Emerald Ash Borer Municipal Guide A Reference for Protecting Trees and Communities EMERALD ASH BORER Little Insect, Big Problem

Upon initial discovery of the emerald ash borer (EAB) in the United States, nobody was quite sure how to handle it. Most municipalities’ initial reactions were to remove the food source for the EAB by cutting down all ash trees. Given the large percentage ash tree comprised of many urban forests, it was quickly realized that removing all the ash trees had significant costs beyond just the dollars allocated for cutting and chipping.

Trees are one of the few assets than increase in value over time. Mature trees are worth significantly more to a community than newly planted, small trees in terms of air quality, storm water retention, shade, and other benefits. Preserving healthy, mature ash trees has become the primary focus for today’s EAB management strategies.

Economic models have been developed that help predict the costs associated with different management strategies. Proper municipal EAB management is about minimizing financial burden while maximizing preservation of secondary tree benefits. In most cases, a tree can be protected for at least 20 years for the same cost of removal! Additionally, by preserving the tree, you are preserving all of those secondary benefits that would be lost with a smaller, newly planted tree.

The loss of trees from emerald ash borer can have a significant impact on the neighborhoods it infests PHOTO: Adobe Stock, Licensed with Permission with Licensed Stock, Adobe PHOTO: Although EAB is wide spread throughout the USA, it is not common to see a live adult in a tree.

2 Rainbow Treecare Scientific Advancements OVERVIEW An Invasive Pest Emerald ash borer (EAB) is an invasive pest from Asia that threatens the ash tree population in the United States. Across the country, it has killed millions of trees since its discovery in 2002.

Through a combination of natural spread and human activity, EAB has now been found in 35 states across the United States with new detections happening every month. It will continue to spread and destroy all the native ash EAB Native USA Ash EAB Invasive trees in the U.S. that are not protected. Range Native Range Range Emerald ash borer is deadly to ash trees because the larvae feed right under the bark. This is where a tree conducts water and nutrients from its root system up to the leaves. As the number of larvae increase, more of the tissue becomes damaged which blocks the flow of water and EAB QUICK FACTS: nutrients, thus resulting in tree death.Visual symptoms of an • EAB is an invasive insect EAB infestation often take a few years to manifest themselves imported from Asia adding to the challenge of effective management. • First arrived in Michigan in the late 1990's

• EAB is now widespread, found throughout the range of native ash trees

• All native ash species can be killed by EAB

• Treatments are available and have been proven effective

A Community-Wide Issue The impact of emerald ash borer is not just felt by a forestry or natural resources department. Emerald ash borer is an unprecedented ecological event and has been called a natural disaster in slow motion.

Beyond the loss of trees, EAB creates public safe- ty hazards, wreaks havoc on budget plans, and has widespread impacts wherever it is found. Ash trees are so numerous in many communities that the cost of their loss will be much greater than the price of cutting them down. Mature trees help mitigate urban heat effects while making neighborhoods safer and more desirable to live in relative to neighborhoods EAB kills ash trees as its larvae consume the water and that lack mature trees. On average, an entire gener- nutrient-conducting tissue beneath the bark ation is necessary in order to replace the loss of ma- ture canopy with new plantings, thus preservation of existing canopy generally makes more ecological and economical sense than removals alone.

Learn More and Buy Direct at www.treecarescience.com 3 A Community-Eye View Protecting the Herd Managing emerald ash borer at the community-level is not about saving every tree. Trees in natural areas and difficult-to-access areas would be challenging to treat, but many would be even more challenging to remove. A boulevard may have a dozen mature ash while a few acres of community forest may have hundreds of mature trees that would present a more costly and involved management process. However, experience from EAB-infested communities has shown that protecting the high value and easy- access trees has a positive effect on the entire local ash population by reducing the number of insects likely to spread to additional trees.

Easy-to-Access Public Trees

High value trees that are publicly-owned along boulevards, parks, schools, and government buildings are amongst the easiest for municipalities to take action on and can be used to inform the public.

