Flavour Compounds of Lavandula Angustifolia L. to Use in Food Preservation

Hop and Medicinal Plants, Year XXV, No. 1-2, 2017 ISSN 2360-0179 print, ISSN 2360-0187 electronic

FLAVOUR COMPOUNDS OF LAVANDULA ANGUSTIFOLIA L. TO USE IN FOOD PRESERVATION

PETRUȚ Georgiana, Sevastița MUSTE, Crina MUREȘAN, Andruța Elena MUREȘAN, Romina VLAIC, Simona CHIȘ, Alina STURZA, Anamaria POP* Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania;*Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Extending the life of food is of commercial and economic importance. Combining nutritious foods with flavorful spices and herbs is a time honored tradition and a beautiful picture of God's design for the Abundant Life. As one of the most gentle oils, lavender essential oil is a great oil to start with as you learn to cook with essential oils. Its flavor is delicate and floral, excellent for a variety of culinary options. The best extracts, in terms of amount of isolated compounds, flavor quality and stability were those obtained with supercritical CO2 extraction. Extending this cause to cooking with essential oils as well widens our appreciation for creation and all of the goodness available at our fingertips. Keywords: essential oil, food preservation, Lavandula Angustifolia L.

Introduction

Many of the controversies in the literature regarding the activity of Lavandula oils may indeed be explained by differences in chemical profiles between themvarious lavenders. The composition of Lavandula angustifolia L. essential oil has been comprehensively investigated (An et al. 2001, Bicchi et al. 2000, Chemat et al. 2006, Fakhari et al. 2005, Kim & Lee, 2002; Shellie et al. 2002), for the reason that of its commercial interest in aromatherapy (relaxant), the fragrance industry (colognes, skin lotion and other cosmetics), in pharmaceutical preparations for its therapeutic effects as an antibacterial agent, sedative, antiviral (Kim & Lee, 2002), exhaustion, irritability, migraines, insomnia, depression, colds, digestion, flatulence, headaches, upset stomach. In recent times it has also been active in food manufacturing as natural flavoring for ice cream, baked goods, chewing gum and beverages.

38 Nevertheless, oil methodological problems have severely vulnerable the evaluation of the therapeutic significance of much of the research on Lavandula spp. These issues need to be resolved before we have a true picture of the biological activities of lavender essential oil (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002) The retrieval of an essential oil from plant can be achieved by water distillation (hydro distillation) or steam distillation (AFNORT 75-005, 1988). Lavender flowers have between 1% and 3% essential oil (Bisset, 1994). Lavender essential oil is a complex mixture of more than 150 compounds, the most abundant of which are linalool: 20–35%, linaloyl acetate: 30–55%, cineole, camphor, beta-ocimene, limonene, caproic acid, caryophyllene oxide and tannins: 5–10% (MeriemBensmira et al. 2007, Bisset, 1994; Leung, 1980). It is demonstrated that lavender and other essential oils plans (oregano (Fasseas et al. 2007), thyme (Viuda-Martos et al. 2001), eucalyptus (Ponce et al. 2004), traditionally used for their aromatic properties in the preparation of foods, exhibit good properties as free radical scavengers and/or antioxidants (MeriemBensmira et al. 2007).

Botanical description and bioactive constituents

Lavenders, are a genus of about 25 - 30 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, descent into four main categories: Lavandula latifolia, a Mediterranean grass-like lavender; Lavandula angustifolia, a stockier plant with a fuller flower, commonly known as English lavender (formerly known as L. vera or L. officinalis); Lavandula stoechas, which has butterfly-like bracts on top of the flowers and is sometimes known as French lavender; and Lavandula x intermedia, which is a sterile cross between L. latifolia and L. angustifolia (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002). The various lavenders have similar ethnobotanical properties and major chemical constituents, though, there are some differences in the reported therapeutic uses for different species. For model most lavenders are believed to have carminative actions but L. stoechas is traditionally used for headache, L. latifolia as an abortifacient and L. angustifolia as a diuretic (Agricultural Research Service, 2000).

Fig. 1 Chemical composition of lavender essential oils (Source: westcoastaromatherapy.com)

More analysis of lavandula oils, focus has turned towards analysis of the flower ‘aroma’, defined as the analysis of the head space volatile components rather than the whole liquid oil. Several researchers have produced aroma profiles for the various lavenders, which can vary expressively from the whole oil profile (Weisenfeld, 1999). Aroma analysis of those plants with typical scents has demonstrated that oils derived from L. stoechas and L. lanata have high camphor levels while L. angustifolia, L. dentata and L. pinnata are low (<2%) in camphor). These low camphor plants tend also to have higher levels of terpenes (e.g. ß-phellandrene) and sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene) (Fig 1.) (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002). Use of Essential Oils for Food Preservation Essential oils really help to make cooking much easier and more flavorful. There's permanently a place for herbs and spices – we need the variety of nutrients they offer. For the basics of cooking with essential oils,

