 pandemic. dedicated to advancing sociolog- in youth outcomes. To do so, research ed in two articles, “The Pandemic Has The special issue also aims to ical application and practice both institutions will need to shift their Sent Child Hunger to Record Levels” contribute specifically to theory within and beyond academia. We policies and practices to value collab- in The Nation on June 2, 2020, and “5 advancement by relating findings invite (virtual) participation in our orative research. They will also need Reasons Why Experts Say We Should from the COVID-19 pandemic to ex- annual meeting, which is open to all to build the capacity of researchers to be Wary of the ‘Outside Agitator’ Nar- isting theoretical knowledge about social and behavioral scientists and produce relevant work and the capaci- rative” in CNN on June 4, 2020. gendered labor markets, gendered business, industry, non-profit, and ty of agency and nonprofit partners to Tyrone Forman, University of workplaces, and/or the gendered government professionals. We offer use research. The $650,000, three-year Illinois-Chicago, wrote an op-ed that distribution of paid work, care tasks, professional development workshops, grant will be awarded to an eligible appeared in the June 10 Chicago Sun household tasks, and leisure. The panels, paper sessions, and student. research institution, including univer- Times, “When the Lions Have Cameras, deadline for abstracts is October For more information, visit www.aacs- sity-based research institutes, a school We Finally Get to See How Our Society 1 and the deadline for manuscript net.net/2020-annual-conference. or center, research firm, or think tanks. Devalues Black Lives.” submissions is March 21, 2021. For March 18-21, 2021. Pacific Socio- Applications are welcome from part- more information, visit onlinelibrary. logical Association 92nd Annual nerships in youth-serving areas such Charles Gallagher, La Salle University, wiley.com/pb-assets/assets/14680432/ Conference. San Diego, CA. President: as education, justice, child welfare, was interviewed in multiple media GWO_SI_CfP_Gender%20and%20em- Sharon K. Davis, University of La Verne. mental health, immigration, and venues on institutional racism, police ployment-1595590141157.pdf. Theme: The New Normal and the workforce development. Deadline: brutality, ethnic and racial identity and Full proposals are due on September the protests. “Will Philly’s New Police Genealogy is now accepting submis- Redefinition of Deviance. For more 10. For more information, visit www. Reforms Work? Experts Say the Evidence sions for a special issue on the theme, information see www.pacificsoc.org. wtgrantfoundation.org/grants/institu- Is ‘Mixed’” “Institutionalized Racism — “What’s Your ‘Street Race?’ Cartogra- tional-challenge-grant. Invisible Systems of Oppression” — KYW phies and Ontologies of ‘Race’ and the Competition Newsradio on June 14; “Protesters Come Future of Knowledge Production on In- Claremont Prize for the Study of Together in Show of Diversity, Unity in equality, Resistance and Social Justice.” In the News Religion. The Institute for Religion, Response to Death of George Floyd” — We place “race” in quotation marks to Culture, and Public Life at Columbia Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Duke Univer- Fox29 on June 8; 14 “Philly Council Mem- underscore “race” as a social construc- University is seeking submissions to its sity, and Patricia Hill Collins, Univer- bers Call for Reforms, Say No to Police tion that has no innate biological or second annual Claremont Prize for the sity of Maryland, were mentioned for Budget Increase” — NBC10 on June 8; genetic essential characteristics, but it is Study of Religion. The prize is dedicated their books in a May 29 Buzzfeed News “Professor Charles Gallagher on U.S. Civil best understood as a social construc- to the publication of first books by early article, “An Essential Reading Guide for Unrest” — Ireland’s Newstalk with Gavan tion and a relationship of power at the career scholars working in any discipline Fighting Racism.” Reilly on June 7; ”Thousands Arrested individual, institutional and structural of the humanities or social sciences. Siobhan Brooks, California State in National Protests in Aftermath of levels. This issue invites essays from Submissions can be on any aspect of the University-Fullerton, wrote an article George Floyd’s Death” — Fox29 on