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Petra Šoštarić Lectures, Vol Barbara Pavlek LITERATURA: Burkert, Walter. Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual. Sather Classical Petra Šoštarić Lectures, vol. 47. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1979. Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1985. D' Agostin?, Br~n?: Th_e Colonial Experience in Greek Mythology u: The Western Greeks: Latinski prijevodi Homera Classzcal Czvzlzzatwn in the Western Mediterranean, ed. Giovanni Pugliese Carra­ telli. Thames & Hudson, London, 1996,209-14 Uvod Farnell, ~ewis Richard. Greek Hero Cu l ts and Ideas of Immortality; the Gifford Lectures Cilj ovog rada je kronološki prikazati latinske prijevode Homera1 te navesti proble­ Dehvered in the University of StAndrews in the Year 1920 The Clarendon Press me s kojima su se prevodioci susretali. S obzirom na broj prevodilaca koji su stvarali Oxford, 1921. ' u različitim književno-povijesnim razdobljima, možemo očekivati raznolikost pre­ Jourdain-An~equin, Colette. De l'espace de la cite al'espace symbolique Heracles en Deci­ pristupa. je da stupanj vjernosti izvorniku varirati od prijevo­ dent. Dtalogues d'histoire ancienne 15, br. 1/1989, 31-48 vodilačkih Moguće će da do prijevoda, te da će prevodioci povremeno pokazati veliku slobodu u radu. U Jourdain-Annequin, Col ette. Heracles aux partes du soir: mythe et histoire. Centre de recherches d'histoire ancienne, vol. 89, Universite de Besanc;:on, Diffusion les Belles ovom su članku kronološki prikazani prijevodi Homera na latinski od Andro nikova Lettres, Pariz, 1989. prvog latinskog prijevoda iz 3. st. pr. Kr. do kraja 18. st. po Kr. kada su trojica isusa­ Jourdain-Annequin, Colette. Heracles En Occident Mythe et Histoire. Dialogues vačkih učenjaka objavila svoje prijevode Ilijade, odnosno Odiseje. D'histoire Ancienne S, br. 1/1982,227- 82 Kinkel, Gottfried. Ep i carum graecorum fragmenta. Teubner, Leipzig, 1877. Stari Rim Hughes, William, & Long, George. An Atlas of Classical Geography. Long's Classical Recepcija Homera u starom Rimu u pravilu je ograničena na proučavanje njego­ Atlas, Blanchard & Lea, Philadelphia, 1857. va utjecaja na rimsku književnost, ponajviše epiku, no Homerov je utjecaj na rimsku Kerenyi, Karl. The Heroes of the Greeks. Thames & Hudson, London, 1974. kulturu mnogo širi. Homerovu prisutnost u likovnoj umjetnosti Apeninskog polu­ Lesky, Albin. Povijest grčke književnosti; preveo Zdeslav Dukat. Golden marketing, otoka u antičko doba, kako u etruščanskoj, tako i rimskoj kulturi obrađuje Farrell Zagreb,2001. (2004) koji u svojoj studiji proučava freske i druge likovne prikaze. Homer nije bio Levi-Strauss, Claude. The Structural Study of Myth. The Journal of American Folklore zanemaren ni u izvedbenoj umjetnosti, kao što pokazuju recentne studije mima (Hunt 68, br. 270/listopad 1955), 428- 44 2008: 175; Panayotakis 2008: 190). Milićević Bradač, Marina. Grčka kolonizacija na Sredozemlju. u: Antički Grci na tlu Hr­ Prvi poznati prijevod u povijesti rimske književnosti je fragmentarno sačuvana vatske: [katalog izložbe: Galerija Klovićevi dvori, 14listopada- 12 prosinca 2010], Odusia Livija Andronika, nastala u 3. st. pr. Kr., ujedno i najstariji poznati prijevod ed. Vedran Barbarić, Jasminka Poklečki Stošić, & Filip Beusan, Galerija Klovićevi dvori, Zagreb, 2010,41-51 Homera.2 Livije Andronik bio je grčki oslobođenik koji se posvetio širenju grčke kul­ Milićević Bradač, Marina. The Living, the Dead, & the Graves. Histria Antiqua br. 8/2002 ture u Rimu. Bio je aktivan kao učitelj, glumac i pisac. Osobito su bile popularne nje­ 53-62 , , gove tragedije, a Odusia se čitala u školi (Conte 1994: 40). Rimljani su se divili grčkoj Muller, Karl; Muller, Theodor & Langlois, Victor. Fragmenta historicorum graecorum kulturi i preuzimali od Grka mnoga kulturna dobra, a njihova je književnost bila pod auxerunt, no tis et prolegomenis illustrarunt, indi ci plenissimo instruxerunt Car. et tolikim utjecajem grčke da je čak i izvorni italski saturnijski stih kojim je bila pisa­ Theod Mulleri Accedunt marmora parium et rosettanum, hoc cum Letronnii, illud na Odusia s vremenom zamijenjen grčkim heksametrom. O interesu za grčku knji­ cum C Mul/eri commentariis. Ambrosio Firmin Didot, Pariz, 1841. ževnost svjedoče, između ostaloga, dva poznata latinska prijevoda Odiseje i tri Ilija­ Nielsen, Finn Sivert. Online Dictionary ofAnthropology- AnthroBase: A Searchable Da­ de nastala u antičko doba. Rimljani su općenito pokazivali puno veće zanimanje za tabase ofAnthropological Texts, 2001. prevođenje od Grka. Grci su barbare - one koji ne govore grčki - smatrali kulturno http:/ /www.anthrobase.com/Dic/ eng/ index. html i moralno inferiornima te u skladu s tim stavom nisu ni učili njihove jezike (Hero- Škiljan, D~bravko;_ ~~icko, Marina; Novaković, Darko; Salopek, Damir & Šešelj, Zlatko. Lekszkon Antzckzh Autora (Lexicon Scriptorum Antiquorum). Latina & Graeca : Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 1996. 1 U ovom radu Homer se smatra autorom Ilijade i Odiseje. Tullon, Hubert. Heracles: archeologie des 'Travaux', 2012. http:/ /hubert.tullon.free.fr/ 2 Najstariji književni prijevodi u povijesti čovječanstva bili su prijevodi sumerskog epa o kralju Gilgame­ operaminora/public/He_racle_s_arche_ologie_des_Travaux.pdf šu. Ep je prvi put zapisan krajem 3. tisućljeća pr. Kr., a njegove su se inačice stvarale, prepisivale i prevodi­ le sve do 2. st. pr. Kr. Ep je bio preveden na akadski, hetitski i h uri jski (Noegel2005: 237). 31 NOVA SERIJA - LATINA & GRAECA 17 16 LATINA & GRAECA- NOVA SERIJA 31 Petra Šoštarić LATINSKI PRIJEVODI HOMERA dot je za svoja istraživanja angažirao lokalne prevoditelj e). 3 Za Livija Andronika pre­ Za vladavine cara Nerona, ljubitelja pjesništva osobito sklonog Homeru, nastaje i vođenje je bilo više od zanata: prijevod je morao biti umjetničko djelo sam po sebi, !lias Latina, parafraza Ilijade u 1070 heksametara. Pripisivala se konzulu Be~iju !ta­ kvalitetom i stilom ravan izvorniku. da nije postojala tradici­ Budući prevodilačka 7 ja na koju bi se mogao osloniti, Andronik je sam stvorio latinski pjesnički jezik svje­ liku i piscu Siliju Italiku. Prva se polovica djela drži Homera, dok se~ dr~goJ poJav­ snim arhaiziranjem (npr. upotrebom genitiva na -as) i oponašanjem Homerova sti­ ljuju odstupanja od izvornika i inovacije. Uočljivi su rimski el~mentl ko)l~a se t~o­ la (njegov latinski ekvivalent za homersku formulu "jednak bogovima" je summus janski rat približava svijetu rimske publike: Grci napadaju TroJu u formaCIJI kornJa­ adprimus; iako prijevod nije točan, stilski odgovara žanru). U prijevodu je došao do če, Menelaj planira trijumf, a Enejin lik dobiva na važnosti. Tko g~d bio ~ut~r, v:l.o izražaja Andronikov dramaturški talent, a moguće je detektirati i utjecaj aleksan­ je dobro poznavao Vergilijevu Eneidu i Ovidijeve Metamorfo~e. !lias