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Phytochemical and Biological Strategies to Improve Essential Oils Content in Lavender

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Phytochemical and Biological Strategies to Improve Essential Oils Content in Lavender Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 8-6-2021 Phytochemical and biological strategies to improve essential oils content in lavender Keefah AL-Garallaa [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td Recommended Citation AL-Garallaa, Keefah, "Phytochemical and biological strategies to improve essential oils content in lavender" (2021). Theses and Dissertations. 5228. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/5228 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Phytochemical and biological strategies to improve essential oils content in lavender By TITLE PAGE Keefah AL-Garallaa Approved by: Richard L. Harkess (Major Professor) Sorina Popescu (Minor Professor) Guihong Bi Tongyin Li Jiaxu Li Michael S. Cox (Graduate Coordinator) Scott T. Willard (Dean, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences) A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticulture in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Mississippi State, Mississippi August 2021 Copyright by Keefah AL-Garallaa 2021 Name: Keefah AL-Garallaa Date of Degree: August 6, 2021 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Horticulture Major Professor: Richard L. Harkess Title of Study: Phytochemical and biological strategies to improve essential oils content in lavender Pages in Study: 269 Candidate for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lavender is an important medicinal plant that is sensitive to various environmental factors. Lavender essential oils have been shown to improve human health in response to many diseases. Lavender is grown all over the world, which indicates its ability to adapt to different climates. There are no reports of its commercial cultivation in Mississippi. It has been proven that there are many factors that directly affect the plant growth and concentration of essential oils in lavender. Studying these factors that affect plant growth and essential oils will be beneficial for lavender producers. The aim of this study is to increase the production of essential oil through cultural techniques and analyze the active compounds of three Lavandula species (L. intermedia, L. angustifolia, L. stoechas) using HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography, Mass spectrometer) technology. Applications of gibberellic acid, iron chelate, Mycorrhizae, humic acid, DAP, and potash fertilizer were studied to promote plant growth and production of essential oils. The essential oils were extracted using a Soxhlet distillation. The quantity and quality of the essential oils was also evaluated using HPLC and GC-MS. The linalool, linalyl acetate, and other compounds from Lavandula may be considered natural raw material source for pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products. These vital components of the essential oil of lavender leaves, flowers, and stems (linalool, linalyl, and other compounds) were affected by chelated iron treatments, gibberellin, humic acid, and mycorrhizae. The essential oil compounds of L. angustifolia and L. x intermedia cultivars make them worth cultivating. DEDICATION For my mother. Thanks for always being with me. She left fingerprints of grace on our lives. She did not forget us. For my father, I dedicate this dissertation to the soul of my beloved father. For my husband Professor Rashad, where he was shadows of his soul with me. For my sisters and my brothers Hayder, Sadiq, my brother-in-law Dr. Walid my niece Zahraa, and my nephew Qassim for helping me survive all the stress and not allowing me to give up. The best part of life is sharing it with the ones you love. I dedicate this dissertation to the soul of my friend Isaac Odisho. I dedicate this dissertation to my supervisor Dr. Richard L. Harkess, who did not skimp on me with his beautiful support and help me with everything he has, and to my friend Bill Everett I dedicate this work to you, and I hope it will satisfy you. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, all praises are for God, the Exalted, Merciful and Magnificent. Many thanks and gratitude go only to God for the strength given to me to deal with the trials and tribulations during my studies. These trying moments could not have been endured without God. I thank all those who gave various kinds of support, advice and encouragement which enabled me to accomplish my research work. I am grateful to my principal Professor and advisor Dr. Harkess who believed in my ability and capabilities. I express my sincere appreciation for his unwavering support, invaluable advice, suggestions, supervision, and crucial contributions; without which, this work would not have been possible His extensive knowledge, valuable advice and limitless enthusiasm has inspired me to produce high quality research as a researcher. His practical guidance, understanding and encouragement kept me enthusiastic throughout the research process. His sense of humor and practical advice helped keep me on the ground. I am eternally grateful for his constant encouragement throughout and his good counsel. He helped guide me while researching and writing this thesis. I could not imagine a better PhD advisor and mentor. Besides my advisor, I express my gratitude to Dr. Sorina Popescu, Co-advisor, for her treasured support, help, and encouragement which influenced the continuation of my research. Special thanks go to my committee members and special thanks for their advice to me and all the time they invested on commenting and improving my thesis, Drs. Guihong Bi, Tonyin Li, Jiaxu Li. In addition, without the financial support of the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, iii which offered me a scholarship for postgraduate studies, this work would not have been possible. I am also thankful to the staff. Thanks also go to the soul of my beloved mother, my father, and soul of my husband, sisters, and brothers for helping me survive all the stress and not allowing me to give up. The best part of life is sharing it with the ones you love. Thank you to all. Most of all none of this would have been possible without the love and encouragement of my family and friends. I am eternally grateful. Your faith in me humbles and inspires me to achieve more than I ever dreamed I could, thank you. Special thanks go to Mr. Bill Everett for being a friend in every way. I thank my esteemed brother-in-law, Dr Walid Al-Shahib Al- Hilli for the continuous support and encouragement of my PhD studies. Very strong thanks to him for facilitating procedures for obtaining the opportunity for funding to undertake my studies. My gratitude extends to the Faculty of Agriculture and life science for undertaking my studies at the Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University. Special thanks go to Dr. Amelia Fox for her support and encouragement. My sincere thanks also go to Dr. Hassan, and Dr. Islam who gave access to their laboratory and research facilities. Special thanks go to my small family (Waqar and Rabia) for their support and friendship over the year. Special thanks go to my family here in America (Melissa, Jenny, Maggie, Lauren, Jerry, Jay, and Jacob). Special thanks go to Dr. Maher Al- Asady from AL-Qasim Green University- Iraq for his support and encouragement. Special thanks go to Dr. Abdel Monnim Saadallah from Technical Agriculture College- Mosul - Iraq. Special thanks go to Dr. Marilyn and my American friends (Anna, Mathew, Hanna, Sarah, Jo Beth, Ashley, Nathan, and their families). iv Thank you for everyone. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................1 Problem Statement .......................................................................................................7 Justification of the study ..............................................................................................8 Research Objectives ....................................................................................................8 Significance of the study .............................................................................................8 Scope and limitations of the study ...............................................................................9 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................10 General Characteristics, Classification and Distribution of lavender .............................10 Lavandula cultivars in America .................................................................................12 Foliar Nutrition ..........................................................................................................12
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