June scholars from multiple disciplines to study of religion, including the study of on black faculty and housing discrim- 1; “Where Do We Go From Here? That’s engage in ongoing, critical and self-im- secularism. Prize winners will be invited ination that was published in Inside What We Need to Ask in Wake of George plicating, reflexivity about the meaning to participate in an IRCPL workshop Higher Ed on July 16, 2020. Floyd Protests” — Philadelphia Inquirer of race and how “race” is conceptualized and the books will appear in IRCPL’s on May 31; “Irish Americans Must Re- in their own work and within their Steve Buechler, Minnesota State series, “Religion, Culture, and Public Life,” spond to Ethnic Question in 2020 U.S. discipline, workplace, institutions and University, Mankato, was interviewed published by Columbia University Press. Census” —I rish Central on April 26; “Af- structural arrangements at the local, about his memoir How Steve became Contact: Marianna Pecoraro at mp3699@ rican-Americans Dying from COVID-19 national and global levels. Deadline Ex- Ralph: A Cancer/Stem Cell Odyssey columbia.edu. Deadline: September 14, at a Higher Rate” — Fox29 on April 8; tended to October 15, 2020. For more (with Jokes) on local CBS affiliate

30 July/August 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Announcements

“What’s Slowing the U.S. COVID-19 virus among African Americans don’t 89.3 on July 20, 2020. With John Hans The Mother Jones Award issued annu- Fight? A Coronavirus Wedding and a tell the whole story,” that appeared in Gilderbloom, University of Louisville, ally by the Pennsylvania Labor History Pop-Up Pantry” — KYW Newsradio on the April 29 Philadelphia Inquirer. and Wesley Meares, Augusta Universi- Society for his scholarship on labor March 29; “Census Will Ask White People Michael Pollard, RAND Corporation, ty, Squires wrote “Pollution, Place, and history and the sociology of work. More About Their Ethnicities” — NPR on was interviewed by Monocle for their the Unnecessary Tragedy of Premature March 14; “Called ‘a Sneak,’ Kenney Open podcast (December 11, 2019), as well as Death: Lessons for Covid-19?” that New Books About Spending in New Budget” — NBC appeared in Shelterforce and Planetizen by OZY (December 10, 2019), about his Jake Alimahomed-Wilson, California 10 on March 5. research on American news consump- on July 21, 2020. Squires wrote an op-ed with Gilderbloom for CityLab on State University-Long Beach, and Ellen Cheryl Townsend Gilkes, Colby Col- tion and perceptions of reliability. Reese, University of California-River- lege, wrote an article for Religion News April 22, 2020, “The Health Emergency Jack Nusan Porter, The Davis Center, That’s Coming to West Louisville.” side, Eds., The Cost of Free Shipping: Service, published May 27, “Kneeling Harvard University, was interviewed by Amazon in the Global Economy (Pluto to Venerate Hate: The Meaning of a several radio and online media on the Stacy Torres, University of Califor- Press, 2020). Police Killing in Minnesota.” February 11 New Hampshire Primary nia-San Francisco, wrote a commentary that appeared on June 17 in CalMatters Margaret L. Andersen, University of Shannon Malone Gonzalez, Univer- election day — WRKO and WNTN of the Delaware. Getting Smart about Race: sity of Texas-Austin, wrote an opinion Boston area. Porter talked about the about the stark ethnic, racial, and class inequalities and growing health dis- An American Conversation (Rowman piece that appeared in the June 4 Ms. conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and Littlefield Publishers, 2020). Magazine, “Unanswered Questions corruption in Ukraine, and Russian parities between two neighboring zip from Black Women Protestors Against interference in Ukrainian affairs. codes in Alameda and Oakland, CA, laid Nitsan Chorev, Brown University, Give bare during the pandemic and protests. and Take: Developmental Foreign Aid Police Violence.” Rashawn Ray, University of Maryland, Stacy J. Williams, University of Cali- and the Pharmaceutical Industry in East Gloria Gonzalez-Lopez, University was profiled in a June 22Washington Africa (Princeton University Press, 2019). of Texas-Austin, published an op-ed Post article, “Police critic says officers fornia-San Diego, wrote an article that in Ms. Magazine on February 12, “Un need more money and less stress, appeared in the February 18 Washing- James Joseph Dean, Sonoma