Emerald Ash Borer Readiness and Response Plan for Oregon Wyatt Williams

Oregon Invasive Species Council February 21, 2018, Salem

Oregon Department of Forestry

Promoting and Practicing Sustainable Forestry Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)

• First detected in U.S., 2002 • 100+ million trees killed in 30 states since 1990s

• Several ash species at risk EAB in the U.S.

• Ecosystem effects Origins of EAB

We now know Russia far east is also in native range. Signs/symptoms of EAB

“Serpentine” larval Classic, D-shaped exit holes of Epicormic shoots and galleries emerging adults. dead canopies. Toledo, OH Before EAB 2006

Photo: Dan Herms Toledo, OH After EAB 2009

Photo: Dan Herms Some effects of EAB Some effects of EAB Some effects of EAB

Pictures of natural areas & native ash in the Midwest. Note dead crowns. Host trees in CA and OR

Name Common OR CA Urban Origin Susceptible Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash Yes Yes Yes OR, WA, CA Yes

Fraxinus americana White ash Yes Eastern U.S. Yes Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash Yes Eastern U.S. Yes Fraxinus nigra Black ash ? Eastern U.S. Yes Fraxinus quadrangulata Blue ash ? Eastern U.S. Moderate Fraxinus angustifolia Narrow-leafed ash Yes Eurasia Yes Fraxinus uhdei Tropical ash Yes Mexico Yes? Fraxinus excelsior European ash Yes Europe Yes Fraxinus mandshurica Manchurian ash ? East Asia No Fraxinus chinensis Chinese ash ? East Asia No White fringe tree

• Chionanthus virginicus • 3 sites in OH with EAB • Oleaceae • 2 species native to SE U.S. • 150 spp. native to SE Asia • Ornamental species – How much is it being sold and spread across the U.S.? Smithsonian Institute Oregon Ash – a widespread and common tree in Oregon, California, and Washington. Our native Oregon ash

A common scene in western Oregon. Stand of 100% Oregon ash surrounded by grass seed fields and vineyards.

Elevation range %points* Focus for EAB ≤1000' 79% High 1000-2000' 16% Medium 2000-2500' 4% Low

*Data from: ODF EAB surveys, 2013-2015 (n=895 points) Oregon Flora Project (n=820 points) Costs of EAB • Economic: Tree removal & replacement, property value losses, timber value losses, survey, research,…

• Ecological: changes in water quality, species composition, … Costs of EAB, as of 2011

Federal Local Residential government government Household Property Timber Expenditures Expenditures Expenditures Value Loss Loss Total To date $38M $850M $350M $380M $60M $1.7B

Aukema et al. 2011. Economic impacts forest invaders in the U.S. PLoS one.

“Emerald ash borers have become the most destructive and costly forest insect to ever invade North America.”

– Deborah McCullough Michigan State University Hold onto your Ash!

Removal: $435 M ($290/tree) Replacement: $580 M ($387/tree) New EAB invasion in Boulder, CO could cost Denver metro area ~$1 billion!

City of Portland Street Tree Inventory

4.8% or 72,000 public ash $21M removal $28M replacement $49M total cost to PDX Oregon’s planning process

Date Topic Jan 2017 Core steering group formed Apr 2017 Plan outline, decision to expand core group to include key cities July 2017 Reviewed draft plan (50% complete) Sept 2017 Phone conference with eastern states; proposed Advisory Comm. Oct 2017 Phone conference with neighboring states; invitation to Tribes Nov 2017 Plan 95% complete Jan 2018 Advisory Committee meeting and input Feb 2018 Seek input/approval from OISC April 2018 Final plan complete Plan components

• Introduction and background • Define roles of stakeholders • Readiness – Risk Assessment, Detection • Response – Communication plan, quarantine, restoration • Funding • Appendices – Sample press release, IPM sheet, Basic messages

• Defined agency roles beforehand • List theorized ecological and economic risks to Oregon • Communicate risk to communities • Publish best practices for Detection/Control • List of Equipment and other supplies needed • If EAB detected, convene stakeholder meeting • Guidance for seeking funding, communication • Suggestions for Restoration/replanting • Latest science for IPM • Lists of Oregon cities with Tree inventories Next steps

• Samara group and core members finalizing suggested changes from Jan. Advisory Committee meeting • Living document, updated as needed • Website: www.oregoneab.info • Council Approval for OISC to host this site http: http://www.emeraldashborer.info/

Wyatt Williams Invasive Species Specialist Oregon Dept. of Forestry [email protected] 503-945-7472 Treatments – Eradication/Suppression

Delimitation surveys = Hard work! Eradication = Expensive, ineffective. Treatments - Chemical

• Tree injections • Systemic insecticides – Imidacloprid – Emamectin benzoate • Costly ($100-$500 per tree) • Repeat applications – every 1-3 years. • Not feasible on large scale Treatments - Biological Control

• Tetrastichus planipennisi, plus other species • 21-35% parasitism rate • Not enough? • Rates still rising?

Duan et al. 2013

T. Murray ODF conducts statewide survey for EAB EAB trap after 8 weeks.

Covered in insects EAB trap after 8 weeks.

We spiked the traps with real (but dead) EAB adults to see if technicians could find them. They did! 88% of time. Interagency cooperation!

• Goal: Train professionals how to identify key invasive pests • Field courses with mock infestations • SAF, Pesticide, ISA credits • Reports of suspect invaders submitted online Since EAB is here to stay, some suggest breeding resistance into NA ash species

Pinoresinol

Whitehill et al. 2012

Manchurian ash growing in Qingdao, China. EAB does not kill Asian ash species. Why?

Recent evidence for unique chemistry that may convey resistance. www.dontmovefirewood.org

Firewood is now number one pathway for movement around U.S. **Colorado population was probably from Landscape trees