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Potenziale Und Risiken Eingeführter Baumarten ine nachhaltige, multifunktionale Forstwirtschaft hat den Anspruch, Wälder so zu pfl egen und zu nutzen, dass deren Produktivität, Verjüngungsfähigkeit, EVitalität und biologische Vielfalt erhalten bleiben. In der Vergangenheit hat sich Band 7 Band 7 Göttinger Forstwissenschaften gezeigt, dass weder im Kielwasser der Rohholzerzeugung noch in jenem des Naturschutzes alle Waldfunktionen angemessen erfüllt werden. Die Integration eingeführter Baumarten in einen Waldbau auf ökologischen Grundlagen erfor- dert daher Kompromisse, die sich auf der Basis wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse Torsten Vor, Hermann Spellmann, in der Regel auch fi nden lassen. Konkret bedeutet dies, dass der Anbau nicht Andreas Bolte, Christian Ammer (Hrsg.) invasiver eingeführter Baumarten in gewissem Umfang vom Naturschutz ebenso akzeptiert wird, wie seitens der Forstwirtschaft naturschutzfachliche Interessen Potenziale und Risiken berücksichtigt werden, indem bei ihrem Anbau auf eine räumliche Ordnung ge- achtet wird und bestehende Vorkommen invasiver Baumarten zurückgedrängt eingeführter Baumarten werden. Ziel dieser Ausarbeitung ist es vor diesem Hintergrund, die Potenziale und Risiken von 15 eingeführten Baumarten auf der Grundlage wissenschaft- Baumartenportraits mit licher Literatur und langjähriger Forschungsarbeiten auf Versuchsfl ächen der verschiedenen Forschungseinrichtungen und Anbaufl ächen der Forstbetriebe naturschutzfachlicher Bewertung aufzuzeigen, um die zwischen Naturschutz und Forstwirtschaft aufgekommene Diskussion zu versachlichen. Vor, Spellmann, Bolte, Ammer (Hrsg.) Baumarten Potenziale und Risiken eingeführter ISBN: 978-3-86395-240-2 ISSN: 1867-6731 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Torsten Vor, Hermann Spellmann, Andreas Bolte, Christian Ammer (Hg.) Potenziale und Risiken eingeführter Baumarten Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International Lizenz. erschienen als Band 7 in der Reihe „Göttinger Forstwissenschaften“ im Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2015 Torsten Vor, Hermann Spellmann, Andreas Bolte und Christian Ammer (Hrsg.) Potenziale und Risiken eingeführter Baumarten Baumartenportraits mit naturschutzfachlicher Bewertung Göttinger Forstwissenschaften Band 7 Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2015 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.dnb.de> abrufbar. Herausgeber der Reihe Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer Prof. Dr. Hermann Spellmann Prof. Dr. Friedrich Beese Prof. Dr. Stefan Schütz Schriftleiter Dr. Norbert Bartsch ([email protected]) Dieses Buch ist auch als freie Onlineversion über die Homepage des Verlags sowie über den Göttinger Universitätskatalog (GUK) bei der Niedersächsischen Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen (http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de) erreichbar. Es gelten die Lizenzbestimmungen der Onlineversion. Satz und Layout: Katja Töpfer, Freie Kunst & Grafik, Göttingen Layout Verbreitungskarten: Nora Tomm Lektorat: Ilse Bechtold Umschlaggestaltung: Jutta Pabst Titelabbildung: Norbert Bartsch: Douglasien-Laubholz-Mischbestand bei Lensahn, Schleswig-Holstein © 2015 Universitätsverlag Göttingen http://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de ISBN: 978-3-86395-240-2 ISSN: 1867-6731 Inhalt Autoren .................................................................................................. VII A – Allgemeiner Teil – Zielsetzung, Definitionen, Bewertung 1 Anlass und Zielsetzung 1.1 Einführung ..............................................................................................3 1.2 Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene..6 1.2.1 Umgang mit invasiven Arten nach dem Bundesnaturschutzgesetz ... 6 1.2.2 EU-Biodiversitätsstrategie und Entwurf einer Europäischen Verordnung ....................................................7 1.3 Bewertung der Invasivität gebietsfremder Arten in der Diskussion ...........8 1.3.1 Naturschutzfachliche Invasivitätsbewertung des Bundesamtes für Naturschutz .................................................8 1.3.2 Kritik der Forstwissenschaften an der Bewertung des Bundesamtes für Naturschutz ...............................................10 2 Definitionen und Kriterien zur Bewertung der Invasivität eingeführter Baumarten 2.1 DefinitionenInvasivität ........................................................................13 2.1.1 Ökologische Definition ..............................................................13 2.1.2 Gesetzliche Definition ................................................................14 2.2 Bewertungskriterien ...............................................................................18 3 Zusammenfassende Bewertung und Ausblick 3.1 Zusammenfassung ................................................................................21 3.2 Ausblick .................................................................................................24 B – Spezieller Teil – Baumartenportraits 4. Baumartenportraits 4.1 Große Küstentanne (Abies grandis Dougl. ex D. Don Lindl.) ..........29 4.2 Eschenahorn (Acer negundo L.) .......................................................47 4.3 Götterbaum (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) ............................59 4.4 Rotesche (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) ........................................73 4.5 Gleditschie (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) ...............................................85 4.6 Japanlärche (Larix kaempferi Lamb. Carr., Syn. Larix leptolepis (Sieb et Zucc.) Gord.) .........................................................................97 4.7 Paulownie (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb. ex Murray) Steud.) .......111 4.8 Schwarzkiefer (Pinus nigra Arn.) ..................................................127 4.9 Strobe (Pinus strobus L.) ................................................................141 4.10 Hybridpappel (Populus x canadensis Mönch; Syn. Populus x euramericana Guinier) ......................................................................155 4.11 Spätblühende Traubenkirsche (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) .................167 4.12 Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) ..........................187 4.13 Roteiche (Quercus rubra L.) ...........................................................219 4.14 Essigbaum (Rhus typhina L.) ........................................................269 4.15 Robinie (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)..................................................277 AUTOREN (alphabetische Reihenfolge) Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer, Leiter der Abt. Waldbau und Waldökologie der ge- mäßigten Zonen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, E-Mail: [email protected] Dr. Peter Annighöfer, Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter in der Abt. Waldbau und Waldökologie der gemäßigten Zonen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, E-Mail: [email protected] Dr. Franz Binder, Mitarbeiter in der Abteilung Waldbau und Bergwald, Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft (LWF), Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz- Platz 1, 85354 Freising, E-Mail: [email protected] Prof. Dr. Andreas Bolte, Leiter des Thünen-Instituts für Waldökosysteme, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, 16225 Eberswalde, E-Mail: [email protected] Dr. Peter Brang, Leiter Forschungsprogramm Wald und Klimawandel, Eidg. For- schungsanstalt WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, E-Mail: peter. [email protected] Dipl. Forstw. Mark Geb, ehem. wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Nordwestdeut- schen Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt, Grätzelstr. 2, 37079 Göttingen; Forstsach- verständiger, Branntweinstein 8, 37520 Osterode am Harz Dr. Helmut Grotehusmann, Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter in der Abteilung Waldgenressourcen, Nordwestdeutsche Forstliche Versuchsanstalt, Prof.-Oel- VIII kers-Str. 6, 34346 Hann. Münden, E-Mail: Helmut.Grotehusmann@NW- FVA.de Udo Häger, Mitarbeiter Forstliches Forschungs- und Kompetenzzentrum, Referat 3, THÜRINGENFORST, Jägerstraße 1, 99867 Gotha, E-Mail: Udo.Haeger@ forst.thueringen.de Prof. Dr. Sebastian Hein, Professur Waldbau, Hochschule für Forstwirtschaft Rot- tenburg, Schadenweilerhof, 72108 Rottenburg am Neckar, E-Mail: hein@ hs-rottenburg.de Dr. Steffi Heinrichs, Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin in der Abt. Waldbau und Waldökologie der gemäßigten Zonen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, E-Mail: [email protected] Dr. Martin Hofmann, Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter in der Abteilung Waldgen- ressourcen, Nordwestdeutsche Forstliche Versuchsanstalt, Prof.-Oelkers-Str. 6, 34346 Hann. Münden, E-Mail: [email protected] Dr. Hans-Joachim Klemmt, Mitarbeiter in der Abteilung Waldbau und Bergwald, Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft (LWF), Hans-Carl-von- Carlowitz-Platz 1, 85354 Freising, E-Mail: [email protected] ern.de Dr. Bertram Leder, Leiter Schwerpunktaufgabe Waldbau und Forstvermehrungsgut des Lehr- und Versuchsforstamts Arnsberger Wald, Landesbetrieb Wald und Holz NRW, Obereimer 2a, 59821 Arnsberg, E-Mail: bertram.leder@wald-und- holz.nrw.de Gudula Lermer, Leiterin der Abteilung Waldbau und Bergwald, Bayerische Landes- anstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft (LWF), Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 1, 85354 Freising, E-Mail: [email protected] Barbara Meyer-Münzer, Mitarbeiterin in der Abteilung Waldbau und Bergwald, Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft (LWF), Hans-Carl-von-
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