State Violador En Tu Camino: The Song That along with greater accountability.” ton Post about the gender politics of University, and Nancy L. Fischer, cooking within the primaries. The arti- Augsburg University, The Routledge Made Transnational Feminism Go Victor Ray, University of Iowa, and Viral.” cle draws on her dissertation and the International Handbook of Heterosexu- Alan A. Aja, Brooklyn College, wrote research about feminism and cooking. alities Studies (Routledge, 2020). Elyakim Kislev, Hebrew University of an op-ed that appeared in the June 18 Jerusalem, was featured in a February Washington Post, “Racism isn’t about Cristobal Young, Cornell University, Kathleen J. Fitzgerald, University of 15 CNN article about the benefits of ignorance. Some highly educated peo- was quoted in a February 19 Fast Com- North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Recogniz- being single that focused on his new ple have upheld systemic inequality.” pany article about his research on how ing Race and Ethnicity: Power, Privilege, book Happy Singlehood: The Rising Ac- patient satisfaction is driven by hotel and Inequality, 3rd edition (Routledge, Alvaro Santana-Acuña, Whitman Col- amenities, not medical quality. 2020). ceptance and Celebration of Solo Living. lege, was interviewed by BBC News on L’Heureux Lewis-McCoy, New York May 30 about his forthcoming book Kathleen J. Fitzgerald, University University, was quoted in a June 19 Ascent to Glory. Santana-Acuña wrote Awards of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, and Bloomberg City Lab article, “In Suburbs the op-ed “The Pandemic of Solitude,” Penny Edgell, University of Minne- Kandice L. Grossman, University of and Small Towns, Racial Justice Takes published in the New York Times en sota-Twin Cities, has been named a Missouri, Sociology of Sexualities, 2nd Center Stage.” español on June 24, 2020, about the recipient of the 2019-20 Award for edition (SAGE Publications, 2020). Outstanding Contributions to Gradu- Douglas McAdam, Stanford Univer- global surge of interest in literary Michael Hechter, Arizona State Univer- works describing pandemics. ate and Professional Education from sity, Rational Choice Sociology: Essays on sity, and Dana Fisher, University of the University of Minnesota. Maryland, were quoted in a June 12 David R. Segal, University of Mary- Theory, Collective Action and Social Order New York Times article, “One Big Dif- land, was interviewed by NBC News on Fred E. Markowitz, Northern Illinois (Edward Elgar Publishers, 2019). ference About George Floyd Protests: June 8 regarding the unprecedented University, has been awarded a Ful- Tania M. Jenkins, University of North Many White Faces.” criticism of Donald Trump by four bright U.S. Core Scholar grant for fall Carolina-Chapel Hill, Doctors’ Orders: 2020 to the University of Helsinki Insti- Philip V. McHarris, Yale University, of the seven living former Chairmen The Making of Status Hierarchies in an of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, including tute of Criminology and Legal Policy. Elite Profession (Columbia University wrote an op-ed that appeared in The The project is titled “Does Psychiatric New York Times on May 30 on the need former Secretary of State Colin Powell, Press, 2020). after the murder of George Floyd. Treatment Capacity Influence Rates of to defund police and invest in alterna- Crime in Finland?” Elyakim Kislev, Hebrew University tives in order to end cycles of police vi- Segal was interviewed for an article in the San Antonio Express-Journal on of Jerusalem, Happy Singlehood: The olence following the murder of George Stephen J. Morewitz, Forensic Social Rising Acceptance and Celebration of Floyd and recent wave of protests. reactions around Fort Hood, TX, to a Sciences Association and San Jose proposal to remove the names of Con- Solo Living (University of California State University, won a San Jose State Press, 2019). Philip McHarris, Yale University, federate generals from US Army posts. University Annual Authors and Artists Michael Sierra-Arevalo, University of Patrick Sharkey and Keeanga-Ya- Award for publishing his 13th book, Jerome Krase, Brooklyn College, Texas-Austin, and Monica Bell, Yale Clinical and Psychological Perspectives and Judith N. DeSena, St. Johns University, were quoted on Fivethir- mahtta Taylor, both at Princeton University, with journalist Yaryna on Foul Play (Springer