• Protecting easy-to-access trees helps protect more difficult-to-access trees

• Ribboning programs on public trees raise awareness for citizens to take action

• Utilize public trees for events and demonstrations for education

4 Rainbow Treecare Scientific Advancements Privately Owned Trees

Privately owned trees can represent a significant portion of the ash trees found in a community. Programs promoted by municipalities can encourage homeowners to take action and help protect the entire community’s canopy.

• Encourage homeowners to take action on their ash trees: removal or protection

• Provide homeowners with resources for finding local certified arborists

• Partner with treatment contractors to offer discounted treatment rates

- Difficult-to-Access Public Trees

Wooded natural areas can contain hundreds to thousands of difficult-to-access trees that can provide challenges to communities. Focusing mitigation efforts on the rest of the population outside of this area can have a positive impact on these trees and reduce the need for removal. • Focus protection or removals on trees near trails, campsites, and pavilions

• Partner with local mills or wood use programs for re-purposing timber

• Have a plan for disposal and removals

Learn More and Buy Direct at www.treecarescience.com 5 Budgeting and Planning City Budgets Under Attack Emerald Ash Borer not only attacks trees, it attacks the budgets of local governments—budgets that are increasingly stressed by competing demands from the communities they serve.

Yet when it comes to EAB, the time to act is now —before the infestation exponentially increases in population, and tree deaths escalate. As the pest population increases and a greater number of trees die, the number of management options goes down.

“Save the best, replace the rest” is a slogan that accurately summarizes the overall best strategy for the environment and for a city’s budget. On average, a city can protect a mature, healthy ash tree for more than

Annual Ash Tree Removal Rates

6,000

Reactive Protecting mature ash 5,000 Management trees costs less than removing them and 4,000 provide more benefits to a community than Proactive 3,000 Management newly planted trees.

Numbers of Removals Numbers 2,000 Annual Removal Capacity 1,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Years After EAB Infestation Establishment

20 years for the cost of removing and replacing it. More importantly, protection preserves 3-4 times the environmental, economic, and human health benefits that were the reason the city planted the tree in the first place.

Managing the EAB infestation includes many variables that affect city budgets. The proximity and intensity of the infestation will affect the urgency of action and how best to balance investment strategies.

The local government that delays action or relies on a reactive, removals- only approach may be overwhelmed with dying and hazardous trees. Past experience shows that in places where no actions were taken, approximately 80% of the untreated ash trees were dead by the eighth year of the infestation, and most of those deaths occurred in years 4-8. Removing significant numbers of trees has costs to a The peak years of the infestation generated what some called a “wall of community beyond just cutting them down wood.” It doesn’t have to be this way. Science-based, proactive strategies can cut costs and debris volumes by a third, as well as shrink and flatten the curve of debris removal over a period of 6 or more years instead of the 4 peak years.

6 Rainbow Treecare Scientific Advancements EAB Management Pay Now, Save Later Return on Investment per Dollar Spent The cost to treat or remove is not the only consideration $8 that municipalities should use for determining to treat or not to treat the trees in their community. Ecological $7 and environmental benefits that mature trees provide are significant and municipalities now have urban tree $6 assessment tools to help quantify these ecosystem benefits as well. $5 $4 Protecting all the mature ash trees $3

Removing and replacing $2 50% ash trees and protecting 50% ash trees $1 Removing and replacing $0 all ash trees Year 10 Year 20 Protecting mature ash trees provides a greater return on investment for the community than newly planted trees.

Mature Tree Benefits Mature trees make neighborhoods cooler, safer, and more desirable to live in. Trees play a vital role in urban ecosystems, providing wildlife habitat, water retention, and improving air quality. Maintaining an existing mature tree canopy provides significantly greater benefits to a community than removal and replacement.

maximum benefit to the community

BENEFIT BENEFIT Improve Reduced Quality of Stormwater the Air Runoff

BENEFIT BENEFIT Raise Reduced Property Energy Values Costs minimal benefit to the community

BENEFIT BENEFIT Decrease Improve Urban Mental Heat Islands Health Years 0 5 10 15 20

Protecting mature ash trees provides a greater benefits over the same amount of time than removing and replacing the mature ash trees with new trees.