Lat~na Je uz~­ drijskih pjesnika, njegovih suvremenika. Sačuvani fragmenti otkrivaju da je pokuša• vala veliku popularnost u srednjem vijeku te utjecala na srednJOVJekovnu I humam- vao prilagoditi Homera rimskoj kulturi: prijevod je u italskom saturnijskom stihu, a stičku književnost, no s vremenom ju je istisnula prava Ilijada. u prvom stihu umjesto Muze zaziva italsko božanstvo po imenu Camena. Horacije Od antičkih prijevoda Homera na latinski sačuvani su još i neki Ciceronov! fra­ i Ciceron smatraju ga zastarjelim i nesofisticiranim, ali se ipak slažu s Varonom da gmenti. Ciceron je preveo nekoliko odlomaka u svojim filozofs~~ rasp:avam.a, no Andronika treba smatrati začetnikom rimske književnosti. bez ambicije da objavi cjelovit prijevod. Osim Homera, prevodiO Je Eshmove l De­ Nakon Enija heksametar je postao stih rimske epike te se Andronikov prijevod po­ mostenove govore, Ksenofontov spis O gospodarstvu, Platon~va :rota~oru ~e a~tr~­ javio u novome heksametarskom ruhu pod naslovom Livius refictus. Za Suline dik­ nomski ep Pojave Ara ta iz Sola. Prevodio je u želji da predstavi grck.e p1sce. Rm~l!a~I­ tature Ili jadu je na latinski preveo G n ej Matije ( Gnaeus Matius), zatim Vergilijev su­ ma ili iz potrebe da ilustrira svoja djela. Smatrao je da se prevođenJ~m l~ti~ski JeZik vremenik Ninije Kras (Ninnius Crassus), a u doba Nerona i Ilijadu i Odiseju Atije obogaćuje i približava razini grčkoga, te je njegovom zaslugo~ l.atm:k1 pnlagođen La beon (Atti us Labeo ). Njihov rad nije naišao ni na odobravanje suvremenika ni na izražavanju apstraktnoga, filozofskoga načina mišljenja (premo Je.gr:k~.filo.zofs~u 4 pozitivnu ocjenu današnjih filologa. Dva su stiha iz Ilijade Ninija Krasa sačuvana terminologiju na latinski).8 Ciceron se može smatr~ti jednim .~d ~aJV~ZmJlh nmski~ zbog gramatičke osobitosti- jedan zbog imperativa fit e: <o> soci i, nunc fit e viri (pri­ prevodilaca uz Jeronima jer su obojica pokaziva!~ mteres ko}IlllJe biO s~mo pra~tl­ jevod Homerova avtpe<; E<JTE, <pLAOL, 6.112, 8.174, itd.), a drugi zbog perfekta glagola čan već i teoretski. Ciceron se teorijom prevođenJa pozabav10 u raspravi De opttmo coniveo na -vi umjesto -xi: Nam non<dum> conivi oculos ego deinde sopore(ov yap gen~re oratorum. O svojim prijevodima Eshina i Dem~st~na ka~e da je prevo~io non TtW flU<Jav O<J<JE uno ~AE<papot<JLV EflOL<JLV 24.637). 5 ut interpres, sed ut orator. Njegovo je osnovno prevodil~cko ~acelo dec~:um. ne t~e­ Jedan stih Atija Labeona sačuvao je sholijast: crudum manduces Priamum Pria­ ba prevoditi niti sasvim doslovno, niti preslobodno. UtJ.~CaO.Je na ~asm!e pre~~diO­ mique pisinnos prijevod je Homerova WflOV ~e~pw8ot<; IIplaflOV IIptĆ!flOLo TE rraioa<; ce, primjerice sv. Jeronima. Autor Vulgate Jeronim teonJ~koJ stram SV?Jega.p~IJeV~­ (Il. 4.35). Odabir riječi manduco, l. i pisinnus, -i, m. smatrao se promašenim u uzvi­ da posvećuje epistolu Ad Pammachium de optima gen ere mterpretan~t.u ~OJO}, pozi­ šenom epskom kontekstu (Courtney 2003: 350). Satiričar Perzije na samom počet­ vajući se na Ciceronov autoritet, iznosi uvjerenje da pri!evod mo;a ~Itl stds~ nara­ ku svog djela navodi izvjesnog Labeona kao primjer irelevantnog autora, 6 a po uzo­ zini izvornika te zadržati njegovu snagu i ljepotu vjermm prenosen~e.~ sm~sla, a ~e ru na Perzija su engleski satiričari u doba kraljice Elizabete I. loše prevodioce nazi­ vali Labeonovim imenom.
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