Nature, 2019). University, Eds., Gentrification around tyeight on June 22, “Is Police Reform A The book is the first title on the foren- the World, Volume 1: Gentrifiers and the Fundamentally Flawed Idea?” Serkez, wrote an op-ed that appeared in the June 12 Washington Post, “Why sic social sciences of foul play. Displaced (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2020). Marya T. Mtshali, Harvard Univer- do we need the police?” They also Laurel Richardson was awarded a Michel S. Laguerre, University of Cali- sity, wrote an article, “How Medical wrote a June 19 New York Times article, Best Book 2020 honorable mention by fornia-Berkeley, Global City-Twinning in Bias Against Black People Is Shaping “The Gaps Between White and Black the International Congress of Qualita- the Digital Age (University of Michigan COVID-19 Treatment and Care,” that America, in Charts.” tive Inquiry for her book, Lone Twin: A Press, 2019). appeared in Vox on June 2, 2020. Michael Sierra-Arévalo, University True Story of Loss and Found. Yingyi Ma, Syracuse University, Ambi- Aldon Morris, Northwestern Uni- of Texas-Austin, was quoted in a June Mario Small, Harvard University, and tious and Anxious: How Chinese College versity, wrote an opinion article that 16 GQ Magazine article, “How Violent Bruce Western, Columbia University, Students Succeed and Struggle in appeared in Scientific American on Police Culture Perpetuates Itself.” will be inducted as a Fellow of the American Higher Education (Columbia August 3, “We’ll Never Fix Systemic American Academy of Political and University Press, 2020). Racism by Being Polite.” Gregory D. Squires, George Wash- ington University, wrote an op-ed, Social Science on October 8, 2020. Chinyere Osuji, Rutgers University, Daniel J. Myers, American University, “Trump’s attempt to weaken fair The Academy’s Fellows are universi- Boundaries of Love: Interracial Marriage wrote an article that appeared in The housing rules is beyond tone deaf,” that ty-based scholars who have changed and the Meaning of Race (NYU Press, Atlantic on June 17, “Getting Tough on appeared in American Banker on July our understanding of human behavior 2019). Protests Is Counterproductive.” and the world in which we live. 20, 2020. He was interviewed by Juli- Alvaro Santana-Acuña, Whitman Chinyere Osuji, Rutgers University, anne Malveaux about HUD fair housing Robert Wolensky, University of Wis- College, Ascent to Glory: How One wrote an article, “High rates of corona- policy on Works in Progress on WPFW consin-Stevens Point, recently received footnotes July/August 2020 31 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Announcements

Hundred Years of Solitude Was Written Director of Graduate Studies, and Chair- how religion shaped people’s attitudes last decades of his career completely and Became a Global Classic (Columbia person of the Sociology Department for towards punishment. He published dedicated to studying what it means University Press, 2020). approximately 20 of the years he was at several articles in this area. to be human. He started by writing a Rita Stephan, U.S. Department of SUNY, from 1972 to 1999. Harold was a supportive colleague comprehensive treatment of philoso- State, and Mounira M. Charrad, Uni- and dear friend. One colleague phies of self in Western Civilization, a versity of Texas-Austin, Eds., Women Obituaries remarked, “His presence was huge and work totaled somewhere between 300 unforgettable. He was everything you and 600 pages. A friend and colleague Rising: In and Beyond the Arab Spring Harold G. Grasmick (New York University Press. 2020). could ever want in a professor. He was implored him to publish it, but he 1947-2020 brilliant, accomplished, funny, and just simply shrugged off the prospect Robert Wolensky, University of Harold G. Grasmick, Professor Emeri- a little bit naughty.” Harold deeply cared saying, “Nah… I was just clearing my Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Sewn in Coal tus of the Department of Sociology at for his students, and he was a friend of head.” From there, Ken worked tirelessly Country: An Oral History of the Ladies’ the University of Oklahoma (OU) and the OU Department of Sociology. Upon on epistemological problems involving Garment Industry in the Wyoming Val- one of criminology’s great minds, left his retirement, he helped establish a questions about the nature of inquiry ley of