Learn More and Buy Direct at www.treecarescience.com 7 Preserving What is Here Saving Mature Trees

The bad news is that all native ash trees are susceptible to emerald ash borer. The good news is that there are scientifically-backed treatments available to protect mature trees from this deadly insect.

Focusing treatments on the protection of mature trees is vital to a successful program as these large trees provide the most benefit to the community. Mature trees provide shade that contributes to everything from lower street maintenance costs to improved mental health for citizens. Large trees provide habitat for wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff, raise property values, and decrease the carbon footprint of a community. In short, mature trees are contributing to municipalities in numerous economic and sociological ways.

The larger the tree, the greater the benefits. Conversely, larger trees also require more resources for removal and disposal. This is the reason that preservation and protection should be focused on saving the larger, more mature trees in the urban forest.

A healthy ash tree will transport water The larvae of the beetles eat the growth A heavily infested tree can no longer through the current year’s growth ring. rings under the bark of the tree. Symptoms transport water and the top dies. The can take several years to appear. beetles will move on to the next ash tree.

8 Rainbow Treecare Scientific Advancements Science-Backed Treatments Not all emerald ash borer treatments are created equally. Research and field experience has shown that MECTINITE® (4% emamectin benzoate) provides the fastest uptake available, allowing crews to protect more trees in the same amount of time as other products. When applied through the IQ TREE INJECTION suite of tools, these treatments provide at least 2 years of ash tree protection without causing long-term damage to the trees seen with other application devices.

Research has also shown the formulation utilized in MECTINITE provides better distribution of the treatment within the tree compared to other products,

When creating RFP specs for contractors, it is important to specify treatments that provide the most protection against EAB while causing the least amount of possible damage.

Mectinite treatments are dosed based upon Small holes are drilled at the root flare of the tree. Each tree takes about 5-10 minutes to set the diameter of the tree at breast height. Tees are inserted and the system is pressurized up, and just a few minutes for Mectinite to Each tree is individually measured. to move the treatment into the tree. move into the tree. Mectinite treatments protect the tree for at least 2 seasons.

Learn More and Buy Direct at www.treecarescience.com 9 Speaking from Experience Rainbow has been at the forefront of EAB research and management from the beginning. Rainbow is uniquely one of the countries largest independent tree care companies and one of the only product development firms dedicated to arboriculture. This allows Rainbow a scientific understanding of the issue with the operational know-how to develop the necessary application tools.

Rainbow Treecare • Founded in 1976 in the Minneapolis/St. Paul market • Partnerships with 30+ local municipalities • Currently there are over 50,000 ash trees under protection through these programs

Rainbow Treecare Scientific Advancements • Founded in 1997 to focus on tree science nationwide • Develop treatments, application equipment, and management protocols • Research in collaboration with arborists, universities, and municipalities

RAINBOW & EMERALD ASH BORER

2020 + Beyond Research is continuing on new products, 2017 equipment, rates and timings. Hundreds of Municipal partnerships begin offering municipalities are using Mectinite in their discounted treatments for cities and treatment plans not only in the Twin Cities, residents in the Twin Cities, MN MN, but throughout the country. 2014 Mectinite formulation 70+ introduced, research trials on eab creating faster treatments since 2004, focusing 2011 2013 on treatments, rates, Rainbow continues EAB iQ Tree Injection suite created, without a research focused on treatment the fastest plugless application Restricted Use and timing timing and rates devices available Pesticide label

25+ 2008 different University 5 Universities publish and public-sector official treatment recommendations 2004 research partners with including Rainbow’s Rainbow partners with Ohio State to begin EAB trials products evaluation of different therapeutic and preventive treatments