40 think of convert, dilute, delay. While one would think boiling would eliminate the beneficial properties, but at least one study found that some properties were better retained during boiling than baking. Minimize exposure to high heat by adding essential oils last, and minimize evaporation by proper dilution and dispersion throughout the recipe (Aravena et al. 2016). For the reason that these oils are going to be consumed and some of the properties are indeed reserved, it's important to get high quality, certified organic oils for the absolute best in safety and flavor. As one of the most tender oils, lavender essential oil is a great oil to start with as you learn to cook with essential oils. Its flavor is floral, exceptional for a variety of culinary options (dessert recipes like scones, lavender lemonade, lavender camembert, tiramisu with lavender, Lavender sugar etc). The incorporation of Lavender in sunflower seed oil facilitated to improve its thermal stability and, consequently, to extend its frying life. In the frying process of foods, the role of the fat or oil is essentially to provide an efficient heat transfer medium which is especially adapted to transmitting heat rapidly and uniformly to the surface of the food being cooked (Aguilera & Gloria-Hernandez, 2000). During the frying process, a number of changes take place in fats and oils, involving a complex pattern of thermolytic and oxidative reactions, which depend on the type of oil used and the food fried Demir & Otludil, 1997). This may be due to the effective synergy of natural antioxidant compounds present in Lavender in preventing the heat-induced loss of a- tocopherol contained in original sunflower seed oil, thus inhibiting or retarding its oxidation and/or polymerization (Meriem et al. 2007). Essential oils have principally been employed for the properties they were already observed to possess in nature, for their antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities (Laura Sanchez-Gonzalez et al. 2011). Contemporary reports described a synergistic action of nisin and essential oil or pure components of essential oils (Pol IE et al. 1999, Solomakos et al. 2008, Yamazaki K et al. 2004). The oxygen availability and temperature also modiﬁes the EO (essential oils) antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the use of vacuum packaging in combination with EO looks to be a good foodstuff preservation strategy. A study of Atrea et al. evaluated the use of vacuum packaging with oregano essential oil as an antimicrobial treatment to spread the shelf-life of fresh Mediterranean octopus stored under refrigeration for 23 days.

41 The grouping of EO and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) has been generally documented over the last few years. The combined used of thyme oil (0.2% v/w) and MAP (60%CO2/30%N2/10%O2) allowed a shelf- life extension of 11–12 days in comparison with the fresh product (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002). Some attentions must be considered before using EOs in food preservation. This problem must be considered in a possible application. Gutierrez et al. 2008 studied interactions of food ingredients with EOs. The antimicrobial activity of thyme was increased in high protein concentrations, leading to a significantly longer lag phase from 3 to 12% of protein, with respect to the control (p <0.05). The presence of starch also modifies EO activity, and low concentrations of this carbohydrate have a positive influence on the EO antimicrobial activity. The pH of food products appears as a non-negligible parameter, since EO antimicrobial activity is affected by this parameter (Sanchez- Gonzalez et al. 2011). The stability of EOs during food processing should similarly be considered. Tomaino et al. studied the influence of heating on the antioxidant activity of several EOs such as clove or thyme. This activity was better preserved if food, and more precisely oil, was heated at 180ºC for 10 min. The use of some components of EO only as flavorings in foodstuffs is authorized by European Union. The Council Directive 88/388/EEC groups out the definition of flavorings, the general rules for their use, the requirements for labelling and the extreme levels authorized. A optimistic list of authorized flavoring substances is available. The use of limonene, carvacrol and linalool is, for instance, tolerable. The integration of these natural compounds into coating formulations looks to be a good strategy to reduce application costs since EO amounts can be reduced (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002). The possibility of incorporating active compounds (flavors antimicrobials, antioxidants, nutraceuticals,) in polymeric matrices remains one of the main advantages of food preservation (Sanchez-Gonzalez et al. 2011).

Fig. 2 Botanical sources of essential oils, key components, pathogens inhibited and food products to which incorporated. (Source: Patel S. 2015)

Conclusions Many studies focus on interactions between polymer and active compounds (essential oils). The use of EOs in foodstuff preservation remains expensive. One of the major limitations to the use of EOs in food preservation is the persistence of their strong aroma which could affect the organoleptic properties of foodstuffs. Applying these natural compounds in the food industry could be a possible alternative, but its application costs and other problems, such as potential toxicity, limit their use in the area of food preservation. Lavender essential oils from a variety of lavender species have been demonstrated to have a range of biological activities. However, there is still considerable debate about whether Lavandula oils do have a signiﬁcant clinical potential either in their own right or as additives to other products.

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