Pennsylvania, 1945-1995 (Penn our world on April 4, 2020. Harold and fund to support graduate students in and the phenomenon of creativity. State University Press, 2020). his co-authors, Charles Tittle, Bob Bursik mentored research during the summer. Ken inculcated these ideas into every and Bruce Arneklev (Grasmick et al. As he described it, it was a way to keep aspect of his career and personal life, Transitions 1993), developed a 24-item attitudinal our students busy with research and living seamlessly across the two. He Milagros “Milly” Pena, who is currently scale based upon their interpretation away from working in the bars next was married to Denise Fournet for 28 Dean of the College of Humanities, Arts, of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) con- to campus. Through the Grasmick years, and they raised two daughters, and Social Sciences at the University of ceptual definition of self-control. This Summer Fellowships, Harold’s devotion Kristin and Michelle, working these California-Riverside, has been named measure, known as the Grasmick Scale, to students and passion for the creation ideas about creativity and the Self into president of Purchase College, SUNY. continues to be used widely in tests of of research continue. their family life and relationships. Ken Gottfredson and Hirschi’s theory. This Harold is remembered as a loving transformed his classroom into a plat- Martyn Pickersgill has been promot- publication cemented Harold’s national grandfather, father, and son and will be form for students to creatively engage, ed to full professor at the University reputation as a scholar and renowned missed by many. He is survived by his not just the problematics of sociology, of Edinburgh, where he holds a newly criminologist. Harold mentored and son Jacob, daughter-in-law Kate, and but of their own lives. He unfolded for established Personal Chair in the published research with many students. grandson Atlas, of Denver, CO. them new ways of seeing society and Sociology of Science and Medicine. He Over the course of his career, Harold Self, new methodologies for reimag- will also act as Associate Director of published a book, 54 research articles, Loretta Bass, University of Oklahoma, ining social institutions, and a radical the Wellcome Trust-supported Centre and has been cited over 13,500 times. and Trina Hope, University of Oklahoma sense of possibility desperately lacking for Biomedicine, Self and Society. At the University of Oklahoma, Harold Kenneth L. Wilson in our field. was recognized for his achievements Ruth E. Zambrana, has been awarded 1949-2020 Nothing I write could do justice to the title of Distinguished University with several awards, including the Da- Ken as a friend, colleague, and mentor. Kenneth L. Wilson died from cancer on Professor at the University of Maryland vid Ross Boyd Professorship, a Presiden- He modeled an intellectual rigor and Tuesday, June 16, 2020. Born in 1949, at College Park, in acknowledgement tial Professorship, and the Kinney-Sugg honesty that I have never seen. Once, we in Burlington, Iowa, Ken studied social of her research in the field of racial, Award for Outstanding Professor. were studying a philosophical work and psychology at the University of Iowa. He ethnic, and gender health disparities, Harold served as Chair of the OU got stuck debating a particular concept. received his PhD from the University of and influence as a leading voice for mi- Sociology Department from 1982 to Ken said to me, “I don’t think we can un- Texas-Austin, concentrating on social nority and underrepresented groups. 1988, which was a challenging time derstand this if we don’t pause and read inequality, where he began the pioneer- This title is the highest academic hon- institutionally as OU was transforming Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit very ing work in ethnic enclave theory that or the University of Maryland bestows to a national-level university with an carefully.” He followed the idea with ab- would define the first part of his career. on members of the faculty. emphasis on research. At that time, solute fidelity; he was utterly impractical there were two units, Sociology A and His early career witnessed success that in the most needed and beautiful ways. would be the envy of most academics. Sociology 1, and new faculty lines He published a few things in his later People He published repeatedly