2009 Rainbow hosts the 30+ first EAB Symposium municipal partnerships for Municipal 2000’s Ash trees begin to die in for protecting public Management after Michigan. Infestations and private trees in the its discovery in the start to spread to other Twin Cities, MN Twin Cities, MN states. 1990’s Emerld ash borer arrives in the US 10 Rainbow Treecare Scientific Advancements Taking Action If your community has ash trees, emerald ash borer will require you to take action. The first step is determining What are the Next Steps? the scope of the issue in your community and this starts with a tree inventory. The inventory will inform INVENTORY the management strategy and ultimately determine Every emerald ash borer management plan starts the budget. Often, the scope of work is greater than with the quantity, location, and condition of your ash can be accomplished with in-house staff and requires population. If your city has a current tree inventory putting work out to bid for contractors. we can assist with interpreting the data to begin de- veloping a plan. Partnering with Arborists Homeowners with ash trees will have questions about BUDGET what to do and who to call. Experience has shown All decisions around municipal management of EAB that they are often reaching out to their city officials are dictated by budgets. We utilize your community for recommendations and referrals. EAB is a great tree inventory data to help give you accurate budget opportunity for municipalities to educate property projections for now and future years. We can demon- strate the differences in cost and secondary bene- owners on the benefits of working with a professional fits from different management strategies involving tree care service provider and the risks of hiring under- removal and treatment of trees. qualified persons to perform tree work. The Tree Care Industry Association (TCIA) and International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) offer great resources for finding a PLANNING Once you know the state of your current ash tree qualified professional in any market. inventory, Rainbow can help you design a manage- ment strategy that takes into account the severity of the threat, your canopy goals, your public aware- ness program and a timeline of the steps that will occur along the way.

TCIA and ISA offer homeowners’ resources to find a BID REQUESTS qualified tree care professional Submitting RFP’s for emerald ash borer services can be a daunting process whether it be for treatments or removals. There are many technical details involved that may exclude certain bidders and limit your options. Our experienced team can assist in putting together RFP language to ensure you get the bids you want.

Learn More and Buy Direct at www.treecarescience.com 11 Additional Resources The recommendations and management protocols used by Rainbow are the industry standard and are backed by published scientific research. Below are some citations with additional information. If you are seeking a study or a citation for a specific need, please contact us and we can assist in getting you that information.

Resources from Rainbow Rainbow Treecare Scientific Advancements. (2019), Mectinite. Retrieved from: https://www.treecarescience. com/pdf/Insecticides/Mectinite_Specimen_Label.pdf

Emerald Ash Borer Diagnostic Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.treecarescience.com/tree-problems/ insects-mites/emerald-ash-borer-diagnostic-guide

Mectinite Product Guide. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.treecarescience.com/wp-content/up- loads/2019/06/Mectinite-Product-Sheet.pdf

RainbowTreeScience. (2020, April 16). Management Strategies for Emerald Ash Borer [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/1ZbdX2tOSbA

RainbowTreeScience. (2020, April 21). A Case Study: EAB Management from a Municipal Perspective [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Ehp4h0wQf-8

Resources from Peer-Reviewed Publications Bick, E. N., Forbes, N. J., Haugen, C., Jones, G., Bernick, S., & Miller, F. (2018). Seven-year evaluation of insecti- cide tools for emerald ash borer in Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Lamiales: Oleaceae) trees. Journal of economic entomology, 111(2), 732-740.

Herms, D. A., & McCullough, D. G. (2014). Emerald ash borer invasion of North America: history, biology, ecolo- gy, impacts, and management. Annual review of entomology, 59, 13-30.

McCullough, D. G., & Mercader, R. J. (2012). Evaluation of potential strategies to SLow Ash Mortality (SLAM) caused by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis): SLAM in an urban forest. International Journal of Pest Management, 58(1), 9-23.

McCullough, D. G., Poland, T. M., Anulewicz, A. C., Lewis, P., & Cappaert, D. (2011). Evaluation of Agrilus pla- nipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) control provided by emamectin benzoate and two neonicotinoid insecti- cides, one and two seasons after treatment. Journal of economic entomology, 104(5), 1599-1612.

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