in the top were offered in only the research years, strictly out of a kindness to us Charles Gallagher, La Salle University, journals and was cited thousands unit. Harold was hired to teach and graduate students; I once even talked was part of a panel discussion at The of times. He progressed in rank and lead in research, and as part of this he him into an ASA presentation. But Ken’s Museum of the American Revolution secured tenure at University of South developed the Oklahoma City Survey, real work had moved beyond discipline. (February 8) on race and the media Carolina, and moved to Florida Atlantic, which provided research and statistical Even as his body grew weaker in his and gave a talk on race and gentri- before being recruited to University training for students. His focus on the final days, he continued to talk with fication in Jersey City at the Journal of Alabama-Birmingham (UAB) as the creation of knowledge through re- great insight about big Ideas. His latest Square Community Association. department head. Under his leadership, search also positioned the department achievements and his own biographical UAB established a nationally recog- to be approved by the Oklahoma State account are captured at purposingtuto- nized concentration in medical sociolo- Deaths Regents for Higher Education to grant rials.myportfolio.com/. doctoral degrees. This new teaching gy, including a doctoral program. Ken’s Richard J. Gelles, a leading scholar of love of epistemology, social psychol- I would say that I am going to miss domestic violence and the child-wel- style on the graduate level, which Ken dearly, but he would have correct- focused on learning through research, ogy, and his skepticism of Western fare system, died June 26 at his science had roots in his undergraduate ed this sentiment. He believed that home in Philadelphia. He was 73. The allowed students to become active par- when we engage the conceptual world ticipants in the profession through their studies and motivated numerous cause was brain cancer. A prolific and interdisciplinary collaborations. But with rigor and honesty, our Selves and high-profile sociologist, Gelles wrote research, conference presentations, and our Ideas continue to participate in this publications. it was the second half of Ken’s career more than two-dozen books, testified that defined him as an incomparable world forever. He saw this not as mys- Harold’s research was about illegal before Congress, gave evidence as scholar, mentor, and human being. tical or religious, but as bound to the an expert witness and taught at the behavior and norm violations in nature of Ideas and the creative human Those who followed his early work on University of Pennsylvania’s School of general, particularly guilt, shame, and impulses within them. Undeterred from social inequalities might have thought Social Policy and Practice, which he embarrassment, and their parallels his work even by death, some of Ken’s Ken died sometime in the early 1990s. led for more than a decade as dean. to legal or formal sanctions. Much last words to me were about our future Such a suspicion would not have been of his work in the 1990s focused on collaborations: “You’ll have a thought James A. Geschwender, 86, passed entirely unfounded: He had moved on neighborhoods, social control, and and it will have a quality that is very un- away in Raleigh, NC on January 15, to a higher plane. Fed up with the disci- crime, including his book co-authored like your usual thoughts, different even 2020. During his distinguished aca- plinary forces that dull the intellectual with Robert J. Bursik, Neighborhoods than the new thoughts you have within demic career he served on the faculty pursuit of new ideas—and without a and Crime: The Dimensions of Effective yourself...and that will be me.” at Florida State University, Wayne State Community Control. Inspired by the shred of ego compelling him to stay in University, University of Western Oklahoma context, Harold noticed the rat race of citations, impact factors, Jason Adam Wasserman, Oakland Ontario, Visiting Professor at University that religion was influential to society, positions, and awards—Ken shelved University William Beaumont School of of Hawaii, and was a Full Professor at and he began to focus his research on his portfolio entirely. He spent the Medicine SUNY-Binghamton, where he served as

32 July/August 2020 footnotes